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| − | '''Currently working on''' --[[User:Jennifer Tanabe|Jennifer Tanabe]] March 2021. | + | {{Images OK}}{{Submitted}}{{Approved}}{{Copyedited}} |
| − | [[File:Mental.png|thumb|275px|Mental health and disorders]] | + | :''This article is about mental health or well-being. For mental illness see [[Mental disorder]]''. |
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| − | The state of '''mental health''' is generally understood to be a state of well-being, with the ability to cope with the stresses of life, and function as a productive member of society. From the perspective of [[positive psychology]], mental health includes the ability to enjoy life. Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how one defines "mental health."
| + | [[File:Mental.png|thumb|400px|Mental health and disorders]] |
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| − | == Definition==
| + | The state of '''mental health''' is generally understood to be a state of well-being, with the ability to cope with the stresses of life, and function as a productive member of [[society]]. Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how one defines mental health. Mental health is distinguished from [[mental disorder|mental disorders]], which are disorders or diseases that affect an individual's mood, thinking, and behavior. |
| − | '''Mental health''', defined by the [[World Health Organization]] ([[World Health Organization|WHO]]), is "a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community".<ref name="WHO factsheet">{{cite web|date= August 2014|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs220/en/|title= Mental health: strengthening our response|website= World Health Organization|access-date= 4 May 2014}}</ref> According to the [[World Health Organization|WHO]], mental health includes "subjective well-being, perceived self-efficacy, autonomy, competence, intergenerational dependence, and self-actualization of one's intellectual and emotional potential, among others".<ref name="WHO">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_en.pdf?ua=1|title= The world health report 2001 – Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope|publisher= WHO |access-date= 4 May 2014}}</ref> From the perspectives of [[positive psychology]] or of [[holism]], mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy [[everyday life|life]] and to create a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve [[psychological resilience]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Snyder |first1=C. R |last2=Lopez |first2=Shane J |last3=Pedrotti |first3=Jennifer Teramoto |title=Positive psychology: the scientific and practical explorations of human strengths |date=2011 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-8195-8 |oclc=639574840 }}{{page needed|date=November 2019}}</ref> Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how one defines "mental health".<ref name=WHO/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/mentalhealth.html|title=Mental Health|website=medlineplus.gov|access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref> | + | {{toc}} |
| | + | From the perspective of [[positive psychology]], mental health includes the ability to enjoy life. Mental wellness is affected by a variety of factors, some of which increase well-being while others act as threats and may lead to inability to function in society. Promotion of mental health, therefore, involves not only avoidance of risks but also pursuit of activities and an environment that sustain and enhance mental and emotional well-being. |
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| − | Marie Jahoda, in 1958, devised a list of characteristics which are present in the majority of people who are regarded as normal. Known as ''Ideal Mental Health'', these were:
| + | == Definitions== |
| | + | In general terms, '''mental health''' involves the successful performance of mental functions resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships with other people, and the ability to adapt to change and cope with adversity. As defined by the [[World Health Organization]] ([[World Health Organization|WHO]]): "Mental health is a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community."<ref name=WHO>[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response Mental health: strengthening our response] ''World Health Organization'', March 30, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> The WHO emphasizes that mental health is not just the absence of mental disorders, noting that its constitution states that "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."<ref name=WHO/> |
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| | + | Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how one defines mental health: |
| | + | <blockquote>Views of mental health include a wide range of attributes derived from various academic fields: Concepts of mental health include subjective well-being, perceived self-efficacy, autonomy, competence, intergenerational dependence, and self-actualization of one’s intellectual and emotional potential, among others.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2566704/pdf/0042_9686_79_11_1085.pdf The World Health Report: 2001 - Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope] ''World Health Organization''. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref></blockquote> |
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| | + | In 1958, [[Marie Jahoda]] described six major, fundamental categories that can be used to categorize mentally healthy individuals. Known as the characteristics of ''Ideal Mental Health'',<ref>Marie Jahoda, ''Current Concepts of Positive Mental Health'' (Isha Books, 2013, ISBN 978-9333154550).</ref> these are: |
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| | * Efficient [[Self-perception theory|self perception]] | | * Efficient [[Self-perception theory|self perception]] |
| | * Realistic [[self esteem]] and acceptance | | * Realistic [[self esteem]] and acceptance |
| − | * Voluntary control of behaviour | + | * Voluntary control of behavior |
| | * True perception of the world | | * True perception of the world |
| | * Sustaining relationships and giving affection | | * Sustaining relationships and giving affection |
| | * Self-direction and productivity | | * Self-direction and productivity |
| | + | {{readout||right|250px|Mental health is more than the absence of [[mental disorder]]s; it is a state of well-being including the ability to enjoy life}} |
| | + | Mental wellness is generally viewed as a positive attribute. Many therapeutic systems and self-help books offer methods and philosophies espousing strategies and techniques vaunted as effective for further improving mental wellness. From the perspectives of [[positive psychology]] or of [[holism]], mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy [[everyday life|life]] and to create a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve [[psychological resilience]].<ref>Shane J. Lopez, Jennifer Teramoto Pedrotti, and Charles Richard Snyder, ''Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths'' (SAGE Publications, 2018, ISBN 1506389899).</ref> This definition of mental health highlights [[emotion]]al well-being, the capacity to live a full and [[creativity|creative]] life, and the flexibility to deal with life's inevitable challenges. Some discussions are formulated in terms of contentment or [[happiness]].<ref>Michael C. Graham, ''Facts of Life: Ten Issues of Contentment'' (Outskirts Press, 2014, ISBN 978-1478722595).</ref> |
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| | + | A [[holistic]] model of mental health generally includes concepts based upon [[anthropological]], [[education]]al, [[psychological]], [[religious]], and [[sociological]] perspectives. There are also models as theoretical perspectives from [[personality psychology|personality]], [[social psychology|social]], [[clinical psychology|clinical]], [[health psychology|health]] and [[developmental psychology]].<ref>J. Melvin Witmer and Thomas J. Sweeney, [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1993-10912-001 A holistic model for wellness and prevention over the lifespan] ''Journal of Counseling and Development'' 71(2) (1992):140–148. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref><ref>John A. Hattie, Jane E. Myers, and Thomas J. Sweeney, [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00321.x A factor structure of wellness: Theory, assessment, analysis and practice] ''Journal of Counseling and Development'' 82(3) (2004):354–364. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> |
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| − | [[Marie Jahoda]] described six major, fundamental categories that can be used to categorize mentally healthy individuals. These include a positive attitude towards the self, personal growth, integration, autonomy, a true perception of reality, and environmental mastery, which include adaptability and healthy interpersonal relationships.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Jahoda|first1=Marie|title=Current concepts of positive mental health|date=1958|doi=10.1037/11258-000|hdl=2027/mdp.39015004395078|magazine=New York}}</ref> | + | Mental health can be seen as an unstable [[continuum (theory)|continuum]], where an individual's mental health may have many different possible [[Value (ethics)|values]].<ref name=Keyes2002>Corey L.M. Keyes, [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12096700/ The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life] ''Journal of Health and Social Behavior'' 43(2) (2002):207–222. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> |
| − | In 1958 she developed the theory of Ideal Mental Health.
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| − | Through her work Jahoda identified five categories which she said were vital to feelings of well-being (1982, 87). These were: time structure, social contact, collective effort or purpose, social identity or status, and regular activity.
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| − | Mental health can be seen as an unstable [[continuum (theory)|continuum]], where an individual's mental health may have many different possible [[Value (ethics)|values]].<ref name=Keyes2002>{{cite journal
| + | The tripartite model of mental well-being views mental well-being as encompassing three components of [[emotional well-being]], social well-being, and [[psychological well-being]].<ref name=Keyes2002/> Emotional well-being is defined as having high levels of positive emotions, whereas social and psychological well-being are defined as the presence of psychological and social skills and abilities that contribute to optimal functioning in daily life. The model has received empirical support across cultures.<ref>Matthew W. Gallagher, Shane J. Lopez, and Kristopher J. Preacher. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19558444/ The Hierarchical Structure of Well-Being] ''Journal of Personality'' 77(4) (2009):1025–1050. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> |
| − | |last=Keyes
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| − | |first=Corey L. M.
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| − | |title=The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life
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| − | |journal=Journal of Health and Social Behavior
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| − | |volume=43
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| − | |pages=207–222
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| − | |date=2 January 2002
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| − | |doi=10.2307/3090197
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| − | |jstor=3090197
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| − | |issue=2
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| − | |pmid=12096700
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| − | |s2cid=2961978
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| − | }}</ref> [[Well-being|Mental wellness]] is generally viewed as a positive attribute, even if the person does not have any diagnosed mental health condition. This definition of mental health highlights [[emotion]]al well-being, the capacity to live a full and [[creativity|creative]] life, and the flexibility to deal with life's inevitable challenges. Some discussions are formulated in terms of contentment or happiness.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Graham |first1=Michael C. |title=Facts of Life: ten issues of contentment |date=2014 |publisher=Outskirts Press |isbn=978-1-4787-2259-5 |pages=6–10}}</ref> Many therapeutic systems and self-help books offer methods and philosophies espousing strategies and techniques vaunted as effective for further improving the mental wellness. [[Positive psychology]] is increasingly prominent in mental health.
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| − | A [[holistic]] model of mental health generally includes concepts based upon [[anthropological]], [[education]]al, [[psychological]], [[religious]], and [[sociological]] perspectives. There are also models as theoretical perspectives from [[personality psychology|personality]], [[social psychology|social]], [[clinical psychology|clinical]], [[health psychology|health]] and [[developmental psychology]].<ref name=WitmerSweeney>{{cite journal
| + | == Mental health vs mental illness== |
| − | |last=Witmer
| + | The term "[[mental illness]]," mental disorders or psychiatric disorders, refers to a wide range of mental health conditions: "disorders that affect a person's mood, thinking, and behavior."<ref>[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/symptoms-causes/syc-20374968 Mental illness] ''Mayo Clinic''. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> Mental disorders include [[Clinical depression|depression]], [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[psychosis|psychotic disorder]]s, [[eating disorder]]s, [[personality disorder]]s, [[Post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD), and [[addiction|addictive behaviors]].<ref>[https://medlineplus.gov/mentaldisorders.html Mental Disorders] ''MedLine Plus''. Retrieved October 12, 2022. </ref> |
| − | |first=J.M.
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| − | |author2=Sweeny, T.J.
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| − | |title=A holistic model for wellness and prevention over the lifespan
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| − | |journal=Journal of Counseling and Development
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| − | |volume=71
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| − | |pages=140–148
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| − | |year=1992
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| − | |doi=10.1002/j.1556-6676.1992.tb02189.x
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| − | |issue=2
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| − | }}</ref><ref name=HattieMyersSweeney_p354364>{{cite journal
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| − | |last=Hattie
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| − | |first=J.A.
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| − | |author2=Myers, J.E. |author3=Sweeney, T.J.
