Difference between revisions of "Trotskyism" - New World Encyclopedia

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'''Trotskyism''' is the theory of [[Marxism]] as advocated by [[Leon Trotsky]]. Trotsky considered himself an orthodox Marxist and [[Bolshevik]]-[[Leninism|Leninist]], arguing for the establishment of a [[vanguard party]]. His politics differed sharply from those of [[Stalinism|Stalin]] or [[Maoism|Mao]], most importantly in declaring the need for an international "[[permanent revolution]]". Numerous groups around the world continue to describe themselves as Trotskyist, although they have diverse interpretations of Trotsky's writings. The word "Trotskyite",  although it may be used respectfully, is commonly used as a pejorative word by opponents of Trotskyism.
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{{Communism}}
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'''Trotskyism''' is the theory of [[Marxism]] as advocated by [[Leon Trotsky]]. Trotsky considered himself an orthodox [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist and Leninist]], arguing for the establishment of a [[vanguard party]] which would use "any means necessary" to impose [[socialism]]. However, his politics differed sharply from those of [[Stalinism|Stalin]] by focusing on supporting the international communist revolution as opposed to building the industrial and military foundations of the [[Soviet Union]] itself. Trotskyism became synonymous with [[treason]] in the Soviet Union during the 1930s, when Trotsky declared the Soviet Union to be a "degenerated" [[Socialism|socialist]] state whose [[bureaucracy]] had created a new ruling class which was exploiting its workers. Trotsky organized the [[Fourth International]] in 1938 but was murdered in 1940 in [[Mexico]], probably on Stalin's orders.
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{{toc}}
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The Trotskyists faced a crisis during [[WWII]], as many of them supported the Soviet Union in the struggle against [[fascism]]. After the war, several of the stronger Trotskyist movements were crushed in the wake of the Soviet Union's growing power. However, several Trotskyist groups had limited success in electoral politics as mass workers parties in the later 1940s and 50s, and the U.S. [[Socialist Workers Party]] played a leading role in fomenting campus protests against the [[Vietnam War]]. The movement became notoriously splintered, however. Numerous groups around the world continue to describe themselves as Trotskyist, although they have diverse interpretations of Trotsky's writings.  
  
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"Trotskyism is not a new movement, a new doctrine, but the restoration, the revival of genuine Marxism as it was expounded and practiced in the Russian revolution and in the early days of the Communist International." - [[James P. Cannon]] in ''[[History of American Trotskyism]]''.
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==Trotsky and Stalin==
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[[File:Лев Давидович Троцкий.jpg|thumb|left|300px| Photograph of Trotsky that was published on the cover of the magazine "Prozhektor" in January 1924]]
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[[Trotsky]] was a major leader of the [[Russian Revolution]] and its aftermath under [[Vladimir Lenin]]. However, he lost out in a power struggle with [[Joseph Stalin]], after Lenin's death. Trotsky advocated what he called "[[permanent revolution]]" rather than building the [[Soviet Union]] as an industrialized military state capable of withstanding the forces of international [[capitalism]]. He believed that the socialist state could not hold out against the pressures of a hostile capitalist world unless other revolutions quickly took hold in other countries as well. He therefore opposed Stalin's policy of building up the Soviet Union as a bulwark against capitalism and urged that more of its resources be used to foment [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] revolutions throughout the world.
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[[File:Trotskyist Left Opposition-1927.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The leaders of the Trotskyist Left Opposition in Moscow, 1927 (sitting: Leonid Serebryakov, Karl Radek, Leon Trotsky, Mikhail Boguslavsky, and Yevgeni Preobrazhensky; standing: Christian Rakovsky, Yakov Drobnis, Alexander Beloborodov, and Lev Sosnovsky)]]
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Though firm in their support of the violent revolution and the dictatorship of the communist "vanguard party" preached by [[Marxism-Leninism]], the Trotskyists of the 1920s advocated increased democratic rights in the [[USSR]] as well as working for the communist revolution throughout Europe and the East. In the Soviet Union, the [[Left Opposition]] led by Trotsky grew in influence throughout the 1920s, until Stalin used force against them in 1928, sending Trotsky into internal exile and jailing his supporters. The movement, however, continued to work underground. Trotsky eventually went into exile in [[Turkey]], then [[Norway]], and [[Mexico]], where he continued to act as the ideological and inspiration leader of the movement.
  
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==Trotsky, the Russian Revolution and Stalin==
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However, [[Stalin]] used the power of the Moscow-based Communist [[Third International]] (Comintern) organization to gain bureaucratic control over the various communist parties throughout the world and ordered the expulsion of Trotskyists from their ranks. Those who disagreed with the party line were often labeled as Trotskyist or [[fascist]]s. In 1937, Stalin unleashed a political terror against many of the remaining "[[Old Bolsheviks]]" in the Soviet Union, those who had played key roles in the [[October Revolution]] in 1917, accusing many of them as Trotskyites.
  
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Trotsky advocated [[proletarian revolution]] as set out in his theory of "[[permanent revolution]]," and he argued that in countries where the [[bourgeois]]-[[democratic]] revolution had not triumphed already (in other words, in places that had not yet implemented a capitalist democracy, such as Russia before 1917), only the proletariat were capable of achieving the tasks of that revolution.  The bourgeoisie opposed the creation of any revolutionary situation, fearing to stir the large, organized proletariat.  As such, it was necessary for the bourgeoisie to ally with reactionary elements in order to protect their property, and necessary for the proletariat, according to Trotsky, to create a revolution of their own to accomplish both the traditional bourgeois and the socialist revolutions.  Trotsky believed that a new socialist state and economy would not be able to hold out against the pressures of a hostile capitalist world unless socialist revolutions quickly took hold in other countries as well.
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Trotsky developed the theory that the Russian workers' state had become a "[[Degenerated workers' state|bureaucratically degenerated workers' state]]." Although capitalist rule had been overthrown, the state was controlled by a new Soviet [[bureaucracy|bureaucratic]] caste with interests hostile to those of the working class. In his writings and speeches, Trotsky still defended the Soviet Union against attack from foreign powers and against internal [[counter-revolution]], but called for a [[political revolution]] within the USSR to establish socialist democracy. Many of Trotsky's criticisms of [[Stalinism]] were described in his book, ''The Revolution Betrayed''. He argued that if the working class did not take power away from the Stalinist bureaucracy, the bureaucracy would restore capitalism in order to enrich itself. In the view of many Trotskyists, this is exactly what has happened since the beginning of [[Glasnost]] and [[Perestroika]] in the USSR.
  
