Difference between revisions of "Apple Inc." - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
Line 1: Line 1:
−
 
  
 
{{Infobox Company
 
{{Infobox Company
Line 18: Line 17:
 
| homepage = [http://www.apple.com/ Apple.com]
 
| homepage = [http://www.apple.com/ Apple.com]
 
}}
 
}}
−
'''Apple Inc.''', ({{nasdaq|AAPL}}) formerly '''Apple Computer Inc.''', is an [[United States|American]] [[multinational corporation]] which designs and manufactures [[consumer electronics]] and [[software]] products. The company's best-known hardware products include [[Macintosh]] computers, the [[iPod]] and the [[iPhone]]. Apple software includes the [[Mac OS X]] [[operating system]], the [[iTunes]] media browser, the [[iLife]] suite of multimedia and creativity software, the [[iWork]] suite of productivity software, and [[Final Cut Studio]], a suite of professional audio and film-industry software products. The company operates more than 250 [[Apple Store|retail stores]] in nine countries<ref name="usstores">{{cite web| url = http://www.apple.com/retail/storelist/| title = Apple Store—Store List| accessdate = 2008-08-18| publisher = Apple Inc.}}</ref> and an [[Apple Store (online)|online store]] where hardware and software products are sold.
+
'''Apple Inc.''', ({{nasdaq|AAPL}}) formerly '''Apple Computer Inc.''', is an [[United States|American]] [[multinational corporation]] that designs and manufactures [[consumer electronics]] and [[software]] products. The company's best-known hardware products include [[Macintosh]] computers, the [[iPod]] and the [[iPhone]]. Apple software includes the [[Mac OS X]] [[operating system]], the [[iTunes]] media browser, the [[iLife]] suite of multimedia and creativity software, the [[iWork]] suite of productivity software, and [[Final Cut Studio]], a suite of professional audio and film-industry software products. The company operates more than 250 [[Apple Store|retail stores]] in nine countries<ref name="usstores">{{cite web| url = http://www.apple.com/retail/storelist/| title = Apple Store—Store List| accessdate = 2008-08-18| publisher = Apple Inc.}}</ref> and an [[Apple Store (online)|online store]] where hardware and software products are sold.
  
−
Established in [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[California]] on April 1, 1976 and incorporated January 3, 1977,<ref name="orgincpr" /> the company was called "Apple Computer, Inc." for its first 30 years, but dropped the word "Computer" on January 9, 2007<ref>{{cite web| url = http://ccbn.10kwizard.com/cgi/convert/pdf/APPLEINC8K.pdf?pdf=1&repo=tenk&ipage=4589126&num=-2&pdf=1&xml=1&cik=320193&odef=8&rid=12&quest=1&dn=2&dn=3| title = Form 8-K SEC Filing| date = January 10, 2007| format = pdf| accessdate = 2007-12-08}}</ref> to reflect the company's ongoing expansion into the [[consumer electronics]] market in addition to its traditional focus on personal computers.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www10.nytimes.com/2007/01/09/technology/09cnd-iphone.html?_r=5&ref=technology&oref=slogin&oref=slogin&oref=slogin&oref=slogin| last = Markoff| first = John| authorlink=John Markoff| title = New Mobile Phone Signals Apple’s Ambition| date = January 9, 2007| accessdate = 2007-01-09| publisher = [[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Apple has about 35,000 employees worldwide<ref name=2009Q1transcript /> and had worldwide annual sales of [[United States dollar|US$]]32.48 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] in its [[fiscal year]] ending September 29, 2008.<ref name="ApplePR20081021" /> For reasons as various as its [[philosophy]] of comprehensive [[aesthetics|aesthetic]] [[industrial design|design]] to its [[Apple Inc. advertising|distinctive advertising campaigns]], Apple has established a unique reputation in the [[consumer electronics]] industry. This includes a customer base that is devoted to the company and its brand, particularly in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.macnn.com/articles/06/07/11/apple.google.find.loyalty/| title = Apple, Google tops in loyalty survey| date = July 11, 2006| accessdate = 2008-08-18| publisher = [[MacNN]]}}</ref> In 2008, ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine named Apple the most admired company in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Fisher| first = Anne| title = America's Most Admired Companies| journal = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]| volume = 157| issue = 5| pages = 65–67| date = March 17, 2008| url=http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2008/fortune/0802/gallery.mostadmired_top20.fortune/index.html}}</ref>
+
Established in [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[California]] on April 1, 1976 and incorporated January 3, 1977,<ref name="orgincpr" /> the company was called "Apple Computer, Inc." for its first 30 years, but dropped the word "Computer" on January 9, 2007 to reflect the company's ongoing expansion into the [[consumer electronics]] market. Apple has about 35,000 employees worldwide and worldwide annual sales of [[United States dollar|US$]]32.48 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] in its [[fiscal year]] ending September 29, 2008. Apple’s [[philosophy]] of comprehensive [[aesthetics|aesthetic]] [[industrial design|design]] and its [[Apple Inc. advertising|distinctive advertising campaigns]] have acquired a unique reputation in the [[consumer electronics]] industry. Apple has attracted a customer base that is devoted to the company and its brand, particularly in the [[United States]]. In 2008, ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine named Apple the most admired company in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Fisher| first = Anne| title = America's Most Admired Companies| journal = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]| volume = 157| issue = 5| pages = 65–67| date = March 17, 2008| url=http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2008/fortune/0802/gallery.mostadmired_top20.fortune/index.html}}</ref>
 
