Difference between revisions of "Lisbon" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{Geobox|Capital
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{{Infobox_Municipality_pt|
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<!-- *** Heading *** —>
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|official_name            = Lisbon
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| name                    = Lisbon
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|image_flag              = Pt-lsb1.png
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| native_name              = Lisboa
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|image_coat_of_arms      = LSB.png
+
<!-- *** Names **** —>
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|image_map                = LocalLisboa.svg
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| etymology                = ''lisboa'', [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] derivative of the Phoenician ''Allis Ubbo'' for ''safe harbour''; Latin ''Ulyssippo'' after [[Odysseus|Ulysses]]; and/or Roman ''Olissipona'', for the name of the [[Tagus River|Tagus]]
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|Region                   = [[Lisboa, Region|Lisboa]]
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| official_name            = Concelho de Lisboa
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|Subregion               = [[Grande Lisboa]]  
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| motto                    =
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|District                 = [[Lisbon (district)|Lisbon]]
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| nickname                = A Cidade das Sete Colinas (The City of Seven Hills), Rainha do Mar (Queen of the Sea)
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|Mayor_name               = [[Carmona Rodrigues]]
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<!-- *** Image *** —>
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|Mayor_party              = [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|PSD]]
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|image  = Pavilhão de Portugal - Parque das Nações.JPG
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|area_total              = 84.8
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|image_caption = St. Rafael and St. Gabriel twin towers at [[Parque das Nações]].
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|population_total         = 564,477<br>(2.8 million &ndash;<br>metropolitan area)
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<!-- *** Symbols *** —>
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|population_density      = 6,368
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| flag                    = Pt-lsb1.png
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|Parishes  = [[Lisboa#Parishes|53]]
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| symbol                  = LSB.png
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|coor  = 38º42'N 9º11'W
+
<!-- *** Country *** —>
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|params = 38_42_N_9_11_W
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| country                  = {{flag|Portugal}}
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|occasion  = [[Anthony of Padua|Saint Anthony]]
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| state_type              = Region
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|day  = [[June 13]]
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| state                    = [[Lisboa Region|Lisboa]]
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|website   = http://www.cm-lisboa.pt
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| region_type              = Subregion
 +
| region                  = [[Grande Lisboa|Greater Lisbon]]
 +
| district                 = [[Lisbon (district)|Lisbon]]
 +
| municipality            = <nowiki>Lisbon</nowiki>
 +
<!-- *** Family *** —>
 +
| part_type                = [[#Civil parishes|Civil Parishes]]
 +
| part_count               = 53
 +
| part                    = ([[#Civil parishes|see text]])
 +
| landmark                = 
 +
| river                    = Tagus River
 +
<!-- *** Locations *** —>
 +
| location                = Lisbon
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| elevation                = 2
 +
| prominence              =
 +
| lat_d                    = 38
 +
| lat_m                    = 42
 +
| lat_s                    = 49.72
 +
| lat_NS                  = N
 +
| long_d                  = 9
 +
| long_m                  = 8
 +
| long_s                  = 21.79
 +
| long_EW                  = W
 +
| highest                  = 227 m
 +
| highest_location        = Serra de Monsanto
 +
| highest_region          = [[Benfica (Lisbon)|Benfica]]
 +
| highest_state            = Lisbon
 +
| highest_elevation        = 199
 +
| highest_lat_d            = 38
 +
| highest_lat_m            = 43
 +
| highest_lat_s            = 42.97
 +
| highest_lat_NS          = N
 +
| highest_long_d          = 9
 +
| highest_long_m          = 11
 +
| highest_long_s          = 4.80
 +
| highest_long_EW          = W
 +
| lowest                  = Sea level
 +
| lowest_location          = Atlantic Ocean
 +
| lowest_region            =
 +
| lowest_state            =
 +
| lowest_elevation         = 0
 +
| lowest_lat_d            =
 +
| lowest_lat_m            =
 +
| lowest_lat_s            =
 +
| lowest_lat_NS            =
 +
| lowest_long_d            =
 +
| lowest_long_m            =
 +
| lowest_long_s            =
 +
| lowest_long_EW          =
 +
<!-- *** Dimensions *** —>
 +
| length                  =
 +
| length_orientation      = West-East
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| width                    =
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| width_orientation        = North-South
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| area                    = 84.8
 +
| area_land                =
 +
| area_water              =
 +
| area_urban              = 958
 +
| area_metro              = 2957
 +
<!-- *** Population *** —>
 +
| population              = 547631
 +
| population_date          = 2011
 +
| population_urban        = 2042326
 +
| population_metro        = 2821699
 +
| population_density      = 6458
 +
| population_density_urban = 2132
 +
| population_density_metro = 954
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<!-- *** History & management *** —>
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| established_type        = Settlement
 +
| established              = fl. 719
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| established1_type        = [[City]]
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| established1            = c. 1256
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| government_type          = [[LAU]]
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| government              = [[Concelho]]/[[Câmara Municipal]]
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| government_location      = Praça do Município
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| government_region        = Lisbon
 +
| government_state        = [[Grande Lisboa]]
 +
| government_elevation    = 33
 +
| government_lat_d        = 38
 +
| government_lat_m        = 42
 +
| government_lat_s        = 29
 +
| government_lat_NS        = N
 +
| government_long_d        = 9
 +
| government_long_m        = 8
 +
| government_long_s        = 18
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| government_long_EW      = W
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| mayor_type              = [[President of the Municipal Chamber|President]]
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| mayor                    = [[António Costa]]
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| mayor_party              = [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|PS]]
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| leader_type              = [[Assembleia Municipal|Municipal Chair]]
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| leader                  = Maria Simonetta Bianchi Aires de Carvalho Luz Afonso
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| leader_party            = [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|PS]]
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<!-- *** Codes ***  —>
 +
| timezone                = [[Western European Time|WET]]
 +
| utc_offset              = 0
 +
| timezone_DST            = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]]
 +
| utc_offset_DST          = +1
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| iso_code                = PT
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| postal_code              = 1149-014 Lisboa
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| postal_code_type        = Postal Zone
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| area_code                = (+351) 21 XXX-XXXX
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| area_code_type          = Area Code & Prefix
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| code                    =
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<!-- *** UNESCO etc. *** —>
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| whs_name                =
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| whs_year                =
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| whs_number              =
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| whs_region              =
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| whs_criteria            =
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| iucn_category            =
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<!-- *** Free fields *** —>
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| free_type                = [[Demonym]]
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| free                    = Lisboeta and Alfacinha
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| free1_type              = [[Patron Saint]]
 +
| free1                    = [[Vincent of Saragossa|São Vicente]]
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| free2_type              = Municipal Address
 +
| free2                    = Praça do Município, 1<br>1149-014 Lisboa
 +
| free3_type              = Municipal Holidays
 +
| free3                    =
 +
<!-- *** Maps *** —>
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| map                      = LocalLisboa.svg
 +
| map_size                = 235
 +
| map_caption              = Location of the [[municipality]] of Lisbon in Portugal
 +
| map_background          =
 +
| map_locator              =
 +
<!-- *** Websites *** —>
 +
| commons                  = Lisbon
 +
| statistics              =
 +
| website                 = http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/
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<!-- *** Footnotes *** —>
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| footnotes                =
 
}}
 
}}
  
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'''Lisbon''' ({{lang-pt|Lisboa}}, {{IPA2|liʒ'boɐ}}) is the [[capital]] and largest city of [[Portugal]]. It is also the seat of the [[Lisbon (district)|district of Lisbon]] and capital of the [[Lisbon region]]. Its [[municipalities of Portugal|municipality]], which matches the city proper excluding the larger continuous conurbation, has a municipal population of 564,477<ref>[http://62.48.187.117/atlas/Cap2/Cap2d_2.html UMA POPULAÇÃO QUE SE URBANIZA, Uma avaliação recente - Cidades, 2004] Nuno Pires Soares, Instituto Geográfico Português (Geographic Institute of Portugal)</ref>, while the [[Lisbon Metropolitan Area]] in total has around 2,800,000 inhabitants, and 3,34 million people live in the broader agglomeration of Lisbon Metropolitan Region (includes cities ranging from [[Leiria]] to [[Setúbal]]).<ref name="tgv">Fernando Nunes da Silva (2005), [http://www.rave.pt/pdf/Mobilidade%20e%20Desenvolvimento%20Regional.pdf Alta Velocidade em Portugal, Desenvolvimento Regional], CENSUR, IST</ref> Due to its [[economic output]], [[standard of living]], and [[market (economics)|market]] size, the [[Greater Lisbon]] subregion is among the major [[finance|financial]] and [[economy|economic]] centers of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. It is also the political center of the country, as seat of [[Government of Portugal|government]] and residence of the [[President of Portugal|Head of State]].
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'''Lisbon''' ({{lang-pt|Lisboa}}, {{IPA2|liʒˈboɐ}}) is the [[Capital (political)|capital]] and largest city of [[Portugal]], and the westernmost capital in mainland [[Europe]].  
  
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Lisbon hosts [[European Union]] agencies namely, the [[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA) and the [[European Maritime Safety Agency]] (EMSA). The [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP), is also headquartered in Lisbon.  
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Over the course of its existence, Lisbon has both flourished and suffered. The city's history and possibly its name as well, dates to the [[Phoenician Civilization]]. It achieved status as part of the [[Roman Empire]], and more than 400 years under [[Muslim]] rule. Lisbon, which translates as safe harbor in ancient Phonecian, is most famous for its maritime successes during the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese Age of Discovery]]. The city's [[World Heritage Site]], the Monastery of the Hieronymites and the Belém Tower, were built in honor of navigator [[Vasco da Gama]]'s epic voyage to [[India]].  
  
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==Geography and location==
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On November 1, 1755, an [[earthquake]], followed by [[tsunami]] and fires caused the near complete destruction of Lisbon. The city rebuilt itself in visionary style. Over the next two centuries, Lisbon went through periods of foreign control, and repressive governments, and became the wealthiest region in [[Portugal]], and the second most important [[finance|financial]] and [[economy|economic]] center of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] after [[Madrid]].
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===Location===
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{{toc}}
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Lisbon is situated at 38°42' north, 9°5' west, making it the westernmost capital in mainland Europe. It is located in the west of the country, on the [[Atlantic Ocean]] coast at the point where the river [[Tagus River|Tagus]] flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
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In the late 1930s and early 1940s Lisbon served as a point of departure for the Americas to those seeking respite from the twentieth century [[fascism|fascist]] governments of [[Europe]]. As Portugal's seat of government and residence of the [[President of Portugal]], Lisbon is the political center of the country, as well as its cultural capital.  
  
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The city occupies an area of 84.8 km². The city boundaries, unlike those of most major cities, are narrowly defined around the historical city perimeter. This gave rise to the existence of several administratively defined cities around Lisbon, such as [[Amadora]], [[Queluz]], [[Cacém]],  [[Odivelas]],  [[Almada]],  [[Barreiro]],  [[Loures]], and [[Oeiras]], which are in fact part of the metropolitan perimeter of Lisbon.
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==Geography==
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Lisbon's name may have derived from ''Allis Ubbo,'' meaning "safe harbor" in Phoenician, or from the pre-Roman name of the River Tagus, ''Lisso'' or ''Lucio''.
  
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The western side of the city is mainly occupied by the Monsanto Forest Park, one of the largest urban parks in Europe with an area close to 10 square [[kilometres]] (almost 4 square [[miles]]).
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Lisbon is located on the north bank of the [[Tagus River]], the longest river on the [[Iberian Peninsula]], about eight miles (13km) from where the river enters the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The 25th of April Bridge spans the Tagus to the west of the city. East of that bridge, the Tagus broadens into a seven-mile (11km) wide bay called the Mar de Palha.
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[[Image:Lisbon SPOT 1015.jpg|thumb|215px|left|Lisbon seen from Spot Satellite]]
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[[Image:Palacio Ajuda Lisboa 6.JPG|thumb|215px|left|Palácio Nacional da Ajuda.]]
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Built up the slopes of a range of low rolling hills, the city occupies an area of {{convert|84.8|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}. The western side of the city is mainly occupied by the [[Monsanto Forest Park]], one of the largest urban parks in [[Europe]] with an area close to four square miles (10 square kilometers).
  
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==History==
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Lisbon has a warm [[climate]] that is strongly influenced by the [[Gulf Stream]], giving it one of the mildest climates in Europe. [[Winter]]s are wet and windy, with the average maximum daytime [[temperature]] in January of 57.2°F (14°C). On sunny [[summer]] days, the temperature reaches an average maximum of around 82.4°F (28°C) in August. Annual [[rain]]fall is 28 inches (700 mm), spread over 100 rainy days, mostly from October to April.  
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===Neolithic era to the Roman Empire===
 
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[[Image:ArcoDoTriunfoLisboa1.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Commerce Square (Praça do Comércio)]]
 
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[[Image:PacoRibeira-18thCentury.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Lisbon in the 18th century]]
 
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[[Image:MonumentoRestauradoresLisboa.JPG|thumb|right|270px|Restauradores Square.]]
 
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[[Image:Statue King Afonso Henriques Portugal.JPG|thumb|right|150px|Statue of [[Afonso Henriques|King Afonso Henriques]], conqueror of the city in 1147.]]
 
