Difference between revisions of "Eagle" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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{{Taxobox
 
{{Taxobox
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| color = pink
 
 
| name = Eagle
 
| name = Eagle
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| image = Eagle In Flight 2004-09-01.jpeg
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| image = Haliaeetus_leucocephalus-tree-USFWS.jpg
 
| image_width = 250px
 
| image_width = 250px
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| image_caption = [[White-tailed Eagle]] in flight
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| image_caption = [[Bald Eagle]]  
 
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
 
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
 
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
 
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
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| familia = [[Accipitridae]]
 
| familia = [[Accipitridae]]
 
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
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| subdivision = Several, see below.
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| subdivision = Several, [[Eagle#Taxonomy|see text]].
 
}}
 
}}
 
{{about | the bird}}
 
{{about | the bird}}
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'''Eagles''' are large [[bird of prey|birds of prey]] which inhabit mainly the [[Old World]], with only two species (the [[Bald Eagle]] and [[Golden Eagle]]) found in [[North America]] north of [[Mexico]], a few in Middle and [[South America]], two (the [[White-bellied Sea Eagle]] and [[Wedge-tailed Eagle]]) in [[Australia]], and the [[Philippine Eagle]] in the [[Philippines]]. They are members of the [[bird]] order [[Falconiformes]] (or [[Accipitriformes]], according to alternative classification schemes), family [[Accipitridae]], and belong to several [[Genus|genera]] which are not necessarily closely related to each other in any sort of way.
+
'''Eagles''' are large [[bird of prey|birds of prey]] which are members of the [[bird]] order [[Falconiformes]] and family [[Accipitridae]], and belong to several [[Genus|genera]] which are not necessarily closely related to each other genetically. Most of the more than 60 species occur in [[Eurasia]] and [[Africa]].<ref>'''del Hoyo''', J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors). (1994). '''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]] Volume 2''': New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 8487334156</ref> Outside this area, just two species (the [[Bald Eagle|Bald]] and [[Golden Eagle]]s) can be found in the [[USA]] and [[Canada]], a few more in [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]], and three in [[Australia]].
  
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Eagles are differentiated from other broad-winged birds of prey mainly by their larger size, more powerful build, and heavier head and bill. Even the smallest eagles, like the [[Booted Eagle]] (which is comparable in size to a [[Common Buzzard]] or [[Red-tailed Hawk]]), have relatively longer and more evenly broad wings, and more direct, faster flight. Most eagles are larger than any other raptors apart from the [[vulture]]s.
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Eagles are differentiated from other birds of prey mainly by their larger size, more powerful build, and heavier head and bill. Even the smallest eagles, like the [[Booted Eagle]] (which is comparable in size to a [[Common Buzzard]] or [[Red-tailed Hawk]]), have relatively longer and more evenly broad wings, and more direct, faster flight. Most eagles are larger than any other raptors apart from the [[vulture]]s.
  
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Like all birds of prey, eagles have very large powerful hooked [[beak]]s for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, and powerful [[talon]]s. They also have extremely keen eyesight to enable them to spot potential [[prey]] from a very long distance. This keen eyesight is primarily contributed by their extremely large pupils which cause minimal [[diffraction]] (scattering) of the incoming light.  
+
Like all birds of prey, eagles have very large powerful hooked [[beak]]s for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, and powerful [[talon]]s. They also have extremely keen eyesight to enable them to spot potential [[prey]] from a very long distance.<ref>{{cite journal
 +
| last = Shlaer
 +
| first = Robert
 +
| date = 1972-05-26
 +
| title = An Eagle's Eye: Quality of the Retinal Image
 +
| journal = Science
 +
| volume = 176
 +
| issue = 4037
 +
| pages = 920–922
 +
| publisher =
 +
| doi = 10.1126/science.176.4037.920
 +
| url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/176/4037/920?ck=nck
 +
| accessdate = 2007-11-20
 +
| pmid = 5033635
 +
}}</ref> This keen eyesight is primarily contributed by their extremely large pupils which cause minimal [[diffraction]] (scattering) of the incoming light.  
  
 
In [[Great Britain|Britain]] before 1678, ''Eagle'' referred specifically to the [[Golden Eagle]], the other native species, the [[White-tailed Eagle]], being known as the Erne. The modern name "Golden Eagle" for ''Aquila chrysaetos'' was introduced by the naturalist [[John Ray]].
 
In [[Great Britain|Britain]] before 1678, ''Eagle'' referred specifically to the [[Golden Eagle]], the other native species, the [[White-tailed Eagle]], being known as the Erne. The modern name "Golden Eagle" for ''Aquila chrysaetos'' was introduced by the naturalist [[John Ray]].
  
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Eagles build their nests, which are sometimes called ''eyries'' (mostly in Australia) in tall trees or on high cliffs. Many species lay two eggs, but the older, larger chick frequently kills its younger sibling once it has hatched.
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Eagles build their nests, called ''eyries'', in tall trees or on high [[cliff]]s. Many species lay two eggs, but the older, larger chick frequently kills its younger sibling once it has hatched.  
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Eagles are sometimes used in [[falconry]]. They appear prominently in myth and literature. In the Old World, such references are commonly to the Golden Eagle (or possibly closely related species found in warm climates).
 
  
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[[Image:wiki_eagle.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Thermographic image of an eagle, thermoregulating using its wings]]''''''
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Eagles are sometimes used in [[falconry]]. They appear prominently in myth and literature. In the Old World, such references are commonly to the Golden Eagle (or possibly closely related species found in warmer climates).
  
