Difference between revisions of "Cinderella" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{Infobox Folk tale
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[[Image:Cendrillon2.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Gustave Doré]]'s illustration for ''Cendrillon'']]
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|Folk_Tale_Name = Cinderella
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'''Cinderella''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Cendrillon'') is a popular [[fairy tale]] embodying a classic folk tale myth-element of unjust oppression/triumphant reward. Thousands of variants are known throughout the world.<ref>Molly Stockman, ''The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm'', p 444, ISBN 0-393-97636-X</ref>
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|Image_Name    = Cendrillon2.JPG|300px
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|Image_Caption  = [[Gustave Doré]]'s illustration for ''Cendrillon''
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|AKA            = Cendrillon, Aschenputtel, Cenerentola
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|Aarne-Thompson Grouping      = 510a
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|Mythology      =
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|Country        = Worldwide
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|Region        =
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|Origin_Date    =
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|Published_In  = ''The [[Pentamerone]]'' (1634) <br>''[[Mother Goose Tales]]'' (1697)<br>''[[Grimm's Fairy Tales]]'' (1812)
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|Related        =
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}}
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'''''Cinderella''''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Cendrillon'', [[German language|German]]: ''Aschenputtel''), is a popular [[fairy tale]] embodying a classic folk tale myth-element of unjust oppression/triumphant reward. Thousands of variants are known throughout the world.<ref>Jack Zipes, ''The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: HELP!, p 444, ISBN 0-393-97636-X</ref> The title character<ref>Although both the story's title and the character's name change in different languages, in English-language folklore "Cinderella" is the archetypal name.</ref> is a young woman living in unfortunate circumstances which suddenly change to remarkable fortune. The word "[[wiktionary:cinderella|cinderella]]" has, by analogy, come to mean one whose attributes are unrecognised, or one who unexpectedly achieves recognition or success after a period of obscurity and neglect. The still-popular story of Cinderella continues to influence popular culture internationally, lending plot elements, allusions, and [[Trope (literature)|trope]]s to a wide variety of media.
  
 
== Origins and history ==
 
== Origins and history ==
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The ancient Greco-Egyptian version of Cinderella where her name is [[Rhodopis]] is considered the oldest version of the story.<ref>[http://www.aldokkan.com/art/cinderella.htm "The Egyptian Cinderella"]</ref> The tale was first recorded by the Greek historian [[Strabo]] in the first century B.C.E. Rhodopis washes her clothes in a Ormoc stream, a task forced upon her by fellow servants, who have left to go to a function sponsored by the Pharoah [[Amasis]]. A bird takes her rose-gilded slipper and drops it into Pharaoh's lap; he then asks the women of his kingdom to try on the slipper to see which one fits. Rhodopis succeeds. The Pharaoh falls in love with her, and she marries him.  
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The Cinderella theme may have well originated in [[classical antiquity]]: The [[Ancient Greece|Greek historian]] [[Strabo]] (''[[Geographica (Strabo)|Geographica]]'' Book 17, 1.33) recorded in the [[1st century B.C.E.]] the tale of the [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Greco-Egyptian]] girl [[Rhodopis]], which is considered the oldest known version of the story.<ref>[http://www.aldokkan.com/art/cinderella.htm "The Egyptian Cinderella"]</ref> <ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PzsHAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PRA11-PA719,M1 "Cinderella"], ''The Every-day Book and Table Book; or, Everlasting Calendar of Popular Amusements, Sports, Pastimes, Ceremonies, Manners, Customs, and Events, Each of the Three Hundred and Sixty-Five Days, in Past and Present Times; Forming a Complete History of the Year, Months, and Seasons, and a Perpetual Key to the Almanac, Including Accounts of the Weather, Rules for Health and Conduct, Remarkable and Important Anecdotes, Facts, and Notices, in Chronology, Antiquities, Topography, Biography, Natural History, Art, Science, and General Literature; Derived from the Most Authentic Sources, and Valuable Original Communication, with Poetical Elucidations, for Daily Use and Diversion. Vol III.'', ed. William Hone, (London: 1838) pp 719-20. Retrieved on 2008-06-05</ref> Rhodopis (the "rosy-cheeked") washes her clothes in an Ormoc stream, a task forced upon her by fellow servants, who have left to go to a function sponsored by the [[Pharaoh]] [[Amasis]]. An eagle takes her rose-gilded sandal and drops it at the feet of the Pharaoh in the city of [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]]; he then asks the women of his kingdom to try on the sandal to see which one fits. Rhodopis succeeds. The Pharaoh falls in love with her, and she marries him. The story later reappears with [[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]] (ca. [[175]]&ndash;ca. [[235]]),<ref>Aelian, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/aelian/varhist13.xhtml#b28 "Various History", 13.33]</ref> showing that the Cinderella theme remained popular throughout antiquity. Perhaps the origins of the fairy-tale figure can be traced back as far as the [[6th century B.C.E.]] [[Thracian]] courtesan by the same name, who was acquainted with the ancient story-teller [[Aesop]].<ref>Herodot, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+2.134.1 "The "Histories", 2.134-135]</ref>
  
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Another tale from [[China]] called [[Ye Xian]] is one of the oldest variants of the Cinderella story. The story first appears during the 9th Century ([[Tang Dynasty]]) in the [[Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang]] and is set in the [[3rd century B.C.E.]]. Here the hardworking and lovely girl befriends a fish, which is killed by her stepmother. Ye Xian saves the bones, which are magic, and they help her dress appropriately for a festival. When she loses her slipper after a fast exit, the king finds her and falls in love with her.
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Another version of the story, ''[[Ye Xian]]'', appeared in ''[[Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang]]'' by [[Tuan Ch'eng-Shih]] around A.D. [[860]]. Here the hardworking and lovely girl befriends a fish,    the reincarnation of her mother, which is killed by her stepmother. Ye Xian saves the bones, which are magic, and they help her dress appropriately for a festival. When she loses her slipper after a fast exit, the king finds her and falls in love with her.
  
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There is also [[Anne de Fernandez]], a tale of medieval [[Indo Malay]]. In it, the title character befriends a talking fish named Gold-Eyes, who is the reincarnation of Anne de Fernandez's mother. Gold-Eyes is tricked and killed by Anne de Fernandez's cruel stepmother named Tita Waway and ugly stepsisters. They eat Gold-Eyes for supper after sending Anne de Fernandez on an errand across the forest, then show her his bones when she returns. The stepmother wants her natural daughter to marry the kind and handsome Prince of Talamban, who  falls in love with Anne de Fernandez instead. The prince finds a golden slipper that is intriguingly small, and he traces it to Anne de Fernandez, in spite of relatives' attempts to  
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Several different variants of the story appear in the medieval ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'', also known as the ''Arabian Nights'', including "The Second Shaykh's Story", "The Eldest Lady's Tale" and "Abdallah ibn Fadil and His Brothers", all dealing with the theme of a younger sibling harrassed by two jealous elders. In some of these, the siblings are female, while in others they are male. One of the tales, "Judar and His Brethren", departs from the [[happy ending]]s of previous variants and reworks the plot to give it a [[Tragedy|tragic]] ending instead, with the younger brother being poisoned by his elder brothers.<ref>{{citation|title=The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia|last=Ulrich Marzolph, Richard van Leeuwen|first=Hassan Wassouf|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2004|isbn=1576072045|page=4}}</ref>
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try on the slipper. The two sisters exclaimed "Nalain ko layt."
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There is also Anne de Fernandez, a tale of the medieval [[Philippines]]. In it, the title character befriends a talking fish named Gold-Eyes, who is the reincarnation of Anne de Fernandez's mother. Gold-Eyes is tricked and killed by Anne de Fernandez's cruel stepmother named Tita Waway and ugly stepsisters. They eat Gold-Eyes for supper after sending Anne de Fernandez on an errand across the forest, then show Anne Gold-Eyes' bones when she returns. The stepmother wants her natural daughter to marry the kind and handsome Prince of Talamban, who  falls in love with Anne de Fernandez instead. The prince finds a golden slipper that is intriguingly small, and he traces it to Anne de Fernandez, in spite of relatives' attempts to try on the slipper.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
  
 
Another early story of the Cinderella type came from [[Japan]], involving [[Chūjō-hime]], who runs away from her evil stepmother with the help of [[Bhikkhuni|Buddhist nun]]s, and she joins their [[convent]].
 
Another early story of the Cinderella type came from [[Japan]], involving [[Chūjō-hime]], who runs away from her evil stepmother with the help of [[Bhikkhuni|Buddhist nun]]s, and she joins their [[convent]].
  
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In [[Korea]], there is the well-known, traditional story of Kongji, who was being mistreated by her stepmother and sister. She goes to a feast prepared by the town's "mayor," and meets his son. The story is followed by similar events as the western [[Cinderella]].  
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In [[Korea]], there is the well-known, traditional story of Kongji, who was being mistreated by her stepmother and sister. She goes to a feast prepared by the town's "mayor", and meets his son. The story is followed by similar events as the western [[Cinderella]].  
  
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The most popular version of Cinderella was written by the French author [[Charles Perrault]] in 1697, based on an earlier literary fairy tale by [[Giambattista Basile]] (''La Gatta cenerentola'' in 1634). Another well-known version in which the girl is called ''Ann del Taclo''or Anne of Tacloban was recorded by the German [[Brothers Grimm]] in the 19th century.
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[[Image:Cinderella - Project Gutenberg etext 19993.jpg|thumb|right|[[Oliver Herford]] illustrated the fairy godmother inspired from the Perrault version]]
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[[Image:Aschenputtel Maerchenbrunnen1.JPG|thumb|right|This sculpture illustrates the Grimm version of Cinderella with the birds]]
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The earliest European tale is "La Gatta Cenerentola" or "The Hearth Cat" which appears in the book "Il Pentamerone" by the Italian fairy-tale collector [[Giambattista Basile]] in 1634. This version formed the basis of later versions published by the French author [[Charles Perrault]] and the German [[Brothers Grimm]]. (Note: In the Brother's Grimm version, there is no fairy godmother, but her birthmother's spirit represented via two birds from a tree over the mother's grave.)
  
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''Cinderella'' is classified as [[Aarne-Thompson]] type 510A, the persecuted heroine; others of this type include ''[[The Sharp Grey Sheep]]''; ''[[The Golden Slipper]]''; ''[[The Story of Tam and Cam]]''; ''[[Rushen Coatie]]''; ''[[The Wonderful Birch]]''; ''[[Fair, Brown and Trembling]]'' and ''[[Katie Woodencloak]]''.<ref>Heidi Anne Heiner, "[http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/cinderella/other.html Tales Similar to Cinderella]"</ref>
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One of the most popular versions of Cinderella was written by [[Charles Perrault]] in 1697. The popularity of his tale was due to his additions to the story including the pumpkin, the fairy-godmother and the introduction of glass slippers. It was widely believed that in Perrault's version, Cinderella wore fur boots ("pantoufle en vair"), and that when the story was translated into English, ''vair'' was mistaken for ''verre'' (glass), resulting in glass slippers and that the story has remained this way ever since.<ref>''Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia'', 27 vols. ([[New York City|New York]]: [[Funk & Wagnalls]], Inc., 1975) Vol. 6, p. 133-134 — This encyclopedia set features this error.</ref> However, the "fur theory" has since been disproven.<ref>The boots were indeed glass in the original; see http://www.snopes.com/language/misxlate/slippers.asp</ref>
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Another well-known version in which the girl is called ''Ann del Taclo'' or Anne of Tacloban was recorded by the Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in the 19th century. The tale is called "Aschenputtel" and the help comes not from a fairy-godmother but the wishing tree that grows on her mother's grave. In this version, the stepsisters try to trick the prince by cutting off parts of their feet in order to get the slipper to fit. The prince is alerted by two pigeons who peck out the stepsisters' eyes, thus sealing their fate as blind beggars for the rest of their lives.
  