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[[Image:1755 Lisbon earthquake.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Representation of the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]].]]
 
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[[Image:TerreiroDoPaco01.JPG|thumb|220px|right|Statue of [[José I of Portugal|King José I]], by [[Machado de Castro]], in the Commerce Square (''Praça do Comércio''), erected in 1775 as part of the rebuilding of central Lisbon after the disastrous [[Lisbon earthquake of 1755|earthquake of 1755]].]]
 
  
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During the [[Neolithic]] the region was inhabited by [[Iberians|Iberian]] related peoples, who also lived in other regions of [[Atlantic Europe]] at the time. They built religious monuments called [[megalith]]s. [[Dolmen]]s and [[Menhir]]s still survive in the countryside around the city.  
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The oldest district of the city is [[Alfama]], close to the Tagus, which has made it relatively unscathed through the various [[earthquake]]s. The [[Castle of São Jorge]] and the [[Lisbon Cathedral]] are located in this area.  
  
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The [[Indo-European people|Indo-European]] [[Celt]]s invaded after the [[first millennium B.C.E.]] and intermarried with the [[Pre-Indo-European]] population, giving a rise to Celtic-speaking local tribes such as the [[Cempsi]].
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The [[Baixa]] (Downtown) or city center, which is organized in a grid system and a network of squares built after the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]], was nominated for [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] status in July 2004.<ref>''UNESCO World Heritage Centre,'' [http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1980/ Tentative Lists - Pombaline 'Baixa' or Downtown of Lisbon.] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref> The Chiado has cafes, galleries, bookshops, and eighteenth century religious architecture.  
  
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[[archeology|Archeological]] findings show that a [[Phoenicia]]n influence existed in the place that, since 1200 B.C.E., leading some historians to the theory that a Phoenician trading post occupied the site of the centre of the present city, in the southern slope of the Castle hill. The magnificent harbour provided by the [[estuary]] of the river [[Tagus]] made it the ideal spot for a settlement to provide foodstuffs to Phoenician ships travelling to the [[tin]] islands (modern [[Isles of Scilly]]) and [[Cornwall]].  
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The Bairro Alto (literally ''upper quarter'' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) is a central residential, shopping and entertainment district. The Baroque-Neoclassical [[Estrela Basilica]] is the main attraction of the Estrela district. The [[Parliament]] and the [[Prazeres Cemetery]] are nearby.  
  
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The new city might have been named '''Allis Ubbo''' or "safe harbor" in Phoenician, according to one of several theories for the origin of its name{{Fact|date=April 2007}}. Another theory is that it took its name from the pre-Roman name of the River Tagus, ''Lisso'' or ''Lucio''.  
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Along the Tagus River, is the historic neighborhood of Belém, the location of one of the city's most prominent monuments, the [[Jerónimos Monastery, Lisbon|Jerónimos Monastery]]. In 1983 the monastery and the nearby Torre de Belém (Belem Tower) were classified as a World Heritage Site, listed as "Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon."<ref>''UNESCO World Heritage Centre,'' [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/263 Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon.] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref>
  
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Besides sailing to the North, the Phoenicians might also have probably taken advantage of the situation of the settlement at the mouth of Iberia's largest river to trade with the inland tribes for valuable metals. Other important local products were [[salt]], salted fish and the then widely famous [[Lusitano|Lusitanian horses]].  
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Like most large cities, Lisbon is surrounded by numerous [[satellite cities]]. [[Cascais]] and [[Estoril]] are the most [[interesting]] neighboring towns for night life. [[Palace]]s, attractive landscapes and historical sites can be found in [[Sintra]] and [[Mafra]].  
  
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Recently, Phoenician remains from the eighth century B.C.E. were found beneath the [[Middle Age]] [[Sé de Lisboa]] (Lisbon See) or main [[Cathedral]] of the modern city. Most modern historians<ref>[[:pt:José Mattoso|Mattoso, José]] (dir.), ''História de Portugal. Primeiro Volume: Antes de Portugal'', Lisboa, Círculo de Leitores, 1992 - in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].</ref>, however, consider the idea of a Phoenician foundation of the city of Lisbon, as unreal. At best Lisbon was an ancient autochthonous settlement (what the Romans called an [[Oppidum]]) that maintained commercial relations with the Phoenicians, which accounts for the presence of Phoenician pottery and other material objects.
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[[Image:Lisbon 3 of 3.jpg|725px|thumb|Partial view of old Lisbon, viewed from Cacilhas]]
  
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The Greeks knew Lisbon as "Olissipo" and "Olissipona", a name they thought was derived from [[Odysseus|Ulysses]], though this was a [[folk etymology]]. According to an [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] myth, the hero founded the city after he left [[Troy]] and departed to the Atlantic to escape the Greek coalition.
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==History==
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[[Image:Castelo Sao Jorge Lisboa 2.JPG|thumb|right|225px|[[Castle of São Jorge|Castle of Saint George]]]]
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If all of Odysseus's travels were in the Atlantic as [[Th. Cailleux|Cailleux]]<ref>Pays Atlantiques décrits par Homère, [[Th. Cailleux]], 1879, Paris.</ref> argued, then this could mean that Odysseus founded the city coming from the north, before trying to round Cape Malea, which Cailleux located at [[Cabo de São Vicente]] (Cape of St. Vincent), in a south-east direction, to reach his home land [[Ithaca]], supposedly present [[Cadiz]]. However, the presence of Phoenicians (even if occasional) is thought to predate any Greek presence in the area.
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[[Image:Sé - Cathedral of Lisbon.JPG|thumb|right|225px|[[Lisbon Cathedral]], built after 1147 over the remnants of a [[mosque]]]]
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Later on the Greek name was corrupted in [[vulgar Latin]] to '''Olissipona'''.
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[[Image:Parque das Nações 5.JPG|thumb|right|225px|A view of the Nations' Park]]
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[[Image:Lisbon 09973 Lisboa Padrão dos Descobrimentos 2006 Luca Galuzzi.jpg|thumb|225px|Monument to the Discoverers]]
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===Roman Empire to the Moorish conquest===
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[[Image:Tower of Belem.jpg|thumb|right|225px|[[Belém Tower]], a symbol of the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese Age of Discovery]].]]
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[[Image:Cloisters at Mosteiro Dos Jerónimos2.jpg|thumb|right|225px|[[Jerónimos Monastery]].]]
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During the [[Punic wars]], after the defeat of [[Hannibal Barca|Hannibal]] (whose troops included members of the [[Conii]]{{Fact|date=April 2007}}) the Romans decided to deprive Carthage in its most valuable possession, [[Hispania]] (the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula). After the defeat of the Carthaginians by [[Scipio Africanus]] in Eastern Hispania, the pacification of the West was led by [[Consul]] [[Decimus Junius Brutus]].
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[[Image:1755 Lisbon earthquake.jpg|thumb|right|225px|This 1755 copper engraving shows the ruins of Lisbon in flames and a [[tsunami]] overwhelming the ships in the harbor.]]
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[[Image:Terreirodopaço.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Statue of [[José I of Portugal|King José I]] in the Commerce Square ''([[Praça do Comércio]])'', erected in 1775 as part of the rebuilding of Lisbon after the [[Lisbon earthquake of 1755|earthquake of 1755]].]]
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He obtained the alliance of Olissipo which sent men to fight alongside the Legions against the Celtic tribes of the Northwest. In return, Olissipo was integrated in the Empire under the name of Felicitas Julia, a [[Municipium Cives Romanorum]]. It was granted self-rule over a territory going as far away as 50 kilometres (30 miles), exempted from taxes, and its citizens given the privileges of Roman citizenship.  
 
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It was in the newly created province of [[Lusitania]], whose capital was [[Emerita Augusta]]. The attacks by the [[Lusitanian]]s during the frequent rebellions over the next couple of centuries weakened the city, and a wall was built.
 
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During the time of [[Augustus]] the Romans built a great [[Theatre]]; the Cassian Baths underneath the current ''Rua da Prata''; Temples to [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]], [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]], [[Cybele]], [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]] and [[Idae Phrygiae]] (an uncommon cult from [[Asia Minor]]), besides temples to the Emperor; a large [[necropolis]] under Praça da Figueira; a large Forum and other buildings such as [[insula]]e (multi-storied apartment buildings) in the area between the modern Castle hill and Downtown.
 
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Many of these ruins were first unearthed during the middle [[Eighteenth century]], when the recent discovery of [[Pompeii]] made Roman Archeology fashionable among Europe's upper classes.
 
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Economically, Olissipo was known for its [[garum]], a sort of fish sauce highly prized by the elites of the Empire and exported in [[Amphora]]e to [[Rome]] and other cities. [[Wine]], [[salt]] and its famously fast [[horse]]s were also exported.
 
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The city came to be very prosperous through suppression of [[piracy]] and technological advances, which allowed a boom in the trade with the newly Roman Provinces of [[Britannia]] (particularly [[Cornwall]]) and the [[Rhine]], and through the introduction of Roman culture to the tribes living by the river Tagus in the interior of [[Hispania]].  
 
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The city was ruled by an [[Oligarchy|oligarchical]] council dominated by two families, the Julii and the Cassiae. Petitions are recorded addressed to the [[Governor]] of the province in Emerita and to the Empreror [[Tiberius]], such as one requesting help dealing with "sea monsters" allegedly responsible for shipwrecks.
 
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Roman Lisbon's most famous son was [[Sertorius]] who led a large rebellion against the Dictator [[Sulla]] early in the Roman Period.
 
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Among the majority of [[Latin]] speakers lived a large minority of [[Greeks|Greek]] traders and slaves.  
 
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The city was connected by a broad road to Western Hispania's two other large cities, [[Bracara Augusta]] in the province of [[Tarraconensis]] (today's Portuguese [[Braga]]), and [[Emerita Augusta]], the capital of [[Lusitania]] (now [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]] in [[Spain]]).
 
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Olissipo, like most great cities in the Western Empire, was a centre for the dissemination of [[Christianity]]. Its first attested [[Patriarch of Lisbon|Bishop]] was [[St. Potamius]] (c. 356), and there were several [[martyr]]s killed by the [[Paganism|pagans]] during the great persecutions; [[Maxima]], [[Verissimus]] and [[Julia]] are the most significant names.
 
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At the end of the Roman domain, Olissipo was one of the first Christian cities. It suffered invasions from the [[Sarmatian]] [[Alans]] and the [[Germanic people|Germanic]] [[Vandals]], who controlled the region from 409 to 429. The Germanic [[Suebi]], who established a kingdom in [[Gallaecia]] (modern [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and northern Portugal), with capital in ''Bracara Augusta'' ([[Braga]]), from [[409]] to [[585]], also controlled the region of Lisbon for long periods of time.
 
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In [[585]] the Suebi kingdom was included in the Germanic [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] kingdom of Toledo, that comprised all of Hispania, and called ''Ulishbona''.
 
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===Moorish rule===
 
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In approximately [[711]] Lisbon was taken by the [[Moors]] (it was called '''al-ʾIšbūnah''' in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] '''الأشبونة'''), under whose rule the city flourished. The Moors, who were [[Muslim]]s from North Africa and the Middle East, built many [[mosque]]s and houses as well as a new city wall, currently named the ''Cerca Moura''. The city kept a diverse population including [[Christian]]s, [[Berbers]], [[Arab]]s, [[Jew]]s and [[Saqaliba]]s.
 
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[[Arabic language|Arabic]] was forced on the Christians as the official language.  [[Mozarabic]] was the mother language spoken by the Christian population. [[Islam]] was the official religion practiced by the Arabs and [[Muladi]] ([[muwallad]]), the Christians could keep their religion but under heavy [[Dhimmi]] status and were forced to pay the [[jizyah]].
 
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The Moorish influence is still present in [[Alfama]], the old part of Lisbon that survived the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]]. Many placenames are derived from Arabic; the [[Alfama]], the oldest existing district of Lisbon, for example, is derived from the Arabic "al-hamma".
 
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For a brief time during the  [[Taifa]] period Lisbon was the center town in the Regulo Eslavo of the [[Taifa]] of [[Badajoz]] while ruled by [[Sabur al-Saqlabi]] (Sabur the Slav)  son of [[Sabur al-Jatib]], a [[Slav]] that had been at the service of [[al-Hakam II]].  
 
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In [[1147]], as part of the [[Reconquista]], a group of combined [[France|French]], [[England|English]], [[Germany|German]], and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] knights, led by [[Afonso I of Portugal]], [[Siege of Lisbon|sieged and reconquered Lisbon]]. Lisbon was now back in Christian hands.
 
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The reconquest of Portugal and re-establishment of Christianity is one of the most significant events in Lisbon's history; although it is known that there was a bishop in the town that was killed by the crusades and that the population was praying to the Virgin Mary when afflicted with plague, which indicates that the [[Mozarab]] population followed the [[Mozarabic rite]]. [[Arabic language|Arabic]] lost its place in everyday life. Any remaining [[Muslim]] population were gradually converted to [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], or expelled, and the [[mosque]]s were turned into [[church]]es. (Though in Portuguese historiography this was often mentioned as "turning the mosques ''back'' into churches", in fact many of the structures concerned were built as mosques to begin with).
 
