Difference between revisions of "Taos Pueblo" - New World Encyclopedia

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'''Taos Pueblo''' (or '''Pueblo de Taos''') is an ancient [[pueblo]] belonging to a [[Taos language|Taos]] ([[Tiwa languages|Northern Tiwa]]) speaking [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribe of [[Pueblo people]]. It is approximately 1000 years old and lies about 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the modern city of [[Taos, New Mexico|Taos]], [[New Mexico]], [[United States|USA]]. The Red Willow Creek, or Rio Pueblo, is a small stream which flows through the middle of the pueblo from its source in the [[Sangre de Cristo Range]]. A [[Indian reservation|reservation]] of 95,000 acres (384 km²) is attached to the pueblo, and about 1,900 people live in this area<ref>[http://taospueblo.com/about.php Who lives in the Pueblo? (scroll down)]</ref>.  
+
'''Taos Pueblo''' (or '''Pueblo de Taos''') is an ancient [[pueblo]] belonging to a [[Taos language|Taos]] ([[Tiwa languages|Northern Tiwa]]) speaking [[Native American]] tribe of [[Pueblo people]]. It is approximately 1000 years old and lies about 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the modern city of [[Taos, New Mexico|Taos]], [[New Mexico]]. The Red Willow Creek, or Rio Pueblo, is a small [[stream]] which flows through the middle of the pueblo from its source in the [[Sangre de Cristo Range]]. A [[Indian reservation|reservation]] of 95,000 acres (384 km²) is attached to the pueblo, with about 1,900 tribal members living in the area. Taos Pueblo is a member of the [[Eight Northern Pueblos]].  
  
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Taos Pueblo is a member of the [[Eight Northern Pueblos]]. The Taos community is known for being one of the most secretive and conservative pueblos.
+
Its most prominent [[architecture|architectural]] feature is a multi-storied residential complex of reddish-brown [[adobe]] divided into two parts by the Rio Pueblo. It is believed to have been built in the fourteenth or fifteenth century, following the disappearance of the [[Anasazi]] tribes from drier lands in the [[Four Corners]] region. Today Taos Pueblo is home to approximately 150 people who live in the traditional manner, with no [[electricity]] or running [[water]], and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited community in the [[United States]].  
  
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Taos Pueblo's most prominent architectural feature is a multi-storied residential complex of reddish-brown [[adobe]] divided into two parts by the Rio Pueblo. According to the Pueblo's Web site, it was probably built between 1000 and 1450 C.E. It was designated a [[National Historic Landmark]] on October 9, 1960, and in 1992 became a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. As of 2006, about 150 people live in it full-time.
+
Taos Pueblo was designated a [[National Historic Landmark]] on October 9, 1960, and in 1992 became a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. Additional World Heritage Sites honoring the Pueblo peoples are [[Archeological Zone of Paquimé, Casas Grandes|Casas Grandes]] in northern [[Mexico]], [[Mesa Verde National Park|Mesa Verde]] in southwest [[Colorado]], and [[Chaco Culture National Historical Park|Chaco Canyon]] in northwest [[New Mexico]].  
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+
{{toc}}
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Additional World Heritage Sites honoring the Pueblo peoples are [[Archeological Zone of Paquimé, Casas Grandes|Casas Grandes]] in northern [[Mexico]], [[Mesa Verde National Park|Mesa Verde]] in southwest [[Colorado]], and [[Chaco Culture National Historical Park|Chaco Culture]] in northwest [[New Mexico]].  
+
Taos Pueblo is considered a remarkable example of a traditional type of architectural dwelling from the pre-[[Europe]]an period of the Americas. Due to the determination of the Native American community, it appears to have successfully resisted the pressures of modern society.
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"Criterion iv : Taos is a remarkable example of a traditional type of
 
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architectural ensemble from the pre-Hispanic period of the Americas
 
−
unique to this region which has successfully retained most of its
 
−
traditional forms up to the present day. Thanks to the determination of
 
−
the latter-day Native American community, it appears to be successfully
 
−
resisting the pressures of modern society."
 
  
 
==Name==
 
==Name==
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In the [[Taos language]], the pueblo is referred to as "the village". The proper name of the Taos Pueblo is  ''{{unicode|ȉałopháymųp’ȍhə́othə̀olbo}}'' "at red willow canyon mouth" (or ''{{unicode|ȉałopháybo}}'' "at the red willows" for short); however, this name is more commonly used in ceremonial contexts and is less common in everyday speech.
+
In the [[Taos language]], the pueblo is referred to as "the village." The proper name of the Taos Pueblo is  ''{{unicode|ȉałopháymųp’ȍhə́othə̀olbo}}'' "at red willow canyon mouth" (or ''{{unicode|ȉałopháybo}}'' "at the red willows" for short); however, this name is more commonly used in ceremonial contexts and is less common in everyday speech.
  
