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{{Infobox British Royalty|majesty|consort | {{Infobox British Royalty|majesty|consort | ||
| name = Matilda of Scotland | | name = Matilda of Scotland | ||
| title = Queen consort of the English | | title = Queen consort of the English | ||
| image = Edith_Matilda_of_Scots.JPG | | image = Edith_Matilda_of_Scots.JPG | ||
| − | | size = | + | | size = 100px |
| − | | reign = 11 | + | | reign = November 11, 1100 – May 1, 1118 |
| spouse = [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] | | spouse = [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] | ||
| − | | issue = [[Matilda | + | | issue = [[Empress Matilda]]; [[William Adelin]] |
| royal house = [[House of Normandy]]<br />[[House of Dunkeld]] | | royal house = [[House of Normandy]]<br />[[House of Dunkeld]] | ||
| father = [[Malcolm III of Scotland]] | | father = [[Malcolm III of Scotland]] | ||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
|}} | |}} | ||
| − | '''Matilda of Scotland''' ( | + | '''Matilda of Scotland''' (c. 1080 – 1 May 1118) was the first wife and [[queen consort]] of King [[Henry I of England]]. The daughter of Scottish royalty, Matilda also brought to her marriage with Henry the promise of children connected to the old Anglo-Saxon dynasty and thus a union of the British and Norman lines. Their marriage faced a temporary obstacle, however, in that she had been raised in a convent, but a synod of bishops headed by [[Anselm of Canterbury]] determined that she had never taken vows as a nun. |
| − | A well-educated woman, | + | A well-educated woman, Matilda brought both religious and cultural improvements to the court and acted as vice-regent when her husband Henry was away from England. She also commissioned the ''Gesta regum Anglorum'' of [[William of Malmsbury]], considered to be one of the most important early histories of England. |
| − | + | {{toc}} | |
| − | From Matilda's descendants the Plantagenet royal line was established when her grandson, [[Henry II]] became king of England. | + | Matilda gave birth to four children, the two who survived: A daughter, also named Matilda, (1102-1167), and [[William Adelin]], (1103-1120), called the [[Duke of Normandy]]. Her daughter Matilda, better known as [[Empress Maud]], married [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor]] and was ultimately named as Henry II's heir, but was unable to hold the throne during the English civil unrest known as [[The Anarchy]]. From Matilda's descendants, the [[Plantagenet]] royal line was established when her grandson, [[Henry II of England|Henry II]], became king of England. |
==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
| − | Matilda was born | + | Matilda was born in [[Dunfermline]] (Dùn Phàrlain) on the east coast of Scotland, the daughter of King [[Malcolm III of Scotland|Malcolm III]] and the future [[Saint Margaret of Scotland|Saint Margaret]]. She was named Edith at her christening, where Robert Curthose, the Duke of Normandy and an unsuccessful claimant to the throne of England, stood as her godfather. The English queen [[Matilda of Flanders]], her future mother-in-law, was also present at the ceremony and may have been Matilda's godmother. Matilda had blond hair and blue eyes and was said to be very attractive. |
| − | When she was about six years old, Matilda and her sister Mary were sent to [[Romsey]], England, where their aunt [[Cristina, daughter of Edward the Exile|Cristina]] was abbess. | + | When she was about six years old, Matilda and her sister Mary were sent to [[Romsey]], England, where their aunt [[Cristina, daughter of Edward the Exile|Cristina]] was abbess. In the later years of her stay at Romsey and also at [[Wilton]], Matilda was much sought-after as a bride. She turned down proposals from both [[William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey]], and [[Alan Rufus]], Lord of Richmond. [[William II of England]] may also have considered marrying her. In 1093, while in her early teens Matilda left the abbey for a time, and the future Saint [[Anselm]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], grew concerned for her protection, wrote to the [[bishop of Salisbury]] to order the daughter of the king of Scotland to be returned to the monastery. |
==Marriage== | ==Marriage== | ||