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===From the Middle Ages to the Portuguese Empire===
 
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It received its first [[Foral]] in [[1179]], and became the capital city of Portugal in [[1255]] due to its central location in the new Portuguese territory.
 
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During the last centuries of the Middle Ages, the city expanded substantially and became an important trading post with both northern Europe and Mediterranean cities.
 
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A [[university]] school at Lisbon was originally founded in [[1290]] by [[Dinis I of Portugal]] as ''Estudo Geral'' (General Study) (today the [[University of Coimbra]]), being transferred several times to [[Coimbra]] where it was installed definitively in the [[16th century]]. The city refounded its own university in 1911 after centuries of inactivity in Lisbon, incorporating reformed former colleges and other non-university higher education schools of the city (such as the ''Escola Politécnica''). Today there are 3 public universities in the city ([[University of Lisbon]], [[Technical University of Lisbon]] and [[New University of Lisbon]]) and a public university institute ([[ISCTE]]) - see [[list of universities in Portugal]].
 
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Most of the Portuguese expeditions of the [[age of discovery]] left from Lisbon during the XV to XVII centuries, including [[Vasco da Gama]]'s departure to [[India]] in [[1497]].
 
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The [[16th century]] marks the golden age for Lisbon. The city became the European hub of commerce with the Far East, while gold from Brazil also flooded into the city.
 
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:''See [[Portuguese Empire]]''.
 
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The [[1640]] restoration revolt takes place in Lisbon (see [[Philip III of Portugal]]).
 
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On [[26 January]] [[1531]] the city was hit by an [[earthquake]] which killed thousands.
 
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On [[1 November]] [[1755]] Lisbon was destroyed by [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|another earthquake]], which killed between 60,000 and 90,000 people and destroyed eighty-five percent of the city [http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lisbon/index.html]. [[Voltaire]] wrote a long poem, "Poême sur le désastre de Lisbonne", shortly afterwards, and mentioned the earthquake in his [[1759]] [[novel]] ''[[Candide]]'' (indeed, many argue that this critique of [[optimism]] was inspired by that earthquake).
 
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[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.]] also mentions it in his [[1857]] [[poem]], ''The Deacon's Masterpiece, or The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay.''
 
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After the 1755 earthquake, the city was rebuilt largely according to the plans of [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo]], the [[Marquess of Pombal]]; hence the designation of the lower town as ''Baixa Pombalina'' ([[Pombaline Downtown]]). Instead of rebuilding the medieval town, Pombal decided to demolish the remains of the earthquake and rebuild the downtown in accordance with modern urban rules.
 
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=== 19th and 20th centuries ===
 
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[[Image:Night Tram, Lisboa.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Tram at ''Praça do Comércio'', by night.]]
 
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[[Image:Parquenaçoesestatua.JPG|thumb|300px|''Parque das Nações'' (Nations' Park), where a great number of important shows and festivals take place.]]
 
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In the first years of the [[19th century]], Portugal was invaded by the troops of [[Napoléon Bonaparte]] and Queen [[Maria I of Portugal|Maria I]] and Prince-Regent [[John VI of Portugal|João]] (future John VI) temporarily fled to [[Brazil]].  Considerable property was pillaged by the invaders. The city felt the full force of the Portuguese liberal upheavals, beginning its tradition of cafés and theatres. In 1879 the ''Avenida da Liberdade'' was opened, replacing a previous public garden.
 
  
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Lisbon was the centre of the republican coup of [[October 5]],[[1910]] which instated the Portuguese Republic. Previously, it was also the stage of the [[regicide]] of [[Carlos I of Portugal]] ([[1908]]).
+
[[Iberians|Iberian]]-related peoples lived in the Lisbon region during the [[Neolithic]] period, around 4500 B.C.E. The [[Indo-European people|Indo-European]] [[Celt]]s invaded after the [[first millennium B.C.E.]] and intermarried with the [[Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula|Pre-Indo-European]] population.
  
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During [[World War II]] Lisbon was one of the very few neutral, open European Atlantic ports, a major gateway for refugees to the U.S. and a spy nest.
+
Phoenician remains from the eighth century B.C.E. were found beneath the [[Mediaeval]] [[Sé de Lisboa]] (Lisbon See), or main [[Cathedral]]. The magnificent harbor made it an ideal spot for a settlement to provide foodstuffs to Phoenician ships traveling to the ''tin islands'' (modern [[Isles of Scilly]]) and [[Cornwall]].  
  
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In [[1974]], Lisbon was the central destination point of the [[Carnation Revolution]] maneuvers, the end of the Portuguese Corporative Regime ([[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]).
+
The Greeks knew Lisbon as ''Olissipo'' and "Olissipona," a name they thought was derived from [[Odysseus|Ulysses]], who, according to an [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] myth, founded the city after he left [[Troy]], and departed to the Atlantic to escape the Greek coalition. Later on, the Greek name was corrupted in [[vulgar Latin]] to ''Olissipona''.  
  
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In 1988, a fire near the historical centre of Chiado greatly disrupted normal life in the area for about 10 years.  
+
===Roman control===
 +
The area was under [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] control from 205 B.C.E. to about 409 C.E. [[Julius Caesar]] (100 B.C.E.-44 B.C.E.), made the settlement a ''municipium,'' and named it Felicitas Julia. During the time of [[Augustus]] (63 B.C.E.–14 C.E.), the Romans built a great [[theater]], the [[Cassian Baths]], temples, a large [[necropolis]], a large forum, and multi-storied apartment buildings in the area between the modern Castle hill and Downtown.  
  
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In 1994, Lisbon was the [[European Capital of Culture]].
+
Economically, Olissipo was known for its [[garum]], a highly prized [[fish]] sauce exported in [[Amphora]]e to [[Rome]] and other cities. [[Wine]], [[salt]] and its famously fast [[horse]]s were also exported. Trade boomed with the Roman provinces of [[Britannia]] and the [[Rhine]], and with tribes living up the river Tagus.  
  
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[[Expo '98]] was held in Lisbon. The timing was intended to commemorate the 500th anniversary of [[Vasco da Gama]]'s sea voyage to [[India]].
+
A broad road connected Olissipo to Western Hispania's two other large cities, [[Bracara Augusta]] (today's Portuguese [[Braga]]), and [[Emerita Augusta]], the capital of [[Lusitania]] (now [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]] in [[Spain]]).
  
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=== Contemporary events ===
+
===Christian center===
 +
Olissipo was a center for the dissemination of [[Christianity]]. Its first attested [[Patriarch of Lisbon|Bishop]] was [[St. Potamius]] (c. 356), and [[martyr]]s during Emperor [[Diocletian's]] persecutionss (303–311) included [[Maxima of Rome|Maxima]], [[Verissimus]], and [[Julia]].
  
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The [[Lisbon Agenda]] was a [[European Union]] agreement on measures to revitalize the EU economy, signed in Lisbon in March 2000.
+
[[Sarmatian]] [[Alans]] and the [[Germanic people|Germanic]] [[Vandals]], invaded Olissipo and controlled the region from 409 to 429. The Germanic [[Suebi]], who established a kingdom in [[Gallaecia]] (modern [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and northern Portugal) from 409 to 585, also controlled Lisbon for long periods of time. In 585 the Suebi kingdom was included in the Germanic [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] kingdom of Toledo, that comprised all of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. Lisbon was then called ''Ulishbona''.
  
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Every March the city hosts the world-famous [[Lisbon Half Marathon]], one of the most attended events of its kind in the world.
+
===Moorish invasion===
 +
The Muslims of [[North Africa]] (Moors) took Lisbon around 711 when they overran the Iberian Peninsula. The [[Moors]], who stayed for 433 years, called the city '''al-ʾIšbūnah''' and built numerous [[mosque]]s, houses, and a new city wall, named the ''Cerca Moura''. [[Arabic language|Arabic]] was the official language. [[Islam]] was the official religion, although [[Christian]]s could keep their [[religion]] but were required to pay the [[jizyah]] tax.
  
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It regularly hosts countless other international events including various [[NATO]], [[European Union]] and other summits.
+
===The Reconquista===
 +
In 1147, as part of the [[Reconquista]], a period of 800 years during which Christian kingdoms succeeded in retaking the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims, [[crusader]] knights led by [[Afonso I of Portugal]] (1109–1185), besieged and reconquered Lisbon. [[Arabic language|Arabic]] lost its place in everyday life, and any remaining [[Muslim]] population were gradually converted to [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], or expelled, and the [[mosque]]s were turned into [[Church (building)|churches]]. Lisbon then had a population of 154,000.
  
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In January [[2006]] and [[2007]], Lisbon was the starting city of the [[Paris Dakar Rally|Dakar Rally]].
+
===Capital city===
 +
Lisbon became the ''de facto'' capital city of Portugal in 1255 due to its central location. The first Portuguese [[university]] was founded in Lisbon in 1290 by [[Dinis I of Portugal]] (1279–1325). During the last centuries of the [[Middle Ages]], the city expanded substantially and became an important trading post with both northern [[Europe]] and [[Mediterranean basin|Mediterranean]] cities.
  
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[[Rock in Rio]] was held in Lisbon twice, hosting concerts of many high profile singers and bands, such as [[Anastacia]], [[Metallica]], [[Shakira]], [[Guns N' Roses]], [[Roger Waters]], [[Britney Spears]] and many more.
+
[[Vasco da Gama]] (1460 or 1469–1524) led a Portuguese fleet of four ships to [[India]] from Lisbon in 1498, one of numerous Portuguese expeditions of the [[Age of Discovery]] departing from Lisbon during the 15th to 17th centuries.  
  
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==Climate==
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The city became the European hub of commerce with [[Africa]], [[India]], the [[Far East]] and, later, [[Colonial Brazil|Brazil]], exploiting riches such as [[spice]]s, [[Slave trade|slaves]], [[sugar]], [[textile]]s and other goods. The first Portuguese census in 1527 counted 65,000 inhabitants in Lisbon, a considerable number of whom became rich.  
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{{wide image|Vasco da Gama bridge panorama.jpg|1300px|[[Vasco da Gama Bridge]] over the [[Tagus river]].}}
 
  
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Lisbon is the mildest European capital.{{citation}} Spring is cool to warm (between 10°C and 27°C) with plenty of sunshine and also some showers. Summer months are mostly sunny, dry and hot with temperatures between 16°C to 36°C. Autumn is mild and unsettled with temperatures between 8°C and 23°C and winters are typically rainy, windy and cool with some sunny days (temperatures between 2°C and 18°C), usually staying at an average of 10°C. Snowfall is a very rare occurrence &mdash; Lisbon briefly witnessed snow on [[January 29]], [[2006]] and [[January 28]] [[2007]] thanks to cold waves from the [[Arctic]] that affected Europe in those years. Before 2006, no snowfall had been registered for over forty years, just some sleety days at most. On average, there are 3300 sunny hours per year and 100 days with rain per year. Lisbon's climate is strongly influenced by the [[Gulf Stream]].
+
Under the rule of [[King Manuel I]] (1495–1521) Portugal developed Manueline [[architecture]], that celebrated the voyages of discovery, Manuel, and [[God]]. The city was endowed with larger and more luxurious buildings. The [[Belém Tower]] and the [[Jerónimos Monastery]] were built during this period.
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[[Image:Lisboa - Expo98 - Vista Geral.jpg|right|280px|thumb|The seaside promenade, at the Nations' Park.]]
 
  
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==Demographics==
+
===Earthquake===
 +
The Great Lisbon Earthquake struck on November 1, 1755, at around 9:40 in the morning.<ref>André Belo, [http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue4/html/belo_main.html Between History and Periodicity: Printed and Hand-Written News in 18th-Century Portugal,] Brown University. Retrieved February 10, 2009.</ref> The [[earthquake]] was followed by a [[tsunami]] and [[fire]]s, which caused near-total destruction of Lisbon and adjoining areas. [[Geology|Geologists]] estimated the earthquake approached magnitude 9 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]]. Estimates place the death toll in Lisbon, after the earthquake, tsunami, and fires that blazed for days, at around 60,000 people.<ref>Alvaro S. Pereira, March 2006, [http://www.york.ac.uk/res/cherry/docs/Alvaro3.pdf The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake,] ''University of York, Department of Economics''. Retrieved February 10, 2009.</ref> More than 12,000 buildings were destroyed, making it one of the most destructive earthquakes in history.
  
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The population of the city proper was 564,477 and the metropolitan area ([[Lisbon Metropolitan Area]]) was 2,800,000 according to the Instituto Nacional de Estatística[http://www.ine.pt/] (National Institute of Statistics). The Lisbon Metropolitan Area coincides with two [[NUTS II]] units, ''[[Grande Lisboa]]'' (Greater Lisbon), in the northern bank of the [[Tagus]], and ''[[Península de Setúbal]]'' (Setúbal Peninsula), to the south, which are the two subregions of ''[[Região Lisboa]]'' (Lisbon Region). The population density of the city itself is 6,658 inhabitants per km². Lisbon Metropolitan Area is one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in Europe, and estimates by the UN suggest that its population could grow to as much as 4.5 million inhabitants by 2050.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
+
The city was rebuilt according to the plans of Prime Minister [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo]], the [[Marquis of Pombal|1st Marquess of Pombal]] (1699–1782); hence the designation of the lower town as ''Baixa Pombalina'' ([[Pombaline Downtown]]). Pombal demolished the earthquake ruins and rebuilt the downtown following modern urban rules.
  