{{TOClimit|limit=4}}
 
{{TOClimit|limit=4}}
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
−
{{main|History of Apple}}
 
−
{{see also|Apple Inc. litigation}}
 
 
===1976–1980: The early years===
 
===1976–1980: The early years===
 
[[Image:Apple I.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Apple I]], Apple's first product. Sold as an assembled circuit board, it lacked basic features such as a keyboard, monitor, and case. The owner of this unit added a keyboard and a wooden case.]]
 
[[Image:Apple I.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Apple I]], Apple's first product. Sold as an assembled circuit board, it lacked basic features such as a keyboard, monitor, and case. The owner of this unit added a keyboard and a wooden case.]]
−
Apple was established on April 1, 1976 by [[Steve Jobs]], [[Steve Wozniak]], and [[Ronald Wayne]],<ref>{{cite book| last = Linzmayer| first = Ronald W.| title = Apple Confidential: The Real Story of Apple Computer, Inc.| publisher = No Starch Press| year = 1999| url = http://extras.denverpost.com/books/chap0411h.htm}}</ref> to sell the [[Apple I]] [[personal computer]] kit. They were hand-built by Wozniak<ref>[http://www.ioltechnology.co.za/article_page.php?iSectionId=2892&iArticleId=3456594 IOL Technology - Co-founder tells his side of Apple story<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref><ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6167297 NPR : A Chat with Computing Pioneer Steve Wozniak<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> and first shown to the public at the [[Homebrew Computer Club]].<ref>[[Steve Wozniak|Wozniak, Stephen]]. [http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/homebrew_and_how_the_apple.php Homebrew and How the Apple Came to Be], ''Digital Deli''. Retrieved on 2007-03-02.</ref> The Apple I was sold as a [[motherboard]] (with [[CPU]], [[RAM]], and basic textual-video chips)—less than what is today considered a complete [[personal computer]].<ref>Kahney, Leander. [http://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/multimedia/2002/11/56426 Rebuilding an Apple From the Past], ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', 2002-11-19.</ref> The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 and was market-priced at $666.66.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7091190.stm BBC News: History of Technology]. Accessed January 19, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://staging.computerhistory.org/exhibits/highlights/apple1.shtml Computer History Museum (ComputerHistory.org)]. Accessed January 19, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.g4tv.com/gamemakers/episodes/3781/Apple_II.html Game Makers (TV Show)]: Apple II]. Originally aired January 6, 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.macmothership.com/gallery/newads7/1976apple1.jpg Picture of original ad featuring US666.66 price]</ref><ref name="iWoz">[[Steve Wozniak|Wozniak, Steven]]: "[[iWoz]]", page 180. [[W. W. Norton]], 2006. ISBN 978-0-393-06143-7</ref>
+
Apple Computer Inc. was established on April 1, 1976 by [[Steve Jobs]], [[Steve Wozniak]], and [[Ronald Wayne]],<ref>{{cite book| last = Linzmayer| first = Ronald W.| title = Apple Confidential: The Real Story of Apple Computer, Inc.| publisher = No Starch Press| year = 1999| url = http://extras.denverpost.com/books/chap0411h.htm}}</ref> to sell the [[Apple I]] [[personal computer]] kits hand-built by Wozniak<ref>[http://www.ioltechnology.co.za/article_page.php?iSectionId=2892&iArticleId=3456594 IOL Technology - Co-founder tells his side of Apple story] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6167297 NPR : A Chat with Computing Pioneer Steve Wozniak] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> He had  first shown them to the public at the [[Homebrew Computer Club]].<ref>[[Steve Wozniak|Wozniak, Stephen]]. [http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/homebrew_and_how_the_apple.php Homebrew and How the Apple Came to Be], ''Digital Deli''. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> The Apple I was sold as a [[motherboard]] (with [[CPU]], [[RAM]], and basic textual-video chips. <ref>[http://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/multimedia/2002/11/56426 Rebuilding an Apple From the Past], Leander Kahney, ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', 2002-11-19. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 for US$666.66.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7091190.stm BBC News: History of Technology]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.macmothership.com/gallery/newads7/1976apple1.jpg Picture of original ad featuring US666.66 price] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref name="iWoz">[[Steve Wozniak]]: "[[iWoz]]", page 180. [[W. W. Norton]], 2006. ISBN 978-0-393-06143-7</ref>
  