| − | [[Image:Henry I of England - Illustration from Cassell's History of England - Century Edition - published circa 1902.jpg|thumb|right|180px|'''Henry I''' depicted in ''Cassell's History of England'' (1902)]] | + | [[Image:Henry I of England - Illustration from Cassell's History of England - Century Edition - published circa 1902.jpg|thumb|right|180px|'''Henry I''' depicted in ''Cassell's History of England'' (1902).]] |
| − | After the death of king [[William II of England | + | After the death of king [[William II of England]] in August 1100, Henry I quickly seized the royal treasury and the crown. His next task was to marry, and his choice fell on Matilda. Because she had spent most of her life in a nunnery, however, there was some controversy over whether or not she had taken vows as a [[nun]] and would thus be ineligible for [[marriage]]. |
| − | Henry sought permission for the marriage from | + | Henry sought permission for the marriage from [[Anselm of Canterbury]], who had returned to England in September 1100 after a long exile during William II's reign. Professing himself unwilling to decide so weighty a matter on his own, Anselm called a council of [[bishop]]s in order to determine the legality of the proposed [[marriage]]. Matilda testified to the assembled bishops that she had never taken vows as a [[nun]]. She insisted that her parents had sent her and her sister to England only for educational purposes, and that her aunt Cristina had veiled her only to protect her "from the lust of the [[Normans]]." Matilda claimed at one point she had even pulled the veil off and stamped on it, and her aunt beat and scolded her most horribly for this. The council concluded that Matilda had never been a nun, nor had her parents intended that she become one, and gave their permission for the marriage. |
| − | Matilda and Henry seem to have known one another for some time before their marriage | + | Matilda and Henry seem to have known one another for some time before their marriage. Twelfth century English historian [[William of Malmesbury]] states that Henry had "long been attached" to her, and the chronicler [[Orderic Vitalis]] says that Henry had "long adored" her character. Through her mother, Matilda was descended from king [[Edmund Ironside]] and thus from [[Alfred the Great]]. She was also a great-niece of [[Edward the Confessor]] and the old line of the kings of Wessex. The marriage represented a union between the new Norman rulers of England and the old Anglo-Saxon dynasty. This was important, as Henry hoped to make himself more popular with the English people, and in his and Matilda's children, the Norman and Anglo-Saxon dynasties would be united. Another benefit of the marriage was that England and Scotland became politically closer. Three of Matilda's brothers served as kings of Scotland at different times and were known to be unusually friendly to England. |
==Queen== | ==Queen== | ||
| − | + | Matilda and Henry were married by Anselm on November 11, 1100 at [[Westminster Abbey]]. No longer to be known as Edith, she was crowned "Matilda," a fashionable Norman name. She gave birth to a daughter, also named, Matilda, in February 1102, followed by a son, William, in November 1103. Two other children died in infancy. | |
| + | |||
| + | As queen, she maintained her court primarily at [[Westminster]], but accompanied her husband in his travels all across England. She is thought to have visited Normandy with her husband in 1106–1107. She was a member of Henry's ''[[curia regis]]'' (council of tenants-in-chief). She also served in a vice-regal capacity when Henry was away from court until 1118, when her son, William, was old enough to serve in her stead. | ||
[[Image:Westminster.abbey.northentrance.arp.500pix.jpg|thumb|right|200px| The North entrance of Westminster Abbey]] | [[Image:Westminster.abbey.northentrance.arp.500pix.jpg|thumb|right|200px| The North entrance of Westminster Abbey]] | ||
| − | Her court was filled with musicians and poets | + | Well educated at the convents of Romsey and Wilton, Matilda increased the quality of literature and culture at court. Her court was filled with musicians and poets. She commissioned a monk, probably [[Thurgot]], to write a biography of her mother. Like her mother, she was renowned for her devotion to religion and the poor. The twelfth century historian [[William of Malmesbury]] described her as attending church barefoot at [[Lent]], washing the feet and kissing the hands of the sick. She also administered extensive [[dower]] properties and was known as a patron of the arts, especially music. |