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Lisbon is ranked number 1 in the Portuguese most livable cities survey of [[standard of living|living conditions]] published yearly by [[Expresso]].<ref>[http://semanal.expresso.clix.pt/imagens/ed1784/fotos/pdfs/IPDF-u0321.pdf ''Classificação Expresso das melhores cidades portuguesas para viver em 2007''], [[Expresso]]</ref>
+
===Invasion, revolution===
 +
Lisbon alternated between French and British control during the Peninsular War, a contest between [[France]] and the allied powers of [[Spain]], the [[United Kingdom]], and [[Portugal]] for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the early 1800s. Troops of [[Napoléon Bonaparte]] (1769–1821) invaded Portugal in 1807, sending Prince-Regent [[John VI of Portugal|João]] and his family in flight to [[Rio de Janeiro]] in [[Brazil]]. Rio replaced Lisbon as the capital of the Portuguese empire from 1808 to 1821.
  
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==Culture and sights==
+
Ten years of revolutionary outbursts in Lisbon followed as liberal constitutionalists and absolutists fought over succession to the throne.  
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[[Image:Torre Vasco da Gama 01.JPG|right|thumb|[[Vasco da Gama Tower]], at the ''Parque das Nações'']]
 
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The heart of the city is the ''[[Baixa]]'' (Downtown) or city centre; this area of the city is being considered for [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site status. The ''Baixa'' is organised in a grid system and a network of squares built after the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]], which levelled a great portion of the medieval city. The [[Castle of São Jorge]] and the [[Lisbon Cathedral]] are located on one of the seven hills of Lisbon, to the east of the ''Baixa''. The oldest district of the city is [[Alfama]], close to the Tagus, which has made it relatively unscathed through the various earthquakes.
 
  
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Other monuments include:
+
In 1879, a new main street, the ''[[Avenida da Liberdade (Lisbon)|Avenida da Liberdade]]'' was opened. The six-lane carriageway had wide blue mosaic sidewalks with [[palm]]s, [[fountain]]s, ponds stocked with [[goldfish]] and [[swan]]s, and outdoor cafés beneath the trees. By 1885, Lisbon covered 20,378 acres (8,250 hectares), and had a population of 300,000.  
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the [[Castle of São Jorge]], atop the tallest hill of the central city, [[Praça do Comércio]] (Commerce Square) with the beautiful façade of the [[Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição Velha]] nearby, [[Rossio|Rossio Square]], [[Restauradores Square]], [[Elevador de Santa Justa]], an [[elevator]] (lift) in [[Gothic revival]] style, built around [[1900]] to connect the Baixa and Bairro Alto, the richly-decorated [[São Roque Church (Lisbon)|Church of São Roque]], [[Jerónimos Monastery, Lisbon|Jerónimos Monastery]], [[Belém Tower]], [[Padrão dos Descobrimentos]] (Monument of the Discoveries) and [[Carmo Convent (Lisbon)|Carmo Convent]].
 
  
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The city of Lisbon is rich in architecture; [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Manueline]], [[Baroque]], [[Traditional Portuguese]], [[Modernism|Modern]] and [[Post-Modern]] constructions can be found all over the city. The city is also crossed by great boulevards and monuments along these main thoroughfares, particularly in the upper districts; notable among these are the [[Avenida da Liberdade]] (Liberty Avenue), Avenida Fontes Pereira de Mello, Avenida Almirante Reis and Avenida da República (Republic Avenue).
+
Lisbon was the stage of the assassination of [[Carlos I of Portugal]], on February 1, 1908, and was the center of a coup on October 5, 1910, which installed the Portuguese Republic.  
  
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The most famous museums in Lisbon are the [[Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga]] (National Museum of Ancient Art), the [[Museu dos Azulejos]] (Museum of Portuguese-style [[Tile]] Mosaics), the [[Museu Calouste Gulbenkian]] (Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, containing varied collections of ancient and modern art), the [[Lisbon Oceanarium]] (''Oceanário de Lisboa'', the largest in Europe), the [[Museu Nacional do Traje e da Moda]] (National Museum of Costume and Fashion), the [[Museu do Design at Centro Cultural de Belém]] (Design Museum), the [[Museu Nacional dos Coches]] (National Coach Museum, containing one of the largest collections of royal coaches in the world) and the [[Museu da Farmácia]] (Pharmacy Museum).
+
[[António de Oliveira Salazar]] (1889-1970) took control of the near-bankrupt country in 1932, and established an authoritarian corporate state until his retirement in 1968.  
  
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Lisbon's opera house, the [[Teatro Nacional de São Carlos]], hosts a relatively active cultural agenda, mainly in autumn and winter. Other important theatres and musical houses are the [[Centro Cultural de Belém]], the [[Teatro D. Maria II]] and the [[Gulbenkian Foundation]].
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During [[World War II]] Lisbon was one of the very few neutral, open European Atlantic ports, a major gateway for refugees to the [[U.S.]], and a spy nest.
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[[Image:Centro Com. Colombo - Lisboa.jpg|thumb|280px|right|''Colombo Shopping Mall'', the biggest in the Iberian Peninsula.]]
 
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The monument to Christ the King [http://www.m-almada.pt/website/main.php?id=91 (Cristo Rei)] stands on the left side of the river, in [[Almada]]. With open arms, overlooking the whole city, it resembles the Corcovado monument in [[Rio de Janeiro]], and was built after [[World War II]], as thanks for Portugal's being spared the horrors and destruction of the war.
 
  
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Every June there are 5 days of popular street celebrations in memory of a saint born in Lisbon &ndash; [[Anthony of Lisbon]] (or Santo António). Saint Anthony, also known as Saint Anthony of Padua, was a wealthy Portuguese bohemian who was [[Canonisation|canonised]] after a life preaching to the poor, simpler people. Although Lisbon’s patron saint is [[Vincent of Saragossa|Saint Vincent]], whose remains are in the [[Lisbon Cathedral]], there are no festivities associated with him.
+
In 1974, Lisbon was the central destination point of the [[Carnation Revolution]] a left-leaning military coup that began on April 25, 1974.
  
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[[Parque Eduardo VII]] is the largest park located in the centre of the city, prolonging the main avenue (Avenida da Liberdade). Named after [[Edward VII of England]] who visited it when it was inaugurated, it includes a large variety of plants in a large winter garden (Estufa Fria).
+
In 1988, a fire near the historical center of [[Chiado]] greatly disrupted normal life in the area for about 10 years. In 1994, Lisbon was declared the [[European Capital of Culture]].
  
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Lisbon is home every year to the [[Lisbon Gay & Lesbian Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lisbonfilmfest.org/ | title=Official web-site.| work=Lisbon Gay and Lesbian Film Festival | accessdate=2006-11-06}}</ref>
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The 1998 World’s Fair, held in Lisbon, sparked a waterfront renovation, giving Lisbon a new look. The expo was timed to commemorate the 500th anniversary of [[Vasco da Gama]]'s sea voyage to [[India]].  
  
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==Sport==
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In March 2000, the Lisbon Agenda, an agreement on measures to revitalize the [[European Union]] economy, was signed in Lisbon.
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[[Image:Estádio Sporting interior.jpg|right|thumb|280px|[[Sporting Clube de Portugal|Sporting]]'s stadium]]
 
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The [[sports clubs]] [[Sport Lisboa e Benfica]] (commonly Benfica) and [[Sporting Clube de Portugal]] (commonly Sporting), play in many sports in the highest Portuguese divisions and the European competitions, are from Lisbon. [[Belenenses]], another important sports club with a great tradition in Portuguese sport, is also from the Portuguese capital.
 
  
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[[Football (soccer)|Football]] is the most popular sport in Lisbon. Major football clubs include [[SL Benfica]], with its home stadium the [[UEFA Stadia List|UEFA 5-Star Stadium]] [[Estádio da Luz]] (The Stadium of Light), which has 65,000 seats. Benfica has twice won the [[UEFA Champions League]], the most prestigious title in European football, and appeared in the final seven times.
+
== Government ==
 +
[[Image:Assembleia Republica Portugal 2.JPG|thumb|right|250px|National Parlament]]
 +
[[Portugal]] is a parliamentary representative democratic republic, in which the president, who is chief of state and is directly elected to a five-year term, appoints the prime minister, who is head of government, and council of ministers, according to assembly election results. There is also a council of state, which is a presidential advisory body composed of six senior civilian officers. The unicameral assembly of the republic (Assembleia da Republica) has 230 members who are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms.  
  
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[[Sporting Clube de Portugal]] is one major football team from the city; they play in a UEFA 5-Star stadium. The have won the [[UEFA Cup]] Winners Cup once and they were the UEFA Cup Finalists in the 2004-05 season. They play in the [[Estádio José de Alvalade]] (Século XXI) which seats 52,000. The stadium colours are green and white. Former famous players range from [[Luís Figo]] to [[Cristiano Ronaldo]].
+
Portugal consists of 308 municipalities (Portuguese singular/plural: ''Concelho/concelhos''), which are subdivided into more than 4000 [[freguesia|parishes]] ''(freguesia/freguesias)''. Municipalities in continental Portugal are gathered in 18 Districts.
  
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[[Belenenses]] is the third biggest football team in the city, playing out of the [[Estádio do Restelo]] in the [[Belém]] district of Lisbon. Although they compete in the [[Portuguese Liga]] along with Benifca and Sporting, they only live in the shadows of their great rivals with a significantly smaller fanbase and trophy cabinet to match.
+
Lisbon is the seat of the [[Lisbon (district)|district of Lisbon]] and capital of the [[Lisbon region]]. There are 53 ''freguesias'' ([[civil parishes]]) in Lisbon.
  
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Indoor football, or [[futsal]], is probably the second most watched sport in Lisbon, and with four teams in the top flight [[Portuguese Futsal First Division|1a Divisão de Futsal]] its no surprise. The big three sports clubs [[CF Belenenses (futsal)|Belenenses]], [[SL Benfica (futsal)|Benfica]] and [[Sporting (futsal)|Sporting]] all compete professionally, while they are joined in the elite league by amateur club [[SL Olivais (futsal)|Sport Lisboa e Olivais]].
+
Lisbon is divided into historical "bairros" with no clearly defined boundaries, such as ''Amoreiras,'' ''Bairro Alto,'' ''Bica,'' ''Alfama,'' ''Mouraria,'' ''Avenidas Novas,'' ''Intendente,'' ''Chelas,'' and ''Lapa''.
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[[Team handball|Handball]] is increasingly popular in [[Portugal]] and indeed Lisbon since the [[2003 World Men's Handball Championship|2003 World Championship]] final was played at the [[Pavilhão Atlântico]]. [[CF Belenenses (handball)|Belenenses]], [[SL Benfica (handball)|Benfica]] and [[Sporting (handball)|Sporting CP]] all play in the elite [[Liga Portuguesa de Andebol]]. Professional [[basketball]] has a significant following in Lisbon, with [[SL Benfica (basketball)|Benfica]] and [[CF Belenenses (basketball)|Belenenses]] both representating Lisbon in the top-flight [[LCB]] league.
 
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Obviously there are many other sport facilities in Lisbon, most notably for [[sailing]], [[golf]], [[mountain-biking]], etc.
 
  
 
==Economy==
 
==Economy==
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[[Image:Centro Comercial Vasco da Gama - Lisboa (Portugal).jpg|thumb|right|280px|''Vasco da Gama Shopping Mall'', at the Nations' Park.]]
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[[Image:Lisbonne Expo98 01.jpg|thumb|right|225px|''[[Vasco da Gama Tower]]'' at ''[[Parque das Nações]]'' (Nations' Park), where Expo 98 took place]]
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[[Image:Cacilheiro 3.JPG|thumb|right|280px|One of the ferries that connect both sides of the [[Tagus]] river.]]
+
[[Image:Electricos Lisboa 3.JPG|thumb|225px|A tram in Lisbon]]
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The [[Lisbon region]] is the wealthiest region in [[Portugal]] and it is well above the [[European Union]]'s [[GDP per capita]] average - it produces 45% of the Portuguese [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]. Lisbon's economy is based primarily on the service industry. Most of the headquarters of multinationals operating in Portugal are concentrated in the [[Greater Lisbon]] subregion. [[Lisbon Metropolitan Area]] is heavily industrialized, especially the south bank of the Tagus river (Rio Tejo).
+
[[Image:Lisboa - Gare do Oriente.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Inside Orient Station]]
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+
Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service-based economy since joining the European Community in 1986. Over the two decades to 2009, successive governments have privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy, including the financial and [[telecommunications]] sectors. Gross domestic product per capita, estimated at $22,000 in 2008, stands at roughly two-thirds of the [[European Union]] average. A poor [[education]]al system, in particular, has been an obstacle to greater productivity and growth.<ref>''CIA World Factbook,'' 2009.</ref>
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The Lisbon Stock Exchange is [[Euronext Lisbon]] part of the pan-European [[Euronext]] system together with the stock exchanges of [[Amsterdam]], [[Brussels]] and [[Paris]].
 