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==Plot summary (taken from Perrault)==
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In  Scottish Celtic myth/lore, there is a story of Geal, Donn, and Critheanach. The Stepsisters' Celtic equivalents are Geal and Donn, and Cinderella is Critheanach.
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(See below for many variations)
 
  
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Once there was a [[widower]] who married a proud and haughty woman for his second wife. She had two [[false hero|daughters]], who were equally haughty. By his first wife, he had a beautiful young daughter of unparalleled goodness and sweet temper.  Along with her daughters, the Stepmother employed the daughter in all the [[housework]]. When the girl had done her work, she sat in the [[hearth|cinders]], which caused her to be called "Cinderella." The poor girl bore it patiently, but dared not tell her father, who would have scolded her; for his wife controlled him entirely.
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==Plot (taken from Perrault)==
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(See above for many variations)
  
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The [[Prince Charming|Prince]] invited all the maidens in the land to a [[ball (dance)|ball]]. As the two [[step family|Stepsisters]] were invited, they gleefully planned their [[ball gown|wardrobes]]. Cinderella assisted them, but they still taunted her by saying a maid could never attend a ball.
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Once there was a [[widower]] who for his second wife, married a proud and haughty woman. She had two [[false hero|daughters]], who were equally vain. By his first wife, he had a beautiful young daughter who was a girl of unparalleled goodness and sweet temper.   The Stepmother and her daughters forced the first daughter to complete all the [[housework]]. When the girl had done her work, she sat in the [[hearth|cinders]], which caused her to be called "Cinderella". The poor girl bore it patiently, but she dared not tell her father, who would have scolded her; his wife controlled him entirely.  
  
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As the sisters swept away to the ball, Cinderella cried in despair.  Her [[Fairy Godmother]] appeared and vowed to assist Cinderella in attending the ball.  She turned a [[pumpkin]] into a [[coach (vehicle)|coach]], [[Mouse|mice]] into [[horse]]s, a [[rat]] in to a [[coachman]], and [[lizard]]s into [[footmen]].  She then turned Cinderella's rags into a beautiful [[ball gown|gown]], complete with a delicate pair of [[glass]]<ref>They were indeed glass in the original, and not fur; see http://www.snopes.com/language/misxlate/slippers.asp .</ref> [[shoe|slippers]].  The Godmother bade her enjoy the ball, but return before [[midnight]] for the [[magic (paranormal)|spells]] would be broken.
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One day the [[Prince Charming|Prince]] invited all the young ladies in the land to a [[ball (dance)|ball]] so he could choose a wife.  As the two [[step family|Stepsisters]] were invited, they gleefully planned their [[ball gown|wardrobes]]. Although Cinderella assisted them and dreamed of going to the dance, they taunted her by saying a maid could never attend a ball.
  
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At the ball, the entire [[noble court|court]] was entranced by Cinderella, especially the Prince, who never left her side.  Unrecognized by her sisters, Cinderella remembered to leave before midnight.
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As the sisters swept away to the ball, Cinderella cried in despair.  Her [[Fairy Godmother]] magically appeared and vowed to assist Cinderella in attending the ball.  She turned a [[pumpkin]] into a [[coach (vehicle)|coach]], [[Mouse|mice]] into [[horse]]s, a [[rat]] into a [[coachman]], and [[lizard]]s into [[footmen]].  She then turned Cinderella's rags into a beautiful [[ball gown|gown]], complete with a delicate pair of [[glass]] [[shoe|slippers]].  The Godmother told her to enjoy the ball, but return before [[midnight]] for the [[magic (paranormal)|spells]] would be broken.
  
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Back home, Cinderella thanked her Godmother.  She then greeted the Stepsisters who could talk of nothing but the beautiful girl at the ball.  
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At the ball, the entire [[noble court|court]] was entranced by Cinderella, especially the Prince, who never left her side.  Unrecognized by her sisters, Cinderella remembered to leave before midnight. Back home, Cinderella graciously thanked her Godmother.  She then greeted the Stepsisters who enthusiastically talked of nothing but the beautiful girl at the ball.  
  
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With her Godmother's help, she attended the ball the next evening, and entranced the Prince even more.  However, she left only at the final stroke of midnight, and lost one of her glass slippers on the steps of the [[palace]].  She retained its pair.  The Prince chased her, but the guards had seen only a country wench leave. The Prince pocketed the slipper and vowed to find and marry the maiden to whom it belonged.
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When another ball was held the next evening, Cinderella again attended with her Godmother's help. The Prince became even more entranced.  However, this evening she lost track of time and left only at the final stroke of midnight, losing one of her glass slippers on the steps of the [[palace]] in her haste.  The Prince chased her, but outside the palace, the guards had seen only a simple country wench leave. The Prince pocketed the slipper and vowed to find and marry the girl to whom it belonged. Meanwhile, Cinderella kept the other slipper, which had not disappeared when the spell had broken.
  
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The Prince tried the slipper on all the maidens in the land.  The [[False hero|Stepsisters]] tried in vain.  Though the Stepsisters taunted her, Cinderella asked if she may try. Naturally, the slipper fit perfectly, and Cinderella put on the other slipper for good measure.  The Stepsisters begged for [[forgiveness]], and Cinderella forgave them for their [[cruelty|cruelties]].
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The Prince tried the slipper on all the young women in the land.  When the Prince arrived at Cinderella's villa, the [[False hero|Stepsisters]] tried in vain.  When Cinderella asked if she might try, the Stepsisters taunted her. Naturally, the slipper fit perfectly, and Cinderella produced the other slipper for good measure.  The Stepsisters begged for [[forgiveness]], and Cinderella forgave them for their [[cruelty|cruelties]].
  
 
Cinderella returned to the palace where she [[marriage|married]] the Prince, and the Stepsisters also married two [[lord]]s.
 
Cinderella returned to the palace where she [[marriage|married]] the Prince, and the Stepsisters also married two [[lord]]s.
  
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Moral: [[Beauty]] is a treasure, but graciousness is priceless. Without it nothing is possible; with it, one can do anything.<ref>http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/perrault06.html</ref>
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Moral: [[Beauty]] is a treasure, but graciousness is priceless. Without it nothing is possible; with it, one can do anything.<ref>[http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/perrault06.html Perrault: Cinderella; or, The Little Glass Slipper]</ref>  
  
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==Plot variations and alternate tellings==
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''Cinderella'' is classified as [[Aarne-Thompson]] type 510A, the persecuted heroine; others of this type include ''[[The Sharp Grey Sheep]]''; ''[[The Golden Slipper]]''; ''[[The Story of Tam and Cam]]''; ''[[Rushen Coatie]]''; ''[[The Wonderful Birch]]''; ''[[Fair, Brown and Trembling]]'' and ''[[Katie Woodencloak]]''.<ref>Heidi Anne Heiner, "[http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/cinderella/other.html Tales Similar to Cinderella]"</ref>
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[[Image:Cinderella-book.jpg|thumb|"Cinderella and the Glass Slipper" (book cover)]]
 
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'''Villains:''' In some versions, her father plays an active role in the humiliation of his daughter; in others, he is secondary to his new wife; in some versions, especially the popular [[Cinderella (1950 film)|Disney film]], the father has died.  
 
  
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Although many variants of Cinderella feature the wicked stepmother, the defining trait of type [[Antti Aarne|510A]] is a female persecutor: in ''[[Fair, Brown and Trembling]]'' and ''[[Finette Cendron]]'', the stepmother does not appear at all, and it is the older sisters who confine her to the kitchen. In other fairy tales featuring the ball, she was driven from home by the persecutions of her father, usually because he wished to marry her. Of this type (510B) are ''[[Cap O' Rushes]]'', ''[[Catskin]]'', All-Kinds-of-Fur, and ''[[Allerleirauh]]'', and she slaves in the kitchen because she found a job there.<ref>Heidi Anne Heiner, "[http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/donkeyskin/other.html Tales Similar to Donkeyskin]"</ref> In ''[[Katie Woodencloak]]'', the stepmother drives her from home, and she likewise finds such a job.
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==Adaptations==
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In ''[[La Cenerentola]]'', [[Gioachino Rossini]] inverted the sex roles: Cenerentola is oppressed by her [[Stepfamily#stepfathers|stepfather]]. (This makes the opera Aarne-Thompson type 510B.) He also made the economic basis for such hostility unusually clear, in that Don Magnifico wishes to make his own daughters' [[dowry|dowries]] larger, to attract a grander match, which is impossible if he must provide a third dowry. Folklorists often interpret the hostility between the stepmother and stepdaughter as just such a competition for resources, but seldom does the tale make it clear.<ref>[[Marina Warner]], ''From the Beast to the Blonde: On Fairy Tales And Their Tellers'', p 213-4 ISBN 0-374-15901-7</ref>
 
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'''Ball, Ballgown, and Curfew:''' The number of balls varies, sometimes one, sometimes two, and sometimes three. The [[fairy godmother]] is Perrault's own addition to the tale.<ref>Jane Yolen, p 23, ''Touch Magic'' ISBN 0-87483-591-7</ref> The person who aided Cinderella (Aschenputtel) in the [[Brothers Grimm|Grimms]]'s version is her dead mother. Aschenputtel requests her aid by praying at her grave, on which a tree is growing. Helpful doves roosting in the tree shake down the clothing she needs for the ball. This motif is found in other variants of the tale as well, such as ''The Cinder Maid'', collected by [[Joseph Jacobs]], and the Finnish ''[[The Wonderful Birch]]''. Playwright [[James Lapine]] incorporated this motif into the Cinderella plotline of the musical ''[[Into the Woods]]''. [[Giambattista Basile]]'s ''[[Cenerentola]]'' combined them; the Cinderella figure, Zezolla, asks her father to commend her to the Dove of Fairies and ask her to send her something, and she receives a tree that will provide her clothing. Other variants have her helped by talking animals, as in ''[[Katie Woodencloak]]'', ''[[Rushen Coatie]]'', ''[[Bawang Putih Bawang Merah]]'', ''[[The Story of Tam and Cam]]'', or ''[[The Sharp Grey Sheep]]''—these animals often having some connection with her dead mother; in ''[[The Golden Slipper]]'', a fish aids her after she puts it in water. In "The Anklet," it's a magical alabaster pot the girl purchased with her own money that brings her the gowns and the anklets she wears to the ball. [[Gioachino Rossini]], having agreed to do an opera based on ''Cinderella'' if he could omit all magical elements, wrote ''[[La Cenerentola]]'', in which she was aided by Alidoro, a philosopher and formerly the Prince's tutor. In [[Evgeny Shvarts]]'s play, the ballgown and other things are presented by the fairy godmother, except the glass slippers that are a gift from her page. This explains, why the glass slipper did not vanish after midnight.
 
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The midnight curfew is also absent in many versions; Cinderella leaves the ball to get home before her stepmother and stepsisters, or she is simply tired. In the Grimms' version, Aschenputtel slips away when she is tired, hiding on her father's estate in a tree, and then the pigeon coop, to elude her pursuers; her father tries to catch her by chopping them down, but she escapes.<ref>Maria Tatar, The Annotated Brothers Grimm, p 116 W. W. Norton & company, London, New York, 2004 ISBN 0-393-05848-4</ref>
 
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Furthermore, the gathering need not be a ball; several variants on Cinderella, such as ''Katie Woodencloak'' and ''The Golden Slipper'' have her attend church.
 
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In the three-ball version, Cinderella keeps a close watch on the time the first two nights and is able to leave without difficulty. However, on the [[Rule of three (writing)|third]] (or only) night, she loses track of the time and must flee the castle before her disguise vanishes. In her haste, she loses a glass slipper which the prince finds—or else the prince has carefully had her exit tarred, so as to catch her, and the slipper is caught in it.
 