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| − | |title=A factor structure of wellness: Theory, assessment, analysis and practice
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| − | |journal=Journal of Counseling and Development
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| − | |volume=82
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| − | |pages=354–364
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| − | |year=2004
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| − | |doi=10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00321.x
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| − | |issue=3
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| − | }}</ref>
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| − | The tripartite model of mental well-being<ref name=Keyes2002/><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |last1=Joshanloo |first1=Mohsen |title=Revisiting the Empirical Distinction Between Hedonic and Eudaimonic Aspects of Well-Being Using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling |journal=Journal of Happiness Studies |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=2023–2036 |date=23 October 2015 |doi=10.1007/s10902-015-9683-z|s2cid=16022037 }}</ref> views mental well-being as encompassing three components of [[emotional well-being]], social well-being, and [[psychological well-being]]. Emotional well-being is defined as having high levels of positive emotions, whereas social and psychological well-being are defined as the presence of psychological and social skills and abilities that contribute to optimal functioning in daily life. The model has received empirical support across cultures.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bobowik |first1=Magdalena |last2=Basabe |first2=Nekane |last3=Páez |first3=Darío |title=The bright side of migration: Hedonic, psychological, and social well-being in immigrants in Spain |journal=Social Science Research |date=1 May 2015 |volume=51 |pages=189–204 |doi=10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.09.011 |pmid=25769861 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gallagher |first1=Matthew W. |last2=Lopez |first2=Shane J. |last3=Preacher |first3=Kristopher J. |title=The Hierarchical Structure of Well-Being |journal=Journal of Personality |date=August 2009 |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=1025–1050 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00573.x |pmid=19558444 |pmc=3865980}}</ref> The Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) is the most widely used scale to measure the tripartite model of mental well-being.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Keyes |first1=Corey L. M. |last2=Wissing |first2=Marié |last3=Potgieter |first3=Johan P. |last4=Temane |first4=Michael |last5=Kruger |first5=Annamarie |last6=van Rooy |first6=Sinette |title=Evaluation of the mental health continuum–short form (MHC–SF) in setswana-speaking South Africans |journal=Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy |date=May 2008 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=181–192 |doi=10.1002/cpp.572|pmid=19115439 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joshanloo |first1=Mohsen |last2=Lamers |first2=Sanne M.A. |title=Reinvestigation of the factor structure of the MHC-SF in the Netherlands: Contributions of exploratory structural equation modeling |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |date=July 2016 |volume=97 |pages=8–12 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.089}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joshanloo |first1=Mohsen |title=A New Look at the Factor Structure of the MHC-SF in Iran and the United States Using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=72 |issue=7 |date=March 2016 |pages= 701–713|doi=10.1002/jclp.22287|pmid=26990960 }}</ref>
| + | Mental health has long been defined as the absence of psychopathologies, such as depression and anxiety. The absence of mental illness, however, is a minimal outcome from a psychological perspective on lifespan development.<ref name = "two continuum">Gerben J. Westerhof and Corey L. M. Keyes, [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20502508/ Mental Illness and Mental Health: The Two Continua Model Across the Lifespan] ''Adult Development'' 17(2) (2010):110-119. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> |
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| − | == Distinguishing mental health from mental illness==
| + | In many cases, there appears to be a continuum between mental health and mental illness, making diagnosis complex.<ref>Office of the Surgeon General, ''Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General'' (Department of Health and Human Services, 1999, ISBN 1083113267).</ref> |
| − | According to the U.K. Surgeon Journal (1999), '''mental health''' is the successful performance of the mental function resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships with other people, and providing the ability to adapt to change and cope with adversity. The term "mental illness" refers collectively to all diagnosable [[mental disorder]]s—health conditions characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, or behavior associated with distress or impaired functioning.<ref>National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, 2011{{Full citation needed|date=September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/mentaldisorders.html|title=Mental Disorders|website=medlineplus.gov|access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref> Mental health has long been defined as the absence of psychopathologies, such as depression and anxiety. The absence of mental illness, however, is a minimal outcome from a psychological perspective on lifespan development.<ref name = "two continuum">{{Cite journal|last1=Westerhof|first1=Gerben J.|last2=Keyes|first2=Corey L. M.|date=June 2010|title=Mental Illness and Mental Health: The Two Continua Model Across the Lifespan|journal=Journal of Adult Development|volume=17|issue=2|pages=110–119|doi=10.1007/s10804-009-9082-y|issn=1068-0667|pmc=2866965|pmid=20502508}}</ref> Corey M Keyes has created a ''two continua model'' of mental illness and health which holds that both are related, but distinct dimensions: one continuum indicates the presence or absence of mental health, the other the presence or absence of mental illness.<ref name = "two continuum" /> For example, people with optimal mental health can also have a mental illness, and people who have no mental illness can also have poor mental health.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Mental Health and Mental Illness? {{!}} Workplace Mental Health Promotion |url=http://wmhp.cmhaontario.ca/workplace-mental-health-core-concepts-issues/what-is-mental-health-and-mental-illness |website=Workplace Mental Health Promotion }}</ref> Indeed, the [[World Health Organization]] distinguishes mental health from mental illness: "{mental health}... a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mental health: strengthening our response|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response|access-date=2020-11-11|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref>
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| | + | The ''two continua model'' of mental illness and health holds that both are related, but on distinct dimensions: One continuum indicates the presence or absence of mental health, the other the presence or absence of mental illness.<ref name = "two continuum" /> For example, people with optimal mental health can also have a mental illness, and people who have no mental illness can also have poor mental health. As noted above, the [[World Health Organization]] regards mental health as having attributes other than the absence of mental illness, supporting the idea of two distinct dimensions. |
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| | ==History== | | ==History== |
| | + | The recognition and understanding of [[mental health]] conditions have changed over time and across cultures and there are still variations in definition, assessment, and [[classification of mental disorders|classification]]. |
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| | + | In American history, mentally ill patients were thought to be religiously punished. This response persisted through the 1700s, along with inhumane confinement and stigmatization of such individuals.<ref name=unite>[http://www.uniteforsight.org/mental-health/module2 A Brief History of Mental Illness and the U.S. Mental Health Care System] ''Unite for Sight''. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> |
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| − | In the mid-19th century, William Sweetser was the first to coin the term ''mental hygiene'', which can be seen as the precursor to contemporary approaches to work on promoting positive mental health.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Shook |editor-first=John R. |date=April 2012 |chapter=Sweetser, William |pages=1016–1020 |title=Dictionary of Early American Philosophers |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-4411-7140-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oOqoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1017 }}</ref><ref name=Mandell1995>{{cite web |first=Wallace |last=Mandell |date=1995 |title=Origins of Mental Health, The Realization of an Idea |website=Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |location=Baltimore, MD |access-date=9 June 2015 |url=http://www.jhsph.edu/departments/mental-health/about-us/origins-of-mental-health.html }}</ref> [[Isaac Ray]], the fourth president<ref>{{cite web|title=Isaac Ray Award|url=https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/awards-leadership-opportunities/awards/isaac-ray-award|website=www.psychiatry.org|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref> of the [[American Psychiatric Association]] and one of its founders, further defined mental hygiene as "the art of preserving the mind against all incidents and influences calculated to deteriorate its qualities, impair its energies, or derange its movements".<ref name=Mandell1995/> | + | In the mid-nineteenth century, William Sweetser was the first to coin the term ''mental hygiene'', which can be seen as the precursor to contemporary approaches to work on promoting positive mental health.<ref>John R. Shook (ed.), ''Dictionary of Early American Philosophers'' (Continuum, 2012, ISBN 978-1843711827).</ref> [[Isaac Ray]], the fourth president of the [[American Psychiatric Association]] and one of its founders, further defined mental hygiene as "the art of preserving the mind against all incidents and influences calculated to deteriorate its qualities, impair its energies, or derange its movements."<ref>Wallace Mandell, [https://www.jhsph.edu/departments/mental-health/about-us/origins-of-mental-health.html Origins of Mental Health] ''Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health'', 1995. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> |
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| − | In American history, mentally ill patients were thought to be religiously punished. This response persisted through the 1700s, along with inhumane confinement and stigmatization of such individuals.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=A Brief History of Mental Illness and the U.S. Mental Health Care System|url=http://www.uniteforsight.org/mental-health/module2|website=www.uniteforsight.org|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> [[Dorothea Dix]] (1802–1887) was an important figure in the development of the "mental hygiene" movement. Dix was a school teacher who endeavored to help people with mental disorders and to expose the sub-standard conditions into which they were put.<ref name="Barlow1">Barlow, D.H., Durand, V.M., Steward, S.H. (2009). ''Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach'' (Second Canadian Edition). Toronto: Nelson. p. 16</ref> This became known as the "mental hygiene movement".<ref name=Barlow1/> Before this movement, it was not uncommon that people affected by mental illness would be considerably neglected, often left alone in deplorable conditions without sufficient clothing.<ref name=Barlow1/> From 1840-1880, she won over the support of the federal government to set up over 30 state psychiatric hospitals; however, they were understaffed, under-resourced, and were accused of violating [[human rights]].<ref name=":3" />
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| − | [[Emil Kraepelin]] in 1896 developed the [[taxonomy (general)|taxonomy]] of mental disorders which has dominated the field for nearly 80 years. Later, the proposed disease model of abnormality was subjected to analysis and considered normality to be relative to the physical, geographical and cultural aspects of the defining group.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ebert |first1=Andreas |last2=Bär |first2=Karl-Jürgen |title=Emil Kraepelin: A pioneer of scientific understanding of psychiatry and psychopharmacology |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |date=2010 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=191–192 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.64591 |pmid=20838510 |pmc=2927892 }}</ref>
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| − | At the beginning of the 20th century, [[Clifford Whittingham Beers|Clifford Beers]] founded "Mental Health America – National Committee for Mental Hygiene", after publication of his accounts as a patient in several [[lunatic asylums]], ''A Mind That Found Itself'', in 1908<ref>Amanda Peck (2013),''Mental Health America – Origins'', Retrieved June 9, 2015, from [http://www.socialwelfarehistory.com/organizations/mental-health-america-origins The Social Welfare History Project].</ref><ref>{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409125103/http://www.cliffordbeers.org/aboutus.htm |date=2007-04-09 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=BERTOLOTE|first=JOSÉ|date=June 2008|title=The roots of the concept of mental health|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=7|issue=2|pages=113–116|doi=10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00172.x|issn=1723-8617|pmc=2408392|pmid=18560478}}</ref> and opened the first outpatient mental health [[clinic]] in the United States.<ref name=CliffordBeersClinic>Clifford Beers Clinic. (2006, October 30). ''About Clifford Beers Clinic''. Retrieved June 1, 2007, from [http://www.cliffordbeers.org/aboutus.htm CliffordBeers.org]</ref>
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| − | The mental hygiene movement, similar to the [[social hygiene movement]], had at times been associated with advocating [[eugenics]] and [[sterilisation (medicine)|sterilisation]] of those considered too mentally deficient to be assisted into productive work and contented family life.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=C9IOAAAAQAAJ&dq=%27moral+hygiene%27+%27social+hygiene%27+%27mental+hygiene%27+movement&source=gbs_navlinks_s Social Hygiene in 20th Century Britain] Taylor & Francis, Page 80 to 83</ref><ref>[http://www.faqs.org/childhood/Gr-Im/Hygiene.html Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society: Hygiene] Jacqueline S. Wilkie.</ref> In the post-WWII years, references to mental hygiene were gradually replaced by the term 'mental health' due to its positive aspect that evolves from the treatment of illness to preventive and promotive areas of healthcare.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bertolote |first1=José |date=June 2008 |title=The roots of the concept of mental health |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=113–116 |pmc=2408392 |pmid=18560478 |doi=10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00172.x }}</ref>
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| − | ==Mental health problems==
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| − | Mental health problems may arise due to [[Psychological stress|stress]], [[loneliness]], [[Depression (mood)|depression]], [[anxiety]], relationship problems, death of a loved one, [[Suicide|suicidal]] thoughts, grief, addiction, [[ADHD]], [[self-harm]], various [[mood disorder]]s, or other mental illnesses of varying degrees, as well as [[learning disabilities]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Practicing Effective Prevention |date=11 January 2016 |website=Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies |publisher=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration |url=http://captus.samhsa.gov/prevention-practice/prevention-and-behavioral-health/behavioral-health-lens-prevention/1 |access-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905062038/https://captus.samhsa.gov/prevention-practice/prevention-and-behavioral-health/behavioral-health-lens-prevention/1 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Kitchener, BA 2002, p 5">{{cite book |last1=Kitchener |first1=Betty |last2=Jorm |first2=Anthony |date=2002 |title=Mental Health First Aid Manual |edition= 1st |publisher=Center for Mental Health Research, Australian National University |location=Canberra |isbn=978-0-7315-4891-0 |oclc=62228904 |page=5 }}</ref> Therapists, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurse practitioners, or family physicians can help manage mental illness with treatments such as therapy, counseling, or medication.
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| − | === Deinstitutionalization and transinstitutionalization ===
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| − | When state hospitals were accused of violating human rights, advocates pushed for [[deinstitutionalization]]: the replacement of federal mental hospitals for [[community mental health service]]s. The closure of state-provisioned psychiatric hospitals was enforced by the Community Mental Health Centers Act in 1963 that laid out terms in which only patients who posed an imminent danger to others or themselves could be admitted into state facilities.<ref>{{Cite document|title=New York Times New York State Poll, June 2008|date=2009-12-03|doi=10.3886/icpsr26164.v1}}</ref> This was seen as an improvement from previous conditions, however, there remains a debate on the conditions of these community resources.
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| − | It has been proven that this transition was beneficial for many patients: there was an increase in overall satisfaction, a better quality of life, more friendships between patients, and not too costly. This proved to be true only in the circumstance that treatment facilities that had enough funding for staff and equipment as well as proper management.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Knapp |first1=Martin |last2=Beecham |first2=Jennifer |last3=McDaid |first3=David |last4=Matosevic |first4=Tihana |last5=Smith |first5=Monique |title=The economic consequences of deinstitutionalisation of mental health services: lessons from a systematic review of European experience: Economic consequences of deinstitutionalisation of mental health services |journal=Health & Social Care in the Community |date=December 2010 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=113–125 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2524.2010.00969.x |pmid=21143545 |doi-access=free }}</ref> However, this idea is a polarizing issue. Critics of deinstitutionalization argue that poor living conditions prevailed, patients were lonely, and they did not acquire proper medical care in these treatment homes.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Novella |first1=Enric J. |title=Mental health care and the politics of inclusion: A social systems account of psychiatric deinstitutionalization |journal=Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics |date=December 2010 |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=411–427 |doi=10.1007/s11017-010-9155-8 |pmid=20711755 |s2cid=23328647 }}</ref> Additionally, patients that were moved from state psychiatric care to nursing and residential homes had deficits in crucial aspects of their treatment. Some cases result in the shift of care from health workers to patients’ families, where they do not have the proper funding or medical expertise to give proper care.<ref name=":4" /> On the other hand, patients that are treated in community mental health centers lack sufficient cancer testing, [[vaccination]]s, or otherwise regular medical check-ups.<ref name=":4" />
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| − | Other critics of state deinstitutionalization argue that this was simply a transition to “[[transinstitutionalization]]”, or the idea that prisons and state-provisioned hospitals are interdependent. In other words, patients become inmates. This draws on the Penrose Hypothesis of 1939, which theorized that there was an inverse relationship between prisons’ population size and the number of psychiatric hospital beds.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal |last1=Schildbach |first1=Sebastian |last2=Schildbach |first2=Carola |title=Criminalization Through Transinstitutionalization: A Critical Review of the Penrose Hypothesis in the Context of Compensation Imprisonment |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |date=25 October 2018 |volume=9 |pages=534 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00534 |pmid=30410452 |pmc=6209624 }}</ref> This means that populations that require psychiatric mental care will transition between institutions, which in this case, includes state psychiatric hospitals and criminal justice systems. Thus, a decrease in available psychiatric hospital beds occurred at the same time as an increase in inmates.<ref name=":5" /> Although some are skeptical that this is due to other external factors, others will reason this conclusion to a lack of empathy for the mentally ill. There is no argument in the social stigmatization of those with mental illnesses, they have been widely marginalized and discriminated against in society.<ref name=":3" /> In this source, researchers analyze how most compensation prisoners (detainees who are unable or unwilling to pay a fine for petty crimes) are unemployed, homeless, and with an extraordinarily high degree of mental illnesses and [[substance abuse]].<ref name=":5" /> Compensation prisoners then lose prospective job opportunities, face social marginalization, and lack access to resocialization programs, which ultimately facilitate reoffending.<ref name=":5" /> The research sheds light on how the mentally ill — and in this case, the poor— are further punished for certain circumstances that are beyond their control, and that this is a vicious cycle that repeats itself. Thus, prisons embody another state-provisioned mental hospital.
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| − | Families of patients, advocates, and mental health professionals still call for the increase in more well-structured community facilities and treatment programs with a higher quality of long-term inpatient resources and care. With this more structured environment, the United States will continue with more access to mental health care and an increase in the overall treatment of the mentally ill.