−
Apple was incorporated January 3, 1977<ref name="orgincpr">[http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=107357&p=irol-faq#corpinfo1 Apple Investor Relations FAQ], ''Apple''. Retrieved on 2007-03-02.</ref> without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800. [[Mike Markkula]] provided essential business expertise and funding of $250,000 during the incorporation of Apple.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://money.cnn.com/1998/01/06/technology/apple_chrono/ |title=Apple Chronology |accessdate=2008-09-11 |date=1998-01-06 |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>http://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552652/apple_inc_.html, ''[[MSN Encarta]]'' Retrieved on 2007-03-02.</ref>
+
Apple was incorporated January 3, 1977<ref name="orgincpr">[http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=107357&p=irol-faq#corpinfo1 Apple Investor Relations FAQ], ''Apple''. Retrieved on 2007-03-02.</ref> without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800. [[Mike Markkula]] provided essential business expertise and funding of $250,000 during the incorporation of Apple.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://money.cnn.com/1998/01/06/technology/apple_chrono/ |title=Apple Chronology |accessdate=February 13, 2009 |date=1998-01-06 |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>http://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552652/apple_inc_.html, ''[[MSN Encarta]]'' Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
  
−
The [[Apple II series|Apple II]] was introduced on April 16, 1977 at the first [[West Coast Computer Faire]]. It differed from its major rivals, the [[TRS-80]] and [[Commodore PET]], because it came with color graphics and an open [[computer architecture|architecture]]. While early models used ordinary cassette tapes as storage devices, they were superseded by the introduction of a 5&nbsp;1/4&nbsp;inch [[floppy disk]] drive and interface, the [[Disk II]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Apple II History Chapter 4 | url=http://apple2history.org/history/ah04.html | author=Steven Weyhrich| date=April 21, 2002 | accessdate=2008-08-18 }}</ref>
+
The [[Apple II series|Apple II]] was introduced on April 16, 1977 at the first [[West Coast Computer Faire]]. It differed from its major rivals, the [[TRS-80]] and [[Commodore PET]], because it came with color graphics and an open [[computer architecture|architecture]]. Early models used ordinary cassette tapes as storage devices, but were soon superseded by the introduction of a 5&nbsp;1/4&nbsp;inch [[floppy disk]] drive and interface, the [[Disk II]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Apple II History Chapter 4 | url=http://apple2history.org/history/ah04.html | author=Steven Weyhrich| date=April 21, 2002 | accessdate= February 13, 2009 }}</ref>
  