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The name ''Taos'' in [[English language|English]] was borrowed from [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''Taos''. Spanish ''Taos'' is believed to be a borrowing of Taos ''{{unicode|tə̂o-}}'' "village" which was heard as ''tao'' to which the plural ''-s'' was added although in the modern language ''Taos'' is no longer a plural noun. The once popular explanation that the Spanish ''Taos'' came from ''tao'' "cross of the order of San Juan de los Cabelleros" (from Greek ''tau'') is unlikely.<ref>William Jones. 1960. Origin of the place name Taos. ''Anthropological Linguistics'', ''2'' (3), 2-4</ref><ref>George L.Trager. 1960. The name of Taos, New Mexico. ''Anthropological Linguistics'', ''2'' (3), 5-6.</ref>
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The name ''Taos'' in [[English language|English]] was borrowed from [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''Taos.'' Spanish ''Taos'' is believed to be a borrowing of Taos ''{{unicode|tə̂o-}}'' "village" which was heard as ''tao'' to which the plural ''-s'' was added although in the modern language ''Taos'' is no longer a plural noun. The once popular explanation that the Spanish ''Taos'' came from ''tao'' "cross of the order of San Juan de los Cabelleros" (from Greek ''tau'') is unlikely.<ref>William Jones, 1960. "Origin of the place name Taos." ''Anthropological Linguistics'' 2 (3): 2-4</ref><ref>George L. Trager, 1960. "The name of Taos, New Mexico." ''Anthropological Linguistics'' 2 (3): 5-6.</ref>
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
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{{ethnic group|
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The [[Pueblo Indians|Pueblo People]] are a diverse group of [[Native American]]s once spread throughout a wide geographical range of northern [[Mexico]] and the [[Southwestern United States]]. Today their descendants reside mainly in [[New Mexico]], [[Texas]], and [[Arizona]] in the [[U.S.]], and in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. They have traditionally subsisted on [[agriculture]].
−
|group=Taos<br/>(t’óynemą)
 
−
|image=
 
−
|poptime=1,000 (1990 census)
 
−
|popplace=[[United States]] ([[New Mexico]])
 
−
|rels=Taos religion, [[Christianity]]
 
−
|langs=[[Taos language|Taos]], [[English language|English]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
 
−
|related=other [[Kiowa-Tanoan]] peoples
 
−
}}
 
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The [[Pueblo People]] are a diverse group of [[Native American]]s once spread throughout a wide geographical range of northern [[Mexico]] and the [[Southwestern United States]]. Today their descendants reside mainly in [[New Mexico]], [[Texas]], and [[Arizona]] in the [[U.S.]], and in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] state of Chihuahua. They have traditionally subsisted on [[agriculture]].
 
  
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Located in the valley of a small tributary of the [[Rio Grande]], Taos Pueblo is an exceptionally well-preserved pueblo in the northernmost reaches of Pueblo territory. It comprises a group of dwelling places and ceremonial centers representative of a culture largely derived from the traditions of the prehistoric Anasazi tribes.
+
Located in the valley of a small tributary of the [[Rio Grande]], Taos Pueblo is an exceptionally well-preserved pueblo in the northernmost reaches of Pueblo territory. It comprises a group of dwelling places and ceremonial centers representative of a [[culture]] largely derived from the traditions of the prehistoric Anasazi tribes.
  
−
Most [[archeology|archeologists]] believe that the Taos Indians, along with other Pueblo Indians who eventually settled along the [[Rio Grande]], had migrated from the [[Four Corners]] region. The dwellings of the Four Corners were inhabited by the Anasazi. The cultures there went into an irreversible decline, and in the late 13th century major sites like [[Mesa Verde National Park|Mesa Verde]] and [[Chaco Culture National Historical Park|Chaco Canyon]] were abandoned, perhaps due to major climatic changes including a long drought. It is believed that Taos appeared before 1400, following the disappearance of the Anasazi
+
Most [[archeology|archeologists]] believe that the Taos Indians, along with other Pueblo Indians who eventually settled along the [[Rio Grande]], had migrated from the [[Four Corners]] region, whose ancient dwellings had been inhabited by the Anasazi. The cultures there went into an irreversible decline, and in the late 13th century major sites like [[Mesa Verde National Park|Mesa Verde]] and [[Chaco Culture National Historical Park|Chaco Canyon]] were abandoned, perhaps due to major climatic changes including a long [[drought]]. It is believed that Taos appeared before 1400, following the disappearance of the [[Anasazi]] tribes from the Four Corners region.  
−
tribes from the Four Corners region.  
 
  
−
The communities of the Anasazi were characterized by common social and [[religion|religious]] structures. Their traditional [[agriculture|agricultural]] practices perfected during the classical period, and a systematic use of irrigation, were used.
+
The communities of the Anasazi were characterized by common social and [[religion|religious]] structures. Their traditional [[agriculture|agricultural]] practices perfected during the classical period, and a systematic use of irrigation, were used.  
 +
[[Image:Taospueblo001.jpg|thumb|250px|Taos Pueblo, 1893 illustration]]
 +
Taos Pueblo was first visited by [[Europe]]ans in 1540. In 1598 Mission San Gerónimo de Taos was founded. Rebuilt on three separate occasions, the mission was officially abandoned in 1846.
  