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| − | However, there is still a lack of studies for MHCs( mental Health conditions) to raise awareness, knowledge development, and attitude of seeking medical treatment for MHCs in Bangladesh. People in rural areas often seek treatment from the traditional healers and these MHCs sometimes considered as a spiritual matters.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Uddin |first1=Mohammed Nazim |last2=Bhar |first2=Sunil |last3=Islam |first3=Fakir M Amirul |title=An assessment of awareness of mental health conditions and its association with socio-demographic characteristics: a cross-sectional study in a rural district in Bangladesh |journal=BMC Health Services Research |date=December 2019 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=562 |doi=10.1186/s12913-019-4385-6 |pmid=31409332 |pmc=6692949 |s2cid=199547608 }}</ref>
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| − | ===Epidemiology===
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| − | Mental illnesses are more common than [[cancer]], [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], or [[heart disease]]. Over 26 percent of all Americans over the age of 18 meet the criteria for having a mental illness.<ref>National Institute of Mental Health, 2011 {{Full citation needed|date=July 2019}}</ref> Evidence suggests that 450 million people worldwide have some mental illness. [[Major depressive disorder|Major depression]] ranks fourth among the top 10 leading causes of disease worldwide. By 2029, mental illness is predicted to become the leading cause of disease worldwide. Women are more likely to have a mental illness than men. One million people commit suicide every year and 10 to 20 million attempt it.<ref>Sowers, Rowe, & Clay, 2009{{full citation needed|date=November 2019}}</ref> A [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) report estimates the global cost of mental illness at nearly $2.5 trillion (two-thirds in indirect costs) in 2010, with a projected increase to over $6 trillion by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who |url=https://www.who.int/whr/2001/media_centre/press_release/en/ |website=Mental illness}}</ref>
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| − | Evidence from the WHO suggests that nearly half of the world's population is affected by mental illness with an impact on their [[self-esteem]], relationships and ability to function in everyday life.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Storrie |first1=Kim |last2=Ahern |first2=Kathy |last3=Tuckett |first3=Anthony |title=A systematic review: Students with mental health problems-A growing problem |journal=International Journal of Nursing Practice |date=February 2010 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-172X.2009.01813.x |pmid=20158541 }}</ref> An individual's emotional health can impact their physical health. Poor mental health can lead to problems such as the ability to make adequate decisions and [[substance abuse]].<ref name="Richards 2010 247">
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| − | {{cite journal|last1=Richards |first1=KC |last2=Campania |first2=C |last3=Muse-Burke |first3=JL |title=Self-care and Well-being in Mental Health Professionals: The Mediating Effects of Self-awareness and Mindfulnes|journal=Journal of Mental Health Counseling |date=July 2010 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=247–264 |doi=10.17744/mehc.32.3.0n31v88304423806}}</ref>
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| − | Good mental health can improve life quality whereas poor mental health can worsen it. According to Richards, Campania, & Muse-Burke, "There is growing evidence that is showing emotional abilities are associated with pro-social behaviors such as stress management and physical health."<ref name="Richards 2010 247"/> Their research also concluded that people who lack emotional expression are inclined to anti-social behaviors (e.g., [[drug]] and [[alcohol abuse]], physical fights, [[vandalism]]), which reflects ones mental health and suppressed emotions.<ref name="Richards 2010 247"/> Adults and children who face mental illness may experience [[social stigma]], which can exacerbate the issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heary |first1=Caroline |last2=Hennessy |first2=Eilis |last3=Swords |first3=Lorraine |last4=Corrigan |first4=Patrick |title=Stigma towards Mental Health Problems during Childhood and Adolescence: Theory, Research and Intervention Approaches |journal=Journal of Child and Family Studies |date=6 July 2017 |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=2949–2959 |doi=10.1007/s10826-017-0829-y |s2cid=148951912 }}</ref>
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| − | ===Demographics===
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| − | ====Children and young adults====
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| − | {{Further| Infant mental health |Child and Adolescent Mental Health}}{{see also|Depression in childhood and adolescence}}
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| − | According to 2020 data, mental illnesses have a stagnant incidence among adults but are increasing among the youth, categorized as 12 to 17-year-olds.<ref name="mhanational.org">{{Cite web|title=Mental Health in America - Youth Data|url=https://mhanational.org/issues/mental-health-america-youth-data|website=Mental Health America|language=en|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> Approximately 13% of youth in the United States reported suffering from at least one [[major depressive episode]] in 2019-20, with the greatest increase (18%) in [[Oregon]].<ref name="mhanational.org"/> Only 28% receive consistent treatment and 70% are left untreated.<ref name="mhanational.org"/> In lower-income communities, it is more common to forego treatment as a result of financial resources. Being left untreated also leads to unhealthy coping mechanisms such as substance abuse, which in turn causes its own host of mental health issues.
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| − | Mental health and stability is a very important factor in a person's everyday life. The human brain develops many skills at an early age including [[social skills]], behavioral skills, and one's way of thinking. Learning how to interact with others and how to focus on certain subjects are essential lessons to learn at a young age. This starts from the time we can talk all the way to when we are so old that we can barely walk. However, there are people in society who have difficulties with these skills and behave differently. A mental illness consists of a wide range of conditions that affects a person's mood, thinking, and behavior.<ref>proof missing</ref> About 26% of people in the United States, ages 18 and older, have been diagnosed with some kind of mental disorder. However, not much is said about children with mental illnesses even though many develop one, even as early as age three.
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| − | The most common mental illnesses in children include, but are not limited to [[anxiety disorder]], as well as [[Depression in childhood and adolescence|depression]] in older children and teens. Having a mental illness at a younger age is different from having one in adulthood. Children's brains are still developing and will continue to develop until around the age of twenty-five.<ref name="Lee, Francis S. 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Lee|first1=Francis S. |last2=Heimer|first2=Hakon |last3=Giedd|first3=Jay N. |last4=Lein|first4=Edward S. |last5=Šestan|first5=Nenad |last6=Weinberger|first6=Daniel R. |last7=Casey|first7=B.J. |title=Adolescent Mental Health—Opportunity and Obligation |journal=Science |volume=346 |issue=6209 |pages=547–549 |date=31 October 2014 |pmid=25359951 |doi=10.1126/science.1260497 |pmc=5069680|bibcode=2014Sci...346..547L }}</ref> When a mental illness is thrown into the mix, it becomes significantly harder for a child to acquire the necessary skills and habits that people use throughout the day. For example, behavioral skills don't develop as fast as motor or sensory skills do.<ref name="Lee, Francis S. 2014"/> So when a child has an anxiety disorder, they begin to lack proper social interaction and associate many ordinary things with intense fear.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Staikova|first1=Ekaterina |last2=Gomes|first2=Hilary |last3=Tartter|first3=Vivien |last4=McCabe|first4=Allyssa |last5=Halperin|first5=Jeffrey M. |date=December 2013 |title=Pragmatic Deficits and Social Impairment in Children with ADHD |journal=[[Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry]] |volume=54 |issue=12 |pages=1275–283 |pmid=23682627 |pmc=3648855 |doi=10.1111/jcpp.12082 }}</ref> This can be scary for the child because they don't necessarily understand why they act and think the way that they do. Many researchers say that parents should keep an eye on their child if they have any reason to believe that something is slightly off.<ref name="Lee, Francis S. 2014"/> If the children are evaluated earlier, they become more acquainted to their disorder and treating it becomes part of their daily routine.<ref name="Lee, Francis S. 2014"/> This is opposed to adults who might not recover as quickly because it is more difficult for them to adopt when already being accustomed to a certain direction of life.
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| − | Mental illness affects not only the person themselves but the people around them. Friends and family also play an important role in the child's mental health stability and treatment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/child-and-adolescent-mental-health/index.shtml|title=NIMH » Child and Adolescent Mental Health|website=www.nimh.nih.gov|access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref> If the child is young, parents are the ones who evaluate their child and decide whether or not they need some form of help.<ref name="Hinshaw, Stephen P 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Hinshaw |first1=Stephen P. |date=July 2005 |title=The Stigmatization of Mental Illness in Children and Parents: Developmental Issues, Family Concerns, and Research Needs. |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=7 |pages=714–34 |pmid=15972067 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01456.x }}</ref> Friends are a support system for the child and family as a whole. Living with a mental disorder is never easy, so it's always important to have people around to make the days a little easier. However, there are negative factors that come with the social aspect of mental illness as well. Parents are sometimes held responsible for their child's illness.<ref name="Hinshaw, Stephen P 2005"/> People also say that the parents raised their children in a certain way or they acquired their behavior from them. Family and friends are sometimes so ashamed of the idea of being close to someone with a disorder that the child feels isolated and thinks that they have to hide their illness from others.<ref name="Hinshaw, Stephen P 2005"/> When in reality, hiding it from people prevents the child from getting the right amount of social interaction and treatment to thrive in today's society.
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| − | [[Social stigma|Stigmas]] are also a well-known factor in mental illness. A stigma is defined as “a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person.” Stigmas are used especially when it comes to mentally disabled people. One example of such a stigma is the assumption that everyone with a mental problem, no matter how mild or severe, is automatically considered destructive or a criminal person.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wahl|first1=Otto F. |title=Depictions of Mental Illnesses in Children's Media |journal=[[Journal of Mental Health]] |volume=12 |issue=3 |date=June 2003 |pages=249–58 |doi=10.1080/0963823031000118230 |s2cid=145537429 }}</ref> However, mental illnesses differ from their portrayal in the media. In a recent study, a majority of young people associate mental illness with extreme sadness or violent tendencies .<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fox|first1=C. |last2=Buchanan‐Barrow|first2=E. |last3=Barrett|first3=M. |date=January 2008 |title=Children's Understanding of Mental Illness: An Exploratory Study |journal=Child: Care, Health and Development |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=10–18 |pmid=18171438 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00783.x }}</ref> Many people with psychiatric disorders like [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]] or [[anxiety]] can live an ordinary life with the correct treatment. Along with social stigmas, individuals with a mental illness can develop a self-stigma. A self-stigma is when the affected individual does not come forward about their feelings in fear of being judged. These self-stigmas can deter the individual from seeking help and treatment.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Feldman |first1=David |title=The Tragedy of Mental Illness Stigma |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/supersurvivors/201808/the-tragedy-mental-illness-stigma |website=Psychology Today |publisher=Psychology Today |access-date=16 November 2020}}</ref>
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| − | ''Sueki'', (2013) carried out a study titled “''The effect of suicide-related internet use on users’ mental health: A longitudinal Study”''. This study investigated the effects of [[Suicide and the Internet|suicide-related internet use]] on user's suicidal thoughts, predisposition to depression and anxiety, and loneliness. The study consisted of 850 internet users; the data was obtained by carrying out a questionnaire amongst the participants. This study found that browsing websites related to suicide, and methods used to commit suicide, harmed suicidal thoughts and increased depression and anxiety tendencies. The study concluded that as suicide-related internet use adversely affected the mental health of certain age groups it may be prudent to reduce or control their exposure to these websites. These findings certainly suggest that the internet can indeed have a profoundly negative impact on our mental health.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sueki|title=The Effect of Suicide-Related Internet Use on Users' Mental Health.|journal=Crisis|volume=34|issue=5|date=2013|pages= 348–353|pmid=23685338|doi=10.1027/0227-5910/a000201}}</ref>
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| − | Psychiatrist [[Thomas Szasz]] compared that 50 years ago children were either categorized as good or bad, and today "all children are good, but some are mentally healthy and others are mentally ill". Social control and forced identity creation is the cause of many mental health problems among today's children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.szasz.com/latimes3152001.html|title=from The Los Angeles Times, March 15, 2001 |website=www.szasz.com}}</ref> A behavior or misbehavior might not be an illness but exercise of their [[free will]] and today's immediacy in drug administration for every problem along with the [[law|legal]] over-guarding and regard of a [[Minor (law)|child]]'s status as a [[Child#Age of responsibility|dependent]] shakes their personal self and invades their internal growth.
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| − | ====The homeless population====
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| − | {{Further| Homelessness and mental health}}
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| − | Mental illness is not only prevalent among children and young adults but also the homeless. Mental illness is thought to be extremely prevalent among homeless populations, though access to proper diagnoses is limited. In an article written by Lisa Godman and her colleagues, they reference Smith’s research on the prevalence of PTSD among homeless people. His research stated, "Homelessness itself is a risk factor for emotional disorder."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Goodman|first1=L.|last2=Saxe|first2=L.|last3=Harvey|first3=M.|year=1991|title=Homelessness as psychological trauma. Broadening perspectives|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1772159/|journal=The American Psychologist|volume=46|issue=11|pages=1219–1225|doi=10.1037//0003-066x.46.11.1219|issn=0003-066X|pmid=1772159}}</ref> What this quote is saying is that being homeless itself can cause the emotional disorder. Without looking for other reasons for emotional disorder and really looking at the simple fact that an individual is homeless can cause the emotional disorder. Godman’s article stated "Recently, Smith ( 1991) investigated the prevalence of PTSD among a sample of 300 randomly selected homeless single women and mothers in St. Louis, Missouri. Using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS; Robins, 1981; Robins & Helzer, 1984), she found that 53% of the respondents could be diagnosed as exhibiting full-blown cases of PTSD."{{cite quote|date=October 2020}} As the source explains, the conclusion that was drawn from Smith’s investigation after studying 300 homeless individuals is that 53% of those people were eligible to be diagnosed with PTSD. She continues and states: "In addition, data from clinical observations, self-reports, and empirical studies suggest that at least two commonly reported symptoms of psychological trauma, social disaffiliation and learned helplessness are highly prevalent among homeless individuals and families."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interventions to Improve the Health of the HomelessA Systematic Review {{!}} Request PDF|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7523164_Interventions_to_Improve_the_Health_of_the_HomelessA_Systematic_Review|access-date=2021-01-29|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref> Other data were able to prove that PTSD and learned helplessness were two symptoms that were very much present among homeless individuals and families. The question would be how are these people being helped. This is evident that mental health among the homeless is an issue existing but barely touched.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goodman |first1=Lisa |last2=Saxe |first2=Leonard |last3=Harvey |first3=Mary |title=Homelessness as psychological trauma. Broadening perspectives. |journal=The American Psychologist |date=November 1991 |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=1219–1225 |doi=10.1037//0003-066x.46.11.1219 |pmid=1772159 }}</ref> In another article by Stephen W. Hwang and Rochelle E Garner, they talk about the ways that the homeless are getting actually getting help. It states "For homeless people with mental illness, case management linked to other services was effective in improving psychiatric symptoms, and assertive case management was effective in decreasing psychiatric hospitalizations and increasing outpatient contacts. For homeless people with substance abuse problems, case management resulted in greater decreases in substance use than did usual care."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interventions to Improve the Health of the HomelessA Systematic Review {{!}} Request PDF|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7523164_Interventions_to_Improve_the_Health_of_the_HomelessA_Systematic_Review|access-date=2021-01-29|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref> The question would be how are these people being helped. As the source explained, case management provided by services helped improve psychiatric symptoms. It also caused a decrease in substance use than usual media care.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hwang |first1=Stephen W. |last2=Tolomiczenko |first2=George |last3=Kouyoumdjian |first3=Fiona G. |last4=Garner |first4=Rochelle E. |title=Interventions to Improve the Health of the Homeless: A Systematic Review |journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine |date=1 November 2005 |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=311–311.e75 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2005.06.017 |pmid=16242595 }}</ref>
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| − | ====Immigrants and refugees====
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| − | {{See also| Mental health of refugee children}}
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| − | The Rohingya from Myanmar are a large group of stateless people who experienced war, deprivation of social rights, and other cultural and political instability and they are currently residing in the southeastern part of Bangladesh as refugees. There are very little research has been done on their mental health status due to war, daily environmental stressors due to continuous displacement, historical trauma, and life in the refugee camp.<ref name="Riley et al 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Riley |first1=Andrew |last2=Varner |first2=Andrea |last3=Ventevogel |first3=Peter |last4=Taimur Hasan |first4=M. M. |last5=Welton-Mitchell |first5=Courtney |title=Daily stressors, trauma exposure, and mental health among stateless Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh |journal=Transcultural Psychiatry |date=June 2017 |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=304–331 |doi=10.1177/1363461517705571 |pmid=28540768 |s2cid=4915988 }}</ref>
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| − | A cross-sectional study was conducted among 148 Rohingya adults in the refugee camp in Bangladesh and the result indicated that people are suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, somatic impairment, and other associated functional impairment as well. this study revealed that all these MHCs developed due to the high level of daily environmental stressors in the camp, also due to lack of food, lack of freedom of movement.<ref name="Riley et al 2017"/>
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| − | ====Cultural and religious considerations====
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| − | Mental health is a socially constructed and socially defined concept; that is, different societies, groups, [[culture]]s, institutions, and professions have very different ways of conceptualizing its nature and causes, determining what is mentally healthy, and deciding what interventions, if any, are appropriate.<ref name=Weare2000_p12>{{cite book |last=Weare |first=Katherine |title=Promoting Mental, Emotional and Social Health: A Whole School Approach |publisher=RoutledgeFalmer |year=2000 |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-16875-5 |page=12}}</ref> Thus, different professionals will have different cultural, class, political and religious backgrounds, which will impact the [[methodology]] applied during treatment. In the context of [[deaf mental health care]], it is necessary for professionals to have cultural competency of deaf and hard of hearing people and to understand how to properly rely on trained, qualified, and certified interpreters when working with [[Deaf culture|culturally Deaf]] clients.