| − | Matilda wrote many letters, | + | Matilda wrote many letters, a number of which still exist. The bulk of her surviving correspondence was with Anselm, the ranking ecclesiastic of England. Anselm went back into exile a second time from 1103-06 as a result of a dispute with Henry, during which time Matilda continued to write to him and to plead his case to Pope [[Paschal II]] and others.<ref>Columbia University, Missouri, [http://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/woman/64.html Epistolae.] Retrieved January 30, 2009.</ref> In addition to writing to the pope, she also corresponded with the monk Thurgot of Durham, Bishop Ivo of [[Chartres]], Emperor [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]], and Bishop Hildebert of Lavardin. Some of their responses also survive. |
| − | Matilda died on May 1, 1118 at [[Palace of Westminster|Westminster Palace]], and was buried at [[Westminster Abbey]]. | + | Matilda died on May 1, 1118 at [[Palace of Westminster|Westminster Palace]] which her husband, Henry had built for her, and was buried at [[Westminster Abbey]]. |
| − | ==Children of Matilda | + | ==Children== |
| − | Matilda and Henry | + | [[Image:Empress matilda.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Empress Maud]], daughter of Matilda of Scotland]] |
| + | Matilda and Henry's daughter, also named Matilda, is better known as [[Empress Matilda]] or Maud, (1102-1167), [[List of Holy Roman Empresses and German queens#Salian Dynasty|Holy Roman Empress consort]] and [[Count of Anjou|countess consort of Anjou]]. She was called the ''Lady of the English''. Matilda and Henry betrothed the younger Matilda to [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor]] when she was seven years old. The imperial couple had no children, however. | ||
| − | Matilda and Henry's second child was [[William Adelin]], (1103-1120), sometimes called [[Duke of Normandy]]. | + | Matilda and Henry's second child was [[William Adelin]], (1103-1120), sometimes called [[Duke of Normandy]]. In order to secure the loyalty of Anjou, a long-time rival of Normandy, Matilda and Henry betrothed William to another [[Matilda of Anjou]], eldest daughter of Count Fulk V of Anjou, in February 1113. The marriage finally took place in June 1119 in Lisieux, having been prolonged due to the queen's death. Just a year later, young William died in the [[White Ship]] tragedy of November 25, 1120. |
| − | |||
| − | In order to secure the loyalty of Anjou, a long-time rival of Normandy, Matilda and Henry betrothed William to another [[Matilda of Anjou]], eldest daughter of Count Fulk V of Anjou in February 1113 | ||
| − | Henry | + | Henry failed to produce a legitimate son from his second marriage to [[Adeliza of Louvain]] and ultimately designated Maud as his heiress, marrying her to his son's brother-in-law [[Geoffrey V of Anjou]], (Plantagenet) and requiring his barons to swear to uphold her rights. On his death, however, the Barons reneged on their oaths and chose Henry's nephew, [[Stephen of Blois]] as king. The ensuring succession crisis in English history is known as [[The Anarchy]]. |
| − | + | Matilda's grandson, [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] Plantagenet finally became king in 1154. He married the powerful, [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] and they had 11 children, two becoming kings of England themselves, [[Richard the Lionheart]], and [[John I]], firmly establishing the Plantagenet royal line. | |
==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
| − | Queen Matilda | + | Queen Matilda commissioned two histories, the life of her mother, [[Saint Margaret of Scotland|Saint Margaret]], and an extended history of her family, the ''Gesta Regum Anglorum,'' of [[William of Malmesbury]], which was finished after her death and presented to her daughter, Empress Maud. |
| − | + | Matilda was not only an able queen and occasionally vice-regent of England, but also a pious woman who cared for the less fortunate of her realm. When she died at the age of 41, she was buried in [[Westminster Abbey]] beside her ancestor, [[Edward the Confessor]]. After her death, she was remembered by her subjects as "Matilda the Good Queen" and "Matilda of Blessed Memory." For a time, sainthood was sought for her, although she was never canonized. | |
| − | From her grandson, [[Henry II]], the Plantagenet royal line was established | + | From her grandson, [[Henry II]], the Plantagenet royal line was established. |