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'''The Identifing item:'''  The glass slipper is unique to [[Charles Perrault]]'s version; in other versions of the tale it may be made of other materials (in the version recorded by the [[Brothers Grimm]], [[German language|German]]: ''Aschenbroedel'' and ''Aschenputtel'', for instance, it is gold) and in still other tellings, it is not a slipper but an anklet, a ring, or a bracelet that gives the prince the key to Cinderella's identity. In Rossini's opera "''[[La Cenerentola]]''" ("Cinderella"), the slipper is replaced by twin bracelets to prove her identity. In the Finnish variant ''[[The Wonderful Birch]]'' the prince uses tar to gain something every ball, and so has a ring, a circlet, and a pair of slippers. Interpreters unaware of the value attached to glass in 17th century France and perhaps troubled by sartorial impracticalities, have suggested that Perrault's "glass slipper" ''(pantoufle de verre)'' had been a "fur slipper" ''(pantoufle de vair)'' in some unidentified earlier version of the tale, and that Perrault or one of his sources confused the words; however, most scholars believe the glass slipper was a deliberate piece of poetic invention on Perrault's part.<ref>Maria Tatar, p 28, ''The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales'', ISBN 0-393-05163-3</ref>
 
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Another interpretation of verre/vair (glass/fur) suggested a sexual element - the Prince was 'trying on' the 'fur slipper' (vagina) of the maidens in the kingdom, as a 'droit de seigneur' right of sexual possession of his subjects. The disguised Cinderella's 'fur slipper' was of unique appeal to the Prince who sought her thereafter through sexual congress (a variety of sources including Joan Gould).
 
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The translation of the story into cultures with different standards of beauty has left the significance of Cinderella's shoe size unclear, and resulted in the implausibility of Cinderella's feet being of a unique size for no particular reason. Humorous retellings of the story sometimes use the twist of having the shoes turn out to also fit somebody completely unsuitable, such as an amorous old crone. In [[Terry Pratchett]]'s ''[[Witches Abroad]]'', the witches accuse another witch of manipulating the events because it was a common shoe size, and she could only ensure that the right woman put it on if she already knew where she was and went straight to her. In "When the Clock Strikes" (from ''[[Red As Blood]]''), [[Tanith Lee]] had the sorcerous shoe alter shape whenever a woman tried to put it on, so it would not fit.
 
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[[Image:Gustave dore cendrillon4.JPG|thumb|Cinderella tries on the slipper]]
 
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'''The Revelation:'''  Cinderella's stepmother and [[False hero|stepsisters]] (in some versions just the stepsisters and, in some other versions, a stepfather and stepsisters) conspire to win the prince's hand for one of them.  In the German telling, the first stepsister fits into the slipper by cutting off a toe, but the doves in the hazel tree alert the prince to the blood dripping from the slipper, and he returns the false bride to her mother. The second stepsister fits into the slipper by cutting off her heel, but the same doves give her away.
 
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In many variants of the tale, the prince is told that Cinderella can not possibly be the one, as she is too dirty and ragged. Often, this is said by the stepmother or stepsisters. In the Grimms' version, both the stepmother and the father urge it.<ref>Maria Tatar, The Annotated Brothers Grimm, p 126-8 W. W. Norton & company, London, New York, 2004 ISBN 0-393-05848-4</ref> The prince nevertheless insists on her trying. Cinderella arrives and proves her identity by fitting into the slipper or other item (in some cases she has kept the other).
 
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'''The Conclusion:'''  In the German version of the story, the evil stepsisters are punished for their deception by having their eyes pecked out by birds. In other versions, they are forgiven, and made ladies-in-waiting with marriages to lesser lords.
 
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In [[The Book of One Thousand and One Nights|The Thousand Nights and A Night]], in a tale called "The Anklet" <ref>{{cite book | last = Mardrus | first = Joseph-Charles | authorlink = Joseph-Charles Mardrus | coauthors = Powys Mathers | title = The book of the Thousand Nights and One Night | volume = 4 | publisher = [[Routledge]] |date= June 1987 | location = London and New York | pages = 191-194 | id = ISBN 0-415-04543-6 }}</ref>, the stepsisters make a comeback by using twelve magical hairpins to turn the bride into a dove on her wedding night. In ''[[The Wonderful Birch]]'', the stepmother, a witch, manages to substitute her daughter for the true bride after she has given birth. Such tales continue the fairy tale into what is in effect a second episode.
 
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In an episode of [[Jim Henson]]'s ''[[The Storyteller]]'', writer [[Anthony Minghella]] merged the old folk tale ''[[Donkeyskin]]'' (also written by Perrault) with ''Cinderella'' to tell the tale of ''Sapsorrow'', a girl both cursed and blessed by destiny.
 
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===Revisionist retellings===
 
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There is also [[Gregory Maguire]]'s novel ''[[Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister]]'', which gives the classic story from the view of one of the ugly stepsisters. In this version, the Cinderella character is unusually beautiful, but also a shy enigma. Her stepsister, though plain, is charming and intelligent. The novel has themes much more adult than the traditional story.
 
  
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Gail Carson Levine wrote [[Ella Enchanted]], a story how "Ella" is under a fairy curse of obedience (she does whatever someone tells her to). A movie also has been made based on this book.
+
[[Image:Massenet Cendrillon.jpg|right|thumb|[[Jules Massenet|Massenet]]'s Cendrillon]]
 +
[[Image:Cinderella-ballet-Ashton-Helpmann.jpg|thumb|right|Prokofiev's Cinderella, choreographed by [[Frederick Ashton]] ]]
 +
[[Image:CinderAdelphi.jpg|thumb|right|Pantomime at the Adelphi]]
  
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In 1982, [[Roald Dahl]] rewrote the story in a more modern and gruesome way in his book ''[[Revolting Rhymes]]''.
+
{{Ballet}}
  
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==Adaptations==
 
 
The story of "Cinderella" has formed the basis of many notable works:
 
The story of "Cinderella" has formed the basis of many notable works:
  
 
===Opera===
 
===Opera===
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* ''[[Cendrillon]]'' by Jean-Louis Larouette
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* ''Cendrillon'' (1749) by [[Jean-Louis Laruette]]
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* ''[[La Cenerentola]]'' by [[Gioacchino Rossini]]
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* ''Cendrillon'' (1810) by [[Nicolas Isouard]], libretto by [[Charles-Guillaume Etienne]]
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* ''[[Cendrillon]]'' by [[Jules Massenet]]
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* ''[[La Cenerentola]]'' (1817) by [[Gioacchino Rossini]]
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* ''[[La Cenicienta]]'' by [[Jorge Peña Hen]]
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* ''[[Cendrillon]]'' (1894-5) by [[Jules Massenet]], libretto by [[Henri Cain]]
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* ''Cinderella'' by [[Peter Maxwell Davies]]
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* ''Cinderella'' (1901-2) by [[Gustav Holst]]
 +
* ''[[Cendrillon (Viardot)|Cendrillon]]'' (1904) by [[Pauline García-Viardot]]
 +
* ''Aschenbrödel'' (1905) by [[Leo Blech]], libretto by Richard Batka
 +
* ''[[La Cenicienta]]'' (1966) by [[Jorge Peña Hen]]
 +
* ''Cinderella'', a "pantomime opera" (1979) by [[Peter Maxwell Davies]]
 +
* ''Cendrillon'', children's opera (1994) by [[Vladimir Kojoukharov]]
  
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===Dance===
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===Ballet===
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[[Image:Cinderella-on-Ice.JPG|thumb|right|200px|"Cinderella on Ice," [[Queen Street Mall, Brisbane|Queen Street Mall]], [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]]]
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*''[[Aschenbrödel]]'' (1901) by [[Johann Strauss II]], adapted and completed by [[Josef Bayer]]
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*''[[Aschenbroedel (ballet)|Aschenbroedel]]'' by [[Johann Strauss II]]
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*''Das Märchen vom Aschenbrödel'' (1941) by [[Frank Martin]]
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*''[[Cinderella (Prokofiev)|Cinderella]]'' by [[Sergei Prokofiev]]
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*''Soluschka'' or ''[[Cinderella (Prokofiev)|Cinderella]]'' (1945) by [[Sergei Prokofiev]]
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*''[[Cinderella (comic ballet)|Cinderella]]'' by [[Sergei Prokofiev]], with [[choreography]] by [[Frederick Ashton]] (a ballet version similar to the "Cinderella" pantomime)
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*''Cinderella'' (1980) by [[Paul Reade]]
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*''[[Les Cinderella (ballet)|Cinderella]]'' by [[Ryan Casey]], with [[choreography]] by [[Casey Frey]] and [[Tadd Pinkston]] sponsored by happy birthday productions''
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<!-- * ''[[Cinderella]]'', choreographed and directed by Stanton Welch for the [[Australian Ballet]] in 1996. Principal artist Miranda Coney danced the lead role on opening night, with Steven Woodgate as Cinderella's stepsister and Damien Welch as Dandini.
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* A ''Cinderella on Ice'' was staged in [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]].
+
We could list a number of famous choreographies on Prokofiev's ballet, but that probably belongs on the Cinderella (Prokofiev) page —>
  
 
===Pantomime===
 
===Pantomime===
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Cinderella is a common subject for British and Australian [[pantomime]], though not the most popular due to the cost involved.
+
Cinderella debuted as a pantomime on stage at the [[Drury Lane Theatre]], [[London]] in 1904 and at the [[Adelphi Theatre]] in London in 1905. [[Phyllis Dare]], aged 14 or 15, starred in the latter.
  
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In the traditional pantomime version the opening scene is set in a forest with a hunt in sway and it is here that Cinderella first meets Prince Charming and his "right-hand man" Dandini, whose name and character come from [[Gioacchino Rossini|Rossini's]] opera ''([[La Cenerentola]])''. Cinderella mistakes Dandini for the Prince and the Prince for Dandini.
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In the traditional pantomime version the opening scene is set in a forest with a hunt in sway and it is here that Cinderella first meets Prince Charming and his "right-hand man" Dandini, whose name and character come from [[Gioacchino Rossini|Rossini's]] opera (''[[La Cenerentola]]''). Cinderella mistakes Dandini for the Prince and the Prince for Dandini.
  
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Her father, known as Baron Hardup, is under the thumb of his two step-daughters the [[Ugly sisters]] and has a servant named [[Buttons (pantomime)|Buttons]] who is  Cinderella's friend. Throughout the pantomime, the Baron is continually harassed by The Broker's Men (often named after current politicians) for outstanding rent. The Fairy Godmother must magically create a coach (from a pumpkin), footmen (from mice) and a coach driver (from a frog), and a beautiful dress (from rags) for Cinderella to go to the ball. However, she must return by midnight as at it is then that the spell ceases.
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Her father, known as Baron Hardup, is under the thumb of his two stepdaughters the [[Ugly sisters]] and has a servant named [[Buttons (pantomime)|Buttons]] who is  Cinderella's friend. Throughout the pantomime, the Baron is continually harassed by The Broker's Men (often named after current politicians) for outstanding rent. The Fairy Godmother must magically create a coach (from a pumpkin), footmen (from mice), a coach driver (from a frog), and a beautiful dress (from rags) for Cinderella to go to the ball. However, she must return by midnight, as it is then that the spell ceases.
  