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==Taxonomy==
 
  
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Major new research into eagle [[taxonomy]] suggests that the important genera ''Aquila'' and ''Hieraaetus'' are not composed of nearest relatives, and it is likely that a reclassification of these genera will soon take place, with some species being moved to ''Lophaetus'' or ''Ictinaetus''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lerner |first=H. R. L. |coauthors=D. P. Mindell |year=2005 |title=Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |issue=37 |pages=327-346 }}</ref>
+
[[Image:wiki eagle.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Thermographic image of an eagle, thermoregulating using its wings]]
 +
Major new research into eagle [[taxonomy]] suggests that the important genera ''Aquila'' and ''Hieraaetus'' are not composed of nearest relatives, and it is likely that a reclassification of these genera will soon take place, with some species being moved to ''Lophaetus'' or ''Ictinaetus''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lerner |first=H. R. L. |coauthors=D. P. Mindell |year=2005 |title=Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |issue=37 |pages=327–346 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010 |volume=37 }}</ref>
  
 
*[[Bonelli's Eagle]], the [[Booted Eagle]] and the [[Little Eagle]] have been moved from ''Hieraaetus'' to ''Aquila''.  
 
*[[Bonelli's Eagle]], the [[Booted Eagle]] and the [[Little Eagle]] have been moved from ''Hieraaetus'' to ''Aquila''.  
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**Genus ''Oroaetus''
 
**Genus ''Oroaetus''
 
*** [[Black-and-chestnut Eagle]], ''Oroaetus isidori''
 
*** [[Black-and-chestnut Eagle]], ''Oroaetus isidori''
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**Genus ''Spizastur''
 
−
*** [[Black-and-white Hawk-eagle]], ''Spizastur melanoleucus''
 
 
**Genus ''[[Spizaetus]]''
 
**Genus ''[[Spizaetus]]''
 
*** [[Cassin's Hawk-eagle]], ''Spizaetus africanus''
 
*** [[Cassin's Hawk-eagle]], ''Spizaetus africanus''
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*** [[Black Hawk-eagle]], ''S. tyrannus''
 
*** [[Black Hawk-eagle]], ''S. tyrannus''
 
*** [[Ornate Hawk-eagle]], ''S. ornatus''
 
*** [[Ornate Hawk-eagle]], ''S. ornatus''
 +
*** [[Black-and-white Hawk-eagle]], ''S. melanoleucus''
 
**Genus ''Lophaetus''
 
**Genus ''Lophaetus''
 
*** [[Long-crested Eagle]], ''Lophaetus occipitalis'' - possibly belongs in ''Ictinaetus''
 
*** [[Long-crested Eagle]], ''Lophaetus occipitalis'' - possibly belongs in ''Ictinaetus''
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**Genus ''[[Hieraaetus]]''
 
**Genus ''[[Hieraaetus]]''
 
*** [[Ayres' Hawk-eagle]], ''Hieraaetus ayresii''
 
*** [[Ayres' Hawk-eagle]], ''Hieraaetus ayresii''
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*** [[Rufous-bellied Eagle]], ''H. kienerii''
 
 
*** [[African Hawk Eagle]], ''H. spilogaster''
 
*** [[African Hawk Eagle]], ''H. spilogaster''
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[[Image:Eagle_Lahore_Zoo_June302005.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A [[Steppe Eagle]] in [[Lahore Zoo]].]]
+
*** [[New Guinea Hawk-eagle]], ''H. weiskei''
 +
[[Image:Eagle Lahore Zoo June302005.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A [[Steppe Eagle]] in [[Lahore Zoo]] Pakistan .]]
 
**Genus ''Harpagornis'' ([[Extinction|extinct]])
 
**Genus ''Harpagornis'' ([[Extinction|extinct]])
−
*** [[Haast's Eagle]], ''Harpagornis moorei'' - possibly belongs in either ''Hieraaetus'' or ''Aquila''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bunce |first=M. |coauthors=et al |year=2005 |title=Ancient DNA Provides New Insights into the Evolutionary History of New Zealand's Extinct Giant Eagle |journal=PLoS Biol |volume=3 |issue=1 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030009 |url=http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030009 |accessdate=2006-12-27}}</ref>
+
*** [[Haast's Eagle]], ''Harpagornis moorei'' - possibly belongs in either ''Hieraaetus'' or ''Aquila''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bunce |first=M. |coauthors=et al |year=2005 |title=Ancient DNA Provides New Insights into the Evolutionary History of New Zealand's Extinct Giant Eagle |journal=PLoS Biol |volume=3 |issue=1 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030009 |url=http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030009 |accessdate=2006-12-27 | pages = e9}}</ref>
 
**Genus ''[[Aquila (genus)|Aquila]]''
 
**Genus ''[[Aquila (genus)|Aquila]]''
 
*** [[Bonelli's Eagle]], ''Aquila fasciata'' - formerly ''Hieraaetus fasciatus''
 
*** [[Bonelli's Eagle]], ''Aquila fasciata'' - formerly ''Hieraaetus fasciatus''
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*** [[Golden Eagle]], ''A. chrysaetos''  
 
*** [[Golden Eagle]], ''A. chrysaetos''  
 
*** [[Eastern Imperial Eagle]], ''A. heliaca''
 
*** [[Eastern Imperial Eagle]], ''A. heliaca''
 +
*** [[Rufous-bellied Eagle]], ''A. kienerii''
 
*** [[Spanish Imperial Eagle]] ''A. adalberti''  
 
*** [[Spanish Imperial Eagle]] ''A. adalberti''  
 
*** [[Steppe Eagle]], ''A. nipalensis''
 
*** [[Steppe Eagle]], ''A. nipalensis''
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==Eagles in culture==
 
==Eagles in culture==
 +
 
===The word===
 
===The word===
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The modern [[English language|English]] name of the bird is derived from the [[Latin]] term ''aquila'' by way of the [[French language|French]] ''Aigle''. The Latin ''aquila'' may derive from the word ''aquilus'', meaning dark-colored, swarthy, or blackish, as a description of the eagle's plumage; or from ''Aquilo'', the Latin version of Greek ''Boreas'', or north wind.
 
The modern [[English language|English]] name of the bird is derived from the [[Latin]] term ''aquila'' by way of the [[French language|French]] ''Aigle''. The Latin ''aquila'' may derive from the word ''aquilus'', meaning dark-colored, swarthy, or blackish, as a description of the eagle's plumage; or from ''Aquilo'', the Latin version of Greek ''Boreas'', or north wind.
  