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On the [[political spectrum]] of [[Marxism]], Trotskyists are considered to be on the left. They supported democratic rights in the USSR, opposed political deals with the imperialist powers, and advocated a spreading of the revolution throughout Europe and the East. The [[Left Opposition]], led by Trotsky, grew in influence throughout the 20s, until Stalin used force against them in 1928, sending Trotsky into internal exile and jailing his supporters. The Left Opposition, however, continued to work in secret within the Soviet Union. Trotsky was eventually exiled to Turkey, then Norway, and finally to Mexico.
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The term "Trotskyist" has been used by Stalinists as a term synonymous with "traitor." In the [[Spanish Civil War]], being called a "Trot," or "Trotskyite" by the USSR-supported elements implied that the person was some sort of [[fascism|fascist]] spy or [[agent provocateur]]. [[George Orwell]], a prominent [[left-wing]] critic of Stalinism, wrote about this practice in his book ''[[Homage to Catalonia]]'' and in his essay ''Spilling the Spanish Beans''. In ''[[Animal Farm]]'', an allegory for the Russian Revolution, he represented Trotsky with the character "[[Snowball (Animal Farm)|Snowball]]" and Stalin with the character "[[Napoleon (Animal Farm)|Napoleon]]." [[Emmanuel Goldstein]] in Orwell's ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' has also been linked to Trotsky.
  
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After 1928, [[Stalin]] used his power in the USSR to gain bureaucratic control over the various Communist Parties throughout the world, and expelled Trotskyists from their ranks. At this point, inner party democracy, which was at the foundation of Bolshevism, was destroyed within the various Communist Parties. Anyone who disagreed with the party line was labeled a Trotskyist and a [[fascist]]. The Communist Parties, such as the [[CPUSA]], then began to support capitalist governments. Stalin did this to show that he was not a threat to capitalist rule and so hoped to avoid an invasion by the imperialist powers, as [[White Army|happened after the 1917 revolution]]. In 1937, Stalin unleashed a political terror against many of the remaining '[[Old Bolsheviks]]' (those who had played key roles in the [[October Revolution]] in 1917).  
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Eventually, Stalin put out a general call for the assassination of Trotsky. He was finally killed with an [[ice axe]] in [[Mexico]] in 1940, by [[Ramon Mercader]], a Spanish Stalinist, widely identified in the western press as a Soviet [[NKVD]] agent.
  
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Trotsky developed the theory that the Russian workers' state had become a "[[Degenerated workers' state|bureaucratically degenerated workers' state]]." Capitalist rule had not been restored, and nationalized industry and economic planning, instituted under Lenin, were still in effect. However, the state was controlled by a bureaucratic caste with interests hostile to those of the working class. Trotsky defended the Soviet Union against attack from foreign powers and against internal [[counter-revolution]], but called for a [[political revolution]] within the USSR to restore socialist democracy. He argued that if the working class did not take power away from the Stalinist bureaucracy, the bureaucracy would restore capitalism in order to enrich itself. In the view of many Trotskyists, this is exactly what has happened since the beginning of [[Glasnost]] and [[Perestroika]] in the USSR. Some argue that the adoption of [[market socialism]] by the [[People's Republic of China]] has also led to capitalist counter-revolution. Many of Trotsky's criticisms of [[Stalinism]] were described in his book, ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1936-rev/index.htm The Revolution Betrayed]''.
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==The Fourth International==
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In 1938, Trotsky and the organizations that supported his outlook established the [[Fourth International]] as an alternative to the Soviet-based [[Third International]], also called the [[Comintern]], founded in Moscow in 1919, which was eventually controlled by [[Stalin]]. Trotsky declared that the Fourth International, basing itself on Lenin's theory of the [[Maxism-Leninism|vanguard party]], could lead the world revolution, and that it would need to be built in opposition to both the capitalists and the [[Stalinism|Stalinists]]. At the time of the founding the Fourth International in 1938, Trotskyism was a mass political current in [[Vietnam]], [[Sri Lanka]], and slightly later in [[Bolivia]]. It also had supporters in the United States and Europe. There was also a substantial Trotskyist movement in China, which included the founding father of the [[Chinese Communism|Chinese Communist]] movement, [[Chen Duxiu]], among its number. Wherever Stalinists gained power, they made it a priority to hunt down Trotskyists, treating them as the worst of enemies.  
  
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"Trotskyist" has been used by Stalinists to mean a traitor; in the [[Spanish Civil War]], being called a "Trot," "Trotskyist" or "Trotskyite" by the USSR-supported elements implied that the person was some sort of fascist spy or [[agent provocateur]]. [[George Orwell]], a prominent [[left-wing]] writer, wrote about this practice in his book ''[[Homage to Catalonia]]'' and in his essay ''Spilling the Spanish Beans''. In his book ''[[Animal Farm]]'', an allegory for the Russian Revolution, he represented Trotsky with the character "[[Snowball (Animal Farm)|Snowball]]" and Stalin with the character "[[Napoleon (Animal Farm)|Napoleon]]." [[Emmanuel Goldstein]] in Orwell's ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' has also been linked to Trotsky.
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After Trotsky's death, the Fourth International suffered disruption during the Second World War. Faced with political developments unanticipated by Trotsky, some Trotskyist organizations decided that the USSR, as a major military force opposing [[Hitler]] and Japanese fascism, no longer could be called a [[degenerated workers state]] and withdrew from the Fourth International. After 1945, with the Soviet Union's Comintern in an increasingly strong position, Trotskyism was smashed as a mass movement in [[Vietnam]] and [[China]], and marginalized in a number of other countries.
  