 
===Musical Comedy===
 
===Musical Comedy===
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[[Image:Mara wilson cinderella.jpg|thumb|[[Mara Wilson]] in Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella (2005)]]
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*''[[Cinderella (TV)|Cinderella]]'' by [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]] was produced for television three times:
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*''[[Cinderella (TV)|Cinderella]]'' by [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]], was produced for television three times:
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**''Cinderella'' (1957) features [[Julie Andrews]], [[Jon Cypher]], [[Kaye Ballard]], [[Alice Ghostley]] and [[Edie Adams]] (broadcast in color, but only black-and-white [[kinescope]]s exist today).
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**''Cinderella'' (1957) featuring [[Julie Andrews]], [[Jon Cypher]], [[Kaye Ballard]], [[Alice Ghostley]] and [[Edie Adams]] (broadcast in color, but only black-and-white [[kinescope]]s exist today).
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**''Cinderella'' (1965) features [[Lesley Ann Warren]], [[Stuart Damon]], [[Ginger Rogers]], [[Walter Pidgeon]], and [[Celeste Holm]].
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**''Cinderella'' (1965) featuring [[Lesley Ann Warren]], [[Stuart Damon]], [[Ginger Rogers]], [[Walter Pidgeon]], and [[Celeste Holm]].
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**''Cinderella'' (1997) features [[Brandy (entertainer)|Brandy]], [[Paolo Montalban]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Whoopi Goldberg]], [[Victor Garber]], [[Bernadette Peters]], and [[Jason Alexander]].
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**''Cinderella'' (1997) featuring [[Brandy (entertainer)|Brandy]], [[Paolo Montalban]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Whoopi Goldberg]], [[Victor Garber]], [[Bernadette Peters]], and [[Jason Alexander]].
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*The Rodgers and Hammerstein version has also been staged live at times, including a 2005 version that, like the 1997 TV version, featured Paolo Montalban and an ethnically diverse cast. Broadway Asia Entertainment produced a staged International Tour starring Tony Award winner Lea Salonga and Australian actor Peter Saide in 2008.
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*The Rodgers and Hammerstein has also been staged times, including a 2005 version that, like the 1997 TV version, featured Paolo Montalban and an ethnically diverse cast.
+
*''[[Mr. Cinders]]'', a musical which opened at the [[Adelphi Theatre]], London in 1929. Filmed in 1934
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*''Mister Cinders'', which was filmed in 1934
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*''[[Into the Woods]]'' by [[Stephen Sondheim]] (1988), in which Cinderella is one of many fairy tale characters who take part in the plot. This is partly based on the Grimm Brothers version of "Cinderella," including the enchanted birds, mother's grave, three balls, and mutilation and blinding of the stepsisters.
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*''[[Into the Woods]]'' by [[Stephen Sondheim]] (1988), in which Cinderella is one of many fairy tale characters who take part in the plot. The Cinderella here is of the Grimm Brothers version, including the enchanted birds, mother's grave, three balls, and mutilation and blinding of the step-sisters.
 
 
*''[[The Return of The Glass Slipper]]'' by Mary Donelly
 
*''[[The Return of The Glass Slipper]]'' by Mary Donelly
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*''Cinderella'' by Kate Hawley, is written in the style of British Pantos.
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*''Cinderella'' by Kate Hawley is written in the style of British Pantos.
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*''[[Cindy (musical)|Cindy]]'', a 1964 [[Off-Broadway]] musical composed by [[Johnny Brandon]].
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*''[[Cindy (musical)|Cindy]]'', a 1964 [[Off-Broadway]] musical composed by [[Johnny Brandon]]
 +
*''Золушka'' ''(or'' Zolushka'')'', a 2002 made-for-TV Russian pop musical
 +
*''Cinderella'' (2007), a pantomime written by [[Stephen Fry]] for the [[Old Vic Theatre]]
  
 
===Films===
 
===Films===
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Over the decades since the invention of motion pictures, literally hundreds of films have been made that are either direct adaptations from or have plots loosely based on the story of Cinderella. Almost every year at least one but often several such films are produced and released, resulting in Cinderella becoming a work of literature with one of the largest numbers of film adaptations ascribed to it. It is perhaps rivaled only by the sheer number of films that have been adapted from or based on [[Bram Stoker|Bram Stoker's]] novel ''[[Dracula]]''.
+
Over the decades, hundreds of films have been made that are either direct adaptations from Cinderella or have plots loosely based on the story. Almost every year at least one, but often several such films are produced and released, resulting in Cinderella becoming a work of literature with one of the largest numbers of film adaptations ascribed to it. It is perhaps rivalled only by the sheer number of films that have been adapted from or based on [[Bram Stoker|Bram Stoker's]] novel ''[[Dracula]]''.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
 
*''[[Cendrillon (1899 film)|Cinderella]]'', the 1899 first ever film version produced in [[France]] by [[Georges Méliès]].
 
*''[[Cendrillon (1899 film)|Cinderella]]'', the 1899 first ever film version produced in [[France]] by [[Georges Méliès]].
−
*''Cinderella'', 1911 [[silent film]], starring [[Florence La Badie]].
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*''Cinderella'', 1911 [[silent film]] starring [[Florence La Badie]]
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*''Cinderella'', 1914 [[silent film]], starring [[Mary Pickford]].
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*''[[Cinderella (1914 film)]]'', 1914 silent film starring [[Mary Pickford]]
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*''Cinderella'', an animated Laugh-O-Gram produced by [[Walt Disney]], first released on December 6, 1922. This film was about 7 minutes long.
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*''Cinderella'', an animated Laugh-O-Gram produced by [[Walt Disney]], first released on [[December 6]], [[1922]]. This film was about 7 minutes long.
−
*''[[Poor Cinderella]]'', a 1934 [[Fleischer Studio]] animated short, starring [[Betty Boop]].
+
*''[[Poor Cinderella]]'', a [[1934]] [[Fleischer Studio]] animated short starring [[Betty Boop]]
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*''Cinderella Meets Fella'', a 1938 [[Merrie Melodies]] animated short.
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*''Cinderella Meets Fella'', a [[1938]] [[Merrie Melodies]] animated short
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*''[[Cinderella (1947 film)|Cinderella]]'' (Зо́лушка), [[Russia]]n [[musical film]] of 1947, 84 min, by [[Lenfilm]] studios starring [[Erast Garin]] and [[Faina Ranevskaya]].
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*''[[Cinderella (1947 film)]]'' (Зо́лушка), a 1947 [[Russia]]n [[musical film]] by [[Lenfilm]] studios, starring [[Erast Garin]] and [[Faina Ranevskaya]]
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*''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]'', an animated feature released on February 15, 1950, now considered one of [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]'s classics. A [[direct-to-video]] sequel, ''[[Cinderella II: Dreams Come True]]'', was released in 2002. A second direct-to-video sequel ''[[Cinderella III: A Twist in Time]]'' was released in 2007.
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*''[[Cinderella (1950 film)]]'', an animated feature released on [[February 15]], [[1950]], now considered one of [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]'s classics. This film is the most popular version of the Cinderella story, with most people re-telling the Disney version as opposed to the original.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} A [[direct-to-video]] sequel, ''[[Cinderella II: Dreams Come True]]'', was released in [[2002]]. A second direct-to-video sequel ''[[Cinderella III: A Twist in Time]]'' was released in [[2007]].
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*''[[The Glass Slipper]]'', 1955, with [[Leslie Caron]] and [[Michael Wilding]].
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*''[[The Glass Slipper]]'' ([[1955]]) with [[Leslie Caron]] and [[Michael Wilding]]
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*''Hey Cinderella'', A 60 minute film produced by the [[Jim Henson Company]] in 1970. This was a comedy version featuring Jim Henson's trademark [[Muppets]] (including a small role by [[Kermit the Frog]]).
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*[[Cinderfella]], [[1960]], notable in that the main character is a man, played by [[Jerry Lewis]]
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*[[Cinderfella]], 1960, notorious because the main character is a man, played by [[Jerry Lewis]].
+
*''[[Popelka (1969)|Popelka]]'' (Cinderella, [[1969]]) Czech musical film
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*[[Tři oříšky pro Popelku|Tři oříšky pro Popelku/Drei Haselnüsse für Aschenbrödel]] (Three Nuts for Cinderella), Czech-German movie 1973
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*''[[Hey Cinderella]]'', a 60-minute film produced by the [[Jim Henson Company]] in [[1970]]. This comedy version features Jim Henson's trademark [[Muppets]] (including a small role by [[Kermit the Frog]]).
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*''[[The Slipper and the Rose]]'', a 1976 British [[musical film]] starring [[Gemma Craven]] and [[Richard Chamberlain (actor)|Richard Chamberlain]].
+
*''[[Tři oříšky pro Popelku|Tři oříšky pro Popelku / Drei Haselnüsse für Aschenbrödel]]'' (Three Nuts for Cinderella), a Czech-German movie released in [[1973]]
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*''[[Cindy (film)|Cindy]]'', made for television, 1978
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*''[[The Slipper and the Rose]]'', a [[1976]] British musical film starring [[Gemma Craven]] and [[Richard Chamberlain (actor)|Richard Chamberlain]].
−
* In 1989, an anime short film, starring [[Hello Kitty]], titled ''Hello Kitty's Cinderella'' was released in Japan. It was released in the U.S. as part of the ''Hello Kitty and Friends'' anime series.
+
*''[[Cinderella (1977 film)|Cinderella]]'', a [[1977]] American [[erotic]] musical [[comedy]] starring [[Rainbeaux Smith|Cheryl "Rainbeaux" Smith]], [[Brett Smiley]] and [[Sy Richardson]], directed by [[Michael Pataki]]
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*''[[If The Shoe Fits (1990 film)]]'', modern take on the Cinderella story set in France starring [[Rob Lowe]] and [[Jennifer Grey]].
+
*''[[Cindy (film)|Cindy]]'' ([[1978]]), made for television
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*''[[Cinderella (1994 film)|Cinderella]]'', produced by [[Jetlag Productions]] and distributed by [[GoodTimes Entertainment]] premiered on video in 1994.
+
*''Hello Kitty's Cinderella'' (1989), an anime short film starring [[Hello Kitty]], was released in Japan. It was released in the U.S. as part of the ''Hello Kitty and Friends'' anime series.
−
* ''[[Cinderella (TV)|Cinderella]]'', 1997 with [[Brandy (entertainer)|Brandy]] and [[Whitney Houston]]
+
*''[[Ashpet: An American Cinderella]]'', a [[1990]] Southern "[[Appalachia]]" version of the story, adapted from the Brothers Grimm, starring [[Louise Anderson]] and directed by [[Tom Davenport]].
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*''[[Ever After]]'', 1998 film starring [[Drew Barrymore]].
+
*''[[If The Shoe Fits (1990 film)]]'', modern take on the Cinderella story set in France starring [[Rob Lowe]] and [[Jennifer Grey]]
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*''Cinderella'', a 2000 British production set in mid-20th century and starring [[Kathleen Turner]].
+
*''[[Cinderella (1994 film)|Cinderella]]'', produced by [[Jetlag Productions]] and distributed by [[GoodTimes Entertainment]], premiered on video in [[1994]].
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*''[[A Cinderella Story]]'', released July 16, 2004, is a modernization of the classic fairy tale featuring [[Hilary Duff]] and [[Chad Michael Murray]].
+
* ''[[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]'s [[Cinderella (TV)|Cinderella]]'' ([[1997]]) starring [[Brandy (entertainer)|Brandy]] and [[Whitney Houston]]
−
*''Cinderelmo'', a Cinderella story featuring ''[[Sesame Street]]''<nowiki></nowiki>'s [[Elmo]] and [[Keri Russell]].
+
*''[[Ever After]]'' ([[1998]]), starring [[Drew Barrymore]]
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*''[[Ella Enchanted]]''
+
*''Cinderella'' ([[2000]]), a British production set in mid-20th century and starring [[Kathleen Turner]]
 +
*''[[A Cinderella Story]]'' ([[2004]]), a modernization featuring [[Hilary Duff]] and [[Chad Michael Murray]]
 +
*''[[Cinderelmo]]'', a Cinderella story featuring ''[[Sesame Street|Sesame Street's]]'' [[Elmo]] and [[Keri Russell]]
 +
*''[[Ella Enchanted (film)]]''
 
*''[[Happily N'Ever After]]''
 
*''[[Happily N'Ever After]]''
 
*''[[Cinderfatty]]'' a low-budget parody by Happy Birthday Productions featured on [[YouTube]]
 
*''[[Cinderfatty]]'' a low-budget parody by Happy Birthday Productions featured on [[YouTube]]
 
* ''[[Year of the Fish]]''
 
* ''[[Year of the Fish]]''
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* Cinderella was also a friend to [[Princess Fiona]] in [[Shrek the Third]]. She had a spilt personality in the film and was obsessed with cleanliness.
+
* Cinderella was also a friend to [[Princess Fiona]] in [[Shrek the Third]]. She had a split personality in the film and was obsessed with cleanliness.
 +
*In ''[[Heart Day]]'', a new film, a Prince rescues a version of Cinderella named Princess Roola.
 +
*A segment of the 2005 Turkish [[anthology film]] ''[[Istanbul Tales]]'' made up of five stories based on popular fairy tales is based on this tale in which Cinderella is a prostitute.
 +
*[[Cinderella III: A Twist in Time]] ([[2007]]) starring [[Jennifer Hale]] and [[Susan Blakeshee]]
 +
*[[Another Cinderella Story]] ([[2008]]) starring [[Selena Gomez]] and [[Drew Seeley]]
  
