Book of Ezra

Books of the Hebrew Bible

Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1–2 Samuel 1–2 Kings 1–2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Solomon (Song of Songs) Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel other Minor Prophets

The Book of Ezra is a book of the Hebrew Bible in the Christian Old Testament. It is a record of events occurring at the close of the Babylonian captivity. In the Hebrew Bible, the Book of Nehemiah and the Book of Ezra are counted as one volume. The two are still distinguished in the Catholic Vulgate version as I and II Esdras.

Ezra the Scribe is the traditional the author of this book and many modern scholars agree that he may have been the writer of at least part of it. In describing the initial stages of the rebuilding of the Temple of Jerusalem and the establishment of strict traditions of religious and racial purity, the book recounts the historic begins of the religion historically known as Judaism and the people known as Jews—as distinguished from the ancient Israelites who preceded them.

The book is divided into two principal parts:

• The history of the first return of exiles, in the first year of Cyrus the Great (536 B.C.E.), till the completion and dedication of the new temple, in the sixth year of Darius (515 B.C.E.), ch. 1-6.

• The history of the second return under Ezra, in the seventh year of Artaxerxes Longimanus, and of the events that took place at Jerusalem after Ezra's arrival there (7-10).

The book thus contains purported copies of historical documents and other memorabilia connected with the the history of the Jews, from the decree of Cyrus (536 B.C.E.) to lists of leading returnees, genealogies, and the reformation by Ezra (456 B.C.E.), extending over a period of about eighty years.

Synopsis

Ch. 1: Cyrus, inspired by God, permits the Israelites to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem and returns to them the golden vessels which had been carried off by Nebuchadnezzar.

Ch. 2: A detailed list of returnees is provided, together with their possessions and wealth. The number of the captives that returned from Babylon to Palestine with the governor Zerubbabel is stated as 42,360, besides 7,337 male and female slaves and 200 singers.

Ch. 3: The returnees assemble in Jerusalem, and Jeshua ben Jozadak and Zerubbabel build the altar. Sacrifices are offered and the Feast of Tabernacles is celebrated. In the second year the foundations of the Temple are laid, and the dedication takes place with great rejoicing.

Ch. 4: The Israelites and mixed-race peoples who were already living in the land offer to help the Jews build the Temple but are harshly rebuffed by Zerubbabel and the other leaders, who invoke Cyrus' decree and declare: "You have no part with us in building a temple to our God." The local inhabitants then attempt to frustrate the work and later, after Cyrus' lodge various complaints with Persian officials which succeed in procuring a prohibition against further construction of the Temple. The work is interrupted till the second year of Darius.

Ch. v.: Through the exhortations of the prophets Haggai and Zechariah, Zerubbabel and Jeshua ben Jozadak recommence the building of the Temple. Tatnai, the governor "on this side the river," sends to the king a report of their action.

Ch. vi.: Darius finds the decree of Cyrus in the archives of Achmetha (Hamadan), and directs Tatnai not to disturb the Jews in their work. He also exempts them from tribute, and supplies everything necessary for the offerings. The Temple is finished in the month of Adar, in the sixth year of Darius, and is dedicated with great solemnity.

Ch. vii.: Artaxerxes gives Ezra a commission to bring with him to Jerusalem all the captives that remain in Babylon.

Ch. viii.: Contains a list of the heads of families who returned with Ezra to Palestine. Ezra institutes a fast while on his way to Jerusalem.

Ch. ix.: The princes of Israel inform Ezra that many have not repudiated their foreign wives.

Ch. x.: Those who have taken foreign wives are compelled to send them away and to bring each a sin offering. J. M. Sel.

Origin, Structure, and Authorship

The canonical Book of Ezra commences where the Chronicles leave off, and indeed with slight variation repeats the last two verses of II Chron. What follows consists of three portions: (1) an account of the return of the exiles, and a brief survey of the fortunes of the Jewish community down to the reign of Xerxes; (2) ch. iv. 7-vi. 22, extracts from a collection of historical documents in Aramaic, illustrating the fortunes of the community in the reigns of Artaxerxes I. and Darius, with a short appendix in Hebrew; (3) ch. vii. to end, a record of the enterprise of the author of the book, including a copy of the decree granted to him by Artaxerxes II., with an account of the author's work at Jerusalem.