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Stalin put out a general call for the assassination of Trotsky. He was finally killed with an [[ice axe]] in [[Mexico]] in 1940, by [[Ramon Mercader]], a Spanish Stalinist.
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The Fourth International organized an international conference in 1946, followed by world congresses in 1948 and 1951 to assess the Soviet Union's expropriation of [[capitalism|capitalist]] nations in [[Eastern Europe]] and [[Yugoslavia]], the threat of a Third World War, and the tasks for Trotskyist revolutionaries. The Eastern European Communist-led governments which came into being after [[World War II]] on the basis of Soviet military force were described in a resolution of the 1948 congress as presiding over essentially capitalist economies. Later statements concluded that these nations had become "[[deformed workers' state]]s."
  
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==Founding of the Fourth International==
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As the [[Cold War]] intensified, the Fourth International's 1951 world congress adopted theses by [[Michel Pablo]] declaring that the pro-Soviet communist parties, insofar as they were placed under pressure by the "real" workers' movement, could escape Stalin's manipulations and follow a revolutionary orientation. The congress instructed that Trotskyists should start to conduct systematic work inside any Soviet-oriented communist parties which held the allegiance of a sizable portion of the working class.
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{{Communism}}
 
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{{main|Fourth International}}
 
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In 1938, Trotsky and the organisations that supported his outlook established the [[Fourth International]]. He said that only the Fourth International, basing itself on Lenin's theory of the vanguard party, could lead the world revolution, and that it would need to be built in opposition to both the capitalists and the Stalinists. At the time of the founding the Fourth International in 1938 Trotskyism was a mass political current in [[Vietnam]], [[Sri Lanka]] and slightly later [[Bolivia]]. There was also a substantial Trotskyist movement in China which included the founding father of the Chinese Communist movement, [[Chen Duxiu]], amongst its number. Wherever Stalinists gained power, they made it a priority to hunt down Trotskyists and treated them as the worst of enemies.  
 
  
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The Fourth International suffered repression and disruption through the Second World War. Isolated from each other, and faced with political developments quite unlike those anticipated by Trotsky, some Trotskyist organizations decided that the USSR no longer could be called a [[degenerated workers state]] and withdrew from the Fourth International. After 1945 Trotskyism was smashed as a mass movement in Vietnam and marginalised in a number of other countries.
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Pablo began expelling Fourth International (FI) members who did not agree with his thesis and who did not want to dissolve their organizations within the communist parties. For instance, he expelled the majority of the French section of the FI and replaced its leadership. Opposition soon rose to the surface with an open letter to Trotskyists of the world by U.S. [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Socialist Workers Party]] leader [[James P. Cannon]].
  
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The [[International Secretariat of the Fourth International]] organised an international conference in 1946, and then World Congresses in 1948 and 1951 to assess the expropriation of the capitalists in Eastern Europe and Yugoslavia, the threat of a Third World War, and the tasks for revolutionaries. The Eastern European Communist-led governments which came into being after [[World War II]] without a social revolution were described by a [http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/fi/1938-1949/fi-2ndcongress/1948-congress02.htm resolution] of the 1948 congress as presiding over capitalist economies. By 1951, the Congress had concluded that they had become "[[deformed workers' state]]s." As the [[Cold War]] intensified, the FI's 1951 World Congress adopted theses by [[Michel Pablo]] that anticipated an international civil war. Pablo's followers considered that the Communist Parties, in so far as they were placed under pressure by the real workers' movement, could escape Stalin's manipulations and follow a revolutionary orientation.
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In 1953, the Fourth International split into two factions. The [[International Committee of the Fourth International]] (ICFI) represented groups opposed to Pablo's [[International Secretariat of the Fourth International]] (IS), which they accused of [[revisionism]] and compromising with Stalinism. Beginning in 1960, a number of ICFI sections started to reunify with the IS. A 1963 reunification congress established the [[reunified Fourth International]]. However, the French and British sections continued to maintain the ICFI as a separate grouping.
  
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The 1951 Congress argued that Trotskyists should start to conduct systematic work inside those Communist Parties which were followed by the majority of the working class. However, the [[ISFI]]'s view that the Soviet leadership was counter-revolutionary remained unchanged. The 1951 Congress argued that the Soviet Union took over these countries because of the military and political results of World War II, and instituted nationalized property relations only after its attempts at placating capitalism failed to protect those countries from the threat of incursion by the West.
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== Trotskyist successes ==
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The [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party|Sri Lankan]] and [[Revolutionary Workers' Party (Bolivia)|Bolivian]] Trotskyist parties became moderately successful mass workers parties in the 1940s and 1950s, prior to experiencing defeats and setbacks at a later stage. In both countries, a sizable Trotskyist movement still exists and participates in opposition political coalitions. In recent years Trotskyism has also developed support in a number of lesser developed countries in [[Latin America]] where it can count on some tens of thousands of supporters in both [[Argentina]] and [[Brazil]]. Elsewhere in the Third World, support for Trotskyist ideas is more diffuse and generally confined to intellectuals, but it can be found in a diluted form among some sections of various left-wing movements, as in [[South Africa]].
  
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Pablo began expelling large numbers of people who did not agree with his thesis and who did not want to dissolve their organizations within the Communist Parties. For instance, he expelled the majority of the French section and replaced its leadership. As a result, the opposition to Pablo eventually rose to the surface, with an open letter to Trotskyists of the world, by [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Socialist Workers Party]] leader [[James P. Cannon]].
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In the U.S., the Trotskyist [[Socialist Workers Party]] ([[SWP]]) supported the Black nationalist movement which grew during the 1960s, finding some success in creating alliances with Black militant groups. The SWP experienced a particularly brisk growth in the first years of the 1970s. Much of this was due to its central involvement in many of the campaigns against the [[Vietnam War]] and opposition to Richard Nixon during the [[Watergate Crisis]].
  