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==Transport==
 
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[[Image:Lisbon (Lisboa) historic elevator Santa Justa Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Historic elevator de Santa Justa.]]
 
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Lisbon's  public transport network is extremely far-reaching and reliable and has its [[Lisbon Metro|Metro]] as its main artery, connecting the city centre with the upper and eastern districts, and now reaching the suburbs. Ambitious expansion projects will increase the network by almost one third, connecting the airport, and the northern and western districts. Bus, funicular and tram services have been supplied by the Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris), for over a century.
 
  
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A traditional public transport in Lisbon is the [[tram]]. Originally introduced in the [[19th century]], the trams were originally imported from the [[United States|U.S.]] and called ''americanos''. The original trams can still be seen in the Museu da Carris (the Public Transport Museum) ([http://www.carris.pt Carris])
+
The Lisbon region is the wealthiest region in [[Portugal]], is the second most important [[finance|financial]] and [[economy|economic]] center of the [[Iberian Peninsula]],<ref>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and NetLibrary, Inc, 2006, [http://www.oecd.org/document/2/0,3343,en_2649_201185_37801602_1_1_1_1,00.html ''Competitive Cities in the Global Economy.''] Retrieved February 10, 2009.</ref> and it is well above the [[European Union]]'s [[GDP per capita]] average – it produces 45 percent of the Portuguese [[Gross domestic product|GDP]].  
  
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There are other commuter bus services from the city: [[Vimeca]] ([http://www.vimeca.pt]), [[Rodoviaria de Lisboa]]([http://www.rodoviariadelisboa.pt]), [[Transportes Sul do Tejo]] ([http://www.tsuldotejo.pt]), [[Boa Viagem]] ([http://www.boa-viagem.pt]), [[Barraqueiro]]([http://www.barraqueirotransportes.pt]) are the main ones, operating from different terminals in the city.
+
Lisbon's economy is based primarily on the service sector, which employs 75 percent of the labor force. Most of the headquarters of multinational companies operating in Portugal are concentrated in the [[Grande Lisboa]] subregion, specially in the [[Oeiras]] municipality.  
  
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There are four commuter train lines departing from Lisbon: the [[Cascais]], [[Sintra]] and [[Azambuja]] lines as well as a fourth line to [[Setúbal]] crossing the [[Tagus]] river over the [[25 de Abril Bridge]].
+
The [[Euronext Lisbon]] [[stock exchange]], part of the pan-European [[Euronext]] system together with the stock exchanges of [[Amsterdam]], [[Brussels]] and [[Paris]], is tied with the [[New York Stock Exchange]] since 2007, forming the multinational [[NYSE Euronext]] group of stock exchanges.
  
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The city does not offer a [[light rail]] service (tram line 15, althougg running with new and faster trams does not fall onto this category), but there are plans to build some lines with this service around the city (but not into the city itself).
+
A temperate climate, beaches, castles, and historic districts attract tourists every year. [[Tourism]] revenues have helped offset negative national trade balances.
  
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The city is connected to the far side of the Tagus by two important bridges:
+
[[Lisbon Metropolitan Area]] is heavily industrialized, especially the south bank of the Tagus river (Rio Tejo).
−
* The [[25 de Abril Bridge]], inaugurated (as Ponte [[António de Oliveira Salazar|Salazar]]) on[[August 6]] 1966, and later renamed after the date of the [[Carnation Revolution]], was the longest [[suspension bridge]] in Europe and although made by the same engineers as the [[Golden Gate Bridge]] in [[San Francisco]], it is not, as thought by some, a replica (the Golden Gate Bridge does not have X braces).
 
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* The [[Vasco da Gama Bridge]], inaugurated on May 1998 is, at 17.2&nbsp;km, the longest bridge in Europe.
 
  
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Another way of crossing the river is by taking the ferry. The main company is [[Transtejo]]([http://www.transtejo.pt]), which operates from different points in the city to [[Cacilhas]], [[Seixal]], [[Montijo]], [[Porto Brandao]] and [[Trafaria]] and the other company is [[Soflusa]]([http://www.transtejo.pt]), operating one only line to [[barreiro]].  
+
Lisbon has the largest and most developed [[mass media]] sector of Portugal, and is home to several related companies ranging from leading [[television]] networks and [[radio station]]s to major [[newspaper]]s.  
  
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Lisbon is connected to its suburbs and the rest of Portugal by an extensive motorway network. There are three circular motorways around the city; the 2ª Circular, the CRIL and the CREL.
+
Rail and road links connect Lisbon to the rest of Portugal and elsewhere in Europe. There are four commuter train lines departing from Lisbon. The main railway stations are [[Santa Apolónia]], [[Rossio Train Station|Rossio]], [[Gare do Oriente]], and [[Cais do Sodré]]. Lisbon is connected to its suburbs and the rest of Portugal by an extensive motorway network. There are three circular motorways around the city; the 2ª Circular, the CRIL and the CREL. The [[Lisbon Metro]] is the city's main public transport artery, connecting the city center with the upper and eastern districts, and now reaching the suburbs. Ambitious expansion projects will increase the network by almost one third, connecting the airport, and the northern and western districts. A traditional form of public transport in Lisbon is the [[tram]]. Other than on the modern Line 15, the Lisbon tramway system still uses small (four wheel), yellow, 1930s vehicles well suited to the steep hills and narrow streets of the central city. The city's three [[funicular]]s, or inclined cable railways, are great tourist attractions.  
  
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The [[Portela Airport]] is located within the city limits. [[TAP]] and [[Portugalia]] have their hubs here and the flights available are mostly to Europe, Africa and America.
+
Two [[bridge]]s cross the [[Tagus River]], including the 1.5 mile (2.4km) 25th of April Bridge, one of the longest suspension bridges in western Europe, and the Vasco Da Gama Bridge, inaugurated on May 1998 is, at 10.7 miles (17.2km), the longest bridge in Europe, as well as a ferry service.
  
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==Education in Lisbon==
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The Port of Lisbon is a large European Port highly ranked for the handling of containerized cargo and solid bulk agricultural foodstuffs. Alcântara has a container terminal and dock for cruise ships.
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[[Image:UNL Faculty Human Social Sciences.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A building of the [[New University of Lisbon]]]]
 
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The city has several private and public [[secondary schools]], [[primary school]]s as well as [[kindergarten]]s. In Greater Lisbon area there are also international schools such as [[Saint Julian's School]], the [[Carlucci American International School of Lisbon]], [http://www.dominics-int.org/ St Dominic's International School], Deutsche Schule Lissabon, and Lycée Francais Charles Lepierre.
 
  
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There are 4 major [[public universities]] in Lisbon: the [[University of Lisbon]] (founded in [[1911]] it is Lisbon's oldest higher education institution in continuous operation), the [[Technical University of Lisbon]], the [[New University of Lisbon]] and the [[ISCTE]], providing degrees in the natural sciences, engineering, medicine, law, education, sports, architecture, social sciences and humanities. There is also a state-run [[polytechnic]] institute, the [[Polytechnical Institute of Lisbon]]. Major private institutions of higher education include the [[Portuguese Catholic University]], as well as the [[Moderna University]], the [[Lusíada University]], the [[Lusófona University of Humanities and Technologies]] and the [[Autonomous University of Lisbon]].
+
The [[Portela Airport]] is located within the city limits. [[TAP]] and [[Portugalia]] have their hubs here and the flights available are mostly to [[Europe]], [[Africa]] and America.
  
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==Greater Lisbon==
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{{wide image|Lisboa-lisbon- panorama.jpg|1300px|Panoramic view of Lisbon from the top of [[Cristo-Rei]], with [[25 April Bridge]].}}
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''see also [[Lisbon Metropolitan Area]]'', ''[[Lisbon Region]] and ''[[Greater Lisbon]]''
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{{wide image|Vasco da Gama bridge panorama.jpg|1300px|View of [[Vasco da Gama Bridge]] from atop [[Vasco da Gama Tower]]. Finished in 1998, is the longest bridge in Europe.}}
  
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Like most big cities, Lisbon is surrounded by many [[satellite cities]] and [[satellite town|towns]]. It is estimated that more than one million people enter Lisbon every day from the outskirts. [[Cascais]] and [[Estoril]] are among the most [[interesting]] neighbouring towns for night life. Beautiful palaces, landscapes and historical sites can be found in [[Sintra]] and [[Mafra]]. Other major municipalities around Lisbon include [[Amadora]], [[Oeiras]], [[Odivelas]], [[Loures]], [[Vila Franca de Xira]] and, in the south bank of the [[Tagus river]] [[estuary]], [[Almada]], [[Barreiro]] and [[Seixal]].
+
== Demographics ==
 +
[[Image:UNL Faculty Human Social Sciences.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A building of the New University of Lisbon.]]
 +
Lisbon city had a population of 564,477 in 2004<ref>''Statistics Portugal,'' [http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_main Statistical Information.] Retrieved February 10, 2009. </ref> in {{convert|84.8|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, the [[Lisbon Metropolitan Area]] had around 2.64 million inhabitants, and 3.34 million people lived in the Lisbon Metropolitan Region, which includes the cities of [[Leiria]] and [[Setúbal]]).<ref name="tgv">Fernando Nunes da Silva, 2007, [http://clix.semanal.expresso.pt/imagens/ed1784/fotos/pdfs/IPDF-u0321.pdf Classificação Expresso das melhores cidades portuguesas para viverem 2007.] Retrieved February 10, 2009. </ref>
  
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==Tourist attractions==
+
Native Portuguese are ethnically a combination of pre-Roman Celts with contributions from Romans, Germanic (Visigoths, Suebi), Jews, and Moors. Citizens of black [[Africa]]n descent who immigrated to the mainland during decolonization number fewer than 100,000. Since 1990 [[Eastern Europe]]ans have entered Portugal.
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[[Image:Hot clube4.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Jazz club, in Lisbon]]
 
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===Belém===
 
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{{Main|Santa Maria de Belém|l1=Belém}}
 
  
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Along the ''Rio Tejo'' (Tagus River), is the historic neighborhood of Belém. Its prime attraction is the grand Mosteiro dos Jeronimos. Construction started in [[1501]], and took 70 years to complete. During its construction, the monastery cost an equivalent of 70 kg of gold each year.  Most of the construction costs were financed through the spice trade. It is a prime example of what is called Manueline architecture, with inspiration brought back from the explorations, as well as being influenced by the Gothic and Renaissance periods.  Nearby is the [[Belem Tower]].
+
[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is the main official [[language]]. Portugal has no state [[religion]]. About 84 percent of the population belonged to the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in 2001, although only about 19 percent attended Mass. Other [[Christian]]s make up 2.2 percent, other 0.3 percent, unknown 9 percent, none 3.9 percent.
 +
   
 +
There are three major public [[university|universities]] in Lisbon: the [[University of Lisbon]], founded in 1911, the [[Technical University of Lisbon]], founded in 1930, and the [[New University of Lisbon]], founded in 1973). There is also one state-run [[university institute]], the [[ISCTE]], and a [[polytechnic]] institute, the [[Polytechnical Institute of Lisbon]].
  
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===Bairro Alto===
+
Private universities include the [[Portuguese Catholic University]], the [[Lusíada University]], the [[Universidade Lusófona]], and the [[Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa]], among others.
−
{{Main|Bairro Alto}}
 
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'''Bairro Alto''' (literally ''upper quarter'' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) is an area of central Lisbon. It functions as a residential, shopping and entertainment district. Today, the Bairro Alto is the heart of Lisbon's youth and of the Portuguese capital's nightlife. Lisbon's [[Punk subculture|Punk]], [[Gay]], [[Metal]], [[Goth subculture|Goth]], [[Hip hop music|Hip Hop]] and [[Reggae]] scenes, all have the Bairro as their home, due to the number of clubs and bars dedicated to each of them. The [[fado]], Portugal's national song, still survives in the new Lisbon's nightlife. The crowd is a mix of local and tourist, straight and gay, and almost anything else imagined.
 
  
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===Gare do Oriente===
+
==Culture==
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{{Main|Gare do Oriente}}
+
[[Image:Castelo Sao Jorge e Tago 425-231.jpg|thumb|right|250px|View from São Jorge Castle.]]
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[[Image:Light City.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Gare do Oriente]]
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[[Image:Luz-Stadion während des EM-Finales.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Luz'' Stadium]]
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Gare do Oriente (Orient Station) is one of the main transportation hubs of Lisbon, for trains, metro, buses and taxis. Its glass and steel columns are reminiscent of palms, making the whole structure fascinating to look at (especially in sunlight or when illuminated at night). It was designed by the great architect [[Santiago Calatrava]] from Valencia (Spain). Cross through the shopping mall just across the street and you're in Parque das Nações (Park of the Nations), site of the 1998 World Expo.
 
  
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===Lisbon Trams and Funiculars===
+
Lisbon is the location of a [[World Heritage Site]] which includes two of Lisbon's most famous structures, the Monastery of the Hieronymites and the Belém Tower. The Monastery of the Hieronymites is considered one of the most successful achievements of the Manueline style. It was built, starting in 1502, on the site of a hermitage that was founded by [[Henry the Navigator]] at about 1450. The other heritage structure, the Belém Tower, was constructed between 1515 and 1521, also in the the Manueline style, to commemorate [[Vasco da Gama]]'s expedition. The defensive, yet elegant construction has become one of the symbols of the city, a memorial to the Portuguese power during the [[Age of the Great Discoveries]]. The joint site is listed by [[UNESCO]] as the [[Jerónimos Monastery|Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon]].
  