 +
The plotting of the [[Great Pueblo Revolt]] of 1680 was centered in Taos Pueblo. A response to [[Spain|Spanish]] mistreatment of the [[Native American|Native peoples]], this regional uprising drove the Spanish out of [[New Mexico]] until 1692. The Pueblo endured a [[Siege of Pueblo de Taos|siege]] by [[U.S.]] forces in 1847, and experienced the return by [[Richard Nixon|President Nixon]] in 1970 of the Pueblo's 48,000 acres (194 km²) of [[mountain]] land taken by President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] in 1906 and designated as the [[Carson National Forest]].<ref>Bob Julyan and Tom Till. 1998. ''New Mexico's wilderness areas: the complete guide.'' ([Englewood, CO]: Westcliffe Publishers. ISBN 9781565792913)</ref>
  
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Blue Lake, which the people of the Pueblo traditionally consider [[sacred]], was included in this return of Taos land. The re-acquisition of the sacred Blue Lake is considered the most important event in its history due to the spiritual belief that the Taos natives originated from the lake itself. Its return is considered a tribute to the tenacity of Pueblo leaders and to the community's commitment to guarding its lands for the spiritual, cultural and economic health of the Pueblo. The return of this land capped a long history of struggle.<ref name=taos>''Taos Pueblo''. [http://taospueblo.com/about.php About Taos Pueblo] Retrieved December 17, 2008.</ref> An additional 764 acres south of the ridge between Simpson Peak and Old Mike Peak and west of Blue Lake were transferred back to the Pueblo in 1996.<ref>''Bulk Resource Organization''. [http://bulk.resource.org/gpo.gov/laws/104/publ333.104.pdf PUBLIC LAW 104–333—NOV. 12, 1996] Retrieved December 17, 2008.</ref>
  
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In the modern historical period the two major characteristics of the
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==Archeological site==
−
Pueblo civilization were mutually contradictory : unchanging traditions
+
A number of the Pueblo settlements established in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries in the valleys of the [[Rio Grande]] and its tributaries have survived to the present. Exceptional among these is Taos, in the fact that it has retained the original layout and distinctive style of [[architecture]] virtually intact. This provides an illustration of the traditional way of life and community characteristics of its ancient inhabitants.  
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deeply rooted in the culture and an ever-constant ability to absorb other
 
−
cultures. Their faculty for acculturation gradually began to appear following
 
−
the first Spanish expedition of the Governor of New Galicia, Francisco
 
−
Vasquez de Coronado, in 1540- 1542. Beginning in 16 13, the inhabitants of
 
−
Taos resisted the system of encomiendas which allowed certain Spaniards
 
−
to exact a tribute in kind from the village. In 1634 the missionary Fray
 
−
Alonso de Benavides complained to the Pope of their “rebellious” attitude.
 
−
The entire 18th century was a time of wars in which Taos played an
 
−
important part in resisting the colonizers. However, the breeds of cattle
 
−
and types of grain introduced by the conquerors were readily adopted into
 
−
their agricultural system. Attempts to convert the Pueblos to Christianity
 
−
were ill-received (during the major Pueblo revolt of 1680 the first church
 
−
was burned down) but unconsciously the religious mentality of the people
 
−
changed. A similar dichotomy between an irredentist attitude in principle
 
−
and an assimilation in fact marked the two subsequent historical stages :
 
−
from 1821 to 1848, under Mexican administration, and from 1848 to the
 
−
present, under the US administration. In 1970 the people of Taos obtained
 
−
the restitution of lands usurped by the Government, which included the
 
−
sacred site of the Blue Lake. At the same time, their ritual ceremonies
 
−
include both a Christmas procession and the Hispano-Mexican dance of
 
−
the Matatchines.
 
−
Today, the village appears at first sight to conform with the description
 
−
given in 1776 by Fray Francisco Atanasio Dominguez. However, although
 
−
the earthen enclosure which he likened to one of the Biblical cities
 
−
survives, numerous modifications can be observed.
 
−
To the west, the missionaries’ convent and church lie in ruins. A new
 
−
church was built at a different location of the west side of the north plaza
 
−
in the 19th century. The multi-tiered adobe dwellings still retain their
 
−
original form and outline, but details have changed. Doors, which
 
−
traditionally were mostly used to interconnect rooms, are now common
 
−
as exterior access to the ground floors and to the roof tops on upper
 
−
stories. Windows, which traditionally were small and incorporated into
 
−
walls very sparingly, are now common features. The proliferation of doors
 
−
and windows through time at Taos reflects the acculturation of European
 
−
traits and the relaxing of needs for defensive structures. In addition to
 
−
ovens located outdoors, fireplaces have been built inside the living
 
−
quarters.
 
  
 +
The village today appears at first glance to conform with the description given in 1776 by Fray Francisco Atanasio Dominguez. However, numerous modifications can be observed.<ref name=unesco>''UNESCO World Heritage Centre''. [http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/492rev.pdf Advisory Body Evaluation] Retrieved December 17, 2008.</ref> On the village's west side, the missionaries’ convent and [[church]] lie in ruins. During the nineteenth century a new church was built on the west of the north plaza. The original form and outline of the [[adobe]] dwellings remain, but details have been changed. Exterior doors are now common, as are windows which were once small and sparse. This reflects the acculturation of [[Europe]]an traits, as well as the lessening of the structures' use as defensive fortifications. Ovens were traditionally located only outdoors, but fireplaces have been added inside the living quarters.<ref name=unesco/>
  
 +
While the social and economic climate have engendered such changes, a policy exists mandating all repair and reconstruction work be carried out using traditional techniques and materials that are harmonious with the original structures.
  