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The Fourth International split in 1953 into two public factions. The [[International Committee of the Fourth International]] was established by several sections of the International as an alternative centre to the International Secretariat, in which they felt a [[revisionist]] faction led by Michel Pablo had taken power. From 1960, a number of ICFI sections started to reunify with the IS. After the 1963 reunification congress which established the [[reunified Fourth International]], the French and British sections maintained the ICFI.
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During the 1980s in [[Argentina]], the Trotskyist party founded by [[Nahuel Moreno]] used to obtain also around 10 percent of the electorate, representing 3.5 million voters. In France, 10 percent of the electorate voted in 2002 for parties calling themselves Trotskyist.
  
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== Trotskyists Win Mass Support ==
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No [[communist state|governing Communist party]] or successful [[Communism|Communist]] revolution has to this date professed Trotskyism.
  
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However, the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party|Sri Lankan Trotskyist party]] and the [[Revolutionary Workers' Party (Bolivia)|Bolivian Trotskyist party]] became the mass workers parties in those countries, prior to experiencing defeats and setbacks at a later stage. In both countries, however, there remains a large scale presence of competing Trotskyist groups. In recent years Trotskyism has also developed large scale support in a number of lesser developed countries in Latin America where it can count on some tens of thousands of supporters in both Argentina and Brazil. Elsewhere in the Third World support for Trotskyist ideas is more diffuse and generally confined to intellectuals but can be found in a diluted form among some sections of various progressive movements, as in South Africa.
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==Trotskyism Today==
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There are a wide range of Trotskyist organizations around the world. These include but are not limited to:
  
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In France, 10% of the electorate voted in 2002 for parties calling themselves Trotskyist, and during the 1980s in Argentina, the Trotskyist party founded by [[Nahuel Moreno]] used to obtain also around 10% of the electorate, representing 3.5 million voters.
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*'''The reunified Fourth International'''
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This International derives from the 1963 reunification of the majorities of the two public factions into which the FI split in 1953: the [[ISFI]] and the [[ICFI]]. It is often referred to as the [[United Secretariat of the Fourth International]], the name of its leading committee before 2003. It is widely described as the largest contemporary Trotskyist organization. Its best known section is the ''[[Ligue Communiste Revolutionnaire]]'' of [[France]].
  
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No [[communist state|governing Communist party]] or successful Communist revolution has to this date professed Trotskyism, although Trotskyism's influence in some recent major social upheavals is very evident. Trotskyists, in their own defense, point to the best days of the early Soviet State and to the economic achievements of the planned economy during the 20's and 30's (despite the "misleadership" of the Stalinist bureaucracy.){{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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*'''Committee for a Workers' International'''
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The CWI was founded in 1974 and now has sections in over 35 countries. Before 1997, most organizations affiliated to the CWI sought to recruit new membership from within the large [[social democratic]] parties. Since the early 1990s it has decided that most social democratic parties have moved so far to the right that there is little reason to try to work within them. Instead the CWI has adopted a range of tactics, mostly seeking to build independent parties, but in some cases working within other broad working-class parties.
  
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==Trotskyism Today==
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*'''International Socialist Tendency'''
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There are a wide range of Trotskyist organisations around the world. These include but are not limited to:
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An international grouping, led by the British [[Socialist Workers Party (Britain)|Socialist Workers Party]], the largest Trotskyist group in the [[United Kingdom]].
  
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===The reunified Fourth International===
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*'''Internationalist Communist Union'''
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This International derives from the 1963 reunification of the majorities of the two public factions into which the FI split in 1953: the [[ISFI]] and the [[ICFI]]. It is often referred to as the [[United Secretariat of the Fourth International]], the name of its leading committee before 2003. It is widely described as the largest contemporary Trotskyist organisation. [http://ito.gn.apc.org/page24.html], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_a_Workers'_International], [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&ct=res&cd=3&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpgb.org.uk%2Fworker%2F496%2Fletters.html&ei=YbC8RPyaAsPswQHFpvmwCg&sig2=-UoAv1g3pFvDGnm0MOVELA]. Its best known section is the [[Ligue Communiste Revolutionnaire]] of France.
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This is an international grouping of Trotskyist political parties centered on [[Lutte Ouvrière]] (Workers' Struggle) in France. UCI has small sections in a handful of other countries. It focuses its activities, whether propaganda or intervention, within the industrial [[proletariat]].
  
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In many countries its sections work within working class parties, and alliances, in which Trotskyists are a minority.
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*'''International Marxist Tendency'''
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The [[Committee for a Marxist International]] (CMI) split from CWI, when CWI abandoned its tactic of working within the social democratic parties. Since 2006, it has been known as the International Marxist Tendency (IMT). CMI/IMT groups continue the policy of entering mainstream social democratic, communist, or radical parties. In [[Pakistan]], they elected three candidates to the Parliament under the [[Pakistan People's Party]].
  
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===Committee for a Workers' International===
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*'''International Committee of the Fourth International'''
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The CWI was founded in 1974 and now has sections in over 35 countries. Before 1997, most organisations affiliated to the CWI sought to build an [[entrist]] Marxist wing within the large [[social democratic]] parties. Since the early 1990s it has argued that most social democratic parties have moved so far to the right that there is little point trying to work within them. Instead the CWI has adopted a range of tactics, mostly seeking to build independent parties, but in some cases working within other broad working-class parties.
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There used to be several groups claiming the name of ICFI, but now only two remain. The more truly international of these operates sections called [[Socialist Equality Party|Socialist Equality Parties]] and publishes the [[World Socialist Web Site]].
  
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===International Socialist Tendency===
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*'''Others'''
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An international grouping, led by the [[Socialist Workers Party (Britain)|Socialist Workers Party]], the largest Trotskyist group in [[United Kingdom|Britain]].
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The list of Trotskyist international groups (below) shows that there are a large number of other multinational "tendencies" that avowedly stand in the tradition of Leon Trotsky. Other Trotskyist groups are only organized in one country and thus are not considered international groups.
  