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Transportation in Lisbon is more charming than in most cities. Much is owed to its geography; much of Lisbon has been [[List of cities claimed to be built on seven hills|built on its seven hills]]. No visit to Lisbon is complete without riding the 1930s trams. The greatest attractions, though, are the funiculars, of which there are three. These are Elevador da Glória, Elevador da Bica, and Elevador da Lavra. Perhaps the most picturesque is the Elevador da Bica, which passes through a charming residential neighborhood just below Bairro Alto.<ref>[http://www.carris.pt/index.php?area=servicos&subarea=servicos_ascensores_bica] Information from Carris, Lisbon transportation company.</ref>.<ref>[http://www.personal.u-net.com/~luso/listrams.htm] Details of Lisbon's trams, from Luso Pages</ref>
+
[[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Manueline]], [[Baroque]], [[Traditional Portuguese]], [[Modernism|Modern]] and [[Post-Modern]] constructions can be found all over the city. The city is also crossed by great boulevards, including the [[Avenida da Liberdade]], and Avenida da República.
  
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==Buildings==
+
[[Museum]]s include the [[National Museum of Ancient Art]], the [[Museum of Portuguese-style Tile Mosaics]], the [[Calouste Gulbenkian Museum]], containing varied collections of ancient and modern [[art]], the [[Lisbon Oceanarium]], the National Museum of Costume and Fashion, the [[Berardo Collection Museum]] (modern art), and the [[National Coach Museum]], containing the largest collection of royal coaches in the world).
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[[Image:Docas de Lisboa.JPG|thumb|250px|[[Alcântara, Lisbon|Alcântara]] docks]]
 
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[[Image:Christmas Lisbon 2005 c.JPG|thumb|250px|Giant [[Christmas tree]] in Praça do Comércio.]]
 
  
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*[[Águas Livres Aqueduct]], 18th century engineering masterpiece.
+
[[Theater]]s include the [[Teatro Nacional de São Carlos]], the [[Centro Cultural de Belém]], the [[Teatro Nacional D. Maria II]] and the [[Gulbenkian Foundation]]. A monument to Christ the King stands on the left side of the [[river]].
−
*[[Assembleia da República]], housed in the [[Palácio de São Bento]].
 
−
*[[Vasco-da-Gama-Tower]]
 
−
*[[Gare do Oriente]]
 
−
*[[Pavilhão Atlântico]]
 
  
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==Parishes==
+
The municipal holiday is June 13, [[Anthony of Padua|St. Anthony]]'s Day. There are five days of street celebrations in memory of Lisbon-born saint Anthony, a wealthy Portuguese bohemian who was [[Canonization|canonized]] following a life preaching to the poor.
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There are 53 ''[[freguesias]]'' ([[civil parishes]]) in Lisbon:
 
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{|
 
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| valign="top" |
 
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* [[Ajuda]]
 
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* [[Alcântara (Lisbon)|Alcântara]]
 
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* [[Alto do Pina]]
 
−
* [[Alvalade (Lisbon)|Alvalade]]
 
−
* [[Ameixoeira (Lisbon)|Ameixoeira]]
 
−
* Anjos
 
−
* Beato
 
−
* [[Benfica (Lisbon)|Benfica]]
 
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* Campo Grande
 
−
* Campolide
 
−
* Carnide
 
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* Castelo
 
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* Charneca
 
−
* Coração de Jesus
 
−
* Encarnação
 
−
* Graça
 
−
* Lapa
 
−
* Lumiar
 
−
| valign="top" |
 
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* Madalena
 
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* Mártires
 
−
* Marvila
 
−
* Mercês
 
−
* Nossa Senhora de Fátima
 
−
* Pena
 
−
* Penha de França
 
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* Prazeres
 
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* Sacramento
 
−
* Santa Catarina
 
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* Santa Engrácia
 
−
* Santa Isabel
 
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* [[Santa Justa (Lisbon)|Santa Justa]]
 
−
* [[Santa Maria de Belém]]
 
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* Santa Maria dos Olivais
 
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* Santiago
 
−
* Santo Condestável
 
−
* Santo Estêvão
 
−
| valign="top" |
 
−
* Santos-o-Velho
 
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* São Cristóvão e São Lourenço
 
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* [[São Domingos de Benfica]]
 
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* São Francisco Xavier
 
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* São João
 
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* São João de Brito
 
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* São João de Deus
 
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* São Jorge de Arroios
 
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* São José
 
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* São Mamede
 
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* São Miguel
 
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* [[São Nicolau (Lisbon)|São Nicolau]]
 
−
* São Paulo
 
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* São Sebastião da Pedreira
 
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* São Vicente de Fora
 
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* Sé
 
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* Socorro
 
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|}
 
  
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Furthermore, and more commonly referred to by its inhabitants, Lisbon is divided into historical "bairros" with no clearly defined boundaries, such as ''Bairro Alto'', ''Bica'', ''Alfama'', ''Mouraria'', ''Avenidas Novas'', ''Intendente'', ''Chelas'' and ''Lapa''.
+
Lisbon hosts the annual Lisbon Gay & Lesbian Film Festival, the Lisbon International Documentary Film Festival, the Contemporary Art Fair, the International Organ Festival of Lisbon, the Lisbon Village Festival, the Street Magic World Festival, among others.
  
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==Prominent people born in Lisbon==
+
[[Football (soccer)|Football]] is the most popular sport in Lisbon. Major football clubs include [[S.L. Benfica]], with its home 65,000 seat stadium the [[UEFA Stadia List|UEFA 5-Star Stadium]] [[Estádio da Luz]] . [[Sporting Clube de Portugal]] is the other major football team from the city, also having a UEFA 5-Star stadium, 52,000 seat [[Estádio José de Alvalade]] stadium. [[Belenenses]] is the third most important football team in the city, having [[Estádio do Restelo]] as its home stadium in the [[Santa Maria de Belém|Belém]] neighbourhood of Lisbon.
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[[Image:Lisboa-Pessoa-A Brasileira-1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Bronze statue of poet [[Fernando Pessoa]] in the ''[[Café A Brasileira]]'', in the Chiado neighbourhood.]]
 
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* [[Saint Anthony of Lisbon]] ([[1195]]-[[1231]])
 
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* [[Pope John XXI]], born Pedro Julião ([[1215]]-[[1277]])
 
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* [[Antonio Vieira]] ([[1608]]-[[1697]]), [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]]
 
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* [[Catherine of Braganza]] ([[1638]]-[[1705]]), [[queen consort]] of King [[Charles II of England]]
 
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* [[Richard William Church]] ([[1815]]-[[1890]])
 
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* [[Egas Moniz]] ([[1874]]-[[1955]]), [[physician]], [[neurologist]] and [[Nobel Prize in Medicine]] in [[1949]]
 
−
* [[Fernando Pessoa]] ([[1888]]-[[1935]]), [[poet]] / [[writer]]
 
−
* [[Amália Rodrigues]] ([[1920]]-[[1999]]), [[fado]] / [[singer]]
 
−
* [[Mário Cesariny]] ([[1923]]-[[2006]]), [[poet]]
 
−
* [[Alexandre O'Neill]] ([[1924]]-[[1986]]), [[poet]] / [[writer]]
 
−
* [[Mário Soares]] (born [[1924]]), [[politician]], former President and Prime-Minister
 
−
* [[Paula Rego]] (born [[1935]]), [[painter]], [[illustrator]] and [[printmaker]]
 
−
* [[Jorge Sampaio]] (born [[1939]]), [[politician]], former President
 
−
* [[António Guterres]] (born [[1949]]), [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]], former Prime-Minister
 
−
* [[José Manuel Durão Barroso]] (born [[1956]]), [[President of the European Commission]], former Prime-Minister
 
  
−
== Gallery ==
+
Other sports, such as [[indoor football]], [[team handball|handball]], [[basketball]] and [[roller hockey]] are also popular. Every March the city hosts the [[Lisbon Half Marathon]], which attracts 30,000 participants and thousands of spectators.<ref>''Running Portugal,'' [http://www.lisbon-half-marathon.com/en/eng001.htm Lisbon Half Marathon.] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref>
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<gallery>
 
−
Image:Torre de Belem 1.JPG|[[Belém Tower]]
 
−
Image:TelhadosLisboa1.JPG|[[Baixa]] and [[Lisbon Castle]]
 
−
Image:Parque_Eduardo_Setimo.JPG|Edward VII Park
 
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Image:Ponte 25 de Abril 20050728.jpg|[[25 April Bridge]]
 
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Image:TeatroNacionalDMariaII.JPG|[[Teatro Nacional D. Maria II]]
 
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Image:MonumentoRestauradoresLisboa.JPG|[[Restauradores Square]]
 
−
Image:Convento_do_Carmo_ruins_in_Lisbon.jpg|[[Carmo Convent (Lisbon)|Carmo Convent]]
 
−
Image:Lisbon_calcada.jpg|[[Portuguese pavement]]
 
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Image:Aqueduto das Águas Livres (1).jpg|[[Águas Livres Aqueduct]]
 
−
Image:Rossio Lisboa 2007.jpg|[[Rossio|Rossio Square]]
 
−
Image:Assembleia Republica Portugal 2.JPG|[[Assembly of the Republic]]
 
−
Image:Lisboa-Oceanario.jpg|[[Lisbon Oceanarium]]
 
−
Image:Torre_Vasco_da_Gama_01.JPG|[[Parque das Nações]]
 
−
Image:Gare_Oriente_Lisboa.JPG|[[Gare do Oriente]]
 
−
Image:Lisboa_-_Marquês_de_Pombal.jpg|Aerial view
 
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Image:Cloisters at Mosteiro Dos Jerónimos2.jpg|[[Jerónimos Monastery]]
 
−
Image:Lisbon35.jpg|[[Alfama]]
 
−
Image:AvLiberdadeLisbon-CCBYSA.jpg|[[Avenida da Liberdade (Lisbon)|Avenida da Liberdade]]
 
−
Image:LargoCamoesCC-BYSA.jpg|Camões Square
 
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Image:Lisbon05.jpg|[[Baixa Pombalina|Augusta Street]]
 
−
Image:Electricos Lisboa 3.JPG|Lisbon Tram
 
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Image:LisbonChiado2-CCBYSA.jpg|[[Chiado|Chiado Square]]
 
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Image:Conceiçao Velha - Portal Manuelino.JPG|[[Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição Velha|Conceição Church]]
 
−
</gallery>
 
  
−
==Sister cities==
+
==Looking to the future==
−
{|
+
[[Image:Lisboa-Oceanario.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Oceanarium]]
−
| valign="top" |
 
−
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Akhisar]], [[Turkey]] ''(1988)''
 
−
* {{flagicon|Greece}}  '''[[Athens]]''', [[Greece]]
 
−
* {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}}  '''[[Bissau]]''', [[Guinea-Bissau]]
 
−
* {{flagicon|Brazil}}  '''[[Brasilia]]''', [[Brazil]]
 
−
* {{flagicon|Argentina}}  '''[[Buenos Aires]]''', [[Argentina]]
 
−
* {{flagicon|Hungary}}  '''[[Budapest]]''', [[Hungary]] ''(1992)''
 
−
* {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}}  '''[[Cacheu]]''', [[Guinea-Bissau]]
 
−
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jersey City]], [[New Jersey]], [[United States]]
 
−
* {{flagicon|Angola}}  '''[[Luanda]]''', [[Angola]]
 
−
* {{flagicon|People's Republic of China}}{{flagicon|Macau}}  '''[[Macau]]''', [[People's Republic of China]]
 
−
* {{flagicon|Spain}}  '''[[Madrid]]''', [[Spain]] ''(1979)''
 
−
* {{flagicon|Malaysia}}  '''[[Malacca Town]]''', [[Malaysia]] ''(1984)''
 
−
* {{flagicon|Mozambique}}  '''[[Maputo]]''', [[Mozambique]]
 
−
* {{flagicon|Canada}} '''[[Montreal]]''' , [[Canada]]
 
−
* {{flagicon|Cyprus}}  '''[[Nicosia]]''', [[Cyprus]]
 
−
* {{flagicon|France}}  '''[[Paris]]''', [[France]]
 
−
* {{flagicon|Cape Verde}}  '''[[Praia]]''', [[Cape Verde]]
 
−
* {{flagicon|Morocco}}  '''[[Rabat]]''', [[Morocco]]'
 
−
* {{flagicon|Brazil}}  '''[[Rio de Janeiro]]''', [[Brazil]] ''(1980)''
 
−
* {{flagicon|Brazil}}  '''[[São Paulo]]''', [[Brazil]]
 
−
* {{flagicon|São Tomé and Príncipe}}  '''[[São Tomé]]''', [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
 
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* {{flagicon|Croatia}}  '''[[Zagreb]]''', [[Croatia]] ''(1977)''
 
  
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==References==
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More than one-fourth of [[Portugal]]'s inhabitants reside in the Lisbon metropolitan area, which occupies only about three percent of the nation's total area. A population surge during the 1970s included the return of Portuguese citizens who had been living in its [[Africa]]n colonies. By the mid-1990s, Africans, mainly from [[Cape Verde]], were the most populous immigrant group in Lisbon. Today the foreign population, including immigrants from [[Brazil]], [[Angola]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], and various [[Europe]]an countries, accounts for about one-tenth of the city's residents. While this large influx of immigrants has put a strain on the city’s resources, it has also transformed it into a cosmopolitan metropolis.
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The city has a higher percentage of doctors and other health professionals than the rest of Portugal, and its [[education]]al system is strong.  
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* [http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa] - Official page of the city
 
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* {{Wikitravel}}
 
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* [http://www.jordibusque.com/Index/Stories/AlfamaCastelo/AlfamaCastelo_01.html Alfama & Castelo Lisbon's districts] Photographic essay with captions about the oldest districts of Lisbon.
 