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[[Old English]] used the term ''Earn'', related to [[Scandinavia]]'s ''Ørn''. The [[etymology]] of this word is related to [[Modern Greek|Greek]] ''ornos'', literally meaning "bird". In this sense, the Eagle is ''the Bird'' with a capital B.
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[[Old English]] used the term ''Earn'', related to [[Scandinavia]]'s ''Ørn / Örn''. The [[etymology]] of this word is related to [[Modern Greek|Greek]] ''ornis'', literally meaning "bird". In this sense, the Eagle is ''the Bird'' with a capital B.
  
 
===Eagles as national symbols===
 
===Eagles as national symbols===
 +
[[Image:Byzantine eagle.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Double-headed eagle emblem of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Relief from the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]] ([[Istanbul]])]]
 
[[Image:Berg en Terblijt (Weapon).png|thumb|right|250px|Coat of arms of the town of [[Berg en Terblijt]] in the Netherlands, an example of the prolific use of the eagle in European [[heraldry]].]]
 
[[Image:Berg en Terblijt (Weapon).png|thumb|right|250px|Coat of arms of the town of [[Berg en Terblijt]] in the Netherlands, an example of the prolific use of the eagle in European [[heraldry]].]]
 
[[Image:Aigle-napoleonienne-p1030180.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Napoleonic eagle]]
 
[[Image:Aigle-napoleonienne-p1030180.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Napoleonic eagle]]
 +
[[Image:US-GreatSeal-Obverse.svg|right|thumb|250px|The Great Seal of the United States]]
  
−
The eagle has been used by many nations as a national symbol, depicting power, beauty and independence.
+
Eagles have been used by many nations as a national symbol.
−
* '''Arabic world'''. Many [[Arab]]ic states and organisations use eagles as symbols, e.g. the [[PLO]].
+
*The '''[[coat of arms of Navarre/Basque Country Kingdom]]''' has a black [[eagle]].
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* '''Czech Republic'''. [[The Czech Republic]] integrates three historical parts: [[Bohemia]] (with a double-tailed lion in the emblem), [[Moravia]] and [[Silesia]] (both with female eagles in their emblems - red-and-white [[chequered]] and black).
+
*The '''[[coat of arms of Albania]]''' has a black [[double-headed eagle]].
 +
*The '''[[coat of arms of Armenia]]''' has a gold eagle and lion.
 +
*The '''[[coat of arms of Austria]]''' has a black eagle.
 +
*The '''[[coat of arms of the Czech Republic]]''' integrates the symbols of [[Moravia]] and [[Silesia]] (both with female eagles in their emblems - red-and-white [[chequered]] and black respectively) on the [[coat of arms of the Czech Republic]] with [[Bohemia]]'s lion.
 +
*The '''[[coat of arms of Egypt]]''' is a golden eagle looking towards the viewer's left.
 +
*The '''[[coat of arms of Germany]]''' has a black eagle.
 +
*The '''[[coat of arms of Ghana]]''' has two golden eagles holding it.
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*The '''[[coat of arms of Indonesia]]''' has an eagle-like [[garuda]] carrying a shield on its neck and a banner on its feet.
 +
*The '''[[coat of arms of Iraq]]''' has the golden Eagle of [[Saladin]]
 +
*The '''[[coat of arms of Jordan]]''' has a black eagle.
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*The '''[[coat of arms of Mexico]]''' golden eagle perched upon a cactus devouring a snake.
 +
*The '''[[coat of arms of Moldova]]''' consists of a stylized eagle holding a cross in its beak and a sceptre and a branch in its claws.
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*The '''[[coat of arms of Montenegro]]''' represents the two-headed eagle in flight.
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*The '''[[coat of arms of Nigeria]]''' has a red eagle on top.
 +
*The Insignia of the '''[[Pakistan Air Force]]''' includes the [[Peregrine Falcon]] State Military national bird.
 +
*The '''[[coat of arms of Panama]]''' has a harpy eagle
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*The '''[[coat of arms of the Philippines]]''' has the bald eagle of the United States.
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*The '''[[coat of arms of Poland]]''' has a white eagle with a golden beak and talons wearing a golden crown.
 +
*The '''[[coat of arms of Romania]]''' has a golden [[aquila]] holding a cross in its beak and a mace and a sword in its claws.
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*The '''[[coat of arms of Russia]]''' has a double-headed eagle.
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*The '''[[coat of arms of Serbia]]''' has a white bicephalic eagle of the [[House of Nemanjić]].
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*The '''[[coat of arms of Syria]]''' formerly had the eagle of Saladin.
 +
*The '''[[Great Seal of the United States]]''' has a bald eagle.
 +
*The '''[[coat of arms of Yemen]]''' depicts a golden eagle with a scroll between its claws.
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*The '''[[coat of arms of Nigeria]]''' has a red eagle on top.
 
* '''Hellenistic Egypt'''. The [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic]] rulers of [[Egypt]] used it as their seal.
 
* '''Hellenistic Egypt'''. The [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic]] rulers of [[Egypt]] used it as their seal.
−
* '''First French Empire'''. [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] used the Roman Golden Eagle as the symbol of his new French empire.
+
* '''First French Empire'''. [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] used the Roman Golden Eagle as the symbol of his new French empire.  
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* '''Ghana'''. Two eagles are part of the coat of arms of [[Ghana]].
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* '''[[Persian Empire]]'''. The symbol of Persian Army was an Eagle  
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* '''Mexico'''. The bird on the [[Mexican coat of arms]] and flag is a Golden Eagle.
 
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* '''Moldova'''. An eagle is part of the coat of arms and [[flag of Moldova]].
 
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*'''[[Nigeria]]''', The eagle is part of the [[Coat of Arms of Nigeria]] and the [[Seal of the President of Nigeria]].
 
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* '''The Philippines'''. The endangered [[Philippine Eagle]] is the national bird of the [[Philippines]].
 
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* '''Poland'''. A white eagle on a red field is the [[coat of arms of Poland]].
 