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AUTHENTICITY
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===Main structure===
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The two main adobe building complexes retain their traditional threedimensional
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[[Image:Naumer Taos.jpg|thumb|250px|Taos Pueblo (1935-1936), painting by [[Helmut Naumer, Sr.]]]]
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layout. Certain features, such as doors and windows, have
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The north-side Pueblo is said to be one of the most [[photography|photographed]] and painted buildings in the [[Western Hemisphere]]. It is the largest multi-storied Pueblo structure still existing. It is made of [[adobe]] walls that are often several feet thick. Its primary purpose was for defense. Up to as late as 1900, access to the rooms on lower floors was by ladders on the outside to the roof, and then down an inside ladder. In case of an attack, outside ladders could easily be pulled up.
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been introduced over the last century, which may with some justification
 
−
be claimed to represent a natural evolutionary process, as the community
 
−
has adjusted to a changed social and economic climate. In recent years
 
−
there has been a deliberate policy of ensuring that all repair and
 
−
reconstruction work has been carried out using traditional materials and
 
−
techniques and of ensuring that discordant elements, such as
 
−
inappropriate doors, have been replaced using more harmonious designs
 
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and materials.
 
−
MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION
 
−
Administration of Taos Pueblo is vested in the Taos tribe, which is deeply
 
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conscious of its heritage and of the material expression of that heritage in
 
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the buildings of the settlement. It has a comprehensive and well
 
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conceived Preservation Project, headed by a very competent Director,
 
−
who is a member of the Taos tribe. Restoration work is carried out by his
 
−
team, who are all members of the tribe, with scrupulous respect for
 
−
traditional materials and techniques.
 
−
Although the self-governing Indian community maintains its identity in
 
−
face of the city of Taos, which was founded after 1786 further
 
−
downstream, two dangers threaten the medium-term future of this
 
−
traditional human settlement. First, the pueblo of Taos has tended to
 
−
become a seasonal habitat reserved for ceremonial functions, with most of
 
−
the population living permanently in what were formerly summer
 
−
residences situated outside the enclosure, which have been provided with
 
−
the modern facilities that are not permitted within the main pueblo.
 
−
Secondly, the pueblo, which has a Visitor’s Centre, is increasingly
 
−
assuming the role of a tourist attraction.
 
−
EVALUATION
 
−
A number of the Pueblo culture settlements established in the late 13th
 
−
and early 14th centuries in the valleys of the Rio Grande and its
 
−
tributaries have survived continuously up to the present day. Taos is
 
−
exceptional among this group by virtue of the fact that it has retained its
 
−
original layout and distinctive style of architecture virtually intact. As such
 
−
it vividly illustrates the survival of a traditional way of life and community
 
−
characteristic of this region of “Oasis America” over more than a thousand
 
−
years.
 
  
−
----
+
The homes in this structure usually consist of two rooms, one of which is for general living and sleeping, and the second of which is for cooking, eating, and storage. Each home is self-contained; there are no passageways between the houses. Taos Indians made little use of [[furniture]] in the past, but today they have [[Table (furniture)|tables]], [[chair]]s, and [[bed]]s. In the Pueblo, [[electricity]], [[running water]], and indoor [[plumbing]] are prohibited.
  
 +
The pueblo wall completely encloses the village except at the entrance as a symbol of the village boundaries. Now rather short, the wall was once much taller for protection against surrounding [[Native American|tribes]]. The [[river]] running through the pueblo serves as the primary source for drinking and cooking [[water]] for village residents. In the [[winter]], the river never completely freezes although it does form a heavy layer of ice. Because the river water moves so swiftly, the ice can be broken to obtain the fresh water beneath.
  
 +
===Site management===
 +
The Taos tribe, who is deeply conscious of its heritage, administers Taos Pueblo. The material expression of that heritage is evident in the buildings of the settlement. Maintenance and restoration work is carried out by a special team, all tribal members, who share scrupulous commitment to the use of traditional materials and techniques.
  
 +
While Taos Pueblo remains a traditional settlement, only about 150 people reside within the enclosure. Many tribal members return only seasonally for ceremonial functions, while residing nearby in modern dwellings. In addition, its Visitors' Center is increasingly assuming the role of a [[tourism|tourist]] attraction. While the tourist trade is an important economic base, the tribe fears the possibility of that becoming the central focus of the site.
  
 +
As a sovereign nation within the [[United States]], preserving the ancient traditions in the face of advancement of "modernization" is a prime concern.
  