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===Internationalist Communist Union===
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==List of international Trotskyist groups==
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In France, the LCR is rivalled by [[Lutte Ouvrière]]. That group is the French section of UCI. UCI has small sections in a handful of other countries. It focuses its activities, whether propaganda or intervention, within the industrial proletariat.
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The following groups all identify themselves as Trotskyist, or did so until they ceased operation. The list does not include Troskyist parties which operate only within one nation:
  
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===International Marxist Tendency===
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===Active===
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The [[Committee for a Marxist International]] (CMI) split from CWI, when CWI abandoned entryism. Since 2006, it has been known as the International Marxist Tendency (IMT). CMI/IMT groups continue the policy of entering mainstream social democratic, communist or radical parties. In [[Pakistan]], the group has 3 MPs elected as candidates of the [[Pakistan People's Party]]. Leading figures in CMI/IMT are [[Ted Grant]] (who died in 2006) and [[Alan Woods]].
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*[[Committee for a Workers' International]]
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*[[Communist Organization for a Fourth International]]
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*[[Co-ordinating Committee for the Refoundation of the Fourth International]]
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*[[Fourth International (ICR)]] International Centre/Center of Reconstruction, also called FI (La Verité) or FI (International Secretariat)
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*[[Fourth International Posadist]]
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*[[International Bolshevik Tendency]]
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*[[International Committee of the Fourth International]]
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*[[International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist)]]
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*[[International Marxist Tendency]], also called Committee for a Marxist International
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*[[International Socialist League (Latin America)|International Socialist League]]
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*[[International Socialist Tendency]]
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*[[International Workers League (Fourth International)]]
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*[[International Workers' Unity (Fourth International)]]
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*[[Internationalist Communist Union]]
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*[[International Trotskyist Fraction]]
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*[[International Trotskyist Labor Tendency]]
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*[[League for the Fifth International]] 
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*[[League for the Fourth International]]
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*[[Permanent Revolution Tendency]]
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*The [[reunified Fourth International]]
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*[[Trotskyist Fraction - International Strategy]]
  
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===International Committee of the Fourth International===
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The following are Trotskyist groups with an international presence, but which have no formal international structure:
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There used to be several groups claiming the name of ICFI, but now only two remain. Further, only one of these ICFIs has national groups in more than one country.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Its sections are called [[Socialist Equality Party|Socialist Equality Parties]] and publish the [[World Socialist Web Site]].
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*[[Alliance for Workers Liberty]]
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*[[Movement (Trotskyist)|Movement]] (Movimiento)
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*[[Freedom Socialist Party]]
  
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===Others===
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===Defunct or Inactive===
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The [[list of Trotskyist internationals]] shows that there are a large number of other multinational tendencies that stand in the tradition of Leon Trotsky. Some Trotskyist organisations are only organised in one country.
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*[[Bolshevik Current for the Fourth International]]
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*[[Collective for an International Conference of the Principled Trotskyism]]
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**[[Liaison Committee of Militants for a Revolutionary Communist International]] (LCMRCI), 1995-2004
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**[[Organizing Committee of Principist Trotskyism (Fourth International)]]
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*[[Committee for the Fourth International]], 1940-
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*[[Coordination Committee for the Construction of the International Workers Party]] (KoorKom) - dissolved into International Workers' League in 2002
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*[[Fifth International of Communists]]
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*[[Fourth International (International Committee)]] (FIIC), 1980-1981
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*[[Group of Opposition and Continuity of the Fourth International]]
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*[[International Centre for the Reconstruction of the Fourth International]] (CIRQI)
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*[[International Centre of Orthodox Trotskyism]]
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*[[International League for the Reconstruction of the Fourth International]] (ILRFI), 1973-1995
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*[[International Liaison Committee of Communists]] (ILCC)
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*[[International Revolutionary Marxist Tendency]] (TMRI), 1965-1992 - merged into the [[reunified Fourth International]]
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*[[International Trotskyist Committee for the Political Regeneration of the Fourth International]]
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*[[International Trotskyist Opposition]]
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*[[International Workers' Committee]]
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*[[Leninist-Trotskyist Tendency]] (LTT)
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*[[Liaison Committee for the Reconstruction of the Fourth International]]
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*[[New Course (Trotskyist)|International New Course]]
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*[[Organizing Committee for the Reconstruction of the Fourth International]] (CORQI), 1972-1980
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*[[Organizing Committee of Principist Trotskyism (Fourth International)]]
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*[[Trotskyist International Liaison Committee]], 1979-1984
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*[[Tendência Quarta Internacionalista]]
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*[[Workers International to Rebuild the Fourth International]] (WIRFI)
  
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==Former Trotskyists within Neoconservativism==
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==See also==
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The [[neoconservative]] or "neocon" movement has been associated with Trotskyism by independent Australian Internet author Peter Myers, [[paleoconservative]] [[Justin Raimondo]], and others because of the Trotskyist background of some key neoconservatives, such as [[Irving Kristol]]. [http://www.antiwar.com/justin/j061303.html], [http://antiwar.printthis.clickability.com/pt/cpt?action=cpt&expire=&urlID=8208846&fb=Y&partnerID=16], [http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/January2004/0104Raimondo.html]
+
*[[Leon Trotsky]]
 +
*[[Marxism]]
 +
*[[Bolsheviks]]
 +
*[[Vladimir Lenin]]
 +
*[[Fourth International]]
 +
*[[Stalinism]]
 +
*[[Marxism-Leninism]]
  