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| − | Research has shown that there is [[Social stigma|stigma]] attached to mental illness.<ref>Office of the Deputy Prime Minister – Social Exclusion Unit: "[https://web.archive.org/web/20081229152129/http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/cabinetoffice/social_exclusion_task_force/assets/publications_1997_to_2006/factsheet_stigma.pdf Factsheet 1: Stigma and Discrimination on Mental Health Grounds]". 2004.</ref> Due to such stigma, individuals may resist 'labeling' and may be driven to respond to mental health diagnoses with [[denialism]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Barker|first1=Phil|title=Mental Health Ethics: The Human Context |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136881930 |date=2010 |page=146}}</ref> Family caregivers of individuals with mental disorders may also suffer discrimination or face stigma.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yin |first1=Yi |last2=Zhang |first2=Weijun |last3=Hu |first3=Zhenyu |last4=Jia |first4=Fujun |last5=Li |first5=Yafang |last6=Xu |first6=Huiwen |last7=Zhao |first7=Shuliang |last8=Guo |first8=Jing |last9=Tian |first9=Donghua |last10=Qu |first10=Zhiyong |last11=Courvoisier |first11=Delphine Sophie |title=Experiences of Stigma and Discrimination among Caregivers of Persons with Schizophrenia in China: A Field Survey |journal=PLOS ONE |date=26 September 2014 |volume=9 |issue=9 |page=e108527 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108527|pmid=25259732 |pmc=4178170 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8527Y }}</ref>
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| − | Addressing and eliminating the social stigma and [[Treatment of mental disorders|perceived stigma]] attached to mental illness has been recognized as crucial to education and awareness surrounding mental health issues. In the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Royal College of Psychiatrists]] organized the campaign ''Changing Minds'' (1998–2003) to help reduce stigma,<ref>Royal College of Psychiatrists: [http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/campaigns/previouscampaigns/changingminds.aspx Changing Minds].</ref> while in the [[United States]], efforts by entities such as the [[Born This Way Foundation]] and ''[[The Manic Monologues]]'' specifically focus on removing the stigma surrounding mental illness.<ref name=WaPo-stigma>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/a-play-that-hopes-to-smash-the-stigma-surrounding-mental-illness/2019/04/26/dcd13a46-65ee-11e9-a1b6-b29b90efa879_story.html|title=A play that hopes to smash the stigma surrounding mental illness.|author=Erin Blakemore|date=29 April 2019|work=The Washington Post|access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref><ref name=KQED-stigma>{{cite web|url=https://www.kqed.org/arts/13856397/manic-monologues-seeks-to-disrupt-the-stigma-around-mental-illness|title='Manic Monologues' Seeks to Disrupt the Stigma Around Mental Illness.|author=Rachael Myrow|date=2 May 2019|work=KQED|access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref> The [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]] is a U.S. institution founded in 1979 to represent and advocate for those struggling with mental health issues. NAMI helps to educate about mental illnesses and health issues, while also working to eliminate stigma<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.curestigma.org/|title=NAMI Presents: Cure Stigma|website=NAMI Presents: Cure Stigma|language=en|access-date=2018-09-15}}</ref> attached to these disorders.
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| − | Many [[mental health professional]]s are beginning to, or already understand, the importance of competency in religious diversity and [[spirituality]]. They are also partaking in cultural training to better understand which interventions work best for these different groups of people. The [[American Psychological Association]] explicitly states that [[religion]] must be respected. Education in [[spirituality|spiritual]] and religious matters is also required by the [[American Psychiatric Association]],<ref name=HandbookofPsychotherapyandReligousDiversity_p4>{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=PS |last2=Bergin |first2=AE |title=Handbook of Psychotherapy and Religious Diversity |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]] |year=2000 |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-1-55798-624-5 |page=4}}</ref> however, far less attention is paid to the damage that more rigid, fundamentalist faiths commonly practiced in the United States can cause.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.recoveringfromreligion.org/hotline-project-support/hotline-project-training/religious-trauma-syndrome/|title=Religious Trauma Syndrome|website=Recovering from Religion|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref> This theme has been widely politicized in 2018 such as with the creation of the Religious Liberty Task Force in July of that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/1335106/the-department-of-justices-religious-liberty-task-force-will-enforce-these-20-principles/|title=Jeff Sessions' new task force puts freedom of religion first|last1=Merelli|first1=Annalisa|website=Quartz|language=en|access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref> Also, many providers and practitioners in the United States are only beginning to realize that the institution of mental healthcare lacks knowledge and competence of many non-Western cultures, leaving providers in the United States ill-equipped to treat patients from different cultures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2018/11/28/how-culture-shapes-your-mind-and-your-mental-illness/sMlhWP5LGSOvQAFd83I3qN/story.html|title=How culture shapes your mind — and your mental illness - The Boston Globe|website=BostonGlobe.com|access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref>
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| − | === Mental health and occupations ===
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| − | {{See also| Mental health in aviation}}
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| − | ===={{anchor|Psychiatric social work}}Mental health in social work====
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| − | {{Further| Social work}}
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| − | [[Social work]] in mental health, also called psychiatric social work, is a process where an individual in a setting is helped to attain freedom from overlapping internal and external problems (social and economic situations, family and other relationships, the physical and organizational environment, psychiatric symptoms, etc.). It aims for harmony, [[quality of life]], self-actualization and personal adaptation across all systems. Psychiatric social workers are [[mental health professional]]s that can assist patients and their family members in coping with both mental health issues and various economic or social problems caused by mental illness or psychiatric dysfunctions and to attain improved mental health and well-being. They are vital members of the treatment teams in Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences in hospitals. They are employed in both outpatient and inpatient settings of a hospital, nursing homes, state and local governments, substance abuse clinics, correctional facilities, health care services...etc.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Francis |first1=Abraham P. |title=Social Work in Mental Health: Contexts and Theories for Practice |date=2014 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-93-5150-116-9 }}{{page needed|date=November 2019}}</ref>
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| − | In the United States, social workers provide most of the mental health services. According to government sources, 60 percent of mental health professionals are clinically trained [[social worker]]s, 10 percent are [[psychiatrist]]s, 23 percent are [[psychologist]]s, and 5 percent are [[psychiatric nurse]]s.<ref>National Association of Social Workers, 2011</ref>
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| − | Mental health social workers in Japan have professional knowledge of health and welfare and skills essential for person's well-being. Their social work training enables them as a professional to carry out Consultation assistance for mental disabilities and their social reintegration; Consultation regarding the rehabilitation of the victims; Advice and guidance for post-discharge residence and re-employment after hospitalized care, for major life events in regular life, money and self-management and other relevant matters to equip them to adapt in daily life. Social workers provide individual home visits for mentally ill and do welfare services available, with specialized training a range of procedural services are coordinated for home, workplace and school. In an administrative relationship, Psychiatric social workers provides consultation, leadership, conflict management and work direction. Psychiatric social workers who provides assessment and psychosocial interventions function as a clinician, counselor and municipal staff of the health centers.<ref>{{cite web |title=精神保健福祉士の受験資格を取得するための養成課程 |trans-title=Psychiatric Social Worker Training Course |website=Japan College of Social Work |url=http://www.jcsw.ac.jp/faculty/tsushin/seishin/index.html |language=ja}}</ref>
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| − | ==Mental health protection and promotion==
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| − | {{See also | Prevention of mental disorders}}
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| − | "The terms mental health promotion and prevention have often been confused. Promotion is defined as intervening to ''optimize'' positive mental health by addressing determinants of positive mental health (i.e. [[protective factor]]s) before a specific mental health problem has been identified, with the ultimate goal of improving the positive mental health of the population. Mental health prevention is defined as intervening to ''minimize'' mental health problems (i.e. [[risk factors]]) by addressing determinants of mental health problems before a specific mental health problem has been identified in the individual, group, or population of focus with the ultimate goal of reducing the number of future mental health problems in the population."<ref name= "MHPPYouth">{{Cite web|title=Promotion & Prevention {{!}} Youth.gov|url=https://youth.gov/youth-topics/youth-mental-health/mental-health-promotion-prevention|access-date=2020-11-17|website=youth.gov}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>Miles, J., Espiritu, R. C., Horen, N. M., Sebian, J., & Waetzig, E. (2010). Washington, DC: Georgetown University, Center for Children and Human Development, National Technical Assistance Center for Children’s Mental Health</ref>
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| − | In order to improve your emotional mental health, the root of the issue has to be resolved. "Prevention emphasizes the avoidance of risk factors; promotion aims to enhance an individual's ability to achieve a positive sense of [[self-esteem]], mastery, well-being, and social inclusion."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Power|first=A|title=Transforming the Nation's Health: Next Steps in Mental Health Promotion|journal=American Journal of Public Health|year=2010|volume=100|issue=12|pages=2343–6|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2010.192138|pmid=20966366|pmc=2978180}}</ref> Mental health promotion attempts to increase protective factors and healthy behaviors that can help prevent the onset of a diagnosable mental disorder and reduce risk factors that can lead to the development of a mental disorder.<ref name = "MHPPYouth" /> It is very important to improve your emotional mental health by surrounding yourself with positive relationships. We as humans feed off companionships and interactions with other people. Another way to improve your emotional mental health is by participating in activities that can allow you to relax and take time for yourself. [[Yoga]] is a great example of an activity that calms your entire body and nerves. According to a study on well-being by Richards, Campania, and Muse-Burke, "[[mindfulness (psychology)|mindfulness]] is considered to be a purposeful state, it may be that those who practice it belief in its importance and value being mindful, so that valuing of self-care activities may influence the intentional component of mindfulness."<ref name="Richards 2010 247"/>
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| − | Mental health is conventionally defined as a hybrid of absence of a [[Mental disorders|mental disorder]] and the presence of well-being. Focus is increasing on [[Mental disorders#Prevention|preventing mental disorders]].
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| − | Prevention is beginning to appear in mental health strategies, including the 2004 WHO report "''Prevention of Mental Disorders''", the 2008 EU "Pact for Mental Health" and the 2011 US National Prevention Strategy.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |author1=National Research Council |author2=Institute of Medicine |editor1-last=England|editor1-first=Mary Jane |editor2-last=Sim|editor2-first=Leslie J. |date=2009 |title=Depression in parents, parenting, and children: Opportunities to improve identification, treatment, and prevention |location=Washington, DC |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-12178-1 |doi=10.17226/12565 |pmid=25009931 }}</ref>{{page needed |date=January 2016}} Some commentators have argued that a pragmatic and practical approach to mental disorder prevention at work would be to treat it the same way as physical injury prevention.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.humanengineers.com/hr_library/staffs-mental-health-workplace-safety-issue/|title=Your Staff's Mental Health Is a Workplace Safety Issue - Humanengineers|date=2017-06-20|work=Humanengineers|access-date=2018-01-11|language=en-US}}</ref>
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| − | Prevention of a disorder at a young age may significantly decrease the chances that a child will suffer from a disorder later in life, and shall be the most efficient and effective measure from a public health perspective.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Jeronimus BF, Kotov R, Riese H, Ormel J | year = 2016| title = Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants | url = https://zenodo.org/record/895885| journal = Psychological Medicine | volume = 46 | issue = 14| pages = 2883–2906 | doi = 10.1017/S0033291716001653 | pmid=27523506}}</ref> Prevention may require the regular consultation of a [[physician]] for at least twice a year to detect any signs that reveal any mental health concerns. Similar to mandated health screenings, bills across the U.S. are being introduced to require mental health screenings for students attending public schools. Supporters of these bills hope to diagnose mental illnesses such as anxiety and depression to prevent self-harm and any harm induced on other students.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}
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| − | Additionally, social media is becoming a resource for prevention. In 2004, the Mental Health Services Act<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=Wayne |last2=Welch |first2=Stephanie N. |last3=Berry |first3=Sandra H. |last4=Collentine |first4=Ann M. |last5=Collins |first5=Rebecca |last6=Lebron |first6=Dorthy |last7=Shearer |first7=Amy L. |title=California's Historic Effort to Reduce the Stigma of Mental Illness: The Mental Health Services Act |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date=May 2013 |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=786–794 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2013.301225 |pmid=23488486 |pmc=3698820 }}</ref> began to fund marketing initiatives to educate the public on mental health. This California-based project is working to combat the negative perception with mental health and reduce the stigma associated with it. While social media can benefit mental health, it can also lead to deterioration if not managed properly.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/social-media-mental-health-negative-effects-depression-anxiety-addiction-memory-a8307196.html|title=SIX WAYS SOCIAL MEDIA NEGATIVELY AFFECTS YOUR MENTAL HEALTH|date=2019-10-10|access-date=2020-04-20|language=en-UK}}</ref> Limiting social media intake is beneficial
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| − | .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.unihomes.co.uk/blog/how-to-look-after-your-mental-health-coronavirus|title=Here's How to Look After Your Mental Health|date=2020-04-20|access-date=2020-04-20|language=en-UK}}</ref>
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| − | ===Care navigation===
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| − | {{main|Mental health care navigator}}
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| − | Mental health care navigation helps to guide patients and families through the fragmented, often confusing mental health industries. Care navigators work closely with patients and families through discussion and collaboration to provide information on best therapies as well as referrals to practitioners and facilities specializing in particular forms of emotional improvement. The difference between therapy and care navigation is that the care navigation process provides information and directs patients to therapy rather than providing therapy. Still, care navigators may offer diagnosis and treatment planning. Though many care navigators are also trained therapists and doctors. Care navigation is the link between the patient and the below therapies. A clear recognition that mental health requires medical intervention was demonstrated in a study by Kessler et al. of the prevalence and treatment of mental disorders from 1990 to 2003 in the United States. Despite the prevalence of mental health disorders remaining unchanged during this period, the number of patients seeking treatment for mental disorders increased threefold.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kessler|first1=Ronald C. |last2=Demler|first2=Olga |last3=Frank|first3=Richard G. |last4=Olfson|first4=Mark |last5=Pincus|first5=Harold Alan |last6=Walters|first6=Ellen E. |last7=Wang|first7=Philip |last8=Wells|first8=Kenneth B. |last9=Zaslavsky|first9=Alan M. |title=Prevalence and Treatment of Mental Disorders, 1990 to 2003 |date=16 June 2005 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=352 |issue=24 |pages=2515–2523 |doi= 10.1056/nejmsa043266|pmid=15958807 |pmc=2847367 }}</ref>
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| − | ===Promoting and improving mental health===
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| − | ==== Pharmacotherapy ====
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| − | Pharmacotherapy is a therapy that uses pharmaceutical drugs. Pharmacotherapy is used in the treatment of mental illness through the use of antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and the use of elements such as lithium.