−
The [[Apple II]] was chosen to be the desktop platform for the first "[[killer application|killer app]]" of the business world—the [[VisiCalc]] [[spreadsheet]] program.<ref name="lemvc">Hormby, Thomas. [http://lowendmac.com/orchard/06/visicalc-origin-bricklin.html VisiCalc and the rise of the Apple II], ''Low End Mac'', 2006-09-22. Retrieved on 2007-03-02.</ref> VisiCalc created a business market for the Apple II, and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II—compatibility with the office.<ref name="lemvc" /> According to Brian Bagnall, Apple exaggerated its sales figures and was a distant third place to Commodore and Tandy until VisiCalc came along.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bagnall |first=Brian |authorlink=Brian Bagnall |title= On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore |year=2005 |publisher= Variant Press |isbn=0973864907 |pages=109–112}}</ref><ref>[http://www.jeremyreimer.com/total_share.html Personal Computer Market Share: 1975–2004] The figures show Mac higher, but that is not a single model.</ref>
+
The [[Apple II]] was chosen to be the desktop platform for the ground-breaking [[VisiCalc]] [[spreadsheet]] program.<ref name="lemvc">Hormby, Thomas. [http://lowendmac.com/orchard/06/visicalc-origin-bricklin.html VisiCalc and the rise of the Apple II], ''Low End Mac'', 2006-09-22. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> VisiCalc created a business market for the Apple II, and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II because it could now be used for office work. Until then, Apple had taken a distant third place to sales of Commodore and Tandy. <ref>{{cite book |last=Bagnall |first=Brian |authorlink=Brian Bagnall |title= On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore |year=2005 |publisher= Variant Press |isbn=0973864907 |pages=109–112}}</ref><ref>[http://www.jeremyreimer.com/total_share.html Personal Computer Market Share: 1975–2004] Retrieved February 13, 2009. The figures show Mac higher, but that is not a single model.</ref>
  
−
By the end of the 1970s, Apple had a staff of computer designers and a [[production line]]. The Apple II was succeeded by the [[Apple III]] in May 1980 as the company competed with [[IBM]] and [[Microsoft]] in the business and corporate computing market.<ref>Coventry, Joshua. [http://lowendmac.com/coventry/06/apple-iii-failure.html Apple III Chaos: What Happened When Apple Tried to Enter the Business Market], ''Low End Mac'', 2006-09-01. Retrieved on 2007-03-02.</ref>
+
By the end of the 1970s, Apple had a staff of computer designers and a [[production line]]. The Apple II was succeeded by the [[Apple III]] in May 1980 as the company competed with [[IBM]] and [[Microsoft]] in the business and corporate computing market.<ref>Coventry, Joshua. [http://lowendmac.com/coventry/06/apple-iii-failure.html Apple III Chaos: What Happened When Apple Tried to Enter the Business Market], ''Low End Mac'', 2006-09-01. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
  
−
Jobs and several Apple employees including [[Jef Raskin]] visited [[Xerox PARC]] in December 1979 to see the [[Xerox Alto]]. Xerox granted Apple engineers three days of access to the PARC facilities in return for $1 million in pre-[[IPO]] Apple stock.<ref>[http://www.fool.com/news/foth/2000/foth000918.htm Fool.com: How Xerox Forfeited the PC War [Fool on the Hill] September 18, 2000]. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref> Jobs was immediately convinced that all future computers would use a GUI, and development of a GUI began for the [[Apple Lisa]].<ref>[http://news.worldofapple.com/archives/2006/03/30/apple-at-30-1976-to-1986/ Apple at 30 - 1976 to 1986 | World of Apple]. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref>
+
In December 1979 Xerox granted Apple engineers three days of access to the [[Xerox PARC]] facilities in return for $1 million in pre-[[IPO]] Apple stock, and Jobs and several Apple employees including [[Jef Raskin]] went to see the [[Xerox Alto]]. <ref>[http://www.fool.com/news/foth/2000/foth000918.htm Fool.com: How Xerox Forfeited the PC War [Fool on the Hill] September 18, 2000]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>It used a Graphical User Interface (GUI) with graphical elements such as [[window (computing)|window]]s, [[menu (computing)|menu]]s, [[radio button (computing)|radio button]]s, [[check box]]es and [[icon (computing)|icon]]s. Jobs became convinced that all future computers would use a GUI, and development of a GUI began for the [[Apple Lisa]].<ref>[http://news.worldofapple.com/archives/2006/03/30/apple-at-30-1976-to-1986/ Apple at 30 - 1976 to 1986 | World of Apple]. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref>
  