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* '''Romania'''. The eagle is also part of the [[Coat of Arms of Romania|coat of arms of Romania]]
 
 
* '''Rome'''. The [[ancient Rome|Romans]] used it on the [[Aquila (Roman)|standards of their armies]]. From this derives:
 
* '''Rome'''. The [[ancient Rome|Romans]] used it on the [[Aquila (Roman)|standards of their armies]]. From this derives:
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** '''The late [[Byzantine Empire]])''' chose a two-headed golden eagle as its symbol. It is popularly that one head symbolised ancient Rome, and the other head symbolised "new Rome" at Constantinople. From this derives:
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** '''The late [[Byzantine Empire]]''' chose a two-headed golden eagle as its symbol. It is popularly that one head symbolised ancient Rome, and the other head symbolised "new Rome" at Constantinople. From this derives:
 
*** '''Albania'''. The two-headed eagle is the emblem of "Shqipëria" or ''Land of the Eagles'', which is known in English as [[Albania]] (see [[The Tale of the Eagle]] for the legendary origin of the name)
 
*** '''Albania'''. The two-headed eagle is the emblem of "Shqipëria" or ''Land of the Eagles'', which is known in English as [[Albania]] (see [[The Tale of the Eagle]] for the legendary origin of the name)
 
*** '''Russian Empire'''. After the fall of Constantinople, the [[Russian Empire]] took the two-headed eagle as its own symbol.
 
*** '''Russian Empire'''. After the fall of Constantinople, the [[Russian Empire]] took the two-headed eagle as its own symbol.
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*** '''Austria'''. The [[Austrian Empire]] had a two-headed eagle as its symbol. After the abolition of [[Austria-Hungary]], [[Austria]] took as its symbol a one-headed eagle in the modern [[coat of arms of Austria]].
 
*** '''Austria'''. The [[Austrian Empire]] had a two-headed eagle as its symbol. After the abolition of [[Austria-Hungary]], [[Austria]] took as its symbol a one-headed eagle in the modern [[coat of arms of Austria]].
 
*** '''Germany and Prussia'''. [[Prussia]], and later [[Germany]] have used a black eagle as their national symbol.
 
*** '''Germany and Prussia'''. [[Prussia]], and later [[Germany]] have used a black eagle as their national symbol.
−
*** '''Spain'''. The "Catholic Kings", Isabella and Ferdinand, used the [[Golden Eagle]] as a part of the royal shield. The eagle was on the Spanish shield until 1978.
+
*** '''Spain'''. The [[Catholic monarchs]], Isabella and Ferdinand, used the eagle as a part of the royal shield representing [[John the Evangelist|Saint John the Evangelist]]. The eagle was again on the Spanish shield under the [[Francoist regime]] and the transition to Democracy (1939-1981).
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* '''Serbia/Montenegro'''. The [[Two-headed eagle]] is the emblem of [[Coat of Arms of Serbia|Serbia]], [[Coat of Arms of Montenegro|Montenegro]], and [[Coat of Arms of Serbia and Montenegro|Serbia and Montenegro]].
 
 
*The '''Seljuk Turks''' and [[Ottoman Turks]] used a double-headed eagle as coats-of-arms.
 
*The '''Seljuk Turks''' and [[Ottoman Turks]] used a double-headed eagle as coats-of-arms.
−
* '''USA'''. The [[United States]] has adopted the North American [[Bald Eagle]] as its national emblem.  Although the [[Golden Eagle]] is found in North America, U.S. references to an unspecified "eagle" are often to the Bald Eagle, especially in an emblematic context.  However, a few U.S. coins have shown the Golden Eagle (recognizable because the feathering on its legs extends to the base of the toes);<ref>{{cite web | last = Roach | first = Steven | date = Jan. 10, 2000 | title = A History and Interpretation of Bela Lyon Pratt's Indian Designs | publisher = Professional Coin Grading Service | url = http://www.pcgs.com/articles/article_view.chtml?artid=1826&universeid=313&type=1 | accessdate = 2007-01-02}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | title = New Washington Quarter Has Wrong Species of Eagle | journal = Science News | issue = Sept. 3, 1932 | url = http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020907/timeline.asp | accessdate = 2007-01-02}}</ref> this error is the cause of the expression "illegal eagle".{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
 
  
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===Eagles as religious objects===
 
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In Jewish tradition the eagle is a symbol of greatness, and leaders such as the [[Middle ages|medieval]] sage [[Maimonides]] and the [[Lubavitcher Rebbe]], [[Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson]], have been referred to by their peers and students as "The Great Eagle". The Torah compares God Himself to an eagle in Deuteronomy, 32.11-12. "As an eagle awakens its nest, hovering over its [[Fledgling (birds)|fledgling]]s, it spreads its wings, taking them and carrying them on its pinions. [So] the Lord guided them [the Israelites] alone, and there was no alien deity with Him."
 
  
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Eagle [[lectern]]s are very common in Christian churches and cathedrals. The eagle is the symbol used to depict [[John the Apostle]], whose writing most clearly witnesses the light and divinity of Christ.  In art, John, as the presumed author of the Gospel, is often depicted with an eagle, which symbolizes the height he rose in the first chapter of his gospel. See [[Names of John]].
+
The eagle is the symbol used to depict [[John the Apostle]] in some Christian churches, whose writing most clearly witnesses the divinity of Christ.  In art, John, as the author of the Gospel, is sometimes depicted with an eagle. See [[Names of John]].
  