| + | [[Dorothea Dix]] (1802–1887) was an important figure in the development of the "mental hygiene" movement. Before this movement, it was not uncommon that people affected by mental illness would be considerably neglected, often left alone in deplorable conditions without sufficient clothing. Dix was a school teacher who endeavored to help people with mental disorders and to expose the sub-standard conditions into which they were put. This became known as the "mental hygiene movement."<ref> David H. Barlow, Vincent Mark Durand, and Stefan G. Hofmann, ''Abnormal Psychology: An integrative approach'' (Cengage Learning, 2017, ISBN 978-1305950443). </ref> From 1840-1880, Dix won over the support of the federal government to set up over 30 state psychiatric hospitals; however, they were understaffed, under-resourced, and were accused of violating [[human rights]].<ref name=unite/> |
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| − | ==== Physical activity ====
| + | In 1896, [[Emil Kraepelin]] developed the [[taxonomy (general)|taxonomy]] of mental disorders which dominated the field for nearly 80 years.<ref>Andreas Ebert and Karl-Jürgen Bär, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2927892/ Emil Kraepelin: A pioneer of scientific understanding of psychiatry and psychopharmacology] ''Indian Journal of Psychiatry'' 52(2) (2010): 191–192. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> |
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| − | For some people, physical exercise can improve mental as well as physical health. Playing sports, walking, cycling, or doing any form of physical activity trigger the production of various hormones, sometimes including [[endorphins]], which can elevate a person's mood.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The effects of transport mode use on self-perceived health, mental health, and social contact measures: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study |author1=Ione Avila-Palencia |journal=Environment International|volume=120 |pages=199–206 |date=2018|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.002 |pmid=30098553 |hdl=10044/1/62973 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
| + | At the beginning of the twentieth century, [[Clifford Whittingham Beers|Clifford Beers]] founded "Mental Health America – National Committee for Mental Hygiene," after the 1908 publication of his account as a patient in several [[lunatic asylums]].<ref> Clifford Whittingham Beers, ''A Mind That Found Itself'' (Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2010, ISBN 978-1169262980).</ref> His experiences led him to work to change the treatment of the mentally ill, and he opened the first outpatient mental health [[clinic]] in the United States.<ref>[https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/organizations/mental-health-america-origins/ Mental Health America – Origins] ''VCU Libraries Social Welfare History Project''. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> |
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| − | Studies have shown that in some cases, physical activity can have the same impact as antidepressants when treating depression and anxiety.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rebar |first1=Amanda L. |last2=Stanton |first2=Robert |last3=Geard |first3=David |last4=Short |first4=Camille |last5=Duncan |first5=Mitch J. |last6=Vandelanotte |first6=Corneel |title=A meta-meta-analysis of the effect of physical activity on depression and anxiety in non-clinical adult populations |journal=Health Psychology Review |date=3 July 2015 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=366–378 |doi=10.1080/17437199.2015.1022901 |pmid=25739893 |s2cid=24320503 }}</ref>
| + | In the post-[[World War II]] years, references to mental hygiene were gradually replaced by the term "mental health," reflected in the 1949 founding of the National Institute of Mental Health in the United States.<ref>José Bertolote, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2408392/ The roots of the concept of mental health] ''World Psychiatry'' 7(2) (2008): 113–116. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> |
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| − | Moreover, cessation of physical exercise may have adverse effects on some mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety. This could lead to many different negative outcomes such as obesity, skewed body image, lower levels of certain hormones, and many more health risks associated with mental illnesses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weinstein |first1=Ali A. |last2=Koehmstedt |first2=Christine |last3=Kop |first3=Willem J. |title=Mental health consequences of exercise withdrawal: A systematic review |journal=General Hospital Psychiatry |date=November 2017 |volume=49 |pages=11–18 |doi=10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.06.001 |pmid=28625704 }}</ref>
| + | ==Improving mental health== |
| | + | [[Marie Jahoda]] identified five categories which she said were vital to feelings of well-being: time structure, social contact, collective effort or purpose, social identity or status, and regular activity.<ref name=Jahoda1982>Marie Jahoda, ''Employment and Unemployment: A Social-Psychological Analysis'' (Cambridge University Press, 1982, ISBN 0521285860).</ref> Activities and an environment which sustain these facets of life, therefore, enhance mental health. |
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| − | ====Activity therapies==== | + | === Physical activity === |
| | + | For some people, [[physical exercise]] can improve mental as well as physical health. Playing sports, walking, cycling, or doing any form of physical activity triggers the production of various [[hormone]]s, including [[endorphins]], which can elevate a person's mood.<ref>Ione Avila-Palencia et al., [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30098553/ The effects of transport mode use on self-perceived health, mental health, and social contact measures: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study] ''Environment International'' 120 (2018):199–206. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> |
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| − | Activity therapies also called recreation therapy and occupational therapy, promote healing through active engagement. An example of occupational therapy would be promoting an activity that improves daily life, such as self-care or improving hobbies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Occupational Therapy - Adults|url=https://interprofessionalclinic.com/client-services/occupational-therapy-adults/|access-date=2021-03-16|website=The Interprofessional Clinic|language=en-US}}</ref> Similarly, recreational therapy focuses on movement, such as walking, yoga, or riding a bike. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-24|title=Recreational Therapy: Definition, Benefits, Activities|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/recreational-therapy|access-date=2021-03-16|website=Healthline|language=en}}</ref>
| + | Studies have shown that in some cases physical activity can have the same impact as antidepressants when treating [[Clinical depression|depression]] and [[anxiety]].<ref>Amanda L Rebar et al., [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25739893/ A meta-meta-analysis of the effect of physical activity on depression and anxiety in non-clinical adult populations] ''Health Psychology Review'' 9(3) (July 2015):366–378. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> Moreover, cessation of physical exercise may have adverse effects on some mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety. This could lead to many different negative outcomes such as obesity, skewed body image, lower levels of certain hormones, and many more health risks associated with mental illnesses.<ref>Ali A. Weinstein, Christine Koehmstedt, and Willem J. Kop, [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28625704/ Mental health consequences of exercise withdrawal: A systematic review] ''General Hospital Psychiatry'' 49 (November 2017):11–18. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> |
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| − | Each of these therapies have proven to improve mental health and have resulted in healthier, happier individuals. In recent years, for example, coloring has been recognized as an activity that has been proven to significantly lower the levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety in many studies.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Flett J.A.M., Lie C., Riordan B.C., Thompson L.M., Conner T.S., Hayne H. | year = 2017 | title = Sharpen Your Pencils: Preliminary Evidence that Adult Coloring Reduces Depressive Symptoms and Anxiety | journal = Creativity Research Journal | volume = 29 | issue = 4| pages = 409–416 | doi=10.1080/10400419.2017.1376505| s2cid = 149346431 }}</ref> | + | ===Activity therapies=== |
| | + | Activity therapies, also called recreation therapy and occupational therapy, promote wellness and healing through active engagement. Each of these therapies have proven to improve mental health and have resulted in healthier, happier individuals. |
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| − | ====Expressive therapies====
| + | Occupational therapies involve promoting an activity that improves daily life, such as self-care or improving hobbies. Similarly, recreational therapy focuses on movement, such as walking, [[yoga]], or riding a [[bike]]. Play is a powerful tool for increasing both physical and mental wellness.<ref>[https://www.healthline.com/health/recreational-therapy The Benefits of Recreational Therapy] ''Healthline''. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> |
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| − | [[Expressive therapies]] or [[creative arts therapies]] are a form of [[psychotherapy]] that involves the arts or art-making. These therapies include [[art therapy]], [[music therapy]], [[drama therapy]], [[dance therapy]], and poetry therapy. It has been proven that [[Music therapy]] is an effective way of helping people who suffer from a mental health disorder.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McCafferey|first1=T|last2=Edwards|first2=J|last3=Fannon|first3=D|date=2009|title=Is there a role for music therapy in the recovery approach in mental health?|journal=The Arts in Psychotherapy|volume=38|issue=3|pages=185–189|doi=10.1016/j.aip.2011.04.006|hdl=10344/3362|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dramatherapy is approved by NICE for the treatment of psychosis.<ref>The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), [[Drama therapy|Dramatherapy]] in Early Intervention in Psychosis, March 2019 https://www.nice.org.uk/sharedlearning/dramatherapy-in-early-intervention-in-psychosis</ref> | + | ===Expressive therapies=== |
| | + | [[Expressive therapies]] or [[creative arts therapies]] are a form of [[psychotherapy]] that involves the arts or art-making. These therapies include [[art therapy]], [[music therapy]], [[drama therapy]], [[dance therapy]], and poetry therapy. |
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| − | ====Psychotherapy====
| + | In recent years, coloring has been recognized as an activity that has been proven not only to significantly lower the levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety, but also may provide an effective, inexpensive, and highly accessible self-help tool for nonclinical samples.<ref>Jayde A.M. Flett, Celia Lie, Benjamin C. Riordan, Laura M. Thompson, Tamlin S. Conner, and Harlene Hayne, [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10400419.2017.1376505 Sharpen Your Pencils: Preliminary Evidence that Adult Coloring Reduces Depressive Symptoms and Anxiety] ''Creativity Research Journal'' 29(4) (2017):409–416. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> |
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| | + | ===Psychotherapy=== |
| | {{main|Psychotherapy}} | | {{main|Psychotherapy}} |
| − | [[Psychotherapy]] is the general term for the scientific based treatment of mental health issues based on modern medicine. It includes a number of schools, such as [[gestalt therapy]], [[psychoanalysis]], [[cognitive behavioral therapy]], [[psychedelic therapy]], [[transpersonal psychology]]/psychotherapy, and [[Dialectical behavior therapy|dialectical behavioral therapy]]. | + | [[Psychotherapy]] is the general term for the scientific based treatment of mental health issues based on modern medicine. It includes a number of schools, such as [[gestalt therapy]], [[psychoanalysis]], [[cognitive behavioral therapy]], [[psychedelic therapy]], [[transpersonal psychology]]/psychotherapy, and [[Dialectical behavior therapy|dialectical behavioral therapy]]. |
| − | [[Group therapy]] involves any type of therapy that takes place in a setting involving multiple people. It can include [[Psychodynamic psychotherapy|psychodynamic]] groups, [[expressive therapy]] groups, [[support groups]] (including the [[Twelve-step program]]), problem-solving and [[psychoeducation]] groups. | + | [[Group therapy]] involves any type of therapy that takes place in a setting involving multiple people. It can include [[Psychodynamic psychotherapy|psychodynamic]] groups, [[expressive therapy]] groups, [[support groups]] (including the [[Twelve-step program]] of [[Alcoholics Anonymous]]), problem-solving and [[psychoeducation]] groups. |
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| − | ====Self-compassion====
| + | ===Self-compassion=== |
| | {{main|Self-compassion}} | | {{main|Self-compassion}} |
| − | According to Neff, self-compassion consists of three main positive components and their negative counterparts: Self-Kindness versus Self-Judgement, Common Humanity versus Isolation and Mindfulness versus Over-Identification.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pommier|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Neff|first2=Kristin D.|last3=Tóth-Király|first3=István|date=2020-01-01|title=The Development and Validation of the Compassion Scale|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191119874108|journal=Assessment|language=en|volume=27|issue=1|pages=21–39|doi=10.1177/1073191119874108|pmid=31516024|s2cid=202569236|issn=1073-1911}}</ref> Furthermore, there is evidence from a study by Shin & Lin suggesting specific components of self-compassion can predict specific dimensions of positive mental health (emotional, social, & psychological well-being).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shin|first1=Na Young|last2=Lim|first2=Young-Jin|date=December 2019|title=Contribution of self-compassion to positive mental health among Korean university students|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30206928/|journal=International Journal of Psychology|volume=54|issue=6|pages=800–806|doi=10.1002/ijop.12527|issn=1464-066X|pmid=30206928}}</ref>
| + | Compassion can be defined as experiencing kindness, a sense of common humanity, mindfulness, and lessened indifference toward the suffering of others. Self-compassion then consists of three main positive components and their negative counterparts: Self-Kindness versus Self-Judgement, Common Humanity versus Isolation and Mindfulness versus Over-Identification.<ref>Elizabeth Pommier, Kristin D. Neff, and István Tóth-Király, [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1073191119874108 The Development and Validation of the Compassion Scale] ''Assessment'' 27(1) (2019}:21–39. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> Furthermore, specific components of self-compassion can predict specific dimensions of positive mental health (emotional, social, and psychological well-being).<ref>Na Young Shin and Young-Jin Lim, [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30206928/ Contribution of self-compassion to positive mental health among Korean university students] ''International Journal of Psychology'' 54(6) (2019):800–806. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> |
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| − | ====Social-Emotional Learning====
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| − | {{Further| Social_emotional_development#Social_emotional_learning_&_development_in_schools}}
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| − | The Callaborative for academic, social, emotional learning (CASEL) addresses five broad and interrelated areas of competence and highlights examples for each: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills,'' and ''responsible decision-making.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SEL: What Are the Core Competence Areas and Where are they Promoted?|url=https://casel.org/sel-framework/|access-date=2020-11-14|website=casel.org}}</ref> A meta-analysis was done by Alexendru Boncu, Iuliana Costeau, & Mihaela Minulescu (2017) looking at Social-emotional learning (SEL) studies and the effects on emotional and behaviour outcomes. They found a small but significant effect size (across the studies looked into) for externalized problems and social-emotional skills.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Department of Psychology, West University of Timisoara, Romania|last2=Boncu|first2=Alexandru|last3=Costea|first3=Iuliana|last4=Department of Psychology, West University of Timisoara, Romania|last5=Minulescu|first5=Mihaela|last6=National School of Political Studies and Public Administration, Bucharest, Romania|date=2017-12-31|title=A meta-analytic study investigating the efficiency of socio-emotional learning programs on the development of children and adolescents|url=http://www.rjap.psihologietm.ro/Download/rjap192_2.pdf|journal=Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology|pages=35–41|doi=10.24913/rjap.19.2.02}}</ref>
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| − | ====Meditation====
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| − | {{main|Meditation|Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy}}
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| − | The practice of mindfulness meditation has several mental health benefits, such as bringing about reductions in [[depression (mood)|depression]], [[anxiety]] and [[Psychological stress|stress]].<ref name=Goyal>{{cite journal |last1=Goyal |first1=Madhav |last2=Singh |first2=Sonal |last3=Sibinga |first3=Erica M. S. |last4=Gould |first4=Neda F. |last5=Rowland-Seymour |first5=Anastasia |last6=Sharma |first6=Ritu |last7=Berger |first7=Zackary |last8=Sleicher |first8=Dana |last9=Maron |first9=David D. |last10=Shihab |first10=Hasan M. |last11=Ranasinghe |first11=Padmini D. |last12=Linn |first12=Shauna |last13=Saha |first13=Shonali |last14=Bass |first14=Eric B. |last15=Haythornthwaite |first15=Jennifer A. |title=Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-being |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |date=1 March 2014 |volume=174 |issue=3 |pages=357–68 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018 |pmid=24395196 |pmc=4142584}}</ref><ref name=Galla>{{cite journal|last1=Galla |first1=Brian M. |last2=O'Reilly |first2=Gillian A. |last3=Kitil |first3=M. Jennifer |last4=Smalley |first4=Susan L. |last5=Black |first5=David S. |title= Community-Based mindfulness program for disease prevention and health promotion: Targeting stress reduction |journal=American Journal of Health Promotion |date=September 2014 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=36–41 |doi=10.4278/ajhp.131107-QUAN-567 |pmid=25162319 |s2cid=503591 }}</ref><ref name=Sharma>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sharma M, Rush SE |title= Mindfulness-based stress reduction as a stress management intervention for healthy individuals: a systematic review |journal= J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=271–86 |date=Jul 2014 | doi=10.1177/2156587214543143 |pmid=25053754|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name= Khoury>{{cite journal |vauthors=Khoury B, Lecomte T, Fortin G, etal |title= Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis |journal= Clin Psychol Rev |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=763–71 |date=Aug 2013|pmid= 23796855 |doi= 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005 }}</ref> Mindfulness [[meditation]] may also be effective in treating substance use disorders.<ref name=Chiesa>{{cite journal |author= Chiesa A |title= Are mindfulness-based interventions effective for substance use disorders? A systematic review of the evidence |journal= Subst Use Misuse |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=492–512 |date=Apr 2014 | doi=10.3109/10826084.2013.770027 |pmid=23461667|s2cid= 34990668 }}</ref><ref name=Garland>{{cite journal |author= Garland EL |title= Mindfulness training targets neurocognitive mechanisms of addiction at the attention-appraisal-emotion interface |journal= Front Psychiatry |volume=4 |issue=173 |pages= 173 |date=Jan 2014 | doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00173|pmid= 24454293 |pmc= 3887509 }} {{Open access}}</ref> Further, mindfulness meditation appears to bring about favorable structural changes in the brain.<ref name= Tang>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tang YY, Posner MI |title=Special issue on mindfulness neuroscience |journal= Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |date=Jan 2013 | doi=10.1093/scan/nss104 |pmid=22956677 |pmc=3541496 }}</ref><ref name=Posner>{{cite journal |vauthors=Posner MI, Tang YY, Lynch G |title= Mechanisms of white matter change induced by meditation training |journal= Frontiers in Psychology |volume=5 |issue=1220 |pages=297–302 |date=2014 | doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01220|pmid= 25386155 |pmc= 4209813 }} {{Open access}}</ref><ref name=Holzel>{{cite journal |vauthors=Holzel BK, Lazar SW, etal |title= How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective |journal= Perspectives on Psychological Science |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=537–559 |date=Nov 2011 | doi=10.1177/1745691611419671 |pmid=26168376 |s2cid=2218023 }}</ref>
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| − | The Heartfulness meditation program has proven to show significant improvements in the state of mind of health-care professionals.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jayaram|first1=Thimmapuram|last2=Robert|first2=Pargament|last3=Kedesha|first3=Sibliss|last4=Rodney|first4=Grim|last5=Rosana|first5=Risques|last6=Erik|first6=Toorens|title=Effect of heartfulness meditation on burnout, emotional wellness, and telomere length in health care professionals|journal=Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives|date=31 March 2017|pmc=5463663|pmid=28634520|doi=10.1080/20009666.2016.1270806|volume=7|issue=1|pages=21–27}}</ref> A study posted on the US National Library of Medicine showed that these professionals of varied stress levels were able to improve their conditions after this meditation program was conducted. They benefited in aspects of burnouts and emotional wellness.