 
===1981–1985: Lisa and Macintosh===
 
===1981–1985: Lisa and Macintosh===
−
[[Image:Ad apple 1984.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Anya Major|heroine]] from Apple's [[1984 (television commercial)|1984 C.E.]], set in a [[dystopia]]n future modeled after the [[George Orwell|Orwell]] novel ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'', set the tone for the introduction of the [[Macintosh]].]]
+
[[Image:Macintosh 128k transparency.png|thumb|The [[Macintosh 128K]], the first [[Macintosh]] computer.]]
−
[[Steve Jobs]] began working on the [[Apple Lisa]] in 1978 but in 1982 he was pushed from the Lisa team due to infighting, and took over Jef Raskin's low-cost-computer project, the [[Macintosh]]. A [[turf war]] broke out between Lisa's "corporate shirts" and Jobs' "pirates" over which product would ship first and save Apple. Lisa won the race in 1983 and became the first [[personal computer]] sold to the public with a GUI, but was a commercial failure due to its high price tag and limited software titles.<ref name="lemlisa">Hormby, Thomas. [http://lowendmac.com/orchard/05/apple-lisa-history.html A history of Apple's Lisa, 1979–1986], ''Low End Mac'', 2005-10-06. Retrieved on 2007-03-02.</ref>[[Image:Macintosh 128k transparency.png|thumb|The [[Macintosh 128K]], the first [[Macintosh]] computer.]]
+
 
 +
[[Steve Jobs]] began working on the [[Apple Lisa]] in 1978 but in 1982 he was pushed from the Lisa team due to infighting, and took over Jef Raskin's low-cost-computer project, the [[Macintosh]]. A [[turf war]] broke out between Lisa's "corporate shirts" and Jobs' "pirates" over which product would ship first and establish Apple’s reputation. In 1983 Lisa became the first [[personal computer]] sold to the public with a GUI, but was a commercial failure because of to its high price tag and limited software titles.<ref name="lemlisa">Hormby, Thomas. [http://lowendmac.com/orchard/05/apple-lisa-history.html A history of Apple's Lisa, 1979–1986], ''Low End Mac'', 2005-10-06. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>  
  
−
In 1984, Apple next launched the Macintosh. Its debut was announced by the now famous $1.5 million television commercial, "[[1984 (television commercial)|1984]]". It was directed by [[Ridley Scott]], aired during the third quarter of [[Super Bowl XVIII]] on January 22, 1984,<ref>[http://www.duke.edu/~tlove/mac.htm Apple's 1984: The Introduction of the Macintosh in the Cultural History of Personal Computers]</ref>
+
In 1984, Apple launched the Macintosh. Its debut was announced by a famous $1.5 million television commercial, "[[1984 (television commercial)|1984]]" that aired during the third quarter of [[Super Bowl XVIII]] on January 22, 1984,<ref>[http://www.duke.edu/~tlove/mac.htm Apple's 1984: The Introduction of the Macintosh in the Cultural History of Personal Computers]</ref>
−
and is now considered a watershed event for Apple's success<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/kevinmaney/2004-01-28-maney_x.htm Apple's '1984' Super Bowl commercial still stands as watershed event]</ref> and a masterpiece.<ref name="masterpiece">{{cite web| url = http://edition.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/02/02/eye.ent.commercials/| title = Why 2006 isn't like '1984'| accessdate = 2008-05-10| last = Leopold| first = Todd| date = February 3, 2006| publisher = [[CNN]]}}</ref><ref name="cellini">{{cite web| url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb197/is_200401/ai_n5556112| title = The Story Behind Apple's '1984' TV commercial: Big Brother at 20| accessdate = 2008-05-09| last = Cellini| first = Adelia| month = January | year=2004| work = [[Macworld]] 21.1, page 18}}</ref>
+
and is now considered a landmark in Apple's history<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/kevinmaney/2004-01-28-maney_x.htm Apple's '1984' Super Bowl commercial still stands as watershed event] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>and an advertising masterpiece.<ref name="masterpiece">{{cite web| url = http://edition.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/02/02/eye.ent.commercials/| title = Why 2006 isn't like '1984'| accessdate = February 13, 2009 | last = Leopold| first = Todd| date = February 3, 2006| publisher = [[CNN]]}}</ref><ref name="cellini">{{cite web| url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb197/is_200401/ai_n5556112| title = The Story Behind Apple's '1984' TV commercial: Big Brother at 20| accessdate = February 13, 2009 |last = Cellini| first = Adelia| month = January | year=2004| work = [[Macworld]] 21.1, page 18}}</ref>
  