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----
+
==Modern community==
 +
[[Image:taos-pueblo2.JPG|thumb|250px|Ancient apartment-style dwellings at the Taos Pueblo.]]
 +
[[Image:taos-pueblo-home.JPG|thumb|250px|Taos Pueblo dwellings have changed little in 1,000 years.]]
 +
Approximately 150 people live full time within the Pueblo walls. The two main structures (''Hlauuma,'' or north house and ''Hlaukwima,'' or south house) are of similar age, more than 1000 years old. They are believed to be the oldest continuously inhabited communities in the country.
 +
Approximately 1,900 Taos Indians live on Taos Pueblo lands. Many who own apartments within the Pueblo live in summer homes near their fields, and in more modern homes outside the old walls but still within Pueblo land. Tradition dictates that neither [[electricity]] nor running [[water]] be allowed within the Pueblo walls.<ref name=taos/>
  
 +
The Tribal Council, a group of some 50 male tribal elders, appoint a tribal governor and war chief and their staffs annually. Civil and business issues within the village and relations with the non-Native world are overseen by the governor. The war chief deals with the protection of the [[mountain]]s and tribal lands outside the Pueblo walls.<ref name=taos/>
  
 +
An [[elementary school]], maintained by the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] operates within the Pueblo walls. There is an [[education]] committee comprised of Pueblo members who oversee the education of students and monitor a scholarship program for those wishing higher education. Children also attend public schools in the nearby city of Taos.
  
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The history of Taos Pueblo include the plotting of the [[Pueblo Revolt]] in 1680, a [[Siege of Pueblo de Taos|siege]] by U.S. forces in 1847, and the return by [[Richard Nixon|President Nixon]] in 1970 of the Pueblo's 48,000 acres (194 km²) of mountain land taken by President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and designated as the [[Carson National Forest]] early in the twentieth century.<ref>Julyan, B: ''New Mexico's Wilderness Areas: The Complete Guide'', page 73. Big Earth Publishing, 1999</ref>  Blue Lake, which the people of the Pueblo traditionally consider sacred, was included in this return of Taos land. The Pueblo's web site names the acquisition of the sacred Blue Lake as the most important event in its history due to the spiritual belief that the Taos natives originated from the lake itself. An additional 764 acres south of the ridge between Simpson Peak and Old Mike Peak and west of Blue Lake were transferred back to the Pueblo in 1996.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bulk.resource.org/gpo.gov/laws/104/publ333.104.pdf |title=Public Law 104-333 |accessdate=2008-07-19 |work= |publisher= |date= |format=PDF}}</ref>
+
Three religions are represented in the Pueblo: [[Christianity]], the [[Folk Religion|Native religion]], and the [[Native American Church]]. Most of the Indians are [[Roman Catholic]]. [[Saint Jerome]], or [[San Geronimo]], is the [[patron saint]] of the pueblo.
  
−
==Structure==
+
The deep feeling of belonging to a community, summed up in their phrase, “we are in one nest,” has held the Taos people together. Both men and women are expected to offer their services or “community duties,” when needed. One should be cooperative and never allow their own desires to be destructive of the community’s interest. One of Taos peoples' strongest institutions is the [[family]]. Descent on both the father and the mother’s side of the family is equally recognized. Each primary family lives in a separate dwelling so when a couple gets married, they move to their own home. With relatives nearby, everyone is available to help care for the children. The elderly teach the young the values and traditions that have been handed down, which protects the integrity of the Taos [[culture]].
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{{Infobox_nrhp | name =Taos Pueblo
 
−
| nrhp_type =nhld
 
−
| image =NMtrip-05-042.jpg
 
−
| caption =Taos Pueblo today
 
−
| nearest_city= [[Taos, New Mexico]]
 
−
| area =
 
−
| designated= October 9, 1960<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=353&ResourceType=District
 
−
|title=Taos Pueblo|accessdate=2008-06-26 |work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
 
−
| added = October 15, 1966
 
−
| governing_body = [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[Federally recognized tribes|tribal government]]
 
−
| refnum=66000496 <ref name="nris">{{cite web|url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/|title=National Register Information System|date=2006-03-15|work=National Register of Historic Places|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
 
−
}}
 
−
The North-Side Pueblo is said to be one of the most photographed and painted buildings in the [[Western Hemisphere]]. It is the largest multistoried Pueblo structure still existing. It is made of adobe walls that are often several feet thick. Its primary purpose was for defense. Up to as late as 1900, access to the rooms on lower floors was by ladders on the outside to the roof, and then down an inside ladder. In case of an attack, outside ladders could easily be pulled up.
 
−
 
 
−
The homes in this structure usually consist of two rooms, one of which is for general living and sleeping, and the second of which is for cooking, eating, and storage. Each home is self-contained; there are no passageways between the houses. Taos Indians made little use of furniture in the past, but today they have [[Table (furniture)|tables]], [[chair]]s, and [[bed]]s. In the Pueblo, [[electricity]], [[running water]], and indoor [[plumbing]] are prohibited.
 
−
 
 
−
The pueblo wall completely encloses the village except at the entrance as a symbol of the village boundaries. Now rather short, the wall used to be much taller for protection against surrounding tribes. The river running through the pueblo serves as the primary source for drinking and cooking water for the residents of the village. In the winter, the river never completely freezes although it does form a heavy layer of ice. Because the river moves so swiftly, the ice can be broken to obtain the fresh water beneath.
 