| + | ===Meditation=== |
| | + | {{main|Meditation}} |
| | + | [[File:GRATEFUL.jpg|thumb|400px|A woman meditating]] |
| | + | [[Mindfulness]] is the practice of purposely bringing one's attention in the present moment without judgment, a skill one develops through [[meditation]] or other training. Mindfulness relaxation uses breathing methods, guided imagery, and other practices to relax the body and mind and help reduce stress. Mental health is improved by participating in activities that can allow relaxation and taking time for oneself: "Mindfulness is considered to be a purposeful state, it may be that those who practice it belief in its importance and value being mindful, so that valuing of self-care activities may influence the intentional component of mindfulness."<ref>Kelly C. Richards, C. Campenni, and Janet L. Estelle Muse-Burke, [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-16210-005 Self-care and well-being in mental health professionals: The mediating effects of self-awareness and mindfulness] ''Journal of Mental Health Counseling'' 32(3) (2010): 247–264. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> |
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| − | People with [[anxiety disorder]]s participated in a stress-reduction program conducted by researchers from the Mental Health Service Line at the W.G. Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center in [[Salisbury, North Carolina|Salisbury]], [[North Carolina]]. The participants practiced mindfulness meditation. After the study was over, it was concluded that the "mindfulness meditation training program can effectively reduce symptoms of anxiety and panic and can help maintain these reductions in patients with [[generalized anxiety disorder]], [[panic disorder]], or panic disorder with [[agoraphobia]]."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schmidtman|first1=Emily A.|title=Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders|doi=10.1176/ajp.149.7.936|pmid=1609875|volume=149|issue=7|year=1992|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|pages=936–943|citeseerx=10.1.1.474.4968}}</ref>
| + | The practice of mindfulness meditation has several mental health benefits, such as bringing about reductions in [[depression (mood)|depression]], [[anxiety]], and [[Psychological stress|stress]].<ref>Manoj Sharma and Sarah E. Rush, [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25053754/ Mindfulness-based stress reduction as a stress management intervention for healthy individuals: a systematic review] ''Journal of Evidence Based Complementary Alternative Medicine'' 19(4) (2014):271–286. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref><ref>Bassam Khoury et al., [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23796855/ Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis] ''Clinical Psychology Review'' 33(6) (2013):763–771. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> |
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| − | ==== Mental fitness ====
| + | The Heartfulness meditation program has proven to show significant improvements in the state of mind of health-care professionals, benefiting them in aspects of burnouts and emotional wellness.<ref>Jayaram Thimmapuram, et al., [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28634520/ Effect of heartfulness meditation on burnout, emotional wellness, and telomere length in health care professionals] ''Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives'' 7(1) (2017):21–27. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> |
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| − | Mental fitness is a mental health movement that encourages people to intentionally regulate and maintain their emotional wellbeing through friendship, regular human contact, and activities that include meditation, calming exercises, aerobic exercise, mindfulness, having a routine and maintaining adequate sleep. Mental fitness is intended to build resilience against every-day mental health challenges to prevent an escalation of anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation, and help them cope with the escalation of those feelings if they occur.<ref>{{cite web |last=Walkadean |first=Chad |date=22 June 2020 |title=Mental fitness - a gamechanger |url=https://www.gotcha4life.org/blog/2020/5/14/mental-fitness-gamechanger |website=Gotcha4Life mental health and suicide prevention }}</ref> | + | === Mental fitness === |
| | + | Mental fitness is a mental health movement that encourages people to intentionally regulate and maintain their emotional well-being through friendship, regular human contact, and activities that include meditation, calming exercises, aerobic exercise, mindfulness, having a routine, and maintaining adequate sleep. Mental fitness is intended to build resilience against every-day mental health challenges to prevent an escalation of anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation, and help them cope with the escalation of those feelings if they occur.<ref>Jackie Kinley, ''Mental Fitness: The Game Changer & The Key to Psychological Strength and Resilience'' (WindyWood Publishing, 2019, ISBN 1775358321).</ref> |
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| − | ====Spiritual counseling==== | + | ===Healthy relationships=== |
| | + | Human beings are social beings; positive interactions with others are fundamental to our mental wellness. Friendships with peers who provide support and inspiration, the [[love]] of one's [[family]] ([[parent]]s, [[child]]ren, spouse, and [[extended family]]), and healthy interactions with colleagues at work and other members of one's community, are all important in sustaining mental health. |
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| − | Spiritual counsellors meet with people in need to offer comfort and support and to help them gain a better understanding of their issues and develop a problem-solving relation with [[spirituality]]. These types of counselors deliver care based on spiritual, psychological and theological principles.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosmarin |first1=David H. |last2=Pirutinsky |first2=Steven |last3=Auerbach |first3=Randy P. |last4=Björgvinsson |first4=Thröstur |last5=Bigda-Peyton |first5=Joseph |last6=Andersson |first6=Gerhard |last7=Pargament |first7=Kenneth I. |last8=Krumrei |first8=Elizabeth J. |title=Incorporating spiritual beliefs into a cognitive model of worry |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology |date=July 2011 |volume=67 |issue=7 |pages=691–700 |doi=10.1002/jclp.20798 |pmid=21480226 }}</ref> | + | ===Spiritual counseling=== |
| | + | Spiritual counselors meet with people in need to offer comfort and support and to help them gain a better understanding of their issues and develop a problem-solving relation with [[spirituality]]. These types of counselors deliver care based on spiritual, psychological, and theological principles.<ref>David H. Rosmarin, et al., [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21480226/ Incorporating spiritual beliefs into a cognitive model of worry] ''Journal of Clinical Psychology'' 67(7) (July 2011):691–700. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> |
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| − | ==Mental health laws and public health policies== | + | ==Challenges to mental health== |
| − | {{See also| Mental health law|Public Health}}
| + | Just as a variety of activities boost mental well-being, there are several factors that decrease wellness. |
| − | There are many factors that influence mental health including:
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| − | *[[Mental illness]], [[disability]], and [[suicide]] are ultimately the result of a combination of biology, environment, and access to and utilization of mental health treatment.
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| − | *Public health policies can influence access and utilization, which subsequently may improve mental health and help to progress the negative consequences of depression and its associated disability.
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| − | Emotional mental illnesses should be a particular concern in the United States since the U.S. has the highest annual prevalence rates (26 percent) for mental illnesses among a comparison of 14 developing and developed countries.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Prevalence, Severity, and Unmet Need for Treatment of Mental Disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys |journal=JAMA |date=2 June 2004 |volume=291 |issue=21 |pages=2581–90 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.21.2581 |pmid=15173149 |last1=Demyttenaere |first1=K. |last2=Bruffaerts |first2=R. |last3=Posada-Villa |first3=J. |last4=Gasquet |first4=I. |last5=Kovess |first5=V. |last6=Lepine |first6=J. P. |last7=Angermeyer |first7=M. C. |last8=Bernert |first8=S. |last9=De Girolamo |first9=G. |last10=Morosini |first10=P. |last11=Polidori |first11=G. |last12=Kikkawa |first12=T. |last13=Kawakami |first13=N. |last14=Ono |first14=Y. |last15=Takeshima |first15=T. |last16=Uda |first16=H. |last17=Karam |first17=E. G. |last18=Fayyad |first18=J. A. |last19=Karam |first19=A. N. |last20=Mneimneh |first20=Z. N. |last21=Medina-Mora |first21=M. E. |last22=Borges |first22=G. |last23=Lara |first23=C. |last24=De Graaf |first24=R. |last25=Ormel |first25=J. |last26=Gureje |first26=O. |last27=Shen |first27=Y. |last28=Huang |first28=Y. |last29=Zhang |first29=M. |last30=Alonso |first30=J. |display-authors=29 |doi-access=free }}</ref> While approximately 80 percent of all people in the United States with a mental disorder eventually receive some form of treatment, on the average persons do not access care until nearly a decade following the development of their illness, and less than one-third of people who seek help receive minimally adequate care.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Philip S. |last2=Berglund |first2=Patricia |last3=Olfson |first3=Mark |last4=Pincus |first4=Harold A. |last5=Wells |first5=Kenneth B. |last6=Kessler |first6=Ronald C. |title=Failure and Delay in Initial Treatment Contact After First Onset of Mental Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |date=1 June 2005 |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=603–13 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.603 |pmid=15939838 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The government offers everyone programs and services, but veterans receive the most help, there is certain eligibility criteria that has to be met.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.7249/RR1346 |title=Supporting the Mental Health Needs of Veterans in the Metro Detroit Area |year=2016 |last1=Ogletree |first1=Cordaye |last2=Grimm |first2=Geoffrey |last3=Martin |first3=Laurie |last4=Hansen |first4=Michael |last5=Tanielian |first5=Terri |journal=Rand Health Quarterly |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=15 |pmid=28083443 |pmc=5158279 |isbn=978-0-8330-9257-1 }}</ref>
| + | ===Unemployment=== |
| | + | [[Unemployment]] has been shown to hurt an individual's emotional well-being, [[self-esteem]], and more broadly their mental health. Marie Jahoda identified five categories which she said were vital to feelings of well-being and she maintained that the unemployed were deprived of all five, which accounts for much of the reported mental ill-health among unemployed people.<ref name=Jahoda1982/> Increasing unemployment has been shown to have a significant impact on mental health, predominantly depressive disorders.<ref>Natalio Extremera and Lourdes Rey, [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0163656 Attenuating the Negative Impact of Unemployment: The Interactive Effects of Perceived Emotional Intelligence and Well-Being on Suicide Risk] ''PLOS ONE'' 11(9) (September 2016). Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref> |
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| − | === {{anchor|Mental health policies in the United States}}Policies === | + | ===Emotional challenges=== |
| − | The mental health policies in the United States have experienced four major reforms: the American asylum movement led by [[Dorothea Dix]] in 1843; the "mental hygiene" movement inspired by [[Clifford Whittingham Beers|Clifford Beers]] in 1908; the [[deinstitutionalization]] started by Action for Mental Health in 1961; and the community support movement called for by The CMCH Act Amendments of 1975.<ref name="U.S. Public Health Service">{{cite book |author=U.S. Public Health Service |date=1999 |title=Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General |chapter=Overview of Mental Health Services |access-date=19 February 2012 |chapter-url=http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/chapter2/sec7.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211145002/http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/chapter2/sec7.html |archive-date=11 February 2012 }}</ref>
| + | Emotional well-being refers to the emotional quality an individual experiences, and is is influenced by a variety of demographic, economic, and situational factors. When serious emotional challenges affect one's emotional health, the root of the issue has to be resolved, which generally requires the help of a mental health practitioner. |
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| − | In 1843, [[Dorothea Dix]] submitted a Memorial to the Legislature of Massachusetts, describing the abusive treatment and horrible conditions received by the mentally ill patients in jails, cages, and almshouses. She revealed in her Memorial: "I proceed, gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of insane persons confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience...."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dix |first=D | date=April 2006 | title='I Tell What I Have Seen'—The Reports of Asylum Reformer Dorothea Dix. 1843 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=96 |issue=4 |pages=622–624 |doi=10.2105/ajph.96.4.622 |pmid=16551962 |pmc=1470564 }}</ref> Many asylums were built in that period, with high fences or walls separating the patients from other community members and strict rules regarding the entrance and exit. In those asylums, traditional treatments were well implemented: drugs were not used as a cure for a disease, but a way to reset equilibrium in a person's body, along with other essential elements such as healthy diets, fresh air, middle class culture, and the visits by their neighboring residents.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} In 1866, a recommendation came to the New York State Legislature to establish a separate asylum for chronic mentally ill patients. Some hospitals placed the chronic patients into separate wings or wards, or different buildings.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Luchins |first=AS |date=November 1989 |title=Moral Treatment in Asylums and General Hospitals in 19th-Century America |journal=The Journal of Psychology |volume=123 |issue=6 |pages=585–607 |pmid=2691669 |doi=10.1080/00223980.1989.10543013}}</ref>
| + | Prevention of emotional challenges to well-being include the avoidance of risk factors, which decrease an individual's self-esteem, mastery, well-being, and social inclusion. |
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| − | In ''A Mind That Found Itself'' (1908) [[Clifford Whittingham Beers]] described the humiliating treatment he received and the deplorable conditions in the mental hospital.<ref>{{cite book |last=Beers |first=Clifford Whittingham |author-link=Clifford Whittingham Beers |date=8 April 2004 |orig-year=1908 |title=A Mind That Found Itself: An Autobiography |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/11962/11962-h/11962-h.htm |publisher=Project Gutenberg }}</ref> One year later, the National Committee for Mental Hygiene (NCMH) was founded by a small group of reform-minded scholars and scientists – including Beers himself – which marked the beginning of the "mental hygiene" movement. The movement emphasized the importance of childhood prevention. [[World War I]] catalyzed this idea with an additional emphasis on the impact of maladjustment, which convinced the hygienists that prevention was the only practical approach to handle mental health issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=Sol |date=1983 |title=The Mental Hygiene Movement, the Development of Personality and the School: The Medicalization of American Education |journal=History of Education Quarterly |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=123–149 |jstor=368156 |doi=10.2307/368156 |pmid=11614585 }}</ref> However, prevention was not successful, especially for chronic illness; the condemnable conditions in the hospitals were even more prevalent, especially under the pressure of the increasing number of chronically ill and the influence of the depression.<ref name="U.S. Public Health Service"/>
| + | ===Negative relationships=== |
| | + | Human beings are social beings; alienation from other people, social isolation, leads to loneliness and despair. Also, negative interactions with others and toxic relationships damage our emotional mental health and well-being. |