−
The Macintosh initially sold well, but follow-up sales were not strong.<ref name="lem1985">Hormby, Thomas. [http://lowendmac.com/orchard/06/1002.html Good-bye Woz and Jobs: How the first Apple era ended in 1985], ''Low End Mac'', 2006-10-02. Retrieved on 2007-03-02.</ref> The machine's fortunes changed with the introduction of the [[LaserWriter]], the first PostScript [[laser printer]] to be offered at a reasonable price point, and [[PageMaker]], an early [[desktop publishing]] package. The Mac was particularly powerful in this market due to its advanced graphics capabilities, which were already necessarily built-in to create the [[intuition (knowledge)|intuitive]] Macintosh GUI. It has been suggested that the combination of these three products was responsible for the creation of the desktop publishing market.<ref>[http://desktoppub.about.com/cs/beginners/f/when_dtp.htm When was desktop publishing invented?] Retrieved on 2007-04-30.</ref>
+
The Macintosh initially sold well, but follow-up sales were not strong.<ref name="lem1985">Hormby, Thomas. [http://lowendmac.com/orchard/06/1002.html Good-bye Woz and Jobs: How the first Apple era ended in 1985], ''Low End Mac'', 2006-10-02. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> That changed with the introduction of the [[LaserWriter]], the first reasonably-priced PostScript [[laser printer]], and [[PageMaker]], an early [[desktop publishing]] package. The Mac was particularly powerful due to its advanced graphics capabilities, which were necessary to create the [[intuition (knowledge)|intuitive]] Macintosh GUI. The combination of these three products has been credited with the creation of the desktop publishing market.<ref>[http://desktoppub.about.com/cs/beginners/f/when_dtp.htm When was desktop publishing invented?] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
  
−
With continued strong sales of the Apple II, and the introduction of the Macintosh, Apple's sales reached new highs and the company had its [[initial public offering]] on September 7, 1984.
+
Continued strong sales of the Apple II, and the introduction of the Macintosh, took Apple's sales to new highs. Apple Computer’s [[initial public offering]] on September 7, 1984, generated more money than any IPO since [[Ford Motor Company]] in 1956 and instantly created more millionaires (about 300) than any company in history.
  
−
A power struggle developed between Jobs and new CEO [[John Sculley]] in 1985.<ref name="lemsculley">Hormby, Thomas. [http://lowendmac.com/orchard/06/john-sculley-years-apple.html Growing Apple with the Macintosh: The Sculley years], ''Low End Mac'', 2006-02-22. Retrieved on 2007-03-02.</ref> Apple's [[board of directors]] sided with Sculley and Jobs was removed from his managerial duties.<ref name="lem1985" /> Jobs resigned from Apple and founded [[NeXT|NeXT Inc.]] the same year.<ref>{{cite news| last = Spector| first = G| title = Apple's Jobs Starts New Firm, Targets Education Market| work = [[eWeek|PC Week]]| page = 109| date = September 24, 1985}}</ref>
+
In 1985 a power struggle developed between Jobs and new CEO [[John Sculley]].<ref name="lemsculley">Hormby, Thomas. [http://lowendmac.com/orchard/06/john-sculley-years-apple.html Growing Apple with the Macintosh: The Sculley years], ''Low End Mac'', 2006-02-22. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Apple's [[board of directors]] sided with Sculley and Jobs was removed from his managerial duties. Jobs resigned from Apple and founded [[NeXT|NeXT Inc.]] the same year.<ref>{{cite news| last = Spector| first = G| title = Apple's Jobs Starts New Firm, Targets Education Market| work = [[eWeek|PC Week]]| page = 109| date = September 24, 1985}}</ref>
  
−
Apple's sustained growth during the early 1980s was partly due to its leadership in the education sector, attributed to their adaptation of the programming language [[Logo (programming language)|LOGO]], used in many schools with the Apple II. The drive into education was accentuated in [[California]] with the donation of one Apple II and one Apple LOGO software package to each public school in the state.
+
Apple's sustained growth during the early 1980s was partly due to its leadership in the education sector, attributed to its adaptation of the programming language [[Logo (programming language)|LOGO]], used in many schools with the Apple II. In [[California]], Apple Computer Inc. donated an Apple II and one Apple LOGO software package to each public school in the state.
  