−
The supposed desire of the neocons to spread democracy abroad has been likened to the Trotskyist theory of [[permanent revolution]]. Author [[Michael Lind]] argues that the neoconservatives are influenced by the thought of former [[Trotskyist]]s such as [[James Burnham]] and [[Max Shachtman]], who argued that "the United States and similar societies are dominated by a decadent, postbourgeois '[[new class]].'" He sees the neoconservative concept of "global democratic revolution" as deriving from the Trotskyist [[Fourth International]]'s "vision of permanent revolution." He also points to what he sees as the [[Marxism|Marxist]] origin of "the economic determinist idea that liberal democracy is an [[epiphenomenon]] of [[capitalism]]," which he describes as "Marxism with [[entrepreneur]]s substituted for [[proletarian]]s as the heroic subjects of history." However, few leading neoconservatives cite James Burnham as a major influence, as he differed with them on many issues. [http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.14335,filter.all/pub_detail.asp]
+
==References==
 +
* Beilharz, Peter. ''Trotsky, Trotskyism, and the Transition to Socialism''. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1987. ISBN 9780389206989
 +
* Callinicos, Alex.'' Trotskyism (Concepts in Social Thought)''. University of Minnesota Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0816619047
 +
* Howe, Irving.'' Leon Trotsky''. Viking Press, 1978. ISBN 9780670423729
 +
* McDonald, Lawrence Patton. ''Trotskyism and Terror: The Strategy of Revolution''. ACU Educational and Research Institute, 1977. {{ASIN|B0006EPLYU}}
 +
* Trotsky, Leon. ''The Revolution Betrayed: What Is the Soviet Union and Where Is It Going?'' Synergy International of the Americas, 2007. ISBN 9781934568248
  
−
The association of former Trotskyists like [[Christopher Hitchens]] - once a member of the [[International Socialists (UK)]] - with neocons since 2001 has contributed to neconservativism's association with Trotskyism. [http://www.amconmag.com/2005/2005_10_10/article3.html] Other former Trotskyists associated with neoconservativism include [[Willmoore Kendall]] ([[William F. Buckley, Jr.]]'s mentor) and [[Stephen Schwartz (journalist)|Stephen Schwartz]] (a former member of the [[Fomento Obrero Revolucionario]]). Schwartz has stated, "To a great extent, I still consider myself to be [one of the] disciples of L.D (the initials from Trotsky's birth name, Lev Davidovich Bronstein)." [http://users.cyberone.com.au/myers/cia-infiltrating-left.html]
+
==External links==
 +
All links retrieved May 2, 2023.
  
−
However, Stephen Schwartz has claimed there is an anti-semitic motive behind this association: "The U.S. neofascists who have thrown this accusation around use the term 'Trotskyist' the same way they use the term 'neoconservative:' as a euphemism for 'Jew.'" [http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-schwartz061103.asp]
+
* [https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/ Encyclopedia of Trotskyism On-Line]
 +
* [https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/index.htm Trotsky Internet archive]
 +
* [https://www.trotskyana.net/ The Lubitz TrotskyanaNet]  
  
−
[[Image:TrotskyAtThePolishFront-1919.jpg|right|thumb|290px|Trotsky with troops at the Polish front, during the [[Polish-Soviet War]], 1919]]
 
−
 
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==See also==
 
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*[[Anarchist communism]]
 
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*[[Left communism]]
 
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*[[List of Trotskyist internationals]]
 
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*[[List of Trotskyists]]
 
−
 
−
==External links==
 
−
* [http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/ Encyclopedia of Trotskyism On-Line]
 
−
* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/index.htm The Leon Trotsky Internet archive, containing a huge number of Trotsky's written works]
 
−
* [http://www.trotskyana.net The Lubitz TrotskyanaNet, dealing with Leon Trotsky, Trotskyism and Trotskyists]
 
−
*[http://www.indexbooks.co.uk/trotsky.html Books and pamphlets by Trotsky in English]
 
−
 
  
 
{{credit|113033119}}
 
{{credit|113033119}}
  
 
[[Category:History]]
 
[[Category:History]]

Latest revision as of 18:20, 2 May 2023

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Communism
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Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. Trotsky considered himself an orthodox Marxist and Leninist, arguing for the establishment of a vanguard party which would use "any means necessary" to impose socialism. However, his politics differed sharply from those of Stalin by focusing on supporting the international communist revolution as opposed to building the industrial and military foundations of the Soviet Union itself. Trotskyism became synonymous with treason in the Soviet Union during the 1930s, when Trotsky declared the Soviet Union to be a "degenerated" socialist state whose bureaucracy had created a new ruling class which was exploiting its workers. Trotsky organized the Fourth International in 1938 but was murdered in 1940 in Mexico, probably on Stalin's orders.

The Trotskyists faced a crisis during WWII, as many of them supported the Soviet Union in the struggle against fascism. After the war, several of the stronger Trotskyist movements were crushed in the wake of the Soviet Union's growing power. However, several Trotskyist groups had limited success in electoral politics as mass workers parties in the later 1940s and 50s, and the U.S. Socialist Workers Party played a leading role in fomenting campus protests against the Vietnam War. The movement became notoriously splintered, however. Numerous groups around the world continue to describe themselves as Trotskyist, although they have diverse interpretations of Trotsky's writings.

Trotsky and Stalin

Photograph of Trotsky that was published on the cover of the magazine "Prozhektor" in January 1924

Trotsky was a major leader of the Russian Revolution and its aftermath under Vladimir Lenin. However, he lost out in a power struggle with Joseph Stalin, after Lenin's death. Trotsky advocated what he called "permanent revolution" rather than building the Soviet Union as an industrialized military state capable of withstanding the forces of international capitalism. He believed that the socialist state could not hold out against the pressures of a hostile capitalist world unless other revolutions quickly took hold in other countries as well. He therefore opposed Stalin's policy of building up the Soviet Union as a bulwark against capitalism and urged that more of its resources be used to foment Marxist-Leninist revolutions throughout the world.

The leaders of the Trotskyist Left Opposition in Moscow, 1927 (sitting: Leonid Serebryakov, Karl Radek, Leon Trotsky, Mikhail Boguslavsky, and Yevgeni Preobrazhensky; standing: Christian Rakovsky, Yakov Drobnis, Alexander Beloborodov, and Lev Sosnovsky)

Though firm in their support of the violent revolution and the dictatorship of the communist "vanguard party" preached by Marxism-Leninism, the Trotskyists of the 1920s advocated increased democratic rights in the USSR as well as working for the communist revolution throughout Europe and the East. In the Soviet Union, the Left Opposition led by Trotsky grew in influence throughout the 1920s, until Stalin used force against them in 1928, sending Trotsky into internal exile and jailing his supporters. The movement, however, continued to work underground. Trotsky eventually went into exile in Turkey, then Norway, and Mexico, where he continued to act as the ideological and inspiration leader of the movement.