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* [http://www.lisbon-guide.info Lisbon Guide] A Travel Guide to the city
 
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* [http://www.visitportugal.com/NR/exeres/1CC63B33-2267-4167-AB9F-F35C726A4705,frameless.htm Visit Portugal: Lisbon Past and Present] - Official page by the Government of Portugal  
 
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* [http://www.atl-turismolisboa.pt/home.asp?lng=uk Associação de Turismo de Lisboa] - Official site of the Lisbon Tourism Association
 
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* [http://www.otlis.com.pt OTLIS] - Official site of the Lisbon Region Transport Operators Consortium
 
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* [http://www.flickr.com/photos/vitor107/sets/1419686/ Photos from Lisbon]
 
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* [http://travel.webshots.com/album/187632296sRZYHH Lisbon Photos]
 
  
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Lisbon began to undergo modernization following Portugal's 1986 entry into the [[European Community (Union)|European Community]]. The 1998 World’s Fair spurred further modernization of the infrastructure, stimulated economic growth, and increased [[tourism]]. While Portugal's economy fell behind other European nations in the early twenty-first century, Lisbon's economy remained more stable than that of other of the nation's cities. It continues to attract both tourists and foreign and real estate investment.
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==References ==
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* ''CIA World Factbook''. 2009. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html Portugal.] Retrieved February 6, 2009.
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* Ferreira, Emília, and Jorge Cabello. 2004. ''Art and History Lisbon''. Florence, Italy: Bonechi. ISBN 788880293941.
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* Jack, Malcolm. 2007. ''Lisbon, City of the Sea: A History''. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781845114039.
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* ''Lisbon''. 2007. Wallpaper city guide. London: Phaidon. ISBN  9780714847245.
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* Maxwell, Kenneth. 1995. ''The Making of Portuguese Democracy.'' Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521460774.
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* Pinto, António Costa. 1998. ''Modern Portugal.'' Palo Alto, CA: Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship. ISBN 9780930664176.
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* Wheeler, Douglas L. 1993. ''Historical Dictionary of Portugal.'' (European historical dictionaries, no. 1.) Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810826960.
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Latest revision as of 07:44, 9 March 2023

Lisbon (Lisboa)
Capital
St. Rafael and St. Gabriel twin towers at Parque das Nações.
St. Rafael and St. Gabriel twin towers at Parque das Nações.
Flag
Symbol
Official name: Concelho de Lisboa
Name origin: lisboa, Portuguese derivative of the Phoenician Allis Ubbo for safe harbour; Latin Ulyssippo after Ulysses; and/or Roman Olissipona, for the name of the Tagus
Nickname: A Cidade das Sete Colinas (The City of Seven Hills), Rainha do Mar (Queen of the Sea)
Country Flag of Portugal Portugal
Region Lisboa
Subregion Greater Lisbon
District Lisbon
Municipality Lisbon
River Tagus River
Location Lisbon
 - elevation 2 meters (7 feet)
 - coordinates 38°42′49.72″N 9°8′21.79″W / 38.7138111, -9.1393861
Highest point 227 m
 - location Serra de Monsanto, Benfica, Lisbon
 - elevation 199 meters (653 feet)
 - coordinates 38°43′42.97″N 9°11′4.80″W / 38.7286028, -9.1846667
Lowest point Sea level
 - location Atlantic Ocean
 - elevation 0 meters (0 feet)
Area 84.8 km² (33 miles²)
 - urban 958 km² (370 miles²)
 - metro 2,957 km² (1,142 miles²)
Population 547,631 (2011)
 - urban 2,042,326
 - metro 2,821,699
Density 6,458 / km2 (16,726 / sq mi)
Settlement fl. 719
 - City c. 1256
LAU Concelho/Câmara Municipal
 - location Praça do Município, Lisbon, Grande Lisboa
 - elevation 33 meters (108 feet)
 - coordinates 38°42′29″N 9°8′18″W / 38.70806, -9.13833
President António Costa (PS)
Municipal Chair Maria Simonetta Bianchi Aires de Carvalho Luz Afonso (PS})
Timezone WET (UTC0)
 - summer (DST) WEST (UTC+1)
Postal Zone 1149-014 Lisboa
Area Code & Prefix (+351) 21 XXX-XXXX
Demonym Lisboeta and Alfacinha
Patron Saint São Vicente
Municipal Address Praça do Município, 1
1149-014 Lisboa
Location of the municipality of Lisbon in Portugal
Location of the municipality of Lisbon in Portugal
Wikimedia Commons: Lisbon
Website: http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/

Lisbon (Portuguese: Lisboa, IPA: [liʒˈboɐ]) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, and the westernmost capital in mainland Europe.

Over the course of its existence, Lisbon has both flourished and suffered. The city's history and possibly its name as well, dates to the Phoenician Civilization. It achieved status as part of the Roman Empire, and more than 400 years under Muslim rule. Lisbon, which translates as safe harbor in ancient Phonecian, is most famous for its maritime successes during the Portuguese Age of Discovery. The city's World Heritage Site, the Monastery of the Hieronymites and the Belém Tower, were built in honor of navigator Vasco da Gama's epic voyage to India.

On November 1, 1755, an earthquake, followed by tsunami and fires caused the near complete destruction of Lisbon. The city rebuilt itself in visionary style. Over the next two centuries, Lisbon went through periods of foreign control, and repressive governments, and became the wealthiest region in Portugal, and the second most important financial and economic center of the Iberian Peninsula after Madrid.

In the late 1930s and early 1940s Lisbon served as a point of departure for the Americas to those seeking respite from the twentieth century fascist governments of Europe. As Portugal's seat of government and residence of the President of Portugal, Lisbon is the political center of the country, as well as its cultural capital.

Geography

Lisbon's name may have derived from Allis Ubbo, meaning "safe harbor" in Phoenician, or from the pre-Roman name of the River Tagus, Lisso or Lucio.

Lisbon is located on the north bank of the Tagus River, the longest river on the Iberian Peninsula, about eight miles (13km) from where the river enters the Atlantic Ocean. The 25th of April Bridge spans the Tagus to the west of the city. East of that bridge, the Tagus broadens into a seven-mile (11km) wide bay called the Mar de Palha.

Lisbon seen from Spot Satellite
Palácio Nacional da Ajuda.

Built up the slopes of a range of low rolling hills, the city occupies an area of 84.8 km² (33 sq mi). The western side of the city is mainly occupied by the Monsanto Forest Park, one of the largest urban parks in Europe with an area close to four square miles (10 square kilometers).

Lisbon has a warm climate that is strongly influenced by the Gulf Stream, giving it one of the mildest climates in Europe. Winters are wet and windy, with the average maximum daytime temperature in January of 57.2°F (14°C). On sunny summer days, the temperature reaches an average maximum of around 82.4°F (28°C) in August. Annual rainfall is 28 inches (700 mm), spread over 100 rainy days, mostly from October to April.

The oldest district of the city is Alfama, close to the Tagus, which has made it relatively unscathed through the various earthquakes. The Castle of São Jorge and the Lisbon Cathedral are located in this area.

The Baixa (Downtown) or city center, which is organized in a grid system and a network of squares built after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, was nominated for UNESCO World Heritage Site status in July 2004.[1] The Chiado has cafes, galleries, bookshops, and eighteenth century religious architecture.

The Bairro Alto (literally upper quarter in Portuguese) is a central residential, shopping and entertainment district. The Baroque-Neoclassical Estrela Basilica is the main attraction of the Estrela district. The Parliament and the Prazeres Cemetery are nearby.

Along the Tagus River, is the historic neighborhood of Belém, the location of one of the city's most prominent monuments, the Jerónimos Monastery. In 1983 the monastery and the nearby Torre de Belém (Belem Tower) were classified as a World Heritage Site, listed as "Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon."[2]

Like most large cities, Lisbon is surrounded by numerous satellite cities. Cascais and Estoril are the most interesting neighboring towns for night life. Palaces, attractive landscapes and historical sites can be found in Sintra and Mafra.

Partial view of old Lisbon, viewed from Cacilhas

History

Castle of Saint George
Lisbon Cathedral, built after 1147 over the remnants of a mosque
A view of the Nations' Park
Monument to the Discoverers
Belém Tower, a symbol of the Portuguese Age of Discovery.
Jerónimos Monastery.
This 1755 copper engraving shows the ruins of Lisbon in flames and a tsunami overwhelming the ships in the harbor.
Statue of King José I in the Commerce Square (Praça do Comércio), erected in 1775 as part of the rebuilding of Lisbon after the earthquake of 1755.

Iberian-related peoples lived in the Lisbon region during the Neolithic period, around 4500 B.C.E. The Indo-European Celts invaded after the first millennium B.C.E. and intermarried with the Pre-Indo-European population.

Phoenician remains from the eighth century B.C.E. were found beneath the Mediaeval Sé de Lisboa (Lisbon See), or main Cathedral. The magnificent harbor made it an ideal spot for a settlement to provide foodstuffs to Phoenician ships traveling to the tin islands (modern Isles of Scilly) and Cornwall.

The Greeks knew Lisbon as Olissipo and "Olissipona," a name they thought was derived from Ulysses, who, according to an Ancient Greek myth, founded the city after he left Troy, and departed to the Atlantic to escape the Greek coalition. Later on, the Greek name was corrupted in vulgar Latin to Olissipona.

Roman control

The area was under Roman control from 205 B.C.E. to about 409 C.E. Julius Caesar (100 B.C.E.-44 B.C.E.), made the settlement a municipium, and named it Felicitas Julia. During the time of Augustus (63 B.C.E.–14 C.E.), the Romans built a great theater, the Cassian Baths, temples, a large necropolis, a large forum, and multi-storied apartment buildings in the area between the modern Castle hill and Downtown.

Economically, Olissipo was known for its garum, a highly prized fish sauce exported in Amphorae to Rome and other cities. Wine, salt and its famously fast horses were also exported. Trade boomed with the Roman provinces of Britannia and the Rhine, and with tribes living up the river Tagus.

A broad road connected Olissipo to Western Hispania's two other large cities, Bracara Augusta (today's Portuguese Braga), and Emerita Augusta, the capital of Lusitania (now Mérida in Spain).

Christian center

Olissipo was a center for the dissemination of Christianity. Its first attested Bishop was St. Potamius (c. 356), and martyrs during Emperor Diocletian's persecutionss (303–311) included Maxima, Verissimus, and Julia.

Sarmatian Alans and the Germanic Vandals, invaded Olissipo and controlled the region from 409 to 429. The Germanic Suebi, who established a kingdom in Gallaecia (modern Galicia and northern Portugal) from 409 to 585, also controlled Lisbon for long periods of time. In 585 the Suebi kingdom was included in the Germanic Visigothic kingdom of Toledo, that comprised all of the Iberian Peninsula. Lisbon was then called Ulishbona.

Moorish invasion

The Muslims of North Africa (Moors) took Lisbon around 711 when they overran the Iberian Peninsula. The Moors, who stayed for 433 years, called the city al-ʾIšbūnah and built numerous mosques, houses, and a new city wall, named the Cerca Moura. Arabic was the official language. Islam was the official religion, although Christians could keep their religion but were required to pay the jizyah tax.

The Reconquista

In 1147, as part of the Reconquista, a period of 800 years during which Christian kingdoms succeeded in retaking the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims, crusader knights led by Afonso I of Portugal (1109–1185), besieged and reconquered Lisbon. Arabic lost its place in everyday life, and any remaining Muslim population were gradually converted to Roman Catholicism, or expelled, and the mosques were turned into churches. Lisbon then had a population of 154,000.

Capital city

Lisbon became the de facto capital city of Portugal in 1255 due to its central location. The first Portuguese university was founded in Lisbon in 1290 by Dinis I of Portugal (1279–1325). During the last centuries of the Middle Ages, the city expanded substantially and became an important trading post with both northern Europe and Mediterranean cities.

Vasco da Gama (1460 or 1469–1524) led a Portuguese fleet of four ships to India from Lisbon in 1498, one of numerous Portuguese expeditions of the Age of Discovery departing from Lisbon during the 15th to 17th centuries.

The city became the European hub of commerce with Africa, India, the Far East and, later, Brazil, exploiting riches such as spices, slaves, sugar, textiles and other goods. The first Portuguese census in 1527 counted 65,000 inhabitants in Lisbon, a considerable number of whom became rich.