 
===Television===
 
===Television===
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*''[[Faerie Tale Theatre]]'', a television anthology that aired between 1982 to 1987, featured a [[Cinderella (Faerie Tale Theatre episode)|traditional re-enactment]] of Cinderella with [[Jennifer Beals]] as the title character.
+
*''[[The Electric Company]]'' regularly featured ''Cinderella''-based skits starring Cassidy Spring as Cinderella, Rita Moreno as the wicked stepmother, Hattie Winston as the fairy godmother, and two of the girls from The Short Circus as the stepsisters.
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*''[[Floricienta]] in Argentina and Colombia'' or ''[[Floribella]]'' in [[Portugal]], [[Brazil]] and [[Chile]] and ''[[Lola...Erase Una Vez]]'' in [[Mexico]] are telenovels based in Cinderella story.
+
*''[[Sesame Street]]'' had three News Flash segments about Cinderella; one at the ball with the glass slipper, one featuring the stepsisters trying to fit the glass slipper, and the third in which the fairy godmother tries to make a dress for Cinderella but the dress ends up on Kermit instead.
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*''[[Scroogerello]]'', an episode of ''[[DuckTales]]''.
+
*''[[Faerie Tale Theatre]]'', a television anthology that aired from [[1982]] to [[1987]], featured a [[Cinderella (Faerie Tale Theatre episode)|traditional re-enactment]] of ''Cinderella'' with [[Jennifer Beals]] as the title character.
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* {{nihongo|[[Cinderella Monogatari]]|シンデレラ物語|Shinderera Monogatari}}, a 26 episode TV [[anime]] made by [[Tatsunoko Production]] in 1996.
+
*''[[Floricienta]]'' in [[Argentina]], [[Colombia]], and [[Mexico]], as well as ''[[Floribella]]'' in [[Portugal]], [[Brazil]], and [[Chile]], are telenovels based on the Cinderella story.
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* [[Nippon Animation]]'s 1987-89 TV series ''[[Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics]]'', which included ''Cinderella''.
+
*''[[Lola...Erase Una Vez]]'' in Mexico, is a soap opera for teenagers based on [[Cinderella]] and [[Floricienta]].
−
* For a special [[pantomime]] episode of [[Coronation Street]], Frankie Baldwin played Cinderella, Danny Baldwin was the prince, the evil stepfather was Jack Duckworth, the stepsisters were Roy Cropper and Norris Cole, and the fairy godmother was Bev Unwin with Fred Elliot as the godfather. In the end, Frankie and Danny got together only for Frankie to realise it was only a dream after having passed out in [[The Rover's Return]].
+
*''[[Sinetron Cinderella]] is a Korean drama based on the story.
−
* The '80s sitcom [[The Charmings]] features an episode where Cinderella visits the Charmings and tries to steal Snow White's prince.
+
*''[[Scroogerello]]'', an episode of ''[[DuckTales]]''
 +
* {{nihongo|[[Cinderella Monogatari]]|シンデレラ物語|Shinderera Monogatari}}, a 26 episode TV [[anime]] made by [[Tatsunoko Production]] in [[1996]]
 +
* [[Nippon Animation]]'s [[1987]]-[[1989]] TV series ''[[Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics]]'', which included ''Cinderella.'' The plot was loosely based on the Grimm version, although sanitized most of the gorey parts.
 +
*''[[Garfield and Friends]]'' featured the story in a ''[[U.S. Acres]]'' segment titled "Bedtime Story Blues". Orson tries to read the story to Booker and Sheldon, but they continually request various unneeded changes to the story, much to Orson's frustration, such as the characters' genders being switched around, Cinderella (played by Orson) working at a pet shop, the now-male stepsisters (Orson's brothers) being ninjas, and the fairy godmother being replaced by "the richest guy in the world" (Wade).
 +
* For a special pantomime episode of [[Coronation Street]], Frankie Baldwin played Cinderella, Danny Baldwin was the prince, the evil stepfather was Jack Duckworth, the stepsisters were Roy Cropper and Norris Cole, and the fairy godmother was Bev Unwin with Fred Elliot as the godfather.
 +
* The 1980s sitcom [[The Charmings]] features an episode where Cinderella visits the Charmings and tries to steal Snow White's prince.
 +
* An episode of the BBC's [[2008]] ''[[Fairy Tales (TV series)|Fairy Tales]]'' series was an adaptation of the Cinderella story into a modern setting.
 +
* [[Tsunderella]], an [[OVA]] of [[Otome wa Boku ni Koishiteru]].
 +
*  Jim Henson's The Storyteller also has a story [[Sapsorrow]] which has elements of Cinderella** (see mentions below)
 +
* In an episode of [[Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (TV series)|Sabrina, The Teenage Witch]] Sabrina has to go to witch camp and while at the dance with Harvey she had to leave and her boot came off and towards the end of the episode Harvey comes to her house and puts it on her foot like the way in Cinderella and Sabrina has a vision of her and Harvey at the dance.
 +
* In an episode of [[Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide]] Cookie has an alter ego as a girl and loomer falls in love and Cookie as his alter ego runs and his shoe comes off and loomer has it and loomer misses cookie's alter ego and then cookie takes the shoe back saying it's her mom's.
  
 
===Books===
 
===Books===
 +
* ''[[Bound]]'' by [[Donna Jo Napoli]]
 +
* ''[[Chinese Cinderella]]'' by [[Adeline Yen Mah]]
 +
* ''[[Cinderalla]]'' by [[Junko Mizuno]]
 +
* ''[[Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister]]'' by [[Gregory Maguire]]
 +
* ''[[Ella Enchanted]]'' by [[Gail Carson Levine]] Ella was put under a spell at birth that forces her to obey any order given to her. An unusual twist as it features the ball only in the last few chapters, dealing more with Ella's struggle against the curse and because the prince (Charmont) knows Ella before the ball but does not recognize her as she is in disguise.
 +
* ''[[Cinderellis and the Glass Hill]]'' by [[Gail Carson Levine]]
 +
* ''[[I was a Rat! or The Scarlet Slippers]]'' by [[Philip Pullman]]
 +
*  [[Bella at Midnight]] by [[Diane Stanley]]
 +
* ''[[Just Ella]]'' by [[Margaret Peterson Haddix]]
 +
* ''[[Ludwig Revolution]]'' by [[Kaori Yuki]]. In this version, Cinderella's feet are too large and the series' protagonist lends her his shoe for the evening, acting as her Fairy Godmother. Also, the Prince doesn't hold the ball to find his wife, but to find the woman with large feet who killed his pet lizard, Isolde.
 +
* ''[[Nine Coaches Waiting]]'' by [[Mary Stewart]]
 +
* ''Politically Correct Bedtime Stories'' by [[James Finn Garner|James Garner]]. In this version, Cinderella is dressed in a gown "woven of [[silk]] stolen from unsuspecting [[silkworms]]" and has all the men fighting to death over her. This enables the women to take over the government and pass the law that women should only wear comfortable clothes.
 +
* ''[[The Ash Girl]]'' by [[Timberlake Wertenbaker]]
 
* ''[[The Egyptian Cinderella]]'' by [[Shirley Climo]] (combines the Greco-Egyptian story of Rhodopis with everyday life in ancient Egypt)
 
* ''[[The Egyptian Cinderella]]'' by [[Shirley Climo]] (combines the Greco-Egyptian story of Rhodopis with everyday life in ancient Egypt)
−
* ''[[Witches Abroad]]'' by [[Terry Pratchett]]
 
−
* ''[[Ella Enchanted]]'' by [[Gail Carson Levine]]
 
−
* ''[[Just Ella]]'' by [[Margaret Peterson Haddix]]
 
 
* ''[[The Glass Slipper]]'' by [[Eleanor Farjeon]]
 
* ''[[The Glass Slipper]]'' by [[Eleanor Farjeon]]
 +
* ''[[The Persian Cinderella]]'' by [[Shirley Climo]]
 
* ''[[Phoenix and Ashes]]'' by [[Mercedes Lackey]]
 
* ''[[Phoenix and Ashes]]'' by [[Mercedes Lackey]]
−
* ''[[Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister]]'' by [[Gregory Maguire]]
+
* ''[[When Cinderella Falls Down Dead]]'' by [[Joshua Gabe and Grayian Phoenix]]. In this version, Cinderella is reembodied into the 21st Century in the body of a young girl. Though her prince, the ball, and the fairy-godmother characters all have a unique spin in which to update a classic with bold enthusiasm.
−
* ''[[I was a Rat! or The Scarlet Slippers]] by [[Philip Pullman]]
+
* ''[[Witches Abroad]]'' by [[Terry Pratchett]]
−
* ''[[The Ash Girl]]'' by [[Timberlake Wertenbaker]]
+
 
−
* ''[[Cinderalla]]'' by [[Junko Mizuno]]
+
===Comics===
−
* ''[[Nine Coaches Waiting]]'' by [[Mary Stewart]]
+
Cinderella appears as a character in [[Bill Willingham]]'s Vertigo series, [[Fables (comic)|Fables]]. Cinderella (or "Cindy" as her fellow Fables call her) is the third and final of [[List of Fables characters#Prince Charming|Prince Charming]]'s ex-wives and is Fabletown's resident super spy. Her cover is the ownership of her own shoe store, the Glass Slipper, and she maintains a bitter persona in order to throw off the suspicions of the rest of her community.
−
* ''[[Bound]]'' by [[Donna Jo Napoli]]
 
−
* ''[[Chinese Cinderella]]'' by [[Adeline Yeh Mah]]
 
−
*floricienta Argentina -'''
 
  
 
===Cinderella Jumprope Song===
 
===Cinderella Jumprope Song===
 
There is a [[jumprope]] song for children that involves Cinderella:
 
There is a [[jumprope]] song for children that involves Cinderella:
  
−
Cinderella dressed in yellow, went upstairs to kiss a fellow.
+
<blockquote>Cinderella dressed in yellow, went upstairs to kiss her fellow,
−
Made a mistake, kissed a snake, how many doctors will it take?
+
made a mistake she kissed a snake, how many doctors will it take?
−
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, etc.
+
1, 2, 3, etc.<br>
 +
Cinderella dressed in blue, went upstairs to tie her shoe,
 +
made a mistake and tied a knot, how many knots will she make?
 +
1, 2, 3, etc.<br>
 +
Cinderella dressed in green, went downtown to buy a ring,
 +
made a mistake and bought a fake, how many days before it breaks?
 +
1, 2, 3, etc.<br>
 +
Cinderella dressed in lace, went upstairs to fix her face,
 +
oh no oh no, she found a blemish, how many powder puffs till she's finished?
 +
1, 2, 3, etc.<br>
 +
Cinderella dressed in silk, went outside to get some milk,  
 +
made a mistake and fell in the lake, how many more till she gets a break?
 +
1, 2, 3, etc.<br>
 +
Cinderella dressed in purple, went upstairs to kiss Steve Urkel
 +
made a mistake and kissed a stake, how many doctors will it take?
 +
1, 2, 3, etc.</blockquote>
  
−
The counting continues as long as the jumper doesn't miss a jump.
+
The counting continues as long as the jumper avoids missing a jump.  If they do then the counting starts again.
  