−
 
 
−
==Spiritual community==
 
−
Three religions are represented in the Pueblo: [[Christianity]], the aboriginal religion, and the [[Native American Church]]. Most of the Indians are [[Roman Catholic]]. [[Saint Jerome]], or [[San Geronimo]], is the [[patron saint]] of the pueblo....
 
−
 
 
−
The deep feeling of belonging to a community, summed up in their phrase, “we are in one nest,” has held the Taos people together. Both men and women are expected to offer their services or “community duties,” when needed. One should be cooperative and never allow their own desires to be destructive of the community’s interest. One of Taos’s strongest institutions is the [[family]]. Descent on both the father and the mother’s side of the family is equally recognized. Each primary family lives in a separate dwelling so when a couple gets married, they move to their own home. With relatives so near by, everyone is available to help care for the children. The elderly teach the young the values and traditions that have been handed down, which protects the integrity of the Taos culture.
 
  
 
==Additional images==
 
==Additional images==
−
<gallery caption="Taos Pueblo" widths="250px" heights="180px" perrow="3">
+
<center>
−
Image:Taospueblo001.jpg|'''Taos Pueblo''', 1893 illustration
+
{|
−
Image:Taospueblo002.jpg|'''Taos Pueblo''', circa 1920
+
|+
−
Image:NMtrip-05-047.jpg|'''Taos Pueblo''' with Rio Pueblo in foreground
+
|-
−
Image:taos-pueblo-kiva.JPG|The entrance to a [[kiva]], or room for religious rituals, at '''Taos Pueblo'''
+
| valign="top"|
−
Image:taos-pueblo2.JPG|Ancient apartment-style dwellings at the Taos Pueblo.
+
[[Image:Adams Church Taos Pueblo.jpg|thumb|165px|'''Taos Pueblo Church''' (1942) by [[Ansel Adams]]]]
−
Image:taos-pueblo-home.JPG|'''Taos Pueblo''' dwellings have changed little in 1,000 years.
+
| valign="top"|
−
Image:Naumer Taos.jpg|'''Taos Pueblo''' (1935-36) by [[Helmut Naumer, Sr.]]
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[[Image:Taospueblo002.jpg|thumb|165px|'''Taos Pueblo''', circa 1920]]
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Image:Adams Church Taos Pueblo.jpg|'''Taos Pueblo Church''' (1942) by [[Ansel Adams]]
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</gallery>
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[[Image:NMtrip-05-047.jpg|thumb|165px|'''Taos Pueblo''' with Rio Pueblo in foreground]]
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| valign="top"|
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[[Image:taos-pueblo-kiva.JPG|thumb|165px|The entrance to a [[kiva]], or room for religious rituals, at '''Taos Pueblo''']]
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</center>
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
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==References==
 
==References==
−
*Bodine, John J. 1977. ''Taos Pueblo: a walk through time : a visitor's guide to the pueblo, its people, and their customs and their long history''. Santa Fe, N.M.: Lightning Tree. ISBN 9780890160381
+
*Bodine, John J. 1977. ''Taos Pueblo: a walk through time: a visitor's guide to the pueblo, its people, and their customs and their long history.'' Santa Fe, NM: Lightning Tree. ISBN 9780890160381
−
*Keegan, Marcia. 1991. ''The Taos Pueblo and its sacred Blue Lake''. Santa Fe, N.M.: Clear Light Publishers. ISBN 9780940666122
+
*Keegan, Marcia. 1991. ''The Taos Pueblo and its sacred Blue Lake.'' Santa Fe, NM: Clear Light Publishers. ISBN 9780940666122
 
*''[[National Park Service]].'' [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/amsw/sw47.htm Taos Pueblo] Retrieved December 16, 2008.
 
*''[[National Park Service]].'' [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/amsw/sw47.htm Taos Pueblo] Retrieved December 16, 2008.
 
*''TaosWebb''. [http://taospueblo.com/ Taos Pueblo - A thousand years of tradition] Retrieved December 16, 2008.  
 
*''TaosWebb''. [http://taospueblo.com/ Taos Pueblo - A thousand years of tradition] Retrieved December 16, 2008.  
 
* ''UNESCO World Heritage Centre''. [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/492 Pueblo de Taos] Retrieved December 17, 2008.
 
* ''UNESCO World Heritage Centre''. [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/492 Pueblo de Taos] Retrieved December 17, 2008.
−
*Wood, Nancy C. 1989. ''Taos pueblo''. New York: Knopf. ISBN 9780394560328
+
*Wood, Nancy C. 1989. ''Taos pueblo.'' New York: Knopf. ISBN 9780394560328
  
−
==External links==
 
−
All Links Retrieved December 16, 2008.
 
−
*[http://www.taoswebcam.com/ Webcam of sacred Taos Mountain]
 
−
{{Geolinks-US-streetscale|36.43917|-105.54559}}
 
 
{{World Heritage Sites in the United States of America}}
 
{{World Heritage Sites in the United States of America}}
  

Latest revision as of 17:01, 16 November 2015

Pueblo de Taos*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Taos Pueblo. Photo by David Slauson, 1999.
State Party Flag of the United States.svg United States of America
Type Cultural
Criteria iv
Reference 492
Region** Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription 1992  (16th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
** Region as classified by UNESCO.