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| − | In 1961, the Joint Commission on Mental Health published a report called Action for Mental Health, whose goal was for community clinic care to take on the burden of prevention and early intervention of the mental illness, therefore to leave space in the hospitals for severe and chronic patients. The court started to rule in favor of the patients' will on whether they should be forced to treatment. By 1977, 650 community mental health centers were built to cover 43 percent of the population and serve 1.9 million individuals a year, and the lengths of treatment decreased from 6 months to only 23 days.<ref name="Koyanagi, C. 1991 p.899-905">{{cite journal |last1=Koyanagi |first1=C |last2=Goldman |first2=H |date=September 1991 |title=The quiet success of the national plan for the chronically mentally ill |journal=Hospital & Community Psychiatry |volume=42 |issue=9 |pages=899–905 |pmid=1743659 |doi=10.1176/ps.42.9.899}}</ref> However, issues still existed. Due to inflation, especially in the 1970s, the community nursing homes received less money to support the care and treatment provided. Fewer than half of the planned centers were created, and new methods did not fully replace the old approaches to carry out its full capacity of treating power.<ref name="Koyanagi, C. 1991 p.899-905"/> Besides, the community helping system was not fully established to support the patients' housing, vocational opportunities, income supports, and other benefits.<ref name="U.S. Public Health Service"/> Many patients returned to [[welfare]] and criminal justice institutions, and more became [[homeless]]. The movement of deinstitutionalization was facing great challenges.<ref name=Torrey_Book>{{cite web |last1=Torrey|first1=E. Fuller|author-link1=E. Fuller Torrey |date=10 May 2005 |title=Deinstitutionalization: A Psychiatric "Titanic" |website=Frontline |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/asylums/special/excerpt.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525223230/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/asylums/special/excerpt.html |archive-date=25 May 2005 }} Excerpts from {{cite book |last1=Torrey |first1=E. Fuller |author-link1=E. Fuller Torrey |title=Out of the Shadows: Confronting America's Mental Illness Crisis |date=1997 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=New York |isbn=978-0471161615 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780471161615 }}</ref>
| + | === Stress === |
| | + | {{Main|Psychological stress}} |
| | + | A certain amount of [[Psychological stress|stress]] is a normal part of daily life; however, too much stress over a prolonged time period is a threat to mental wellness: |
| | + | <blockquote>Small doses of stress help people meet deadlines, be prepared for presentations, be productive and arrive on time for important events. However, long-term stress can become harmful. When stress becomes overwhelming and prolonged, the risks for mental health problems and medical problems increase.<ref>[https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/stress Stress] ''CAMH''. Retrieved October 12, 2022.</ref></blockquote> |
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| − | After realizing that simply changing the location of mental health care from the state hospitals to nursing houses was insufficient to implement the idea of [[deinstitutionalization]], the [[National Institute of Mental Health]] in 1975 created the Community Support Program (CSP) to provide funds for communities to set up a comprehensive mental health service and supports to help the mentally ill patients integrate successfully in the society. The program stressed the importance of other supports in addition to medical care, including housing, living expenses, employment, transportation, and education; and set up new national priority for people with serious mental disorders. In addition, the Congress enacted the [[Mental Health Systems Act of 1980]] to prioritize the service to the mentally ill and emphasize the expansion of services beyond just clinical care alone.<ref name="Koyanagi, C. 2007">{{citation |last1=Koyanagi |first1=Chris |date=August 2007 |title=Learning From History: Deinstitutionalization of People with Mental Illness As Precursor to Long-Term Care Reform |publisher=[[Kaiser Family Foundation]] |location=Menlo Park, CA |pages=1–22 |url=https://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/7684.pdf }}</ref> Later in the 1980s, under the influence from the Congress and the Supreme Court, many programs started to help the patients regain their benefits. A new Medicaid service was also established to serve people who were diagnosed with a "chronic mental illness." People who were temporally hospitalized were also provided aid and care and a pre-release program was created to enable people to apply for reinstatement prior to discharge.<ref name="Koyanagi, C. 1991 p.899-905"/> Not until 1990, around 35 years after the start of the deinstitutionalization, did the first state hospital begin to close. The number of hospitals dropped from around 300 by over 40 in the 1990s, and finally a Report on Mental Health showed the efficacy of mental health treatment, giving a range of treatments available for patients to choose.<ref name="Koyanagi, C. 2007"/>
| + | ===Mental health problems=== |
| − | | + | {{Main|Mental disorder}} |
| − | However, several critics maintain that deinstitutionalization has, from a mental health point of view, been a thoroughgoing failure. The seriously mentally ill are either homeless, or in prison; in either case (especially the latter), they are getting little or no mental health care. This failure is attributed to a number of reasons over which there is some degree of contention, although there is general agreement that community support programs have been ineffective at best, due to a lack of funding.<ref name=Torrey_Book/>
| + | Mental health problems may arise due to [[Psychological stress|stress]], [[loneliness]], [[Clinical depression|depression]], [[anxiety disorder|anxiety]], relationship problems, [[death]] of a loved one, [[Suicide|suicidal]] thoughts, [[grief]], [[addiction]], [[ADHD]], [[self-harm]], various [[mood disorder]]s, or other mental illnesses of varying degrees.<ref>Mental Health First Aid Staff, ''Mental Health First Aid USA (Adult)'' (National Council for Behavioral Health, 2015, ISBN 978-0692607480). </ref> Therapists, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurse practitioners, or family physicians can help manage mental illness with treatments such as therapy, counseling, or medication. |
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| − | The 2011 National Prevention Strategy included mental and emotional well-being, with recommendations including better parenting and early intervention programs, which increase the likelihood of prevention programs being included in future US mental health policies.<ref name=":0">{{citation |author=National Prevention Council |date=16 June 2011 |title=National Prevention Strategy |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General |location=Washington, DC |url=http://www.healthcare.gov/prevention/nphpphc/strategy/report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004043040/http://www.healthcare.gov/prevention/nphpphc/strategy/report.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2011 }}</ref>{{page needed |date=January 2016}} The [[National Institute of Mental Health|NIMH]] is researching only suicide and [[HIV/AIDS]] prevention, but the National Prevention Strategy could lead to it focusing more broadly on longitudinal prevention studies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prevention of Mental Disorders|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/prevention-of-mental-disorders/index.shtml|website=National Institute of Mental Health|publisher=National Institute of Mental Health|access-date=7 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705041918/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/prevention-of-mental-disorders/index.shtml |archive-date=5 July 2015 }}{{Failed verification |reason=Source contains a list of publications. Suicide prevention appears only in sidebar links; HIV/AIDS is not mentioned. |date=January 2016}}</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | In 2013, United States Representative [[Timothy F. Murphy|Tim Murphy]] introduced the [[National Helping Families in Mental Health Crisis Day|Helping Families in Mental Health Crisis Act, HR2646]]. The bipartisan bill went through substantial revision and was reintroduced in 2015 by Murphy and Congresswoman [[Eddie Bernice Johnson]]. In November 2015, it passed the Health Subcommittee by an 18–12 vote.{{citation needed |date=January 2016}}
| |
| | | | |
| | ==Notes== | | ==Notes== |
| Line 256: |
Line 127: |
| | | | |
| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| | + | * Barlow, David H., Vincent Mark Durand, and Stefan G. Hofmann. ''Abnormal Psychology: An integrative approach''. Cengage Learning, 2017. ISBN 978-1305950443 |
| | + | * Beers, Clifford Whittingham. ''A Mind That Found Itself''. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2010. ISBN 978-1169262980 |
| | + | * Graham, Michael C. ''Facts of Life: Ten Issues of Contentment''. Outskirts Press, 2014. ISBN 978-1478722595 |
| | + | * Jahoda, Marie. ''Current Concepts of Positive Mental Health''. Isha Books, 2013. ISBN 978-9333154550 |
| | + | * Jahoda, Marie. ''Employment and Unemployment: A Social-Psychological Analysis''. Cambridge University Press, 1982. ISBN 0521285860 |
| | + | * Kinley, Jackie. ''Mental Fitness: The Game Changer & The Key to Psychological Strength and Resilience''. WindyWood Publishing, 2019. ISBN 1775358321 |
| | + | * Lopez, Shane J., Jennifer Teramoto Pedrotti, and Charles Richard Snyder. ''Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths''. SAGE Publications, 2018. ISBN 1506389899 |
| | + | * Mental Health First Aid Staff. ''Mental Health First Aid USA (Adult)''. National Council for Behavioral Health, 2015. ISBN 978-0692607480 |
| | + | * Office of the Surgeon General. ''Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General''. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999. ISBN 1083113267 |
| | + | * Shook, John R. (ed.). ''Dictionary of Early American Philosophers''. Continuum, 2012. ISBN 978-1843711827 |
| | | | |
| | ==External links== | | ==External links== |
| | + | All links retrieved November 9, 2022. |
| | | | |
| − | | + | * [https://www.who.int/health-topics/mental-health#tab=tab_1 Mental health] ''World Health Organization'' |
| − | * {{cite web |title=Mental health and substance abuse |website=WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean |url=http://www.emro.who.int/entity/mental-health/ }} | + | * [https://www.nimh.nih.gov/ National Institute of Mental Health (United States)] |
| − | * [http://www.nimh.nih.gov/ National Institute of Mental Health (United States)] | + | * [https://www.mentalhealth.gov/basics/what-is-mental-health What Is Mental Health?] ''U.S. Department of Health & Human Services'' |
| − | * [http://ec.europa.eu/health-eu/health_problems/mental_health/index_en.htm Health-EU Portal] Mental Health in the EU | + | * [https://globalwellnessinstitute.org/global-wellness-institute-blog/2021/02/23/industry-research-defining-mental-wellness-vs-mental-health/ “Mental Wellness” vs. “Mental Health”] ''Global Wellness Institute'' |
| − | * [http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Policyandguidance/Healthandsocialcaretopics/Mentalhealth/index.htm Mental Health Department of Health (United Kingdom)] | + | * [https://www.helpguide.org/articles/mental-health/building-better-mental-health.htm Building Better Mental Health] ''Help Guide'' |
| − | | + | * [https://www.nih.gov/health-information/emotional-wellness-toolkit Emotional Wellness Toolkit] ''National Institutes of Health'' |
| − | | + | * [https://www.mhanational.org/31-tips-boost-your-mental-health 31 Tips To Boost Your Mental Health] ''Mental Health America'' |
| − | | + | * [https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/learn/index.htm About Mental Health] ''CDC'' |
| − | | + | * [https://braincentertms.com/10-tips-improving-mental-health/ 10 Mental Health Tips] ''Brain Center TMS'' |
| | + | * [https://damorementalhealth.com/resources/protecting-your-mental-health/ Protecting Your Mental Health in Tumultuous Times] ''D’Amore Mental Health'' |
| | | | |
| | [[Category:Psychology]] | | [[Category:Psychology]] |
- This article is about mental health or well-being. For mental illness see Mental disorder.
Mental health and disorders
The state of mental health is generally understood to be a state of well-being, with the ability to cope with the stresses of life, and function as a productive member of society. Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how one defines mental health. Mental health is distinguished from mental disorders, which are disorders or diseases that affect an individual's mood, thinking, and behavior.
From the perspective of positive psychology, mental health includes the ability to enjoy life. Mental wellness is affected by a variety of factors, some of which increase well-being while others act as threats and may lead to inability to function in society. Promotion of mental health, therefore, involves not only avoidance of risks but also pursuit of activities and an environment that sustain and enhance mental and emotional well-being.
Definitions
In general terms, mental health involves the successful performance of mental functions resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships with other people, and the ability to adapt to change and cope with adversity. As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO): "Mental health is a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community."[1] The WHO emphasizes that mental health is not just the absence of mental disorders, noting that its constitution states that "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."[1]
Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how one defines mental health:
Views of mental health include a wide range of attributes derived from various academic fields: Concepts of mental health include subjective well-being, perceived self-efficacy, autonomy, competence, intergenerational dependence, and self-actualization of one’s intellectual and emotional potential, among others.[2]
In 1958, Marie Jahoda described six major, fundamental categories that can be used to categorize mentally healthy individuals. Known as the characteristics of Ideal Mental Health,[3] these are:
- Efficient self perception
- Realistic self esteem and acceptance
- Voluntary control of behavior
- True perception of the world
- Sustaining relationships and giving affection
- Self-direction and productivity
Did you know?
Mental health is more than the absence of
mental disorders; it is a state of well-being including the ability to enjoy life
Mental wellness is generally viewed as a positive attribute. Many therapeutic systems and self-help books offer methods and philosophies espousing strategies and techniques vaunted as effective for further improving mental wellness. From the perspectives of positive psychology or of holism, mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life and to create a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience.[4] This definition of mental health highlights emotional well-being, the capacity to live a full and creative life, and the flexibility to deal with life's inevitable challenges. Some discussions are formulated in terms of contentment or happiness.[5]
A holistic model of mental health generally includes concepts based upon anthropological, educational, psychological, religious, and sociological perspectives. There are also models as theoretical perspectives from personality, social, clinical, health and developmental psychology.[6][7]
Mental health can be seen as an unstable continuum, where an individual's mental health may have many different possible values.[8]
The tripartite model of mental well-being views mental well-being as encompassing three components of emotional well-being, social well-being, and psychological well-being.[8] Emotional well-being is defined as having high levels of positive emotions, whereas social and psychological well-being are defined as the presence of psychological and social skills and abilities that contribute to optimal functioning in daily life. The model has received empirical support across cultures.[9]
Mental health vs mental illness
The term "mental illness," mental disorders or psychiatric disorders, refers to a wide range of mental health conditions: "disorders that affect a person's mood, thinking, and behavior."[10] Mental disorders include depression, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, eating disorders, personality disorders, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and addictive behaviors.[11]
Mental health has long been defined as the absence of psychopathologies, such as depression and anxiety. The absence of mental illness, however, is a minimal outcome from a psychological perspective on lifespan development.[12]
In many cases, there appears to be a continuum between mental health and mental illness, making diagnosis complex.[13]
The two continua model of mental illness and health holds that both are related, but on distinct dimensions: One continuum indicates the presence or absence of mental health, the other the presence or absence of mental illness.[12] For example, people with optimal mental health can also have a mental illness, and people who have no mental illness can also have poor mental health. As noted above, the World Health Organization regards mental health as having attributes other than the absence of mental illness, supporting the idea of two distinct dimensions.