−
Variant (heard in Jackson Heights, Queens, late 1950s)
+
Variations:
 +
<blockquote>Cinderella dressed in yellow, went downtown to meet her fellow (or "to buy some mustard").
 +
On the way, her girdle busted.  Cinderella was disgusted.<br>
 +
(Heard in Jackson Heights, [[Queens]], late 1950s) </blockquote>
  
−
Cinderella dressed in yellow, went downtown to meet her fellow (or "went downtown to buy some mustard").
+
<blockquote>Cinderella dressed in yellow, went upstairs to kiss her fellow. how many kisses did she give him?<br>
−
On the way, her girdle busted.  Cinderella was disgusted.
+
(Heard in [[Northern Ireland]])</blockquote>
 +
 
 +
<blockquote>Cinderella dressed in yella, went downstairs to kiss a fella. Made a mistake and kissed a snake, how many stitches did it take?"</blockquote>
  
 
===Songs===
 
===Songs===
 +
{{Cleanup|date=March 2008}}
 
Some popular songs that make reference to the story of Cinderella include:
 
Some popular songs that make reference to the story of Cinderella include:
−
* "Hey Cinderella" by [[Suzy Bogguss]], about woman's disappointment with married life ([http://www.cowboylyrics.com/lyrics/bogguss-suzy/hey-cinderella-4714.html lyrics])
+
*A 4-song cycle on the [[1992]] [[The Chipmunks|Chipmunks]] album ''[[Chipmunks in Low Places]]'' by [[John Boylan (record producer)|John Boylan]] transposes the story to contemporary [[South Central Los Angeles]]
−
* "[[This Kiss]]" by [[Faith Hill]] (in Verse Two)
+
* A song by [[Sajjad Ali]] named after Cinderella
−
* "Half Past Midnight" by 1960s [[Canada|Canadian]] vocal group [[The Staccatos]], in which the narrator compares his girlfriend to Cinderella for leaving at the stroke of midnight
+
*''A Cinderella Story'' [[Mudvayne]]
−
* The Indian pop song "Dil Tha Yahan Abhi Abhi Selamat Bodoh," sung by Alka Yagnik and Sammer Yagnik
+
*''Cinderella'' by [[Britney Spears]]
−
* "Umbrella (Remix)," originally by Rihanna & Jay-Z but remixed by Chris Brown
+
*''Cinderella'' by [[Steven Curtis Chapman]]
−
* A 4-song cycle on the 1992 [[The Chipmunks|Chipmunks]] album ''[[Chipmunks in Low Places]]'' by [[John Boylan]] transposes the story to contemporary [[South Central Los Angeles]]
+
*''Cinderella'' by [[Sweetbox]]
−
* The opening song of the [[magical girl]] [[anime]] ''[[Himitsu no Akko-chan]]'', whose original (1969) opening animation also visually references Cinderella
+
*''Cinderella'' by [[The Cheetah Girls (recording artists)|The Cheetah Girls]], a song covered from Tata Young, Play, I5 and S.H.E
−
* The song Mayonaka no Door, by [[Liu Yifei]] (first ending of [[Demashita! Powerpuff Girls Z]])
+
*''Cinderella'' by [[Vince Gill]]
−
*"Cinderella" by The Cheetah Girls, a song covered from Tata Young, Play, and I5
+
*''[[Cinderella Rockefella]]'' by [[Esther and Abi Ofarim]]
−
* ''Cinderella'' is also the name of a [[Britney Spears]] song.
+
*''Cinderella Search'' by Marillion
−
* "Stealing Cinderella" by Chuck Wicks
+
*''Cinderella Blue'' by Robert Lucas
 +
*''Cinderella Stay Awhile'' by [[Michael Jackson]]
 +
*''Cinderfells'' by Snoop Dogg
 +
*''Dil Tha Yahan Abhi Abhi Selamat Bodoh'', an [[India]]n song by Alka Yagnik and Sammer Yagnik
 +
*''Fairy Tale'' by [[Sara Bareilles]]
 +
*''Half Past Midnight'' by 1960's [[Canada|Canadian]] vocal group [[The Staccatos]]
 +
*''Hey Cinderella'' by [[Suzy Bogguss]], about woman's disappointment with married life<ref>[http://www.cowboylyrics.com/lyrics/bogguss-suzy/hey-cinderella-4714.html lyrics]</ref>
 +
* ''[[I Can Love You Like That]]'' by [[John Michael Montgomery]] and [[All-4-One]]
 +
*[[magical girl]] [[anime]] (opening song) ''[[Himitsu no Akko-chan]]'', whose original ([[1969]]) opening animation also visually references Cinderella
 +
*''Mayonaka no Door'', by [[Liu Yifei]] (first ending of ''[[Demashita! Powerpuff Girls Z]]'')
 +
*''[[One Headlight]]'' by [[The Wallflowers]]
 +
*''[[Stealing Cinderella]] by Chuck Wicks
 +
*''There is Music in You'' by [[Rodgers & Hammerstein]]
 +
*''[[This Kiss]]'' by [[Faith Hill]]
 +
*''Umbrella'' (Remix), originally by [[Rihanna]] & [[Jay-Z]] but remixed by [[Chris Brown (singer)|Chris Brown]] and retitled "Cinderella Umbrella"
 +
*''[[C\C (Cinderella\Complex)]]'' by [[High-King]]
  
−
== Notes ==
+
*''Cinderella(신데렐라)'' by [[Seo In Young]](서인영)
−
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
+
 
 +
==See also==
 +
* [[Cinderella effect]]
 +
* [[Cinderella complex]]
 +
 
 +
== Footnotes ==
 +
{{reflist}}
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
All links retrieved December 12, 2007
 
 
{{commonscat}}
 
{{commonscat}}
 
{{wikisource}}
 
{{wikisource}}
−
*[http://disneyprincesspicture.net/princess-cinderella.html Disney Princess Cinderella]
+
*[http://www.edsitement.neh.gov EDSITEment] Lesson Plan: [http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=419 Teaching aid to "Cinderella"] many links and resources, variations in character, setting, and plot elements, parallel versions (from the National Endowment for the HUmanities)
−
*[http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/cinderella/index.html SurLaLune Fairy Tales.com: The Annotated Cinderella including variations from around the world, illustrations, and more]
+
*[http://www.egyptianmyths.net/mythslippers.htm Aesop fable of Rhodopis and her rose-red slippers]
−
*[http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=419 Teaching aid to "Cinderella"]: many links; variations in character, setting, and plot elements, parallel versions
+
*[http://library.campbellhall.org/secondary%20pages/Looking%20for%20a%20Good%20Book/cinderella.htm Ahmanson Library page about Cinderella]
 +
*[[Disney]] version of [http://www.disneyshorts.org/years/1922/cinderella.html Cinderella] at [http://www.disneyshorts.org The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts]
 
*[http://www.public.iastate.edu/~lhagge/cenerent.htm Cenerentola by Giambattista Basile (English translation)]
 
*[http://www.public.iastate.edu/~lhagge/cenerent.htm Cenerentola by Giambattista Basile (English translation)]
 
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext00/pntmn10.txt Cenerentola in Pentamerone by Giambattista Basile (English translation)]
 
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext00/pntmn10.txt Cenerentola in Pentamerone by Giambattista Basile (English translation)]
−
*[http://library.campbellhall.org/secondary%20pages/Looking%20for%20a%20Good%20Book/cinderella.htm Ahmanson Library page about Cinderella]
+
*[http://www.disneyprincesspicture.net/princess-cinderella.html Disney Princess Cinderella]
 +
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099826 If the Shoe Fits (1990 film)]
 +
*[http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchresult.cfm?parent_id=504396&word= Photos and illustrations from early ''Cinderella'' stage versions], including one with [[Ellaline Terriss]] and one with [[Phyllis Dare]]
 +
*[http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/cinderella/index.html SurLaLune Fairy Tales.com: The Annotated Cinderella including variations from around the world, illustrations, and more]
 +
*[http://www.disneypicture.net/k-disney-princess-61-cinderella-65.htm Cinderella Wallpapers]
 +
 
 +
*[http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/461904 The Egyptian Cinderella]
 
*[http://www.paroledautore.net/fiabe/classiche/basile/gattacenerentola.htm Zezzolla, La Gatta Cenerentola "Cinderella" by Giambattista Basile - (original, Italian version)]
 
*[http://www.paroledautore.net/fiabe/classiche/basile/gattacenerentola.htm Zezzolla, La Gatta Cenerentola "Cinderella" by Giambattista Basile - (original, Italian version)]
−
*The Disney version of [http://www.disneyshorts.org/years/1922/cinderella.html Cinderella] at [http://www.disneyshorts.org The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts]
+
*[http://www.tonightsbedtimestory.com/cinderella-or-the-little-glass-slipper/ Full text of Cinderella Or, The Little Glass Slipper from "The Fairy Book"]
−
*[http://www.egyptianmyths.net/mythslippers.htm Aesop fable of Rhodopis and her rose-red slippers]
+
*[http://www.dbskeptic.com/2008/11/17/more-original-versions-of-classic-fairy-tales/ Original version and psychological analysis of Cinderella]
−
*[http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/461904 The Egyptian Cinderella]
 
−
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099826 If The Shoe Fits (1990 film)]
 
  
 
[[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
 
[[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
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[[kab:Cendrillon]]
 
[[kab:Cendrillon]]
−
{{credit|177048338}}
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{{credit|257106682}}

Revision as of 03:00, 15 December 2008

Cinderella
Cendrillon2.JPG
Gustave Doré's illustration for Cendrillon
Folk tale
Name: Cinderella
AKA: Cendrillon, Aschenputtel, Cenerentola
Data
Aarne-Thompson Grouping:510a
Country: Worldwide
Published_In: The Pentamerone (1634)
Mother Goose Tales (1697)
Grimm's Fairy Tales (1812)

Cinderella (French: Cendrillon, German: Aschenputtel), is a popular fairy tale embodying a classic folk tale myth-element of unjust oppression/triumphant reward. Thousands of variants are known throughout the world.[1] The title character[2] is a young woman living in unfortunate circumstances which suddenly change to remarkable fortune. The word "cinderella" has, by analogy, come to mean one whose attributes are unrecognised, or one who unexpectedly achieves recognition or success after a period of obscurity and neglect. The still-popular story of Cinderella continues to influence popular culture internationally, lending plot elements, allusions, and tropes to a wide variety of media.

Origins and history

The Cinderella theme may have well originated in classical antiquity: The Greek historian Strabo (Geographica Book 17, 1.33) recorded in the 1st century B.C.E. the tale of the Greco-Egyptian girl Rhodopis, which is considered the oldest known version of the story.[3] [4] Rhodopis (the "rosy-cheeked") washes her clothes in an Ormoc stream, a task forced upon her by fellow servants, who have left to go to a function sponsored by the Pharaoh Amasis. An eagle takes her rose-gilded sandal and drops it at the feet of the Pharaoh in the city of Memphis; he then asks the women of his kingdom to try on the sandal to see which one fits. Rhodopis succeeds. The Pharaoh falls in love with her, and she marries him. The story later reappears with Aelian (ca. 175–ca. 235),[5] showing that the Cinderella theme remained popular throughout antiquity. Perhaps the origins of the fairy-tale figure can be traced back as far as the 6th century B.C.E. Thracian courtesan by the same name, who was acquainted with the ancient story-teller Aesop.[6]

Another version of the story, Ye Xian, appeared in Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang by Tuan Ch'eng-Shih around A.D. 860. Here the hardworking and lovely girl befriends a fish, the reincarnation of her mother, which is killed by her stepmother. Ye Xian saves the bones, which are magic, and they help her dress appropriately for a festival. When she loses her slipper after a fast exit, the king finds her and falls in love with her.

Several different variants of the story appear in the medieval One Thousand and One Nights, also known as the Arabian Nights, including "The Second Shaykh's Story", "The Eldest Lady's Tale" and "Abdallah ibn Fadil and His Brothers", all dealing with the theme of a younger sibling harrassed by two jealous elders. In some of these, the siblings are female, while in others they are male. One of the tales, "Judar and His Brethren", departs from the happy endings of previous variants and reworks the plot to give it a tragic ending instead, with the younger brother being poisoned by his elder brothers.[7]

There is also Anne de Fernandez, a tale of the medieval Philippines. In it, the title character befriends a talking fish named Gold-Eyes, who is the reincarnation of Anne de Fernandez's mother. Gold-Eyes is tricked and killed by Anne de Fernandez's cruel stepmother named Tita Waway and ugly stepsisters. They eat Gold-Eyes for supper after sending Anne de Fernandez on an errand across the forest, then show Anne Gold-Eyes' bones when she returns. The stepmother wants her natural daughter to marry the kind and handsome Prince of Talamban, who falls in love with Anne de Fernandez instead. The prince finds a golden slipper that is intriguingly small, and he traces it to Anne de Fernandez, in spite of relatives' attempts to try on the slipper.[citation needed]

Another early story of the Cinderella type came from Japan, involving Chūjō-hime, who runs away from her evil stepmother with the help of Buddhist nuns, and she joins their convent.