−
The eagle is a sacred bird in some cultures and the feathers of the eagle are central to many [[religious]] and [[spiritual]] customs, especially amongst [[Native Americans in the United States]] and [[First Nations|First Nations in Canada]], as well as among many of the peoples of [[Meso-America]].  Some Native American peoples revere eagles as sacred religious objects and the feathers and parts of [[Bald Eagle|Bald]] and [[Golden Eagles]] are often compared to the [[Bible]] and [[crucifix]]. Eagle feathers are often used in various ceremonies and are used to honor noteworthy achievements and qualities such as exceptional leadership and bravery.  In the cultures of the [[Northwest Coast]], Eagle is also a supernatural being and also the ancestor and reatures in the heraldic crests of important clans known as [[totem poles]].
+
The eagle is a sacred bird in some cultures and the feathers of the eagle are central to many [[religious]] and [[Spirituality|spiritual]] customs, especially amongst [[Native Americans in the United States]] and [[First Nations|First Nations in Canada]], as well as among many of the peoples of [[Meso-America]].  Some Native American peoples revere eagles as sacred religious objects and the feathers and parts of [[Bald Eagle|Bald]] and [[Golden Eagles]] are often compared to the [[Bible]] and [[crucifix]]. Eagle feathers are often used in various ceremonies and are used to honor noteworthy achievements and qualities such as exceptional leadership and bravery.  In the cultures of the [[British Columbia Coast|Northwest Coast]], Eagle is also a supernatural being and also the ancestor and features in the heraldic crests of important clans known as [[totem poles]].
  
−
Despite modern and historic Native American practices of giving eagle feathers to non-indigenous people and also members of other tribes who have been deemed worthy, current United States [[eagle feather law]] stipulates that only individuals of certifiable [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain eagle feathers for [[religious]] or [[spiritual]] use.  In Canada, poaching of eagle feathers for the booming U.S. market has sometimes resulted in the arrests of First Nations person for the crime.{{Fact|date=March 2007}}
+
The [[Moche]] people of ancient [[Peru]] worshipped the animal and often depicted eagles in their art.<ref>Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. ''The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the [[Larco Museum|Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera]].'' New York: [[Thames and Hudson]], 1997.</ref>
 +
 
 +
Despite modern and historic Native American practices of giving eagle feathers to non-indigenous people and also members of other tribes who have been deemed worthy, current United States [[eagle feather law]] stipulates that only individuals of certifiable [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain eagle feathers for [[religious]] or [[Spirituality|spiritual]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/law/le65.html
 +
|title = National Eagle Repository
 +
|accessdate = 2007-11-20
 +
|author = Office of Law Enforcement
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|work = Mountain-Prairie Region
 +
|publisher = [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]]
 +
}}</ref> In Canada, poaching of eagle feathers for the booming U.S. market has sometimes resulted in the arrests of First Nations person for the crime.<ref>{{cite news
 +
| first = Lena
 +
| last = Sin
 +
| title = Charges laid in eagle-poaching case
 +
| url = http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=7037508c-70c7-4c47-9d3e-713a118e6b66&k=55151
 +
| work = The Province
 +
| publisher = CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc.
 +
| date = 2006-04-30
 +
| accessdate = 2007-11-20
 +
}}</ref>
  
 
===Eagles as organizational symbols===
 
===Eagles as organizational symbols===
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* '''Australia'''. The [[Royal Australian Air Force]] uses the [[Wedge-tailed Eagle]] on its coat of arms. There is also an [[Australian Rules Football]] club called the [[West Coast Eagles]], and an NRL Football club called the Manly Sea Eagles.
+
 
−
* '''Greece'''. The [[double-headed eagle]] is the emblem of the Greek sport clubs [[AEK]] (black eagle with open wings on yellow background) and [[PAOK]] (black eagle with closed wings on white background, as a symbol of mourning). It is a symbol of the clubs' origins, since both clubs were founded by Greeks who fled to Greece from Constantinople in 1922-23.
+
[[Image:Flag_of_Serbia.svg|thumb|Serbian flag]]
 +
 
 +
* '''Munro'''. The image of a Golden Eagle is displayed the coat of arms of one of Scotland's most powerful clans, [[Munro]]. Gaelic ''Rothach''.
 +
* '''Greece'''. The [[double-headed eagle]] is the emblem of the Greek sport clubs [[Athletic Union of Constantinople|AEK]] (black eagle with open wings on yellow background) and [[PAOK]] (black eagle with closed wings on white background, as a symbol of mourning). It is a symbol of the clubs' origins, since both clubs were founded by Greeks who fled to Greece from Constantinople in 1922-23. The eagle itself is derived from the later version of the [[Roman Eagle]], the Byzantine- or East Roman eagle.
 
* '''Italy'''. The Roman eagle is the symbol of the Roman sports club [[S.S. Lazio]].
 
* '''Italy'''. The Roman eagle is the symbol of the Roman sports club [[S.S. Lazio]].
 
* '''Nigeria'''. The [[Nigeria Football Association]], the nation's [[football (soccer)]] governing body, has a green eagle perched on a football as its organisational symbol and logo. The Nigerian national football team is known as the 'Super Eagles', the under-20 youth team as the 'Flying Eagles', and the under-17 national side as the 'Golden Eaglets'. They all have an eagle as their symbol.
 
* '''Nigeria'''. The [[Nigeria Football Association]], the nation's [[football (soccer)]] governing body, has a green eagle perched on a football as its organisational symbol and logo. The Nigerian national football team is known as the 'Super Eagles', the under-20 youth team as the 'Flying Eagles', and the under-17 national side as the 'Golden Eaglets'. They all have an eagle as their symbol.
−
* '''Portugal'''. Eagle is the symbol of the Portuguese football team Sport Lisboa e [[Benfica]].
+
* '''Portugal'''. Eagle is the symbol of the Portuguese football team Sport Lisboa e [[SL Benfica|Benfica]].
−
* '''Turkey'''. ''Black Eagles'' is used for the Turkish sports club [[Beşiktaş J.K.]].
+
* '''Philippines''' . The Philippine Monkey-eating Eagle is the de jure National Bird of the country.
−
* '''USA'''. Eagles are a common motif for American companies and organizations seeking association with a national identity.  A few examples are the [[United States Postal Service]], the [[Constitution Party (United States)|Constitution Party]], and the name of the [[Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|highest rank]] in the [[Boy Scouts of America]].  Among the sports teams whose mascot is an eagle, the only one in a major league of a major sport (by U.S. standards) is the [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ([[American football]]).
+
* '''Turkey'''. ''Black Eagles'' is used for the Turkish sports club [[Beşiktaş J.K.]].Turkish Seljukian  double headed eagle emblem.  
−
* '''China'''. Flying eagle is the logo of [[Shatin Pui Ying College]] in [[Hong Kong]]. In this school, an award is called Flying Eagle Award with the eagle badges as prizes.
+
* '''México'''. Eagle is the mascot form [[Club America]]´s football club, since 1981.
 +
* '''Persian Empire''': the symbol of the Persian army was an eagle
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
<references/>
+
{{reflist}}
 
