Henan

河南省 Hénán Shěng
Abbreviations: 豫 (Pinyin: Yù)
Origin of name	河 hé - (Yellow) River 南 nán - south "south of the Yellow River"
Administration type	Province
Capital (and largest city)	Zhengzhou
CPC Ctte Secretary	Xu Guangchun 徐光春
Governor	Li Chengyu 李成玉
Area	167,000 km² (17th)
Population (2004)  - Density	97,170,000 (1st) 582/km² (6th)
GDP (2004)  - per capita	CNY 881.5 billion (5th) CNY 9070 (18th)
HDI (2005)	0.741 (medium) (19th)
Major nationalities	Han - 98.8% Hui - 1%
Prefecture-level	17 divisions
County-level	159 divisions
Township-level†	2455 divisions
ISO 3166-2	CN-41
Official website www.henan.gov.cn (Simplified Chinese)
Source for population and GDP data: 《中国统计年鉴—2005》 China Statistical Yearbook 2005 ISBN 7503747382 Source for nationalities data: 《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》 Tabulation on nationalities of 2000 population census of China ISBN 7105054255 † As at December 31, 2004

Henan (Chinese: 河南; pinyin: Hénán; Wade-Giles: Ho-nan), is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the central part of the country. Its one-character abbreviation is 豫 (pinyin: yù), named after Yuzhou (豫州 Yù Zhōu), a Han Dynasty province (zhou) that included parts of modern-day Henan. The name Henan literally means "south of the (Yellow) River" (Huang He). The province is contiguous with many other Chinese provinces, including Hebei to the north, Shandong to the northeast, Anhui to the southeast, Hubei to the south, Shaanxi to the west, and Shanxi to the northwest.

With nearly 100 million people, Henan is the most populous province in China. It is often called Zhongyuan (中原 zhōngyuán) or Zhongzhou (中州 zhōngzhōu), which literally means "central plains" or "midland". This name is also broadly applied to the entire North China Plain. Along with being the most populous province in China currentl, Henan is also important because it is traditionally regarded as the cradle of Chinese civilization.

History

Northern Henan, along the Yellow River, was the core area of ancient China for at least the first half of Chinese history. The two cities of Luoyang and Kaifeng each served as the capital city for a long list of dynasties throughout this period.

Archaeological sites reveal that prehistoric cultures such as the Yangshao Culture and Longshan Culture were active in what is now northern Henan. The Erlitou culture, which has been controversially identified with the Xia Dynasty, the first Chinese dynasty as described in Chinese records, was also centered in Henan.

The first literate dynasty of China, the Shang Dynasty (16th-11th century B.C.E.), was centered in Henan. Their last capital, Yin, was located at the modern city of Anyang in Henan.

In the 11th century B.C.E., the Zhou Dynasty arrived from the west and destroyed the Shang Dynasty. Their capital was located initially in Hao (near present day Xi'an in Shaanxi province). In 722 B.C.E., it was moved to Luoyang, in Henan. This signaled the beginning of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which was a period characterized by warfare and rivalry. What currently constitutes modern-day Henan was divided into a variety of small states, including Hua (destroyed by Qin in 627B.C.E.), Chen, Cai, Cao, Zheng, Wei (衛), and Jin. Later on, these smaller states were replaced by the Han and Wei (魏). Throughout this period, the state of Chu also controlled much of what is now southern Henan.

In 221 B.C.E., the state of Qin (from what is now Shaanxi) completed the unification of China, establishing the first unified Chinese state, the Qin Dynasty. Their rule was followed by the Han Dynasty in 206 B.C.E., who initially had their capital in Chang'an (now Xi'an, which is located in Shaanxi province). The second half of this dynasty, (the Eastern Han Dynasty) moved the capital to Luoyang.

The late Eastern Han Dynasty saw war and rivalry between regional warlords. Henan was the power base of Cao Cao, who was based in Xuchang and eventually succeeded in unifying all of northern China under the Kingdom of Wei. Wei then placed its capital in Luoyang, and the Western Jin Dynasty that followed also had its capital located there.

In the 4th century, nomadic peoples from the north invaded northern China. Henan then came under the rule of many successive regimes, including the Later Zhao, the Former Yan, the Former Qin, the Later Yan, and the Later Qin. The Northern Wei Dynasty, which unified North China in 439, moved its capital to Luoyang in 493.

This limestone statue of a Boddhisattva was probably created in the Henan province around 570, in the Northern Qi Dynasty.