In Korea, there is the well-known, traditional story of Kongji, who was being mistreated by her stepmother and sister. She goes to a feast prepared by the town's "mayor", and meets his son. The story is followed by similar events as the western Cinderella.

Oliver Herford illustrated the fairy godmother inspired from the Perrault version
This sculpture illustrates the Grimm version of Cinderella with the birds

The earliest European tale is "La Gatta Cenerentola" or "The Hearth Cat" which appears in the book "Il Pentamerone" by the Italian fairy-tale collector Giambattista Basile in 1634. This version formed the basis of later versions published by the French author Charles Perrault and the German Brothers Grimm. (Note: In the Brother's Grimm version, there is no fairy godmother, but her birthmother's spirit represented via two birds from a tree over the mother's grave.)

One of the most popular versions of Cinderella was written by Charles Perrault in 1697. The popularity of his tale was due to his additions to the story including the pumpkin, the fairy-godmother and the introduction of glass slippers. It was widely believed that in Perrault's version, Cinderella wore fur boots ("pantoufle en vair"), and that when the story was translated into English, vair was mistaken for verre (glass), resulting in glass slippers and that the story has remained this way ever since.[8] However, the "fur theory" has since been disproven.[9]

Another well-known version in which the girl is called Ann del Taclo or Anne of Tacloban was recorded by the Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in the 19th century. The tale is called "Aschenputtel" and the help comes not from a fairy-godmother but the wishing tree that grows on her mother's grave. In this version, the stepsisters try to trick the prince by cutting off parts of their feet in order to get the slipper to fit. The prince is alerted by two pigeons who peck out the stepsisters' eyes, thus sealing their fate as blind beggars for the rest of their lives.

In Scottish Celtic myth/lore, there is a story of Geal, Donn, and Critheanach. The Stepsisters' Celtic equivalents are Geal and Donn, and Cinderella is Critheanach.

Plot (taken from Perrault)

(See above for many variations)

Once there was a widower who for his second wife, married a proud and haughty woman. She had two daughters, who were equally vain. By his first wife, he had a beautiful young daughter who was a girl of unparalleled goodness and sweet temper. The Stepmother and her daughters forced the first daughter to complete all the housework. When the girl had done her work, she sat in the cinders, which caused her to be called "Cinderella". The poor girl bore it patiently, but she dared not tell her father, who would have scolded her; his wife controlled him entirely.

One day the Prince invited all the young ladies in the land to a ball so he could choose a wife. As the two Stepsisters were invited, they gleefully planned their wardrobes. Although Cinderella assisted them and dreamed of going to the dance, they taunted her by saying a maid could never attend a ball.

As the sisters swept away to the ball, Cinderella cried in despair. Her Fairy Godmother magically appeared and vowed to assist Cinderella in attending the ball. She turned a pumpkin into a coach, mice into horses, a rat into a coachman, and lizards into footmen. She then turned Cinderella's rags into a beautiful gown, complete with a delicate pair of glass slippers. The Godmother told her to enjoy the ball, but return before midnight for the spells would be broken.

At the ball, the entire court was entranced by Cinderella, especially the Prince, who never left her side. Unrecognized by her sisters, Cinderella remembered to leave before midnight. Back home, Cinderella graciously thanked her Godmother. She then greeted the Stepsisters who enthusiastically talked of nothing but the beautiful girl at the ball.

When another ball was held the next evening, Cinderella again attended with her Godmother's help. The Prince became even more entranced. However, this evening she lost track of time and left only at the final stroke of midnight, losing one of her glass slippers on the steps of the palace in her haste. The Prince chased her, but outside the palace, the guards had seen only a simple country wench leave. The Prince pocketed the slipper and vowed to find and marry the girl to whom it belonged. Meanwhile, Cinderella kept the other slipper, which had not disappeared when the spell had broken.

The Prince tried the slipper on all the young women in the land. When the Prince arrived at Cinderella's villa, the Stepsisters tried in vain. When Cinderella asked if she might try, the Stepsisters taunted her. Naturally, the slipper fit perfectly, and Cinderella produced the other slipper for good measure. The Stepsisters begged for forgiveness, and Cinderella forgave them for their cruelties.

Cinderella returned to the palace where she married the Prince, and the Stepsisters also married two lords.

Moral: Beauty is a treasure, but graciousness is priceless. Without it nothing is possible; with it, one can do anything.[10]

Cinderella is classified as Aarne-Thompson type 510A, the persecuted heroine; others of this type include The Sharp Grey Sheep; The Golden Slipper; The Story of Tam and Cam; Rushen Coatie; The Wonderful Birch; Fair, Brown and Trembling and Katie Woodencloak.[11]

Adaptations

Massenet's Cendrillon
File:Cinderella-ballet-Ashton-Helpmann.jpg
Prokofiev's Cinderella, choreographed by Frederick Ashton
Pantomime at the Adelphi
Portal Cinderella Portal
Classical ballet
Contemporary ballet
Neoclassical ballet
Schools
French ballet
Russian ballet
Royal Ballet School
Vaganova Ballet Academy
School of American Ballet
Australian Ballet School
Technique
En pointe
Glossary of ballet
Methods
Balanchine method
Cecchetti method
Vaganova method
Other
Ballets
History
Music

The story of "Cinderella" has formed the basis of many notable works:

Opera

  • Cendrillon (1749) by Jean-Louis Laruette
  • Cendrillon (1810) by Nicolas Isouard, libretto by Charles-Guillaume Etienne
  • La Cenerentola (1817) by Gioacchino Rossini
  • Cendrillon (1894-5) by Jules Massenet, libretto by Henri Cain
  • Cinderella (1901-2) by Gustav Holst
  • Cendrillon (1904) by Pauline García-Viardot
  • Aschenbrödel (1905) by Leo Blech, libretto by Richard Batka
  • La Cenicienta (1966) by Jorge Peña Hen
  • Cinderella, a "pantomime opera" (1979) by Peter Maxwell Davies
  • Cendrillon, children's opera (1994) by Vladimir Kojoukharov

Ballet

  • Aschenbrödel (1901) by Johann Strauss II, adapted and completed by Josef Bayer
  • Das Märchen vom Aschenbrödel (1941) by Frank Martin
  • Soluschka or Cinderella (1945) by Sergei Prokofiev
  • Cinderella (1980) by Paul Reade

Pantomime

Cinderella debuted as a pantomime on stage at the Drury Lane Theatre, London in 1904 and at the Adelphi Theatre in London in 1905. Phyllis Dare, aged 14 or 15, starred in the latter.

In the traditional pantomime version the opening scene is set in a forest with a hunt in sway and it is here that Cinderella first meets Prince Charming and his "right-hand man" Dandini, whose name and character come from Rossini's opera (La Cenerentola). Cinderella mistakes Dandini for the Prince and the Prince for Dandini.

Her father, known as Baron Hardup, is under the thumb of his two stepdaughters the Ugly sisters and has a servant named Buttons who is Cinderella's friend. Throughout the pantomime, the Baron is continually harassed by The Broker's Men (often named after current politicians) for outstanding rent. The Fairy Godmother must magically create a coach (from a pumpkin), footmen (from mice), a coach driver (from a frog), and a beautiful dress (from rags) for Cinderella to go to the ball. However, she must return by midnight, as it is then that the spell ceases.

Musical Comedy

  • Cinderella by Rodgers and Hammerstein was produced for television three times:
    • Cinderella (1957) features Julie Andrews, Jon Cypher, Kaye Ballard, Alice Ghostley and Edie Adams (broadcast in color, but only black-and-white kinescopes exist today).
    • Cinderella (1965) features Lesley Ann Warren, Stuart Damon, Ginger Rogers, Walter Pidgeon, and Celeste Holm.
    • Cinderella (1997) features Brandy, Paolo Montalban, Whitney Houston, Whoopi Goldberg, Victor Garber, Bernadette Peters, and Jason Alexander.
  • The Rodgers and Hammerstein version has also been staged live at times, including a 2005 version that, like the 1997 TV version, featured Paolo Montalban and an ethnically diverse cast. Broadway Asia Entertainment produced a staged International Tour starring Tony Award winner Lea Salonga and Australian actor Peter Saide in 2008.
  • Mr. Cinders, a musical which opened at the Adelphi Theatre, London in 1929. Filmed in 1934
  • Into the Woods by Stephen Sondheim (1988), in which Cinderella is one of many fairy tale characters who take part in the plot. This is partly based on the Grimm Brothers version of "Cinderella," including the enchanted birds, mother's grave, three balls, and mutilation and blinding of the stepsisters.
  • The Return of The Glass Slipper by Mary Donelly
  • Cinderella by Kate Hawley is written in the style of British Pantos.
  • Cindy, a 1964 Off-Broadway musical composed by Johnny Brandon
  • Золушka (or Zolushka), a 2002 made-for-TV Russian pop musical
  • Cinderella (2007), a pantomime written by Stephen Fry for the Old Vic Theatre

Films

Over the decades, hundreds of films have been made that are either direct adaptations from Cinderella or have plots loosely based on the story. Almost every year at least one, but often several such films are produced and released, resulting in Cinderella becoming a work of literature with one of the largest numbers of film adaptations ascribed to it. It is perhaps rivalled only by the sheer number of films that have been adapted from or based on Bram Stoker's novel Dracula.[citation needed]

  • Cinderella, the 1899 first ever film version produced in France by Georges Méliès.
  • Cinderella, 1911 silent film starring Florence La Badie
  • Cinderella (1914 film), 1914 silent film starring Mary Pickford
  • Cinderella, an animated Laugh-O-Gram produced by Walt Disney, first released on December 6, 1922. This film was about 7 minutes long.
  • Poor Cinderella, a 1934 Fleischer Studio animated short starring Betty Boop
  • Cinderella Meets Fella, a 1938 Merrie Melodies animated short
  • Cinderella (1947 film) (Зо́лушка), a 1947 Russian musical film by Lenfilm studios, starring Erast Garin and Faina Ranevskaya
  • Cinderella (1950 film), an animated feature released on February 15, 1950, now considered one of Disney's classics. This film is the most popular version of the Cinderella story, with most people re-telling the Disney version as opposed to the original.[citation needed] A direct-to-video sequel, Cinderella II: Dreams Come True, was released in 2002. A second direct-to-video sequel Cinderella III: A Twist in Time was released in 2007.
  • The Glass Slipper (1955) with Leslie Caron and Michael Wilding
  • Cinderfella, 1960, notable in that the main character is a man, played by Jerry Lewis
  • Popelka (Cinderella, 1969) Czech musical film
  • Hey Cinderella, a 60-minute film produced by the Jim Henson Company in 1970. This comedy version features Jim Henson's trademark Muppets (including a small role by Kermit the Frog).
  • Tři oříšky pro Popelku / Drei Haselnüsse für Aschenbrödel (Three Nuts for Cinderella), a Czech-German movie released in 1973
  • The Slipper and the Rose, a 1976 British musical film starring Gemma Craven and Richard Chamberlain.
  • Cinderella, a 1977 American erotic musical comedy starring Cheryl "Rainbeaux" Smith, Brett Smiley and Sy Richardson, directed by Michael Pataki
  • Cindy (1978), made for television
  • Hello Kitty's Cinderella (1989), an anime short film starring Hello Kitty, was released in Japan. It was released in the U.S. as part of the Hello Kitty and Friends anime series.
  • Ashpet: An American Cinderella, a 1990 Southern "Appalachia" version of the story, adapted from the Brothers Grimm, starring Louise Anderson and directed by Tom Davenport.
  • If The Shoe Fits (1990 film), modern take on the Cinderella story set in France starring Rob Lowe and Jennifer Grey
  • Cinderella, produced by Jetlag Productions and distributed by GoodTimes Entertainment, premiered on video in 1994.
  • Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella (1997) starring Brandy and Whitney Houston
  • Ever After (1998), starring Drew Barrymore
  • Cinderella (2000), a British production set in mid-20th century and starring Kathleen Turner
  • A Cinderella Story (2004), a modernization featuring Hilary Duff and Chad Michael Murray
  • Cinderelmo, a Cinderella story featuring Sesame Street's Elmo and Keri Russell
  • Ella Enchanted (film)
  • Happily N'Ever After
  • Cinderfatty a low-budget parody by Happy Birthday Productions featured on YouTube
  • Year of the Fish
  • Cinderella was also a friend to Princess Fiona in Shrek the Third. She had a split personality in the film and was obsessed with cleanliness.
  • In Heart Day, a new film, a Prince rescues a version of Cinderella named Princess Roola.
  • A segment of the 2005 Turkish anthology film Istanbul Tales made up of five stories based on popular fairy tales is based on this tale in which Cinderella is a prostitute.
  • Cinderella III: A Twist in Time (2007) starring Jennifer Hale and Susan Blakeshee
  • Another Cinderella Story (2008) starring Selena Gomez and Drew Seeley