*''Splitting headaches? Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and Western Palaearctic lists'' - Martin Collinson, [[British Birds (magazine)|British Birds]] vol 99 (June 2006), 306-323
 
*''Splitting headaches? Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and Western Palaearctic lists'' - Martin Collinson, [[British Birds (magazine)|British Birds]] vol 99 (June 2006), 306-323
 
*Bruguier, Leonard.[http://www.usd.edu/iais/veterans/feather.html A Warrior's Eagle Feather]
 
*Bruguier, Leonard.[http://www.usd.edu/iais/veterans/feather.html A Warrior's Eagle Feather]
Line 196: Line 243:
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
 
{{Wiktionary |eagle}}
 
{{Wiktionary |eagle}}
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* [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/eagles/index.html PBS Nature: Eagles]
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{{wikiquote|Eagles}}
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*[http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?keyword=eagle Eagle photos] on Oriental Bird Images
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*[http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/eagles/index.html PBS Nature: Eagles]
 
*[http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/familia.phtml?idFamilia=30 Eagle videos on the Internet Bird Collection]
 
*[http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/familia.phtml?idFamilia=30 Eagle videos on the Internet Bird Collection]
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* [http://www.birdwatching-bliss.com/eagle-photos.html Eagle photos - including chick in nest]
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*[http://www.birdwatching-bliss.com/eagle-photos.html Eagle photos - including chick in nest]
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* [http://www.ub.edu/aligaperdiguera Web of the Conservation Biology Team-Bonelli's Eagle, of the University of Barcelona]
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*[http://www.ub.edu/aligaperdiguera Web of the Conservation Biology Team-Bonelli's Eagle, of the University of Barcelona]
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*[http://www.eagleconservationalliance.org Eagle Conservation Alliance (ECA)]
  
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[[Category:Life sciences]]
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[[Category:Animals]]
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[[Category:Birds]]
  
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{{credit|132174599}}
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{{credit|Eagle|241202604}}

Revision as of 17:50, 28 September 2008

Eagle
Bald Eagle
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Falconiformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genera

Several, see text.

This article is about the bird. For other uses of the term, see Eagle (disambiguation).

Eagles are large birds of prey which are members of the bird order Falconiformes and family Accipitridae, and belong to several genera which are not necessarily closely related to each other genetically. Most of the more than 60 species occur in Eurasia and Africa.[1] Outside this area, just two species (the Bald and Golden Eagles) can be found in the USA and Canada, a few more in Central and South America, and three in Australia.

Eagles are differentiated from other birds of prey mainly by their larger size, more powerful build, and heavier head and bill. Even the smallest eagles, like the Booted Eagle (which is comparable in size to a Common Buzzard or Red-tailed Hawk), have relatively longer and more evenly broad wings, and more direct, faster flight. Most eagles are larger than any other raptors apart from the vultures.

Like all birds of prey, eagles have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, and powerful talons. They also have extremely keen eyesight to enable them to spot potential prey from a very long distance.[2] This keen eyesight is primarily contributed by their extremely large pupils which cause minimal diffraction (scattering) of the incoming light.

In Britain before 1678, Eagle referred specifically to the Golden Eagle, the other native species, the White-tailed Eagle, being known as the Erne. The modern name "Golden Eagle" for Aquila chrysaetos was introduced by the naturalist John Ray.

Eagles build their nests, called eyries, in tall trees or on high cliffs. Many species lay two eggs, but the older, larger chick frequently kills its younger sibling once it has hatched.

Eagles are sometimes used in falconry. They appear prominently in myth and literature. In the Old World, such references are commonly to the Golden Eagle (or possibly closely related species found in warmer climates).


Thermographic image of an eagle, thermoregulating using its wings

Major new research into eagle taxonomy suggests that the important genera Aquila and Hieraaetus are not composed of nearest relatives, and it is likely that a reclassification of these genera will soon take place, with some species being moved to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus.[3]

  • Bonelli's Eagle, the Booted Eagle and the Little Eagle have been moved from Hieraaetus to Aquila.
  • Either the Greater Spotted Eagle and Lesser Spotted Eagle should move from Aquila to join the Long-crested Eagle in Lophaetus, or, perhaps better, all three of these species should move to Ictinaetus with the Black Eagle.
  • The Steppe Eagle and Tawny Eagle, once thought to be conspecific, are not even each other's nearest relatives.