Northern Wei splintered in 534 and would not be restored until 589, when the Sui Dynasty reunified China. Sui Emperor Yang's costly attempt to relocate the capital from Chang'an to Luoyang contributed to the downfall of Sui. The Tang Dynasty that followed kept its capital in Chang'an and lasted for three centuries, but eventually succumbed to internal strife.

In the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms that followed, Kaifeng was the capital of four dynasties: the Later Liang Dynasty, the Later Jin Dynasty, the Later Han Dynasty, and the Later Zhou Dynasty. The Song Dynasty that reunified China in 982 also had its capital at Kaifeng. Under Song rule, China entered a golden age of culture and prosperity, and Kaifeng became the largest city in the world [1]. In 1127 however, the Song Dynasty succumbed to Jurchen (Jin Dynasty) invaders from the north, and in 1142 had to cede away all of northern China, including Henan. By this point, cultural and economic development in the Yangtze River delta Jiangnan region (modern southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang, and Shanghai) had made that area into the new economic and cultural center of China, overtaking Henan, a transition which has continued on into the modern period.

Kaifeng served as the Jurchen's "southern capital" from 1157 (other sources say 1161) and was reconstructed during this time. [2][3] They kept their main capital further north, until 1214, when they were forced to move the imperial court southwards to Kaifeng in order to flee from the Mongol onslaught. In 1234 they were defeated by a combination of Mongol and Song Dynasty forces. The Mongols took control, and in 1279 they conquered all of China.

Mongol rule over China ended in 1368. The Ming Dynasty that followed made Henan into a full-fledged province, with borders that were extremely similar to that of the modern-day province. However, the capital city remained at Kaifeng, instead of the modern capital, Zhengzhou. The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) did not make any significant changes to this arrangement, nor did the Republic of China in their rule over Mainland China, which lasted from 1911 to 1949.

During this period, the completion of the Pinghan Railway from Beijing to Hankou made Zhengzhou, a previously unremarkable county town into a major transportation hub. In 1954, because of this transformation, the new People's Republic of China government moved the capital of Henan from Kaifeng to Zhengzhou. The PRC also established a short-lived Pingyuan Province consisting of what is now northern Henan and western Shandong, with its capital at Xinxiang. This province was abolished in 1952.

In 1958, Yashan in Suiping County became the first people's commune of China, heralding the beginning of the "Great Leap Forward". In the subsequent famines of the early 1960s, (which were largely attributed to the Great Leap Forward), Henan suffered terribly, with several million lives lost. [4]

In 1975, the collapse of the Banqiao Dam and other dams in southern Henan following a typhoon that caused extraordinarily high levels of rainfall is estimated to have killed 230,000 people across several counties within the province. This was the most deadly dam-related catastrophe in human history.

In recent years, the prevalence of "blood selling" (blood donation with pay) among poor villagers has placed Henan in the spotlight of the nation. Many villages within the province were found to have large populations of HIV positive individuals, mostly resulting from poor sterilization techniques. The initial cover-up of the crisis by local officials, followed by national exposure, has placed Henan in a somewhat negative light.

In November 2004, martial law was declared in Zhongmou county, Henan, to quell deadly ethnic clashes between Han Chinese and the Muslim Hui Chinese. [5] The reported number of deaths due to this clash ranged somewhere between 7 and 148, but beyond the simple numbers, the issue as a whole highlighted the growing prevalence of strife between the mainstream Han people and the Muslim minorities within the province.

Geography

Longmen Grottoes (Mt. Longmen), Luoyang, Henan.

Henan is flat in the east and mountainous in the west and extreme south. The eastern and central parts of the province form part of the North China Plain. To the northwest, the Taihang Mountains intrude partially into Henan's borders, and the Qinling Mountains enter Henan from the west and stretch halfway across the province, with branches (such as the Funiu Mountains) extending northwards and southwards. To the far south, the Dabie Mountains separate Henan from neighbouring Hubei province.

The Yellow River passes through northern Henan. It enters from the northwest, via the Sanmenxia Reservoir. After it passes Luoyang, the Yellow River is raised via natural sedimentation and artificial construction onto a levee, higher than the surrounding land. From here onwards, the Yellow River divides the Hai He watershed to the north and the Huai He watershed to the south. The Huai He River itself originates in southern Henan. The southwestern corner of Henan, around Nanyang, is part of the drainage basin of the Han Shui River across the border in Hubei.

There are many reservoirs in Henan. Major ones include the Danjiangkou Reservoir on the border with Hubei, the Sanmenxia Reservoir, the Suyahu Reservoir, the Baiguishan Reservoir, the Nanwan Reservoir, and the Banqiao Reservoir.