Taos Pueblo (or Pueblo de Taos) is an ancient pueblo belonging to a Taos (Northern Tiwa) speaking Native American tribe of Pueblo people. It is approximately 1000 years old and lies about 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the modern city of Taos, New Mexico. The Red Willow Creek, or Rio Pueblo, is a small stream which flows through the middle of the pueblo from its source in the Sangre de Cristo Range. A reservation of 95,000 acres (384 km²) is attached to the pueblo, with about 1,900 tribal members living in the area. Taos Pueblo is a member of the Eight Northern Pueblos.

Its most prominent architectural feature is a multi-storied residential complex of reddish-brown adobe divided into two parts by the Rio Pueblo. It is believed to have been built in the fourteenth or fifteenth century, following the disappearance of the Anasazi tribes from drier lands in the Four Corners region. Today Taos Pueblo is home to approximately 150 people who live in the traditional manner, with no electricity or running water, and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited community in the United States.

Taos Pueblo was designated a National Historic Landmark on October 9, 1960, and in 1992 became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Additional World Heritage Sites honoring the Pueblo peoples are Casas Grandes in northern Mexico, Mesa Verde in southwest Colorado, and Chaco Canyon in northwest New Mexico.

Taos Pueblo is considered a remarkable example of a traditional type of architectural dwelling from the pre-European period of the Americas. Due to the determination of the Native American community, it appears to have successfully resisted the pressures of modern society.

Name

In the Taos language, the pueblo is referred to as "the village." The proper name of the Taos Pueblo is ȉałopháymųp’ȍhə́othə̀olbo "at red willow canyon mouth" (or ȉałopháybo "at the red willows" for short); however, this name is more commonly used in ceremonial contexts and is less common in everyday speech.

The name Taos in English was borrowed from Spanish Taos. Spanish Taos is believed to be a borrowing of Taos tə̂o- "village" which was heard as tao to which the plural -s was added although in the modern language Taos is no longer a plural noun. The once popular explanation that the Spanish Taos came from tao "cross of the order of San Juan de los Cabelleros" (from Greek tau) is unlikely.[1][2]

History

The Pueblo People are a diverse group of Native Americans once spread throughout a wide geographical range of northern Mexico and the Southwestern United States. Today their descendants reside mainly in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona in the U.S., and in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. They have traditionally subsisted on agriculture.

Located in the valley of a small tributary of the Rio Grande, Taos Pueblo is an exceptionally well-preserved pueblo in the northernmost reaches of Pueblo territory. It comprises a group of dwelling places and ceremonial centers representative of a culture largely derived from the traditions of the prehistoric Anasazi tribes.

Most archeologists believe that the Taos Indians, along with other Pueblo Indians who eventually settled along the Rio Grande, had migrated from the Four Corners region, whose ancient dwellings had been inhabited by the Anasazi. The cultures there went into an irreversible decline, and in the late 13th century major sites like Mesa Verde and Chaco Canyon were abandoned, perhaps due to major climatic changes including a long drought. It is believed that Taos appeared before 1400, following the disappearance of the Anasazi tribes from the Four Corners region.

The communities of the Anasazi were characterized by common social and religious structures. Their traditional agricultural practices perfected during the classical period, and a systematic use of irrigation, were used.

Taos Pueblo, 1893 illustration

Taos Pueblo was first visited by Europeans in 1540. In 1598 Mission San Gerónimo de Taos was founded. Rebuilt on three separate occasions, the mission was officially abandoned in 1846.

The plotting of the Great Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was centered in Taos Pueblo. A response to Spanish mistreatment of the Native peoples, this regional uprising drove the Spanish out of New Mexico until 1692. The Pueblo endured a siege by U.S. forces in 1847, and experienced the return by President Nixon in 1970 of the Pueblo's 48,000 acres (194 km²) of mountain land taken by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 and designated as the Carson National Forest.[3]

Blue Lake, which the people of the Pueblo traditionally consider sacred, was included in this return of Taos land. The re-acquisition of the sacred Blue Lake is considered the most important event in its history due to the spiritual belief that the Taos natives originated from the lake itself. Its return is considered a tribute to the tenacity of Pueblo leaders and to the community's commitment to guarding its lands for the spiritual, cultural and economic health of the Pueblo. The return of this land capped a long history of struggle.[4] An additional 764 acres south of the ridge between Simpson Peak and Old Mike Peak and west of Blue Lake were transferred back to the Pueblo in 1996.[5]

Archeological site

A number of the Pueblo settlements established in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries in the valleys of the Rio Grande and its tributaries have survived to the present. Exceptional among these is Taos, in the fact that it has retained the original layout and distinctive style of architecture virtually intact. This provides an illustration of the traditional way of life and community characteristics of its ancient inhabitants.

The village today appears at first glance to conform with the description given in 1776 by Fray Francisco Atanasio Dominguez. However, numerous modifications can be observed.[6] On the village's west side, the missionaries’ convent and church lie in ruins. During the nineteenth century a new church was built on the west of the north plaza. The original form and outline of the adobe dwellings remain, but details have been changed. Exterior doors are now common, as are windows which were once small and sparse. This reflects the acculturation of European traits, as well as the lessening of the structures' use as defensive fortifications. Ovens were traditionally located only outdoors, but fireplaces have been added inside the living quarters.[6]

While the social and economic climate have engendered such changes, a policy exists mandating all repair and reconstruction work be carried out using traditional techniques and materials that are harmonious with the original structures.