{{s-start}} | {{s-start}} | ||
| − | {{s-hou|[[House of Dunkeld]]||c. 1080|1 | + | {{s-hou|[[House of Dunkeld]]||c. 1080|May 1|1118}} |
{{s-roy|en}} | {{s-roy|en}} | ||
{{s-bef| before = [[Matilda of Flanders]]}} | {{s-bef| before = [[Matilda of Flanders]]}} | ||
| − | {{s-ttl|title = [[List of English consorts|Queen consort of England]] | years = 11 | + | {{s-ttl|title = [[List of English consorts|Queen consort of England]] | years = November 11, 1100–May 1, 1118|}} |
{{s-aft|after = [[Adeliza of Louvain]]}} | {{s-aft|after = [[Adeliza of Louvain]]}} | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
| Line 77: | Line 78: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | * | + | * Chibnall, Marjorie. ''The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother, and Lady of the English.'' Blackwell, 1992. ISBN 9780631157373. |
| − | * Hollister, Warren C. and Amanda Clark Frost. ''Henry I'' | + | * Hollister, Warren C., and Amanda Clark Frost. ''Henry I.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. ISBN 9780300088588. |
| − | * Huneycutt, Lois L. | + | * Huneycutt, Lois L. ''Matilda of Scotland: A Study in Medieval Queenship.'' Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2003. ISBN 9780851159942. |
| − | * Meade, Marion. From William of Malmesbury, in ''Eleanor of Aquitaine'' | + | * Meade, Marion. From William of Malmesbury, in ''Eleanor of Aquitaine.'' London: Phoenix, 2002. ISBN 9781842126189. |
| − | * Parsons, John Carmi and Bonnie Wheeler. ''Medieval Mothering'' | + | * Parsons, John Carmi, and Bonnie Wheeler. ''Medieval Mothering.'' New York: Garland Pub., 1996. ISBN 9780815323419. |
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | All links retrieved | + | All links retrieved November 7, 2022. |
| − | + | * [http://www.explore-parliament.net/nssMovies/06/0644/0644_.htm Matilda of Scotland (1080-1118)] ''Explore parliament'' | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | * [http://www.explore-parliament.net/nssMovies/06/0644/0644_.htm Explore parliament | ||
[[Category:biography]] | [[Category:biography]] | ||
Latest revision as of 16:52, 7 November 2022
| Matilda of Scotland | |
|---|---|
| Queen consort of the English | |
| |
| Consort | November 11, 1100 – May 1, 1118 |
| Consort to | Henry I |
| Issue | |
| Empress Matilda; William Adelin | |
| Royal House | House of Normandy House of Dunkeld |
| Father | Malcolm III of Scotland |
| Mother | Saint Margaret of Scotland |
| Born | c. 1080 Dunfermline, Scotland |
| Died | 1 May 1118 (aged 38) Westminster Palace |
| Buried | Westminster Abbey |
Matilda of Scotland (c. 1080 – 1 May 1118) was the first wife and queen consort of King Henry I of England. The daughter of Scottish royalty, Matilda also brought to her marriage with Henry the promise of children connected to the old Anglo-Saxon dynasty and thus a union of the British and Norman lines. Their marriage faced a temporary obstacle, however, in that she had been raised in a convent, but a synod of bishops headed by Anselm of Canterbury determined that she had never taken vows as a nun.
A well-educated woman, Matilda brought both religious and cultural improvements to the court and acted as vice-regent when her husband Henry was away from England. She also commissioned the Gesta regum Anglorum of William of Malmsbury, considered to be one of the most important early histories of England.
Matilda gave birth to four children, the two who survived: A daughter, also named Matilda, (1102-1167), and William Adelin, (1103-1120), called the Duke of Normandy. Her daughter Matilda, better known as Empress Maud, married Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor and was ultimately named as Henry II's heir, but was unable to hold the throne during the English civil unrest known as The Anarchy. From Matilda's descendants, the Plantagenet royal line was established when her grandson, Henry II, became king of England.
Early life
Matilda was born in Dunfermline (Dùn Phàrlain) on the east coast of Scotland, the daughter of King Malcolm III and the future Saint Margaret. She was named Edith at her christening, where Robert Curthose, the Duke of Normandy and an unsuccessful claimant to the throne of England, stood as her godfather. The English queen Matilda of Flanders, her future mother-in-law, was also present at the ceremony and may have been Matilda's godmother. Matilda had blond hair and blue eyes and was said to be very attractive.