The first section includes a document also transcribed in Neh. vii. 6-73a, called by Nehemiah a genealogical table of the first return. A third copy is to be found in the apocryphal I Esdras.

Character of Composition

The documents embodied in the second section are described as "written in Aramaic and 'targumed' in Nehemiah Aramaic" (iv. 7). Since a work can not be translated into the same language as that in which it is composed, the expression "targumed" must mean "described," a sense which corresponds closely to the sense of the Arabic word "tarjamah," which, used of a tradition, signifies the heading in which its contents are described. This phrase, then, implies that the contents of this section were transcribed from a collection of documents and accompanied with a commentary, probably made for the benefit of the Eastern community. In these extracts there is evidently a chronological transposition; for the correspondence with Artaxerxes I. (ch. iv.) is placed before the correspondence with Darius (ch. v., vi.), who is certainly Darius I. This may be due to momentary confusion on the author's part between Darius I. and Darius II.; but it is surprising, since in iv. 5-7 he shows himself well acquainted with the order of the Persian kings. Thus the period covered by the commentary on the documents in ch. v. and vi. is earlier than that covered by the documents in ch. iv.

Fabrications

The authenticity of the documents is a matter on which there is difference of opinion, critics (E. Meyer excepted) being disposed to regard all of them as inauthentic, whereas before the time of Heinrich Graetz they were generally thought to be genuine. The custom in use among ancient historians of illustrating their histories by speeches and letters of their own composition makes the treatment of such questions difficult.

The edict of Cyrus, said to have been found at Achmetha (vi. 3-5), is the boldest of these fabrications, if they be such; but the mention of that ancient capital implies some very remarkable knowledge on the part of the author here excerpted. Some other reasons for believing these documents genuine are alleged by Levi Herzfeld ("Geschichte des Volkes Israel," i. 125). The character of the Aramaic in which they are couched agrees fairly well, both in vocabulary and in grammar, with that of early inscriptions and papyri; and there would be nothing surprising in successive compilers having assimilated the language somewhat to the dialect with which they were most familiar. It is also possible that these Aramaic texts are translations of documents in Old Persian, and were accommodated to the taste of those whom they were intended to reach.

The third part of the book appears to be a personal memoir; and the decree there given (vii. 11-26), coming from an Artaxerxes whom the author distinguishes by spelling from Artaxerxes I., cannot be regarded as spurious without seriously shaking the writer's credit. The narrative which he proceeds to give of his journey, however, contains little which might have been invented for the purpose of edification, though it might be open to any one to regard viii. 22 as written by one who had Neh. ii. 7 before him. The narrative of Ezra's doings at Jerusalem is also not marked by exaggeration. Ch. ix. records a lengthy prayer offered by him on receipt of the intelligence of the mixed marriages, and ch. x. the measures taken by him to separate the erring couples, with a list of the persons affected. The objection urged by some critics that so severe a measure would not have been obeyed, seems insufficient to justify the condemnation of this part of the narrative as unhistorical; since the author may well have supposed it would be more effective than it turned out to be. Nor indeed does the recurrence to the subject in Neh. x. 31 and xiii. 23 render it improbable that severe measures were taken years before in the same direction.

Chronological placement

The date of Ezra's arrival in Judaea depends on the identification of the Persian King Artaxerxes. Identifying the king with Artaxerxes I would place the event in 457 B.C.E., whereas an identification with Artaxerxes II would place it 397 B.C.E.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain.

• This entry incorporates text from the public domain Easton's Bible Dictionary, originally published in 1897.

External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

The Book of Ezra

• Jewish translations:
  • Ezra (Judaica Press) translation with Rashi's commentary at Chabad.org

• Christian translations:
  • Online Bible at GospelHall.org
  • Ezra at The Great Books (New Revised Standard Version)

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