Species

FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE

  • Subfamily Buteoninae - hawks (buzzards), true eagles and sea-eagles
    • Genus Geranoaetus
      • Black-chested Buzzard-eagle, Geranoaetus melanoleucus
    • Genus Harpyhaliaetus
      • Crowned Solitary Eagle, Harpyhaliaetus coronatus
      • Solitary Eagle, H. solitarius
    • Genus Morphnus
      • Crested Eagle, Morphnus guianensis
File:Harpy Eagle2.JPG
The powerful Harpy Eagle can easily grab a monkey weighing 5 kg and fly away with it.
    • Genus Harpia
      • Harpy Eagle, Harpia harpyja
    • Genus Pithecophaga
      • Philippine Eagle, Pithecophaga jefferyi
    • Genus Harpyopsis
      • New Guinea Eagle, Harpyopsis novaeguineae
    • Genus Oroaetus
      • Black-and-chestnut Eagle, Oroaetus isidori
    • Genus Spizaetus
      • Cassin's Hawk-eagle, Spizaetus africanus
      • Changeable Hawk-eagle, S. cirrhatus
      • Mountain Hawk-eagle, S. nipalensis
      • Blyth's Hawk-eagle, S. alboniger
      • Javan Hawk-eagle, S. bartelsi
      • Sulawesi Hawk-eagle, S. lanceolatus
      • Philippine Hawk-eagle, S. philippensis
      • Wallace's Hawk-eagle, S. nanus
      • Black Hawk-eagle, S. tyrannus
      • Ornate Hawk-eagle, S. ornatus
      • Black-and-white Hawk-eagle, S. melanoleucus
    • Genus Lophaetus
      • Long-crested Eagle, Lophaetus occipitalis - possibly belongs in Ictinaetus
    • Genus Stephanoaetus
      • Crowned Hawk-eagle, Stephanoaetus coronatus
    • Genus Polemaetus
      • Martial Eagle, Polemaetus bellicosus
    • Genus Hieraaetus
      • Ayres' Hawk-eagle, Hieraaetus ayresii
      • African Hawk Eagle, H. spilogaster
      • New Guinea Hawk-eagle, H. weiskei
A Steppe Eagle in Lahore Zoo Pakistan .
    • Genus Harpagornis (extinct)
      • Haast's Eagle, Harpagornis moorei - possibly belongs in either Hieraaetus or Aquila[4]
    • Genus Aquila
      • Bonelli's Eagle, Aquila fasciata - formerly Hieraaetus fasciatus
      • Booted Eagle, A. pennata - formerly Hieraaetus pennatus
      • Little Eagle, A. morphnoides
      • Golden Eagle, A. chrysaetos
      • Eastern Imperial Eagle, A. heliaca
      • Rufous-bellied Eagle, A. kienerii
      • Spanish Imperial Eagle A. adalberti
      • Steppe Eagle, A. nipalensis
      • Tawny Eagle, A. rapax
      • Greater Spotted Eagle, A. clanga - to be moved to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus
      • Lesser Spotted Eagle, A. pomarina - to be moved to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus
      • Indian Spotted Eagle, A. hastata - to be moved to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus
      • Verreaux's Eagle, A. verreauxii
      • Gurney's Eagle, A. gurneyi
      • Wahlberg's Eagle, A. wahlbergi
      • Wedge-tailed Eagle, A. audax
    • Genus Ictinaetus
      • Black Eagle, Ictinaetus malayensis
    • Genus Haliaeetus
      • White-tailed Eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla
      • Bald Eagle, H. leucocephalus
      • Steller's Sea-eagle, H. pelagicus
      • African Fish-eagle, H. vocifer
      • White-bellied Sea-eagle, H. leucogaster
      • Sanford's Fish-eagle, H. sanfordi
      • Madagascar Fish-eagle, H. vociferoides
      • Pallas' Sea-eagle, H. leucoryphus
    • Genus Ichthyophaga
      • Lesser Fish-eagle, Ichthyophaga humilis
      • Grey-headed Fish-eagle, I. ichthyaetus
A dark individual of the Short-toed Eagle.
  • Subfamily Circaetinae: snake-eagles
    • Genus Terathopius
      • Bateleur, Terathopius ecaudatus
    • Genus Circaetus
      • Short-toed Eagle, Circaetus gallicus
      • Black-chested Snake-eagle, C. pectoralis
      • Brown Snake-eagle, C. cinereus
      • Fasciated Snake-eagle, C. fasciolatus
      • Banded Snake-eagle, C. cinerascens
    • Genus Spilornis
      • Crested Serpent-eagle, Spilornis cheela
      • Nicobar Serpent-eagle, S. minimus
      • Mountain Serpent-eagle,S. kinabaluensis
      • Sulawesi Serpent-eagle, S. rufipectus
      • Philippine Serpent-eagle, S. holospilus
      • Andaman Serpent-eagle, S. elgini
    • Genus Eutriorchis
      • Madagascar Serpent-eagle, Eutriorchis astur

Eagles in culture

The word

The modern English name of the bird is derived from the Latin term aquila by way of the French Aigle. The Latin aquila may derive from the word aquilus, meaning dark-colored, swarthy, or blackish, as a description of the eagle's plumage; or from Aquilo, the Latin version of Greek Boreas, or north wind.

Old English used the term Earn, related to Scandinavia's Ørn / Örn. The etymology of this word is related to Greek ornis, literally meaning "bird". In this sense, the Eagle is the Bird with a capital B.

Eagles as national symbols

File:Byzantine eagle.JPG
Double-headed eagle emblem of the Byzantine Empire. Relief from the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (Istanbul)
File:Berg en Terblijt (Weapon).png
Coat of arms of the town of Berg en Terblijt in the Netherlands, an example of the prolific use of the eagle in European heraldry.
File:Aigle-napoleonienne-p1030180.jpg
Napoleonic eagle
File:US-GreatSeal-Obverse.svg
The Great Seal of the United States

Eagles have been used by many nations as a national symbol.