When she was about six years old, Matilda and her sister Mary were sent to Romsey, England, where their aunt Cristina was abbess. In the later years of her stay at Romsey and also at Wilton, Matilda was much sought-after as a bride. She turned down proposals from both William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey, and Alan Rufus, Lord of Richmond. William II of England may also have considered marrying her. In 1093, while in her early teens Matilda left the abbey for a time, and the future Saint Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, grew concerned for her protection, wrote to the bishop of Salisbury to order the daughter of the king of Scotland to be returned to the monastery.
Marriage
After the death of king William II of England in August 1100, Henry I quickly seized the royal treasury and the crown. His next task was to marry, and his choice fell on Matilda. Because she had spent most of her life in a nunnery, however, there was some controversy over whether or not she had taken vows as a nun and would thus be ineligible for marriage.
Henry sought permission for the marriage from Anselm of Canterbury, who had returned to England in September 1100 after a long exile during William II's reign. Professing himself unwilling to decide so weighty a matter on his own, Anselm called a council of bishops in order to determine the legality of the proposed marriage. Matilda testified to the assembled bishops that she had never taken vows as a nun. She insisted that her parents had sent her and her sister to England only for educational purposes, and that her aunt Cristina had veiled her only to protect her "from the lust of the Normans." Matilda claimed at one point she had even pulled the veil off and stamped on it, and her aunt beat and scolded her most horribly for this. The council concluded that Matilda had never been a nun, nor had her parents intended that she become one, and gave their permission for the marriage.
Matilda and Henry seem to have known one another for some time before their marriage. Twelfth century English historian William of Malmesbury states that Henry had "long been attached" to her, and the chronicler Orderic Vitalis says that Henry had "long adored" her character. Through her mother, Matilda was descended from king Edmund Ironside and thus from Alfred the Great. She was also a great-niece of Edward the Confessor and the old line of the kings of Wessex. The marriage represented a union between the new Norman rulers of England and the old Anglo-Saxon dynasty. This was important, as Henry hoped to make himself more popular with the English people, and in his and Matilda's children, the Norman and Anglo-Saxon dynasties would be united. Another benefit of the marriage was that England and Scotland became politically closer. Three of Matilda's brothers served as kings of Scotland at different times and were known to be unusually friendly to England.
Queen
Matilda and Henry were married by Anselm on November 11, 1100 at Westminster Abbey. No longer to be known as Edith, she was crowned "Matilda," a fashionable Norman name. She gave birth to a daughter, also named, Matilda, in February 1102, followed by a son, William, in November 1103. Two other children died in infancy.
As queen, she maintained her court primarily at Westminster, but accompanied her husband in his travels all across England. She is thought to have visited Normandy with her husband in 1106–1107. She was a member of Henry's curia regis (council of tenants-in-chief). She also served in a vice-regal capacity when Henry was away from court until 1118, when her son, William, was old enough to serve in her stead.
Well educated at the convents of Romsey and Wilton, Matilda increased the quality of literature and culture at court. Her court was filled with musicians and poets. She commissioned a monk, probably Thurgot, to write a biography of her mother. Like her mother, she was renowned for her devotion to religion and the poor. The twelfth century historian William of Malmesbury described her as attending church barefoot at Lent, washing the feet and kissing the hands of the sick. She also administered extensive dower properties and was known as a patron of the arts, especially music.
Matilda wrote many letters, a number of which still exist. The bulk of her surviving correspondence was with Anselm, the ranking ecclesiastic of England. Anselm went back into exile a second time from 1103-06 as a result of a dispute with Henry, during which time Matilda continued to write to him and to plead his case to Pope Paschal II and others.[1] In addition to writing to the pope, she also corresponded with the monk Thurgot of Durham, Bishop Ivo of Chartres, Emperor Henry V, and Bishop Hildebert of Lavardin. Some of their responses also survive.
Matilda died on May 1, 1118 at Westminster Palace which her husband, Henry had built for her, and was buried at Westminster Abbey.
Children
Matilda and Henry's daughter, also named Matilda, is better known as Empress Matilda or Maud, (1102-1167), Holy Roman Empress consort and countess consort of Anjou. She was called the Lady of the English. Matilda and Henry betrothed the younger Matilda to Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor when she was seven years old. The imperial couple had no children, however.