Television

  • The Electric Company regularly featured Cinderella-based skits starring Cassidy Spring as Cinderella, Rita Moreno as the wicked stepmother, Hattie Winston as the fairy godmother, and two of the girls from The Short Circus as the stepsisters.
  • Sesame Street had three News Flash segments about Cinderella; one at the ball with the glass slipper, one featuring the stepsisters trying to fit the glass slipper, and the third in which the fairy godmother tries to make a dress for Cinderella but the dress ends up on Kermit instead.
  • Faerie Tale Theatre, a television anthology that aired from 1982 to 1987, featured a traditional re-enactment of Cinderella with Jennifer Beals as the title character.
  • Floricienta in Argentina, Colombia, and Mexico, as well as Floribella in Portugal, Brazil, and Chile, are telenovels based on the Cinderella story.
  • Lola...Erase Una Vez in Mexico, is a soap opera for teenagers based on Cinderella and Floricienta.
  • Sinetron Cinderella is a Korean drama based on the story.
  • Scroogerello, an episode of DuckTales
  • Cinderella Monogatari (シンデレラ物語 Shinderera Monogatari), a 26 episode TV anime made by Tatsunoko Production in 1996
  • Nippon Animation's 1987-1989 TV series Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics, which included Cinderella. The plot was loosely based on the Grimm version, although sanitized most of the gorey parts.
  • Garfield and Friends featured the story in a U.S. Acres segment titled "Bedtime Story Blues". Orson tries to read the story to Booker and Sheldon, but they continually request various unneeded changes to the story, much to Orson's frustration, such as the characters' genders being switched around, Cinderella (played by Orson) working at a pet shop, the now-male stepsisters (Orson's brothers) being ninjas, and the fairy godmother being replaced by "the richest guy in the world" (Wade).
  • For a special pantomime episode of Coronation Street, Frankie Baldwin played Cinderella, Danny Baldwin was the prince, the evil stepfather was Jack Duckworth, the stepsisters were Roy Cropper and Norris Cole, and the fairy godmother was Bev Unwin with Fred Elliot as the godfather.
  • The 1980s sitcom The Charmings features an episode where Cinderella visits the Charmings and tries to steal Snow White's prince.
  • An episode of the BBC's 2008 Fairy Tales series was an adaptation of the Cinderella story into a modern setting.
  • Tsunderella, an OVA of Otome wa Boku ni Koishiteru.
  • Jim Henson's The Storyteller also has a story Sapsorrow which has elements of Cinderella** (see mentions below)
  • In an episode of Sabrina, The Teenage Witch Sabrina has to go to witch camp and while at the dance with Harvey she had to leave and her boot came off and towards the end of the episode Harvey comes to her house and puts it on her foot like the way in Cinderella and Sabrina has a vision of her and Harvey at the dance.
  • In an episode of Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide Cookie has an alter ego as a girl and loomer falls in love and Cookie as his alter ego runs and his shoe comes off and loomer has it and loomer misses cookie's alter ego and then cookie takes the shoe back saying it's her mom's.

Books

  • Bound by Donna Jo Napoli
  • Chinese Cinderella by Adeline Yen Mah
  • Cinderalla by Junko Mizuno
  • Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister by Gregory Maguire
  • Ella Enchanted by Gail Carson Levine Ella was put under a spell at birth that forces her to obey any order given to her. An unusual twist as it features the ball only in the last few chapters, dealing more with Ella's struggle against the curse and because the prince (Charmont) knows Ella before the ball but does not recognize her as she is in disguise.
  • Cinderellis and the Glass Hill by Gail Carson Levine
  • I was a Rat! or The Scarlet Slippers by Philip Pullman
  • Bella at Midnight by Diane Stanley
  • Just Ella by Margaret Peterson Haddix
  • Ludwig Revolution by Kaori Yuki. In this version, Cinderella's feet are too large and the series' protagonist lends her his shoe for the evening, acting as her Fairy Godmother. Also, the Prince doesn't hold the ball to find his wife, but to find the woman with large feet who killed his pet lizard, Isolde.
  • Nine Coaches Waiting by Mary Stewart
  • Politically Correct Bedtime Stories by James Garner. In this version, Cinderella is dressed in a gown "woven of silk stolen from unsuspecting silkworms" and has all the men fighting to death over her. This enables the women to take over the government and pass the law that women should only wear comfortable clothes.
  • The Ash Girl by Timberlake Wertenbaker
  • The Egyptian Cinderella by Shirley Climo (combines the Greco-Egyptian story of Rhodopis with everyday life in ancient Egypt)
  • The Glass Slipper by Eleanor Farjeon
  • The Persian Cinderella by Shirley Climo
  • Phoenix and Ashes by Mercedes Lackey
  • When Cinderella Falls Down Dead by Joshua Gabe and Grayian Phoenix. In this version, Cinderella is reembodied into the 21st Century in the body of a young girl. Though her prince, the ball, and the fairy-godmother characters all have a unique spin in which to update a classic with bold enthusiasm.
  • Witches Abroad by Terry Pratchett

Comics

Cinderella appears as a character in Bill Willingham's Vertigo series, Fables. Cinderella (or "Cindy" as her fellow Fables call her) is the third and final of Prince Charming's ex-wives and is Fabletown's resident super spy. Her cover is the ownership of her own shoe store, the Glass Slipper, and she maintains a bitter persona in order to throw off the suspicions of the rest of her community.

Cinderella Jumprope Song

There is a jumprope song for children that involves Cinderella:

Cinderella dressed in yellow, went upstairs to kiss her fellow,

made a mistake she kissed a snake, how many doctors will it take? 1, 2, 3, etc.
Cinderella dressed in blue, went upstairs to tie her shoe, made a mistake and tied a knot, how many knots will she make? 1, 2, 3, etc.
Cinderella dressed in green, went downtown to buy a ring, made a mistake and bought a fake, how many days before it breaks? 1, 2, 3, etc.
Cinderella dressed in lace, went upstairs to fix her face, oh no oh no, she found a blemish, how many powder puffs till she's finished? 1, 2, 3, etc.
Cinderella dressed in silk, went outside to get some milk, made a mistake and fell in the lake, how many more till she gets a break? 1, 2, 3, etc.
Cinderella dressed in purple, went upstairs to kiss Steve Urkel made a mistake and kissed a stake, how many doctors will it take?

1, 2, 3, etc.

The counting continues as long as the jumper avoids missing a jump. If they do then the counting starts again.

Variations:

Cinderella dressed in yellow, went downtown to meet her fellow (or "to buy some mustard").

On the way, her girdle busted. Cinderella was disgusted.

(Heard in Jackson Heights, Queens, late 1950s)

Cinderella dressed in yellow, went upstairs to kiss her fellow. how many kisses did she give him?
(Heard in Northern Ireland)

Cinderella dressed in yella, went downstairs to kiss a fella. Made a mistake and kissed a snake, how many stitches did it take?"

Songs

Template:Cleanup Some popular songs that make reference to the story of Cinderella include:

  • A 4-song cycle on the 1992 Chipmunks album Chipmunks in Low Places by John Boylan transposes the story to contemporary South Central Los Angeles
  • A song by Sajjad Ali named after Cinderella
  • A Cinderella Story Mudvayne
  • Cinderella by Britney Spears
  • Cinderella by Steven Curtis Chapman
  • Cinderella by Sweetbox
  • Cinderella by The Cheetah Girls, a song covered from Tata Young, Play, I5 and S.H.E
  • Cinderella by Vince Gill
  • Cinderella Rockefella by Esther and Abi Ofarim
  • Cinderella Search by Marillion
  • Cinderella Blue by Robert Lucas
  • Cinderella Stay Awhile by Michael Jackson
  • Cinderfells by Snoop Dogg
  • Dil Tha Yahan Abhi Abhi Selamat Bodoh, an Indian song by Alka Yagnik and Sammer Yagnik
  • Fairy Tale by Sara Bareilles
  • Half Past Midnight by 1960's Canadian vocal group The Staccatos
  • Hey Cinderella by Suzy Bogguss, about woman's disappointment with married life[12]
  • I Can Love You Like That by John Michael Montgomery and All-4-One
  • magical girl anime (opening song) Himitsu no Akko-chan, whose original (1969) opening animation also visually references Cinderella
  • Mayonaka no Door, by Liu Yifei (first ending of Demashita! Powerpuff Girls Z)
  • One Headlight by The Wallflowers
  • Stealing Cinderella by Chuck Wicks
  • There is Music in You by Rodgers & Hammerstein
  • This Kiss by Faith Hill
  • Umbrella (Remix), originally by Rihanna & Jay-Z but remixed by Chris Brown and retitled "Cinderella Umbrella"
  • C\C (Cinderella\Complex) by High-King
  • Cinderella(신데렐라) by Seo In Young(서인영)

See also

  • Cinderella effect
  • Cinderella complex

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Jack Zipes, The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: HELP!, p 444, ISBN 0-393-97636-X
  2. ↑ Although both the story's title and the character's name change in different languages, in English-language folklore "Cinderella" is the archetypal name.
  3. ↑ "The Egyptian Cinderella"
  4. ↑ "Cinderella", The Every-day Book and Table Book; or, Everlasting Calendar of Popular Amusements, Sports, Pastimes, Ceremonies, Manners, Customs, and Events, Each of the Three Hundred and Sixty-Five Days, in Past and Present Times; Forming a Complete History of the Year, Months, and Seasons, and a Perpetual Key to the Almanac, Including Accounts of the Weather, Rules for Health and Conduct, Remarkable and Important Anecdotes, Facts, and Notices, in Chronology, Antiquities, Topography, Biography, Natural History, Art, Science, and General Literature; Derived from the Most Authentic Sources, and Valuable Original Communication, with Poetical Elucidations, for Daily Use and Diversion. Vol III., ed. William Hone, (London: 1838) pp 719-20. Retrieved on 2008-06-05
  5. ↑ Aelian, "Various History", 13.33
  6. ↑ Herodot, "The "Histories", 2.134-135
  7. ↑ Ulrich Marzolph, Richard van Leeuwen, Hassan Wassouf (2004), The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1576072045 
  8. ↑ Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia, 27 vols. (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, Inc., 1975) Vol. 6, p. 133-134 — This encyclopedia set features this error.
  9. ↑ The boots were indeed glass in the original; see http://www.snopes.com/language/misxlate/slippers.asp
  10. ↑ Perrault: Cinderella; or, The Little Glass Slipper
  11. ↑ Heidi Anne Heiner, "Tales Similar to Cinderella"
  12. ↑ lyrics

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