Main structure

Taos Pueblo (1935-1936), painting by Helmut Naumer, Sr.

The north-side Pueblo is said to be one of the most photographed and painted buildings in the Western Hemisphere. It is the largest multi-storied Pueblo structure still existing. It is made of adobe walls that are often several feet thick. Its primary purpose was for defense. Up to as late as 1900, access to the rooms on lower floors was by ladders on the outside to the roof, and then down an inside ladder. In case of an attack, outside ladders could easily be pulled up.

The homes in this structure usually consist of two rooms, one of which is for general living and sleeping, and the second of which is for cooking, eating, and storage. Each home is self-contained; there are no passageways between the houses. Taos Indians made little use of furniture in the past, but today they have tables, chairs, and beds. In the Pueblo, electricity, running water, and indoor plumbing are prohibited.

The pueblo wall completely encloses the village except at the entrance as a symbol of the village boundaries. Now rather short, the wall was once much taller for protection against surrounding tribes. The river running through the pueblo serves as the primary source for drinking and cooking water for village residents. In the winter, the river never completely freezes although it does form a heavy layer of ice. Because the river water moves so swiftly, the ice can be broken to obtain the fresh water beneath.

Site management

The Taos tribe, who is deeply conscious of its heritage, administers Taos Pueblo. The material expression of that heritage is evident in the buildings of the settlement. Maintenance and restoration work is carried out by a special team, all tribal members, who share scrupulous commitment to the use of traditional materials and techniques.

While Taos Pueblo remains a traditional settlement, only about 150 people reside within the enclosure. Many tribal members return only seasonally for ceremonial functions, while residing nearby in modern dwellings. In addition, its Visitors' Center is increasingly assuming the role of a tourist attraction. While the tourist trade is an important economic base, the tribe fears the possibility of that becoming the central focus of the site.

As a sovereign nation within the United States, preserving the ancient traditions in the face of advancement of "modernization" is a prime concern.

Modern community

Ancient apartment-style dwellings at the Taos Pueblo.
Taos Pueblo dwellings have changed little in 1,000 years.

Approximately 150 people live full time within the Pueblo walls. The two main structures (Hlauuma, or north house and Hlaukwima, or south house) are of similar age, more than 1000 years old. They are believed to be the oldest continuously inhabited communities in the country. Approximately 1,900 Taos Indians live on Taos Pueblo lands. Many who own apartments within the Pueblo live in summer homes near their fields, and in more modern homes outside the old walls but still within Pueblo land. Tradition dictates that neither electricity nor running water be allowed within the Pueblo walls.[4]

The Tribal Council, a group of some 50 male tribal elders, appoint a tribal governor and war chief and their staffs annually. Civil and business issues within the village and relations with the non-Native world are overseen by the governor. The war chief deals with the protection of the mountains and tribal lands outside the Pueblo walls.[4]

An elementary school, maintained by the Bureau of Indian Affairs operates within the Pueblo walls. There is an education committee comprised of Pueblo members who oversee the education of students and monitor a scholarship program for those wishing higher education. Children also attend public schools in the nearby city of Taos.

Three religions are represented in the Pueblo: Christianity, the Native religion, and the Native American Church. Most of the Indians are Roman Catholic. Saint Jerome, or San Geronimo, is the patron saint of the pueblo.

The deep feeling of belonging to a community, summed up in their phrase, “we are in one nest,” has held the Taos people together. Both men and women are expected to offer their services or “community duties,” when needed. One should be cooperative and never allow their own desires to be destructive of the community’s interest. One of Taos peoples' strongest institutions is the family. Descent on both the father and the mother’s side of the family is equally recognized. Each primary family lives in a separate dwelling so when a couple gets married, they move to their own home. With relatives nearby, everyone is available to help care for the children. The elderly teach the young the values and traditions that have been handed down, which protects the integrity of the Taos culture.

Additional images

Taos Pueblo Church (1942) by Ansel Adams
Taos Pueblo, circa 1920
Taos Pueblo with Rio Pueblo in foreground
The entrance to a kiva, or room for religious rituals, at Taos Pueblo

Notes

  1. ↑ William Jones, 1960. "Origin of the place name Taos." Anthropological Linguistics 2 (3): 2-4
  2. ↑ George L. Trager, 1960. "The name of Taos, New Mexico." Anthropological Linguistics 2 (3): 5-6.
  3. ↑ Bob Julyan and Tom Till. 1998. New Mexico's wilderness areas: the complete guide. ([Englewood, CO]: Westcliffe Publishers. ISBN 9781565792913)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Taos Pueblo. About Taos Pueblo Retrieved December 17, 2008.
  5. ↑ Bulk Resource Organization. PUBLIC LAW 104–333—NOV. 12, 1996 Retrieved December 17, 2008.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Advisory Body Evaluation Retrieved December 17, 2008.

References
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