Matilda and Henry's second child was William Adelin, (1103-1120), sometimes called Duke of Normandy. In order to secure the loyalty of Anjou, a long-time rival of Normandy, Matilda and Henry betrothed William to another Matilda of Anjou, eldest daughter of Count Fulk V of Anjou, in February 1113. The marriage finally took place in June 1119 in Lisieux, having been prolonged due to the queen's death. Just a year later, young William died in the White Ship tragedy of November 25, 1120.
Henry failed to produce a legitimate son from his second marriage to Adeliza of Louvain and ultimately designated Maud as his heiress, marrying her to his son's brother-in-law Geoffrey V of Anjou, (Plantagenet) and requiring his barons to swear to uphold her rights. On his death, however, the Barons reneged on their oaths and chose Henry's nephew, Stephen of Blois as king. The ensuring succession crisis in English history is known as The Anarchy.
Matilda's grandson, Henry II Plantagenet finally became king in 1154. He married the powerful, Eleanor of Aquitaine and they had 11 children, two becoming kings of England themselves, Richard the Lionheart, and John I, firmly establishing the Plantagenet royal line.
Legacy
Queen Matilda commissioned two histories, the life of her mother, Saint Margaret, and an extended history of her family, the Gesta Regum Anglorum, of William of Malmesbury, which was finished after her death and presented to her daughter, Empress Maud.
Matilda was not only an able queen and occasionally vice-regent of England, but also a pious woman who cared for the less fortunate of her realm. When she died at the age of 41, she was buried in Westminster Abbey beside her ancestor, Edward the Confessor. After her death, she was remembered by her subjects as "Matilda the Good Queen" and "Matilda of Blessed Memory." For a time, sainthood was sought for her, although she was never canonized.
From her grandson, Henry II, the Plantagenet royal line was established.
| House of Dunkeld Born: c. 1080; Died: May 1 1118 | ||
|---|---|---|
| English royalty | ||
| Preceded by: Matilda of Flanders |
Queen consort of England November 11, 1100–May 1, 1118 |
Succeeded by: Adeliza of Louvain |
George, Duke of Cumberland (1702-1707) · Mary of Modena (1685-1688) · Catherine of Braganza (1662-1685) · Henrietta Maria of France (1625-1649) · Anne of Denmark (1603-1619) · Philip II of Spain (1554-1558) · Lord Guildford Dudley (1553) · Catherine Parr (1543-1547) · Catherine Howard (1540-1542) · Anne of Cleves (1540) · Jane Seymour (1536-1537) · Anne Boleyn (1533-1536) · Catherine of Aragon (1509-1533) · Elizabeth of York (1486-1503) · Anne Neville (1483-1485) · Elizabeth Woodville (1464-1483) · Margaret of Anjou (1445-1471) · Catherine of Valois (1420-1422) · Joanna of Navarre (1403-1413) · Isabella of Valois (1396-1399) · Anne of Bohemia (1383-1394) · Philippa of Hainault (1328-1369) · Isabella of France (1308-1327) · Marguerite of France (1299-1307) · Eleanor of Castile (1272-1290) · Eleanor of Provence (1236-1272) · Isabella of Angoulême (1200-1216) · Berengaria of Navarre (1191-1199) · Eleanor of Aquitaine (1154-1189) · Matilda of Boulogne (1135-1152) · Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou (1141) · Adeliza of Louvain (1121-1135) · Matilda of Scotland (1100-1118) · Matilda of Flanders (1066-1083)
Notes
- ↑ Columbia University, Missouri, Epistolae. Retrieved January 30, 2009.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Chibnall, Marjorie. The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother, and Lady of the English. Blackwell, 1992. ISBN 9780631157373.
- Hollister, Warren C., and Amanda Clark Frost. Henry I. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. ISBN 9780300088588.
- Huneycutt, Lois L. Matilda of Scotland: A Study in Medieval Queenship. Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2003. ISBN 9780851159942.
- Meade, Marion. From William of Malmesbury, in Eleanor of Aquitaine. London: Phoenix, 2002. ISBN 9781842126189.
- Parsons, John Carmi, and Bonnie Wheeler. Medieval Mothering. New York: Garland Pub., 1996. ISBN 9780815323419.
External links
All links retrieved November 7, 2022.
- Matilda of Scotland (1080-1118) Explore parliament
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