However, Stalin used the power of the Moscow-based Communist Third International (Comintern) organization to gain bureaucratic control over the various communist parties throughout the world and ordered the expulsion of Trotskyists from their ranks. Those who disagreed with the party line were often labeled as Trotskyist or fascists. In 1937, Stalin unleashed a political terror against many of the remaining "Old Bolsheviks" in the Soviet Union, those who had played key roles in the October Revolution in 1917, accusing many of them as Trotskyites.

Trotsky developed the theory that the Russian workers' state had become a "bureaucratically degenerated workers' state." Although capitalist rule had been overthrown, the state was controlled by a new Soviet bureaucratic caste with interests hostile to those of the working class. In his writings and speeches, Trotsky still defended the Soviet Union against attack from foreign powers and against internal counter-revolution, but called for a political revolution within the USSR to establish socialist democracy. Many of Trotsky's criticisms of Stalinism were described in his book, The Revolution Betrayed. He argued that if the working class did not take power away from the Stalinist bureaucracy, the bureaucracy would restore capitalism in order to enrich itself. In the view of many Trotskyists, this is exactly what has happened since the beginning of Glasnost and Perestroika in the USSR.

The term "Trotskyist" has been used by Stalinists as a term synonymous with "traitor." In the Spanish Civil War, being called a "Trot," or "Trotskyite" by the USSR-supported elements implied that the person was some sort of fascist spy or agent provocateur. George Orwell, a prominent left-wing critic of Stalinism, wrote about this practice in his book Homage to Catalonia and in his essay Spilling the Spanish Beans. In Animal Farm, an allegory for the Russian Revolution, he represented Trotsky with the character "Snowball" and Stalin with the character "Napoleon." Emmanuel Goldstein in Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four has also been linked to Trotsky.

Eventually, Stalin put out a general call for the assassination of Trotsky. He was finally killed with an ice axe in Mexico in 1940, by Ramon Mercader, a Spanish Stalinist, widely identified in the western press as a Soviet NKVD agent.

The Fourth International

In 1938, Trotsky and the organizations that supported his outlook established the Fourth International as an alternative to the Soviet-based Third International, also called the Comintern, founded in Moscow in 1919, which was eventually controlled by Stalin. Trotsky declared that the Fourth International, basing itself on Lenin's theory of the vanguard party, could lead the world revolution, and that it would need to be built in opposition to both the capitalists and the Stalinists. At the time of the founding the Fourth International in 1938, Trotskyism was a mass political current in Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and slightly later in Bolivia. It also had supporters in the United States and Europe. There was also a substantial Trotskyist movement in China, which included the founding father of the Chinese Communist movement, Chen Duxiu, among its number. Wherever Stalinists gained power, they made it a priority to hunt down Trotskyists, treating them as the worst of enemies.

After Trotsky's death, the Fourth International suffered disruption during the Second World War. Faced with political developments unanticipated by Trotsky, some Trotskyist organizations decided that the USSR, as a major military force opposing Hitler and Japanese fascism, no longer could be called a degenerated workers state and withdrew from the Fourth International. After 1945, with the Soviet Union's Comintern in an increasingly strong position, Trotskyism was smashed as a mass movement in Vietnam and China, and marginalized in a number of other countries.

The Fourth International organized an international conference in 1946, followed by world congresses in 1948 and 1951 to assess the Soviet Union's expropriation of capitalist nations in Eastern Europe and Yugoslavia, the threat of a Third World War, and the tasks for Trotskyist revolutionaries. The Eastern European Communist-led governments which came into being after World War II on the basis of Soviet military force were described in a resolution of the 1948 congress as presiding over essentially capitalist economies. Later statements concluded that these nations had become "deformed workers' states."

As the Cold War intensified, the Fourth International's 1951 world congress adopted theses by Michel Pablo declaring that the pro-Soviet communist parties, insofar as they were placed under pressure by the "real" workers' movement, could escape Stalin's manipulations and follow a revolutionary orientation. The congress instructed that Trotskyists should start to conduct systematic work inside any Soviet-oriented communist parties which held the allegiance of a sizable portion of the working class.

Pablo began expelling Fourth International (FI) members who did not agree with his thesis and who did not want to dissolve their organizations within the communist parties. For instance, he expelled the majority of the French section of the FI and replaced its leadership. Opposition soon rose to the surface with an open letter to Trotskyists of the world by U.S. Socialist Workers Party leader James P. Cannon.

In 1953, the Fourth International split into two factions. The International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI) represented groups opposed to Pablo's International Secretariat of the Fourth International (IS), which they accused of revisionism and compromising with Stalinism. Beginning in 1960, a number of ICFI sections started to reunify with the IS. A 1963 reunification congress established the reunified Fourth International. However, the French and British sections continued to maintain the ICFI as a separate grouping.

Trotskyist successes

The Sri Lankan and Bolivian Trotskyist parties became moderately successful mass workers parties in the 1940s and 1950s, prior to experiencing defeats and setbacks at a later stage. In both countries, a sizable Trotskyist movement still exists and participates in opposition political coalitions. In recent years Trotskyism has also developed support in a number of lesser developed countries in Latin America where it can count on some tens of thousands of supporters in both Argentina and Brazil. Elsewhere in the Third World, support for Trotskyist ideas is more diffuse and generally confined to intellectuals, but it can be found in a diluted form among some sections of various left-wing movements, as in South Africa.

In the U.S., the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party (SWP) supported the Black nationalist movement which grew during the 1960s, finding some success in creating alliances with Black militant groups. The SWP experienced a particularly brisk growth in the first years of the 1970s. Much of this was due to its central involvement in many of the campaigns against the Vietnam War and opposition to Richard Nixon during the Watergate Crisis.

