Hilary of Poitiers

Saint Hilarius
The Ordination of Saint Hilary. From a 14th century manuscript.
Malleus Arianorum ("hammer against Arianism") and the “Athanasius of the West”
Born	ca. 300 in Poitiers
Died	368 in Poitiers
Venerated in	Anglicanism Eastern Orthodoxy Lutheranism Oriental Orthodoxy Roman Catholicism
Feast	January 13 January 14 (General Roman Calendar, 13th century-1969)

Saint Hilary of Poitiers (ca. 300 – 368 C.E.), also known as Hilarius, was bishop of Poitiers in Gaul (today's France) and an eminent doctor of the Western Christian Church. A sometimes persecuted champion against the theological movement of Arianism, he was known as the "Athanasius of the West."

A convert from Neoplatonism, Hilary became bishop of Poitiers around 353) but was banished by Emperor Constantius II to Phrygia in 356 for refusing to compromise in his condemnation of Arianism. While in exile he used his knowledge of Greek to create the first Latin treatises explaining the intricacies of the trinitarian controversy to his Latin brethren. From 359-360 he participated in eastern church councils but ran afoul of imperial theology once again. After returning to Poitiers, continued to denounce Arian bishops as heretics and wrote additional theological an polemical works.

Although he showed little good humor toward his enemies, Hilary's name comes from the Greek word for happy or cheerful, the root also of the English word "hilarious." He died on January 13, which accordingly is his feast day in the Roman Catholic calendar of saints. He is often associated with his disciple, Martin of Tours, in church history and tradition.

Biography

Hilary was born at Poitiers, a town in west central France about the end of the third century C.E. His parents were pagans of the nobility, and received a good education, inlcuding some knowledge of Greek, which had already become somewhat rare in the West. While he was still young, Christianity became the officially supported religion of the Roman Empire, and he later studied the Hebrew Bible and the writings of the emerging New Testament canon. Hilary thus abandoned his Neo-Platonism for Christianity. Together with his wife and daughter (traditionally named Saint Abra), he received the sacrament of baptism.

Bishop of Poitiers

Little is known regarding the Christian community in Poitiers at this time, but Hillary's erudition, character, and social standing were such that he won the the respect the local church. Although still a married man, in his early 50s he was unanimously elected bishop, c. 353. At the time, Arianism had a strong foothold in the Western Church, especially in Gaul, where Arian Christians had often been the first missionaries to reach the formerly pagan lands. The Emperor Contantius II, meanwhile sought to end the controversy by supporting the moderate faction later called "Semi-Arians" and denouncing the adamantly anti-Arian position represented by Athanasius of Alexandria.

A strong proponent of the "orthodox" christology promoted by Athanasius, Hilary undertook the task of defeating the Arian view, which he considered to be a heresy that undermined Jesus' divinity and misunderstood God's plan of salvation. He refused to join in the emperor's wish that Athanasius be condemned and worked to rally the supporters of the Council of Nicaea. One of Hilary's first steps in this campaign was to organize the remaining non-Arian bishops in Gaul to ecommunicate Semi-Arian Bishop Saturninus of Arles, together with his supporters Ursacius and Valens, on grounds of heresy.

Banishment by Constantius II

Around the same time, Hilary wrote to Emperor Constantius II in protest against actions taken against the defenders of Athanasius, some of whom had been forcibly removed from the bishoprics and sent into exile. The probable date of this letter, titled Ad Constantium Augustum liber primus, is 355. His efforts, however, resulted in failure. Constantius summoned the synod of Biterrae (Béziers) in 356 with the professed purpose of settling the longstanding disputes once and for all. The result was that Hilary, who still refused to denounce Athanasius, was banished by imperial decree to Phrygia, where he spent nearly four years in exile.

From exile, Hilary continued to govern the non-Arian Christians in his diocese and devoted himself to writing on the theological matters which so troubled the empire and himself. During this period he prepared two of the most important of his contributions to dogmatic and polemical theology.

Anti-Arian writings

His De synodis (also called De fide Orientalium) was an epistle addressed in 358 to the Semi-Arian bishops in Gaul, Germany and Britain. In this work he analysed the professions of faith uttered by the eastern bishops in the Councils of Ancyra, Antioch, and Sirmium. While he criticizing as being in substance Arian, he sought to show that sometimes the difference between the doctrines of certain heretics and orthodox beliefs basically a semantic one.

In De trinitate libri XII, composed in 359 and 360, he attempted to express in Latin the theological subtleties elaborated in the original Greek—the first Latin writer to attempt this task. The former of these works criticized by some members of his own anti-Arian party, who thought he had shown too great a forbearance towards the Arians. He replied to their criticisms in the Apologetica ad reprehensores libri de synodis responsa.