Henan has a temperate continental climate, with most rainfall in summer. Temperatures average about 0°C in January, and 27 to 28°C in July.

Major Cities:

• Zhengzhou
• Kaifeng
• Luoyang
• Xinxiang
• Anyang
• Luohe
• Xuchang

Major Rivers and Lakes:

• Yellow River
• Huai He River

Administrative divisions

Henan is divided into seventeen prefecture-level divisions – all prefecture-level cities – and one directly administered county-level city.The prefecture-level cities are:

• Zhengzhou (Simplified Chinese: 郑州市; Hanyu pinyin: Zhèngzhōu Shì)
• Sanmenxia (三门峡市 Sānménxiá Shì)
• Luoyang (洛阳市 Luòyáng Shì)
• Jiaozuo (焦作市 Jiāozuò Shì)
• Xinxiang (新乡市 Xīnxiāng Shì)
• Hebi (鹤壁市 Hèbì Shì)
• Anyang (安阳市 Ānyáng Shì)
• Puyang (濮阳市 Púyáng Shì)
• Kaifeng (开封市 Kāifēng Shì)
• Shangqiu (商丘市 Shāngqiū Shì)
• Xuchang (许昌市 Xǔchāng Shì)
• Luohe (漯河市 Luòhé Shì)
• Pingdingshan (平顶山市 Píngdǐngshān Shì)
• Nanyang (南阳市 Nányáng Shì)
• Xinyang (信阳市 Xìnyáng Shì)
• Zhoukou (周口市 Zhōukǒu Shì)
• Zhumadian (驻马店市 Zhùmǎdiàn Shì)

The directly administered county-level city (more accurately described as a sub-prefecture-level city) is:

• Jiyuan (济源市 Jǐyuán Shì)

The seventeen prefecture-level divisions and one directly administered county-level city of Henan are subdivided into 159 county-level divisions (50 districts, twenty-one county-level cities, and 88 counties; Jiyuan is counted as a county-level city here). Those are in turn divided into 2440 township-level divisions (866 towns, 1234 townships, twelve ethnic townships, and 328 subdistricts).

Demographics

Henan is the most populous province of China, with a population of 97,170,000 according to statistics taken in 2004. If it were its own country, it would be the twelfth most populous, just behind Mexico. Just under 99% of Henan's population is Han Chinese, while Hui account for virtually all of the remaining 1%.

Economy

Henan is a relatively poor province. Since undergoing reform and being made more open, however, the speed of economic development has increased by an average of about 10% each year for the past twenty years. In 2005, Henan's nominal GDP was 1.05 trillion RMB (US$131.68 billion), a year-on-year rise of 14.1%. Henan's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries are worth 184.3 billion RMB (US$23 billion), 553.93 billion RMB, and 315.28 billion RMB, respectively. Its per capita GDP topped 10,000 RMB (US$1,250) [6]. An industrial system with light textile, food, metallurgy, petrol, building materials, chemical industry, machinery and electronics as the main body has been formed. Nearly one hundred products, such as coal, industrial cord fabrics, fridges, aluminium, color glass cases, gold, meat products, tyres, chemical fibres, glass, cement, generated energy, and others take are an important part of the national market. Industrial sales reached 1 trillion RMB in 2005, 3.1 times the figure for 2000. [7]

Henan is actively trying to build an open economy. In 2002, the total trade volume (import and export) was US$3.2 billion, including US$2.1 billion for export. 7,111 foreign enterprises have been approved, and foreign funds (FDI) of US$10.64 billion have been used in contracts with a realized FDI of US$5.3 billion. Foreign exchanges are increasing continuously. Friendly provincial relationships have been established with 16 states (districts) in the United States, Japan, Russia, France, Germany, and others. Some cities of Henan have established friendly relationships (sister city) with thirty-two foreign cities.

Henan is an agricultural province, leading the provinces of China in wheat and sesame production, and is third place overall in terms of total grain output. Cotton, rice, and maize are also important crops in Henan.

There are several important centers of coal production in Henan, including Pingdingshan, Yima, and Jiaozuo. Luanchuan County in western Henan is an important center of molybdenum extraction. Electricity generation is another important industry of Henan.

Culture

Most of Henan speaks dialects of the Mandarin group of dialects spoken in northern and southwestern China. Linguists put these dialects into the category of "Zhongyuan Mandarin". The northwestern corner of Henan is an exception, where people speak Jin dialects instead. The dialects of Henan are collectively called "the Henan dialect" in popular usage, with easily identifiable stereotypical features.