During the 1980s in Argentina, the Trotskyist party founded by Nahuel Moreno used to obtain also around 10 percent of the electorate, representing 3.5 million voters. In France, 10 percent of the electorate voted in 2002 for parties calling themselves Trotskyist.

No governing Communist party or successful Communist revolution has to this date professed Trotskyism.

Trotskyism Today

There are a wide range of Trotskyist organizations around the world. These include but are not limited to:

  • The reunified Fourth International

This International derives from the 1963 reunification of the majorities of the two public factions into which the FI split in 1953: the ISFI and the ICFI. It is often referred to as the United Secretariat of the Fourth International, the name of its leading committee before 2003. It is widely described as the largest contemporary Trotskyist organization. Its best known section is the Ligue Communiste Revolutionnaire of France.

  • Committee for a Workers' International

The CWI was founded in 1974 and now has sections in over 35 countries. Before 1997, most organizations affiliated to the CWI sought to recruit new membership from within the large social democratic parties. Since the early 1990s it has decided that most social democratic parties have moved so far to the right that there is little reason to try to work within them. Instead the CWI has adopted a range of tactics, mostly seeking to build independent parties, but in some cases working within other broad working-class parties.

  • International Socialist Tendency

An international grouping, led by the British Socialist Workers Party, the largest Trotskyist group in the United Kingdom.

  • Internationalist Communist Union

This is an international grouping of Trotskyist political parties centered on Lutte Ouvrière (Workers' Struggle) in France. UCI has small sections in a handful of other countries. It focuses its activities, whether propaganda or intervention, within the industrial proletariat.

  • International Marxist Tendency

The Committee for a Marxist International (CMI) split from CWI, when CWI abandoned its tactic of working within the social democratic parties. Since 2006, it has been known as the International Marxist Tendency (IMT). CMI/IMT groups continue the policy of entering mainstream social democratic, communist, or radical parties. In Pakistan, they elected three candidates to the Parliament under the Pakistan People's Party.

  • International Committee of the Fourth International

There used to be several groups claiming the name of ICFI, but now only two remain. The more truly international of these operates sections called Socialist Equality Parties and publishes the World Socialist Web Site.

  • Others

The list of Trotskyist international groups (below) shows that there are a large number of other multinational "tendencies" that avowedly stand in the tradition of Leon Trotsky. Other Trotskyist groups are only organized in one country and thus are not considered international groups.

List of international Trotskyist groups

The following groups all identify themselves as Trotskyist, or did so until they ceased operation. The list does not include Troskyist parties which operate only within one nation:

Active

  • Committee for a Workers' International
  • Communist Organization for a Fourth International
  • Co-ordinating Committee for the Refoundation of the Fourth International
  • Fourth International (ICR) International Centre/Center of Reconstruction, also called FI (La Verité) or FI (International Secretariat)
  • Fourth International Posadist
  • International Bolshevik Tendency
  • International Committee of the Fourth International
  • International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist)
  • International Marxist Tendency, also called Committee for a Marxist International
  • International Socialist League
  • International Socialist Tendency
  • International Workers League (Fourth International)
  • International Workers' Unity (Fourth International)
  • Internationalist Communist Union
  • International Trotskyist Fraction
  • International Trotskyist Labor Tendency
  • League for the Fifth International
  • League for the Fourth International
  • Permanent Revolution Tendency
  • The reunified Fourth International
  • Trotskyist Fraction - International Strategy

The following are Trotskyist groups with an international presence, but which have no formal international structure:

  • Alliance for Workers Liberty
  • Movement (Movimiento)
  • Freedom Socialist Party

Defunct or Inactive

  • Bolshevik Current for the Fourth International
  • Collective for an International Conference of the Principled Trotskyism
    • Liaison Committee of Militants for a Revolutionary Communist International (LCMRCI), 1995-2004
    • Organizing Committee of Principist Trotskyism (Fourth International)
  • Committee for the Fourth International, 1940-
  • Coordination Committee for the Construction of the International Workers Party (KoorKom) - dissolved into International Workers' League in 2002
  • Fifth International of Communists
  • Fourth International (International Committee) (FIIC), 1980-1981
  • Group of Opposition and Continuity of the Fourth International
  • International Centre for the Reconstruction of the Fourth International (CIRQI)
  • International Centre of Orthodox Trotskyism
  • International League for the Reconstruction of the Fourth International (ILRFI), 1973-1995
  • International Liaison Committee of Communists (ILCC)
  • International Revolutionary Marxist Tendency (TMRI), 1965-1992 - merged into the reunified Fourth International
  • International Trotskyist Committee for the Political Regeneration of the Fourth International
  • International Trotskyist Opposition
  • International Workers' Committee
  • Leninist-Trotskyist Tendency (LTT)
  • Liaison Committee for the Reconstruction of the Fourth International
  • International New Course
  • Organizing Committee for the Reconstruction of the Fourth International (CORQI), 1972-1980
  • Organizing Committee of Principist Trotskyism (Fourth International)
  • Trotskyist International Liaison Committee, 1979-1984
  • Tendência Quarta Internacionalista
  • Workers International to Rebuild the Fourth International (WIRFI)

See also

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Beilharz, Peter. Trotsky, Trotskyism, and the Transition to Socialism. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1987. ISBN 9780389206989
  • Callinicos, Alex. Trotskyism (Concepts in Social Thought). University of Minnesota Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0816619047
  • Howe, Irving. Leon Trotsky. Viking Press, 1978. ISBN 9780670423729
  • McDonald, Lawrence Patton. Trotskyism and Terror: The Strategy of Revolution. ACU Educational and Research Institute, 1977. ASIN B0006EPLYU
  • Trotsky, Leon. The Revolution Betrayed: What Is the Soviet Union and Where Is It Going? Synergy International of the Americas, 2007. ISBN 9781934568248

External links

All links retrieved May 2, 2023.


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