History
The recognition and understanding of mental health conditions have changed over time and across cultures and there are still variations in definition, assessment, and classification.
In American history, mentally ill patients were thought to be religiously punished. This response persisted through the 1700s, along with inhumane confinement and stigmatization of such individuals.[14]
In the mid-nineteenth century, William Sweetser was the first to coin the term mental hygiene, which can be seen as the precursor to contemporary approaches to work on promoting positive mental health.[15] Isaac Ray, the fourth president of the American Psychiatric Association and one of its founders, further defined mental hygiene as "the art of preserving the mind against all incidents and influences calculated to deteriorate its qualities, impair its energies, or derange its movements."[16]
Dorothea Dix (1802–1887) was an important figure in the development of the "mental hygiene" movement. Before this movement, it was not uncommon that people affected by mental illness would be considerably neglected, often left alone in deplorable conditions without sufficient clothing. Dix was a school teacher who endeavored to help people with mental disorders and to expose the sub-standard conditions into which they were put. This became known as the "mental hygiene movement."[17] From 1840-1880, Dix won over the support of the federal government to set up over 30 state psychiatric hospitals; however, they were understaffed, under-resourced, and were accused of violating human rights.[14]
In 1896, Emil Kraepelin developed the taxonomy of mental disorders which dominated the field for nearly 80 years.[18]
At the beginning of the twentieth century, Clifford Beers founded "Mental Health America – National Committee for Mental Hygiene," after the 1908 publication of his account as a patient in several lunatic asylums.[19] His experiences led him to work to change the treatment of the mentally ill, and he opened the first outpatient mental health clinic in the United States.[20]
In the post-World War II years, references to mental hygiene were gradually replaced by the term "mental health," reflected in the 1949 founding of the National Institute of Mental Health in the United States.[21]
Improving mental health
Marie Jahoda identified five categories which she said were vital to feelings of well-being: time structure, social contact, collective effort or purpose, social identity or status, and regular activity.[22] Activities and an environment which sustain these facets of life, therefore, enhance mental health.
Physical activity
For some people, physical exercise can improve mental as well as physical health. Playing sports, walking, cycling, or doing any form of physical activity triggers the production of various hormones, including endorphins, which can elevate a person's mood.[23]
Studies have shown that in some cases physical activity can have the same impact as antidepressants when treating depression and anxiety.[24] Moreover, cessation of physical exercise may have adverse effects on some mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety. This could lead to many different negative outcomes such as obesity, skewed body image, lower levels of certain hormones, and many more health risks associated with mental illnesses.[25]
Activity therapies
Activity therapies, also called recreation therapy and occupational therapy, promote wellness and healing through active engagement. Each of these therapies have proven to improve mental health and have resulted in healthier, happier individuals.
Occupational therapies involve promoting an activity that improves daily life, such as self-care or improving hobbies. Similarly, recreational therapy focuses on movement, such as walking, yoga, or riding a bike. Play is a powerful tool for increasing both physical and mental wellness.[26]
Expressive therapies
Expressive therapies or creative arts therapies are a form of psychotherapy that involves the arts or art-making. These therapies include art therapy, music therapy, drama therapy, dance therapy, and poetry therapy.
In recent years, coloring has been recognized as an activity that has been proven not only to significantly lower the levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety, but also may provide an effective, inexpensive, and highly accessible self-help tool for nonclinical samples.[27]
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy is the general term for the scientific based treatment of mental health issues based on modern medicine. It includes a number of schools, such as gestalt therapy, psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioral therapy, psychedelic therapy, transpersonal psychology/psychotherapy, and dialectical behavioral therapy.
Group therapy involves any type of therapy that takes place in a setting involving multiple people. It can include psychodynamic groups, expressive therapy groups, support groups (including the Twelve-step program of Alcoholics Anonymous), problem-solving and psychoeducation groups.
Self-compassion
Compassion can be defined as experiencing kindness, a sense of common humanity, mindfulness, and lessened indifference toward the suffering of others. Self-compassion then consists of three main positive components and their negative counterparts: Self-Kindness versus Self-Judgement, Common Humanity versus Isolation and Mindfulness versus Over-Identification.[28] Furthermore, specific components of self-compassion can predict specific dimensions of positive mental health (emotional, social, and psychological well-being).[29]
Meditation
Mindfulness is the practice of purposely bringing one's attention in the present moment without judgment, a skill one develops through meditation or other training. Mindfulness relaxation uses breathing methods, guided imagery, and other practices to relax the body and mind and help reduce stress. Mental health is improved by participating in activities that can allow relaxation and taking time for oneself: "Mindfulness is considered to be a purposeful state, it may be that those who practice it belief in its importance and value being mindful, so that valuing of self-care activities may influence the intentional component of mindfulness."[30]
The practice of mindfulness meditation has several mental health benefits, such as bringing about reductions in depression, anxiety, and stress.[31][32]
The Heartfulness meditation program has proven to show significant improvements in the state of mind of health-care professionals, benefiting them in aspects of burnouts and emotional wellness.[33]
Mental fitness
Mental fitness is a mental health movement that encourages people to intentionally regulate and maintain their emotional well-being through friendship, regular human contact, and activities that include meditation, calming exercises, aerobic exercise, mindfulness, having a routine, and maintaining adequate sleep. Mental fitness is intended to build resilience against every-day mental health challenges to prevent an escalation of anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation, and help them cope with the escalation of those feelings if they occur.[34]
Healthy relationships
Human beings are social beings; positive interactions with others are fundamental to our mental wellness. Friendships with peers who provide support and inspiration, the love of one's family (parents, children, spouse, and extended family), and healthy interactions with colleagues at work and other members of one's community, are all important in sustaining mental health.
Spiritual counseling
Spiritual counselors meet with people in need to offer comfort and support and to help them gain a better understanding of their issues and develop a problem-solving relation with spirituality. These types of counselors deliver care based on spiritual, psychological, and theological principles.[35]
Challenges to mental health
Just as a variety of activities boost mental well-being, there are several factors that decrease wellness.
Unemployment
Unemployment has been shown to hurt an individual's emotional well-being, self-esteem, and more broadly their mental health. Marie Jahoda identified five categories which she said were vital to feelings of well-being and she maintained that the unemployed were deprived of all five, which accounts for much of the reported mental ill-health among unemployed people.[22] Increasing unemployment has been shown to have a significant impact on mental health, predominantly depressive disorders.[36]
Emotional challenges
Emotional well-being refers to the emotional quality an individual experiences, and is is influenced by a variety of demographic, economic, and situational factors. When serious emotional challenges affect one's emotional health, the root of the issue has to be resolved, which generally requires the help of a mental health practitioner.
Prevention of emotional challenges to well-being include the avoidance of risk factors, which decrease an individual's self-esteem, mastery, well-being, and social inclusion.
Negative relationships
Human beings are social beings; alienation from other people, social isolation, leads to loneliness and despair. Also, negative interactions with others and toxic relationships damage our emotional mental health and well-being.
Stress
A certain amount of stress is a normal part of daily life; however, too much stress over a prolonged time period is a threat to mental wellness:
Small doses of stress help people meet deadlines, be prepared for presentations, be productive and arrive on time for important events. However, long-term stress can become harmful. When stress becomes overwhelming and prolonged, the risks for mental health problems and medical problems increase.[37]
Mental health problems
Mental health problems may arise due to stress, loneliness, depression, anxiety, relationship problems, death of a loved one, suicidal thoughts, grief, addiction, ADHD, self-harm, various mood disorders, or other mental illnesses of varying degrees.[38] Therapists, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurse practitioners, or family physicians can help manage mental illness with treatments such as therapy, counseling, or medication.
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mental health: strengthening our response World Health Organization, March 30, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ The World Health Report: 2001 - Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope World Health Organization. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ Marie Jahoda, Current Concepts of Positive Mental Health (Isha Books, 2013, ISBN 978-9333154550).
- ↑ Shane J. Lopez, Jennifer Teramoto Pedrotti, and Charles Richard Snyder, Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths (SAGE Publications, 2018, ISBN 1506389899).
- ↑ Michael C. Graham, Facts of Life: Ten Issues of Contentment (Outskirts Press, 2014, ISBN 978-1478722595).
- ↑ J. Melvin Witmer and Thomas J. Sweeney, A holistic model for wellness and prevention over the lifespan Journal of Counseling and Development 71(2) (1992):140–148. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ John A. Hattie, Jane E. Myers, and Thomas J. Sweeney, A factor structure of wellness: Theory, assessment, analysis and practice Journal of Counseling and Development 82(3) (2004):354–364. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Corey L.M. Keyes, The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life Journal of Health and Social Behavior 43(2) (2002):207–222. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ Matthew W. Gallagher, Shane J. Lopez, and Kristopher J. Preacher. The Hierarchical Structure of Well-Being Journal of Personality 77(4) (2009):1025–1050. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ Mental illness Mayo Clinic. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ Mental Disorders MedLine Plus. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Gerben J. Westerhof and Corey L. M. Keyes, Mental Illness and Mental Health: The Two Continua Model Across the Lifespan Adult Development 17(2) (2010):110-119. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ Office of the Surgeon General, Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (Department of Health and Human Services, 1999, ISBN 1083113267).
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 A Brief History of Mental Illness and the U.S. Mental Health Care System Unite for Sight. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ John R. Shook (ed.), Dictionary of Early American Philosophers (Continuum, 2012, ISBN 978-1843711827).
- ↑ Wallace Mandell, Origins of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 1995. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ David H. Barlow, Vincent Mark Durand, and Stefan G. Hofmann, Abnormal Psychology: An integrative approach (Cengage Learning, 2017, ISBN 978-1305950443).
- ↑ Andreas Ebert and Karl-Jürgen Bär, Emil Kraepelin: A pioneer of scientific understanding of psychiatry and psychopharmacology Indian Journal of Psychiatry 52(2) (2010): 191–192. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ Clifford Whittingham Beers, A Mind That Found Itself (Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2010, ISBN 978-1169262980).
- ↑ Mental Health America – Origins VCU Libraries Social Welfare History Project. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ José Bertolote, The roots of the concept of mental health World Psychiatry 7(2) (2008): 113–116. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Marie Jahoda, Employment and Unemployment: A Social-Psychological Analysis (Cambridge University Press, 1982, ISBN 0521285860).
- ↑ Ione Avila-Palencia et al., The effects of transport mode use on self-perceived health, mental health, and social contact measures: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study Environment International 120 (2018):199–206. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ Amanda L Rebar et al., A meta-meta-analysis of the effect of physical activity on depression and anxiety in non-clinical adult populations Health Psychology Review 9(3) (July 2015):366–378. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ Ali A. Weinstein, Christine Koehmstedt, and Willem J. Kop, Mental health consequences of exercise withdrawal: A systematic review General Hospital Psychiatry 49 (November 2017):11–18. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ The Benefits of Recreational Therapy Healthline. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ Jayde A.M. Flett, Celia Lie, Benjamin C. Riordan, Laura M. Thompson, Tamlin S. Conner, and Harlene Hayne, Sharpen Your Pencils: Preliminary Evidence that Adult Coloring Reduces Depressive Symptoms and Anxiety Creativity Research Journal 29(4) (2017):409–416. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ Elizabeth Pommier, Kristin D. Neff, and István Tóth-Király, The Development and Validation of the Compassion Scale Assessment 27(1) (2019}:21–39. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ Na Young Shin and Young-Jin Lim, Contribution of self-compassion to positive mental health among Korean university students International Journal of Psychology 54(6) (2019):800–806. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ Kelly C. Richards, C. Campenni, and Janet L. Estelle Muse-Burke, Self-care and well-being in mental health professionals: The mediating effects of self-awareness and mindfulness Journal of Mental Health Counseling 32(3) (2010): 247–264. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ Manoj Sharma and Sarah E. Rush, Mindfulness-based stress reduction as a stress management intervention for healthy individuals: a systematic review Journal of Evidence Based Complementary Alternative Medicine 19(4) (2014):271–286. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ Bassam Khoury et al., Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis Clinical Psychology Review 33(6) (2013):763–771. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ Jayaram Thimmapuram, et al., Effect of heartfulness meditation on burnout, emotional wellness, and telomere length in health care professionals Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 7(1) (2017):21–27. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ Jackie Kinley, Mental Fitness: The Game Changer & The Key to Psychological Strength and Resilience (WindyWood Publishing, 2019, ISBN 1775358321).
- ↑ David H. Rosmarin, et al., Incorporating spiritual beliefs into a cognitive model of worry Journal of Clinical Psychology 67(7) (July 2011):691–700. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ Natalio Extremera and Lourdes Rey, Attenuating the Negative Impact of Unemployment: The Interactive Effects of Perceived Emotional Intelligence and Well-Being on Suicide Risk PLOS ONE 11(9) (September 2016). Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ Stress CAMH. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ↑ Mental Health First Aid Staff, Mental Health First Aid USA (Adult) (National Council for Behavioral Health, 2015, ISBN 978-0692607480).
References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Barlow, David H., Vincent Mark Durand, and Stefan G. Hofmann. Abnormal Psychology: An integrative approach. Cengage Learning, 2017. ISBN 978-1305950443
- Beers, Clifford Whittingham. A Mind That Found Itself. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2010. ISBN 978-1169262980
- Graham, Michael C. Facts of Life: Ten Issues of Contentment. Outskirts Press, 2014. ISBN 978-1478722595
- Jahoda, Marie. Current Concepts of Positive Mental Health. Isha Books, 2013. ISBN 978-9333154550
- Jahoda, Marie. Employment and Unemployment: A Social-Psychological Analysis. Cambridge University Press, 1982. ISBN 0521285860
- Kinley, Jackie. Mental Fitness: The Game Changer & The Key to Psychological Strength and Resilience. WindyWood Publishing, 2019. ISBN 1775358321
- Lopez, Shane J., Jennifer Teramoto Pedrotti, and Charles Richard Snyder. Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths. SAGE Publications, 2018. ISBN 1506389899
- Mental Health First Aid Staff. Mental Health First Aid USA (Adult). National Council for Behavioral Health, 2015. ISBN 978-0692607480
- Office of the Surgeon General. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999. ISBN 1083113267
- Shook, John R. (ed.). Dictionary of Early American Philosophers. Continuum, 2012. ISBN 978-1843711827
External links
All links retrieved November 9, 2022.
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