Henan opera (Yuju) is the local form of Chinese opera; it is also famous and popular across the rest of China. Henan Quju and Henan Yuediao are also important local opera forms.

Henan cuisine is the local cuisine, with traditions such as the Luoyang Shuixi (Luoyang "Water Table", consisting entirely of various soups, etc.); Xinyang Duncai (Xinyang brewed vegetables), and the traditional cuisine of Kaifeng.

Important traditional art and craft products include: Junci, a type of porcelain originating in Yuzhou noted for its unpredictable colour patterns; the jade carvings of Zhenping; and Luoyang's Tangsancai ("Tang Three Colours"), which are earthenware figurines made in the traditional style of the Tang Dynasty.

Transportation

Two important railway arteries, the Jingguang Railway (Beijing-Guangzhou) and the Longhai Railway (Lianyungang-Lanzhou), pass through Henan and cross at Zhengzhou, the provincial capital. The Jingjiu Railway (Beijing-Kowloon) also passes through Henan.

With the recent completion of the Zhengzhou-Xinxiang expressway, a continuous expressway now crosses Henan from north to south, as part of a longer line linking Beijing with Shenzhen. Another expressway crosses Henan from east to west, and more are being built.

Xinzheng Airport is the province's main airport.

Tourism

Henan is located in the Yellow River valley and in a place where people of ancient times grew and developed. Earlier in the New Stone Age, the light of civilization had appeared and the delicate potteries in the Peiligang Culture and Yangshao Culture, and the character signs and musical instruments 8,000 years ago have filled the present world and the ancient times with wonders. Three of the Seven Ancient Capitals of China are in Henan: Luoyang, Kaifeng and Anyang. Henan is one of the provinces which have the most historical relics in the country. There are 16 key national units of protecting historical relics and 267 provincial units of protecting historical relics. The over-ground historical relics are the second in China. Historical relics in museums takes up one eighth of those in China. And the underground historical relics are the first in China. In Henan Museum there are 120,000 historical relics, including over 40,000 rare ones. Henan is a perfect place for tourists to yearn for the past.

File:Master Zhou's Astronomical Observatory.jpg

Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory.

• Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory, the oldest astronomical observatory in China.
• Annual Peony Show in Luoyang.
• Mount Jigong, on the southern border.
• Mount Song, near Dengfeng, one of the Five Sacred Mountains of China.
• Shaolin Temple, on Mount Song.
• The Longmen Grottoes, near Luoyang, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000.
• Songyue Pagoda
• Yinxu in Anyang, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• Youguo Temple with the Iron Pagoda
• White Horse Temple in Luoyang

Miscellaneous topics

Professional sports teams in Henan include:

• Chinese Basketball Association
  • Henan Dragons
• Chinese Football Association Jia League
  • Henan Jianye

See also

• HIV/AIDS in China
• HIV in Yunnan
• Gao Yaojie

Colleges and universities

Public (a partial list)

• Zhengzhou University (郑州大学)[8]
• Henan University (河南大学)[9]
• Henan Normal University(河南师范大学)[10]
• Henan Agricultural University (河南农业大学) (founded 1913)
• Henan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine(河南中医学院)
• Henan University of Science and Technology
• Huanghe Science and Technology University (黄河科技学院)
• North China Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power (华北水利水电学院)
• Shangqiu Normal Teacher's College(商丘师范学院)
• Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (郑州航空工业管理学院)
• Zhengzhou University of Light Industry (郑州轻工业学院)
• Zhongyuan Institute of Technology (中原工学院)

External links

• The Provincial Government of Henan (Mandarin) Retrieved October 20, 2007.
• Large map of Henan Retrieved October 20, 2007.
• Overview of Henan Retrieved October 20, 2007.
• UNESCAP Retrieved October 20, 2007.
• People's Daily Retrieved October 20, 2007.
• Henan travel guide Retrieved October 20, 2007.
• Henan Province Tourism Service Network Retrieved October 20, 2007.
• Henan Culture Retrieved October 20, 2007.

Prefecture-level divisions of Henan Prefecture-level cities: Anyang | Hebi | Jiaozuo | Kaifeng | Luohe | Luoyang | Nanyang | Pingdingshan Puyang | Sanmenxia | Shangqiu | Xinxiang | Xinyang | Xuchang | Zhengzhou | Zhoukou | Zhumadian Sub-prefecture-level cities: Jiyuan

List of Henan County-level divisions

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