More imperial troubles

In 359 Hilary attended the convocation of bishops at Seleucia Isauria, where he joined the Homoousian faction against the Semi-Arian party headed by Acacius of Caesarea. From there he went to Constantinople, and, in a petition (Ad Constantium Augustum liber secundus), personally presented to the emperor in 360, repudiated the accusations of his opponents and sought to vindicate the Nicene position. Acacius, however, triumphed and a new council of bishops held at Constantinople issued a compromise creed as a substitute for the formulas of both the Nicene and the Arian parties.

In an effort to end the bitter acrimony between the conflicting sects, the council decreed that neither the word ousia nor hypostasis (translated as "persona" in Latin) should be used in theological creeds henceforth. Although affirming the Trinity of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, it adopted what its opponents called the "Semi-Arian" position: "We affirm that the Son is like the Father." This formula was totally unacceptable to Hillary, and repeated demands for a public debate with his opponents even after the matter had been settled to the emperor's satisfaction proved at last so inconvenient that he was sent back to his diocese. He appears to have arrived back at Poitiers about 361, within a very short time of the accession of Julian.

Against Auxentius of Milan

After arriving back home, Hilary continued fighting both Arianism and the Semi-Arian formula within his diocese for two or three years. He also extended his efforts beyond Gaul. In 364, he impeached Bishop Auxentius of Milan—the disciple Ulfilas, the saintly missionary to the Goths and a man high in the imperial favor—as a heretic. Summoned to appear before Emperor Valentinian I at Milan to justify his charges, Hilary faced the mortifying spectacle of the supposed heretic giving entirely satisfactory answers to all the questions proposed. Hilary's response of denouncing Auxentius as a liar and hypocrite only resulted in his ignominious expulsion from Milan.

In 365 Hilary published the Contra Arianos vel Auxentium Mediolanensem liber, in connection with the Airan controversy. Either in the same year or somewhat earlier he also wrote the highly polemical Contra Constantium Augustum liber, in which he declared that lately-deceased emperor Constantius II was the Antichrist, a rebel against God, and "a tyrant whose sole object had been to make a gift to the devil of that world for which Christ had suffered."

Final years

With an orthodox emperor on the throne and the Arians in retreat, the later years of his life were spent in comparative quiet, devoted in part to the preparation of his expositions of the Psalms (Tractatus super Psalmos), for which he was largely indebted to Origen. Hilary is sometimes regarded as the first Latin Christian hymnwriter, but none of the compositions assigned to him is indisputable. He also composed his Commentarius in Evangelium Matthaei, an allegorical exegesis of the Gospel of Matthew and his now lost translation of Origen's commentary on the Book of Job.

Toward the end of his episcopate and with his encouragement Martin, the future bishop of Tours, he founded a monastery at Ligugé in his diocese. He died in 368.

Legacy

In Catholic tradition, Hilary of Poitiers holds the highest rank among the Latin writers of his century prior to Ambrose of Milan. He was designated by Augustine of Hippo as "the illustrious doctor of the churches," and his works exerted an increasing influence in later centuries. Pope Pius IX formally recognized as universae ecclesiae doctor (i.e. Doctor of the Church) at the synod of Bordeaux in 1851. Hilary's feast day in the Roman calendar is January 13.

Editions of his writings were produced by Erasmus (Basel, 1523, 1526, 1528). An English translation by E. W. Watson appears in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. Several of his works have appeared in more recent publications, including his commentaries on Psalm 118 and the Gospel Matthew, his attack on Emperor Constantius II, and his writings, in three volumes, on the Trinity.

A vita of Hilary was written by Venantius Fortunatus c.550 but is not considered reliable. More trustworthy are the notices in Jerome (De vir. illus. 100), Sulpicius Severus (Chron. ii. 39-45) and in Hilary's own writings.

The cult of Saint Hilary developed in association with that of St. Martin of Tours as a result of Sulpicius Severus' Vita Sancti Martini and spread early to western Britain. The villages of St Hilary in Cornwall and Glamorgan and that of Llanilar in Cardiganshire bear his name. In France the majority of dedications to Saint Hilary are to be found to the west (and north) of the Massif Central from which areas the cult eventually extended to Canada.

In north-west Italy the church of sant’Ilario at Casale Monferrato was dedicated to him as early as 380 C.E. In the context of English educational and legal institutions, Saint Hilary's festival lies at the start of the "Hilary Term," which begins in January.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

External links

• Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series II, Vol. IX St Hilary of Poitiers: introduction and texts
• Opera Omnia
• Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Hilary of Poitiers
• (French) See also patristique.org
• BENEDICT XVI: Saint Hilary of Poitiers General Audience Wednesday, 10 October 2007
• The works of Hilary in chronological order.

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