Under the rule of King Manuel I (1495–1521) Portugal developed Manueline architecture, that celebrated the voyages of discovery, Manuel, and God. The city was endowed with larger and more luxurious buildings. The Belém Tower and the Jerónimos Monastery were built during this period.

Earthquake

The Great Lisbon Earthquake struck on November 1, 1755, at around 9:40 in the morning.[3] The earthquake was followed by a tsunami and fires, which caused near-total destruction of Lisbon and adjoining areas. Geologists estimated the earthquake approached magnitude 9 on the Richter scale. Estimates place the death toll in Lisbon, after the earthquake, tsunami, and fires that blazed for days, at around 60,000 people.[4] More than 12,000 buildings were destroyed, making it one of the most destructive earthquakes in history.

The city was rebuilt according to the plans of Prime Minister Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, the 1st Marquess of Pombal (1699–1782); hence the designation of the lower town as Baixa Pombalina (Pombaline Downtown). Pombal demolished the earthquake ruins and rebuilt the downtown following modern urban rules.

Invasion, revolution

Lisbon alternated between French and British control during the Peninsular War, a contest between France and the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom, and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the early 1800s. Troops of Napoléon Bonaparte (1769–1821) invaded Portugal in 1807, sending Prince-Regent João and his family in flight to Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. Rio replaced Lisbon as the capital of the Portuguese empire from 1808 to 1821.

Ten years of revolutionary outbursts in Lisbon followed as liberal constitutionalists and absolutists fought over succession to the throne.

In 1879, a new main street, the Avenida da Liberdade was opened. The six-lane carriageway had wide blue mosaic sidewalks with palms, fountains, ponds stocked with goldfish and swans, and outdoor cafés beneath the trees. By 1885, Lisbon covered 20,378 acres (8,250 hectares), and had a population of 300,000.

Lisbon was the stage of the assassination of Carlos I of Portugal, on February 1, 1908, and was the center of a coup on October 5, 1910, which installed the Portuguese Republic.

António de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) took control of the near-bankrupt country in 1932, and established an authoritarian corporate state until his retirement in 1968.

During World War II Lisbon was one of the very few neutral, open European Atlantic ports, a major gateway for refugees to the U.S., and a spy nest.

In 1974, Lisbon was the central destination point of the Carnation Revolution a left-leaning military coup that began on April 25, 1974.

In 1988, a fire near the historical center of Chiado greatly disrupted normal life in the area for about 10 years. In 1994, Lisbon was declared the European Capital of Culture.

The 1998 World’s Fair, held in Lisbon, sparked a waterfront renovation, giving Lisbon a new look. The expo was timed to commemorate the 500th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's sea voyage to India.

In March 2000, the Lisbon Agenda, an agreement on measures to revitalize the European Union economy, was signed in Lisbon.

Government

National Parlament

Portugal is a parliamentary representative democratic republic, in which the president, who is chief of state and is directly elected to a five-year term, appoints the prime minister, who is head of government, and council of ministers, according to assembly election results. There is also a council of state, which is a presidential advisory body composed of six senior civilian officers. The unicameral assembly of the republic (Assembleia da Republica) has 230 members who are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms.

Portugal consists of 308 municipalities (Portuguese singular/plural: Concelho/concelhos), which are subdivided into more than 4000 parishes (freguesia/freguesias). Municipalities in continental Portugal are gathered in 18 Districts.

Lisbon is the seat of the district of Lisbon and capital of the Lisbon region. There are 53 freguesias (civil parishes) in Lisbon.

Lisbon is divided into historical "bairros" with no clearly defined boundaries, such as Amoreiras, Bairro Alto, Bica, Alfama, Mouraria, Avenidas Novas, Intendente, Chelas, and Lapa.

Economy

Vasco da Gama Tower at Parque das Nações (Nations' Park), where Expo 98 took place
A tram in Lisbon
Inside Orient Station

Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service-based economy since joining the European Community in 1986. Over the two decades to 2009, successive governments have privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy, including the financial and telecommunications sectors. Gross domestic product per capita, estimated at $22,000 in 2008, stands at roughly two-thirds of the European Union average. A poor educational system, in particular, has been an obstacle to greater productivity and growth.[5]

The Lisbon region is the wealthiest region in Portugal, is the second most important financial and economic center of the Iberian Peninsula,[6] and it is well above the European Union's GDP per capita average – it produces 45 percent of the Portuguese GDP.

Lisbon's economy is based primarily on the service sector, which employs 75 percent of the labor force. Most of the headquarters of multinational companies operating in Portugal are concentrated in the Grande Lisboa subregion, specially in the Oeiras municipality.

The Euronext Lisbon stock exchange, part of the pan-European Euronext system together with the stock exchanges of Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris, is tied with the New York Stock Exchange since 2007, forming the multinational NYSE Euronext group of stock exchanges.

A temperate climate, beaches, castles, and historic districts attract tourists every year. Tourism revenues have helped offset negative national trade balances.

Lisbon Metropolitan Area is heavily industrialized, especially the south bank of the Tagus river (Rio Tejo).

Lisbon has the largest and most developed mass media sector of Portugal, and is home to several related companies ranging from leading television networks and radio stations to major newspapers.

Rail and road links connect Lisbon to the rest of Portugal and elsewhere in Europe. There are four commuter train lines departing from Lisbon. The main railway stations are Santa Apolónia, Rossio, Gare do Oriente, and Cais do Sodré. Lisbon is connected to its suburbs and the rest of Portugal by an extensive motorway network. There are three circular motorways around the city; the 2ª Circular, the CRIL and the CREL. The Lisbon Metro is the city's main public transport artery, connecting the city center with the upper and eastern districts, and now reaching the suburbs. Ambitious expansion projects will increase the network by almost one third, connecting the airport, and the northern and western districts. A traditional form of public transport in Lisbon is the tram. Other than on the modern Line 15, the Lisbon tramway system still uses small (four wheel), yellow, 1930s vehicles well suited to the steep hills and narrow streets of the central city. The city's three funiculars, or inclined cable railways, are great tourist attractions.

Two bridges cross the Tagus River, including the 1.5 mile (2.4km) 25th of April Bridge, one of the longest suspension bridges in western Europe, and the Vasco Da Gama Bridge, inaugurated on May 1998 is, at 10.7 miles (17.2km), the longest bridge in Europe, as well as a ferry service.

The Port of Lisbon is a large European Port highly ranked for the handling of containerized cargo and solid bulk agricultural foodstuffs. Alcântara has a container terminal and dock for cruise ships.

The Portela Airport is located within the city limits. TAP and Portugalia have their hubs here and the flights available are mostly to Europe, Africa and America.

Panoramic view of Lisbon from the top of Cristo-Rei, with 25 April Bridge.
Panoramic view of Lisbon from the top of Cristo-Rei, with 25 April Bridge.
View of Vasco da Gama Bridge from atop Vasco da Gama Tower. Finished in 1998, is the longest bridge in Europe.
View of Vasco da Gama Bridge from atop Vasco da Gama Tower. Finished in 1998, is the longest bridge in Europe.

Demographics

A building of the New University of Lisbon.

Lisbon city had a population of 564,477 in 2004[7] in 84.8 km² (33 sq mi), the Lisbon Metropolitan Area had around 2.64 million inhabitants, and 3.34 million people lived in the Lisbon Metropolitan Region, which includes the cities of Leiria and Setúbal).[8]

Native Portuguese are ethnically a combination of pre-Roman Celts with contributions from Romans, Germanic (Visigoths, Suebi), Jews, and Moors. Citizens of black African descent who immigrated to the mainland during decolonization number fewer than 100,000. Since 1990 Eastern Europeans have entered Portugal.

Portuguese is the main official language. Portugal has no state religion. About 84 percent of the population belonged to the Roman Catholic Church in 2001, although only about 19 percent attended Mass. Other Christians make up 2.2 percent, other 0.3 percent, unknown 9 percent, none 3.9 percent.

There are three major public universities in Lisbon: the University of Lisbon, founded in 1911, the Technical University of Lisbon, founded in 1930, and the New University of Lisbon, founded in 1973). There is also one state-run university institute, the ISCTE, and a polytechnic institute, the Polytechnical Institute of Lisbon.

Private universities include the Portuguese Catholic University, the Lusíada University, the Universidade Lusófona, and the Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa, among others.

Culture

View from São Jorge Castle.
Luz Stadium

Lisbon is the location of a World Heritage Site which includes two of Lisbon's most famous structures, the Monastery of the Hieronymites and the Belém Tower. The Monastery of the Hieronymites is considered one of the most successful achievements of the Manueline style. It was built, starting in 1502, on the site of a hermitage that was founded by Henry the Navigator at about 1450. The other heritage structure, the Belém Tower, was constructed between 1515 and 1521, also in the the Manueline style, to commemorate Vasco da Gama's expedition. The defensive, yet elegant construction has become one of the symbols of the city, a memorial to the Portuguese power during the Age of the Great Discoveries. The joint site is listed by UNESCO as the Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon.

Romanesque, Gothic, Manueline, Baroque, Traditional Portuguese, Modern and Post-Modern constructions can be found all over the city. The city is also crossed by great boulevards, including the Avenida da Liberdade, and Avenida da República.

Museums include the National Museum of Ancient Art, the Museum of Portuguese-style Tile Mosaics, the Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, containing varied collections of ancient and modern art, the Lisbon Oceanarium, the National Museum of Costume and Fashion, the Berardo Collection Museum (modern art), and the National Coach Museum, containing the largest collection of royal coaches in the world).

Theaters include the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos, the Centro Cultural de Belém, the Teatro Nacional D. Maria II and the Gulbenkian Foundation. A monument to Christ the King stands on the left side of the river.

The municipal holiday is June 13, St. Anthony's Day. There are five days of street celebrations in memory of Lisbon-born saint Anthony, a wealthy Portuguese bohemian who was canonized following a life preaching to the poor.

Lisbon hosts the annual Lisbon Gay & Lesbian Film Festival, the Lisbon International Documentary Film Festival, the Contemporary Art Fair, the International Organ Festival of Lisbon, the Lisbon Village Festival, the Street Magic World Festival, among others.

Football is the most popular sport in Lisbon. Major football clubs include S.L. Benfica, with its home 65,000 seat stadium the UEFA 5-Star Stadium Estádio da Luz . Sporting Clube de Portugal is the other major football team from the city, also having a UEFA 5-Star stadium, 52,000 seat Estádio José de Alvalade stadium. Belenenses is the third most important football team in the city, having Estádio do Restelo as its home stadium in the Belém neighbourhood of Lisbon.

Other sports, such as indoor football, handball, basketball and roller hockey are also popular. Every March the city hosts the Lisbon Half Marathon, which attracts 30,000 participants and thousands of spectators.[9]

Looking to the future

The Oceanarium

More than one-fourth of Portugal's inhabitants reside in the Lisbon metropolitan area, which occupies only about three percent of the nation's total area. A population surge during the 1970s included the return of Portuguese citizens who had been living in its African colonies. By the mid-1990s, Africans, mainly from Cape Verde, were the most populous immigrant group in Lisbon. Today the foreign population, including immigrants from Brazil, Angola, Guinea-Bissau, and various European countries, accounts for about one-tenth of the city's residents. While this large influx of immigrants has put a strain on the city’s resources, it has also transformed it into a cosmopolitan metropolis.

The city has a higher percentage of doctors and other health professionals than the rest of Portugal, and its educational system is strong.

Lisbon began to undergo modernization following Portugal's 1986 entry into the European Community. The 1998 World’s Fair spurred further modernization of the infrastructure, stimulated economic growth, and increased tourism. While Portugal's economy fell behind other European nations in the early twenty-first century, Lisbon's economy remained more stable than that of other of the nation's cities. It continues to attract both tourists and foreign and real estate investment.

Notes

  1. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Tentative Lists - Pombaline 'Baixa' or Downtown of Lisbon. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
  2. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
  3. ↑ André Belo, Between History and Periodicity: Printed and Hand-Written News in 18th-Century Portugal, Brown University. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
  4. ↑ Alvaro S. Pereira, March 2006, The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake, University of York, Department of Economics. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
  5. ↑ CIA World Factbook, 2009.
  6. ↑ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and NetLibrary, Inc, 2006, Competitive Cities in the Global Economy. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
  7. ↑ Statistics Portugal, Statistical Information. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
  8. ↑ Fernando Nunes da Silva, 2007, Classificação Expresso das melhores cidades portuguesas para viverem 2007. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
  9. ↑ Running Portugal, Lisbon Half Marathon. Retrieved February 16, 2009.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • CIA World Factbook. 2009. Portugal. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
  • Ferreira, Emília, and Jorge Cabello. 2004. Art and History Lisbon. Florence, Italy: Bonechi. ISBN 788880293941.
  • Jack, Malcolm. 2007. Lisbon, City of the Sea: A History. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781845114039.
  • Lisbon. 2007. Wallpaper city guide. London: Phaidon. ISBN 9780714847245.
  • Maxwell, Kenneth. 1995. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521460774.
  • Pinto, António Costa. 1998. Modern Portugal. Palo Alto, CA: Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship. ISBN 9780930664176.
  • Wheeler, Douglas L. 1993. Historical Dictionary of Portugal. (European historical dictionaries, no. 1.) Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810826960.

External links

All links retrieved October 29, 2022.

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