  • The coat of arms of Navarre/Basque Country Kingdom has a black eagle.
  • The coat of arms of Albania has a black double-headed eagle.
  • The coat of arms of Armenia has a gold eagle and lion.
  • The coat of arms of Austria has a black eagle.
  • The coat of arms of the Czech Republic integrates the symbols of Moravia and Silesia (both with female eagles in their emblems - red-and-white chequered and black respectively) on the coat of arms of the Czech Republic with Bohemia's lion.
  • The coat of arms of Egypt is a golden eagle looking towards the viewer's left.
  • The coat of arms of Germany has a black eagle.
  • The coat of arms of Ghana has two golden eagles holding it.
  • The coat of arms of Indonesia has an eagle-like garuda carrying a shield on its neck and a banner on its feet.
  • The coat of arms of Iraq has the golden Eagle of Saladin
  • The coat of arms of Jordan has a black eagle.
  • The coat of arms of Mexico golden eagle perched upon a cactus devouring a snake.
  • The coat of arms of Moldova consists of a stylized eagle holding a cross in its beak and a sceptre and a branch in its claws.
  • The coat of arms of Montenegro represents the two-headed eagle in flight.
  • The coat of arms of Nigeria has a red eagle on top.
  • The Insignia of the Pakistan Air Force includes the Peregrine Falcon State Military national bird.
  • The coat of arms of Panama has a harpy eagle
  • The coat of arms of the Philippines has the bald eagle of the United States.
  • The coat of arms of Poland has a white eagle with a golden beak and talons wearing a golden crown.
  • The coat of arms of Romania has a golden aquila holding a cross in its beak and a mace and a sword in its claws.
  • The coat of arms of Russia has a double-headed eagle.
  • The coat of arms of Serbia has a white bicephalic eagle of the House of Nemanjić.
  • The coat of arms of Syria formerly had the eagle of Saladin.
  • The Great Seal of the United States has a bald eagle.
  • The coat of arms of Yemen depicts a golden eagle with a scroll between its claws.
  • The coat of arms of Nigeria has a red eagle on top.
  • Hellenistic Egypt. The Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt used it as their seal.
  • First French Empire. Napoleon Bonaparte used the Roman Golden Eagle as the symbol of his new French empire.
  • Persian Empire. The symbol of Persian Army was an Eagle
  • Rome. The Romans used it on the standards of their armies. From this derives:
    • The late Byzantine Empire chose a two-headed golden eagle as its symbol. It is popularly that one head symbolised ancient Rome, and the other head symbolised "new Rome" at Constantinople. From this derives:
      • Albania. The two-headed eagle is the emblem of "Shqipëria" or Land of the Eagles, which is known in English as Albania (see The Tale of the Eagle for the legendary origin of the name)
      • Russian Empire. After the fall of Constantinople, the Russian Empire took the two-headed eagle as its own symbol.
    • Charlemagne and Holy Roman Empire. After his crowning as the new Roman Emperor, Charlemagne adopted the ancient Roman eagle as his own symbol. The Holy Roman Empire born of his kingdom took the eagle, but the Habsburgs replaced the golden eagle by an imperial eagle. From this derives:
      • Austria. The Austrian Empire had a two-headed eagle as its symbol. After the abolition of Austria-Hungary, Austria took as its symbol a one-headed eagle in the modern coat of arms of Austria.
      • Germany and Prussia. Prussia, and later Germany have used a black eagle as their national symbol.
      • Spain. The Catholic monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand, used the eagle as a part of the royal shield representing Saint John the Evangelist. The eagle was again on the Spanish shield under the Francoist regime and the transition to Democracy (1939-1981).
  • The Seljuk Turks and Ottoman Turks used a double-headed eagle as coats-of-arms.


The eagle is the symbol used to depict John the Apostle in some Christian churches, whose writing most clearly witnesses the divinity of Christ. In art, John, as the author of the Gospel, is sometimes depicted with an eagle. See Names of John.

The eagle is a sacred bird in some cultures and the feathers of the eagle are central to many religious and spiritual customs, especially amongst Native Americans in the United States and First Nations in Canada, as well as among many of the peoples of Meso-America. Some Native American peoples revere eagles as sacred religious objects and the feathers and parts of Bald and Golden Eagles are often compared to the Bible and crucifix. Eagle feathers are often used in various ceremonies and are used to honor noteworthy achievements and qualities such as exceptional leadership and bravery. In the cultures of the Northwest Coast, Eagle is also a supernatural being and also the ancestor and features in the heraldic crests of important clans known as totem poles.

The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped the animal and often depicted eagles in their art.[5]

Despite modern and historic Native American practices of giving eagle feathers to non-indigenous people and also members of other tribes who have been deemed worthy, current United States eagle feather law stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native American ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain eagle feathers for religious or spiritual[6] In Canada, poaching of eagle feathers for the booming U.S. market has sometimes resulted in the arrests of First Nations person for the crime.[7]

Eagles as organizational symbols

Serbian flag
  • Munro. The image of a Golden Eagle is displayed the coat of arms of one of Scotland's most powerful clans, Munro. Gaelic Rothach.
  • Greece. The double-headed eagle is the emblem of the Greek sport clubs AEK (black eagle with open wings on yellow background) and PAOK (black eagle with closed wings on white background, as a symbol of mourning). It is a symbol of the clubs' origins, since both clubs were founded by Greeks who fled to Greece from Constantinople in 1922-23. The eagle itself is derived from the later version of the Roman Eagle, the Byzantine- or East Roman eagle.
  • Italy. The Roman eagle is the symbol of the Roman sports club S.S. Lazio.
  • Nigeria. The Nigeria Football Association, the nation's football (soccer) governing body, has a green eagle perched on a football as its organisational symbol and logo. The Nigerian national football team is known as the 'Super Eagles', the under-20 youth team as the 'Flying Eagles', and the under-17 national side as the 'Golden Eaglets'. They all have an eagle as their symbol.
  • Portugal. Eagle is the symbol of the Portuguese football team Sport Lisboa e Benfica.
  • Philippines . The Philippine Monkey-eating Eagle is the de jure National Bird of the country.
  • Turkey. Black Eagles is used for the Turkish sports club Beşiktaş J.K..Turkish Seljukian double headed eagle emblem.
  • México. Eagle is the mascot form Club America´s football club, since 1981.
  • Persian Empire: the symbol of the Persian army was an eagle

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  1. ↑ del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors). (1994). Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 8487334156
  2. ↑ Shlaer, Robert (1972-05-26). An Eagle's Eye: Quality of the Retinal Image. Science 176 (4037): 920–922.
  3. ↑ Lerner, H. R. L. and D. P. Mindell (2005). Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37 (37): 327–346.
  4. ↑ Bunce, M. and et al (2005). Ancient DNA Provides New Insights into the Evolutionary History of New Zealand's Extinct Giant Eagle. PLoS Biol 3 (1): e9.
  5. ↑ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.
  6. ↑ Office of Law Enforcement. National Eagle Repository. Mountain-Prairie Region. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  7. ↑ Sin, Lena, "Charges laid in eagle-poaching case", The Province, CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc., 2006-04-30. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  • Splitting headaches? Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and Western Palaearctic lists - Martin Collinson, British Birds vol 99 (June 2006), 306-323
  • Bruguier, Leonard.A Warrior's Eagle Feather

See also

  • Eagle (heraldry)

External links

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