 
===1986–1993: Rise and fall===
 
===1986–1993: Rise and fall===
−
{{see also|Timeline of Apple II family|Timeline of Macintosh models}}
+
[[Image:Macintosh portable.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Macintosh Portable]] was Apple's first "portable" Macintosh computer, released in 1989.]]
−
[[Image:Macintosh portable.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Macintosh Portable]] was Apple's first "portable" Macintosh computer, released in 1989.]]
+
In September [[1989]], Apple Computer released the [[Macintosh Portable]], featuring a  black and white active-matrix LCD screen in a hinged cover that covered the keyboard when the machine was not in use, and a mouse trackball that could be removed and located on either side of the keyboard. It was received with excitement from most critics but did not sell well because of several drawbacks including its bulk and limited battery life. Having learned several painful lessons, Apple introduced the [[PowerBook]] in 1991, which established the modern form and [[ergonomics|ergonomic]] layout of the [[laptop computer]].<ref name="lempb">Hormby, Thomas. [http://lowendmac.com/orchard/05/powerbook-origin-1991.html Birth of the PowerBook: How Apple took over the portable market in 1991], ''Low End Mac'', 2005-11-23. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> The same year, Apple introduced [[System 7]], a major upgrade to the operating system which added color to the interface and introduced new networking capabilities. It remained the architectural basis for [[Mac OS]] until 2001.
−
Having learned several painful lessons after introducing the bulky [[Macintosh Portable]] in 1989, Apple introduced the [[PowerBook]] in 1991, which established the modern form and [[ergonomics|ergonomic]] layout of the [[laptop computer]].<ref name="lempb">Hormby, Thomas. [http://lowendmac.com/orchard/05/powerbook-origin-1991.html Birth of the PowerBook: How Apple took over the portable market in 1991], ''Low End Mac'', 2005-11-23. Retrieved on 2007-03-02.</ref> The same year, Apple introduced [[System 7]], a major upgrade to the operating system which added color to the interface and introduced new networking capabilities. It remained the architectural basis for [[Mac OS]] until 2001.
 
−
 
 
−
The success of the PowerBook and other products led to increasing revenue.<ref name="lemsculley" /> For some time, it appeared that Apple could do no wrong, introducing fresh new products and generating increasing profits in the process. The [[magazine]] ''[[MacLife|MacAddict]]'' named the period between 1989 and 1991 as the "first [[golden age]]" of the Macintosh.
 
−
 
 
−
Following the success of the [[Macintosh LC|LC]], Apple introduced the [[Macintosh Centris|Centris]] line, a low end [[Macintosh Quadra|Quadra]] offering, and the ill-fated [[Performa]] line which was sold in several confusing configurations and software bundles to avoid competing with the various consumer outlets such as [[Sears]], [[Price Club]], and [[Wal-Mart]], the primary dealers for these models. The end result was disastrous for Apple as consumers did not understand the difference between models.
 
  
−
During this time Apple experimented with a number of other failed consumer targeted products including [[QuickTake|digital cameras]], [[PowerCD|portable CD audio players]], [[PowerCD#AppleDesign Powered Speakers|speakers]], [[Bandai Pippin|video consoles]], and [[Apple Interactive Television Box|TV appliances]]. Enormous resources were also invested in the problem-plagued [[Newton (platform)|Newton division]] based on John Sculley's unrealistic market forecasts. Ultimately, all of this proved be too-little-too-late for Apple as their market share and stock prices continued to slide.
+
The success of the PowerBook and other products increased operating revenues, and from 1989 to 1991 the Macintosh experienced a "first [[golden age]]." <ref name="lemsculley" /> Following the success of the [[Macintosh LC|LC]], Apple introduced the [[Macintosh Centris|Centris]] line, a low end [[Macintosh Quadra|Quadra]] offering, and the ill-fated [[Performa]] line which was sold in several confusing configurations and software bundles to avoid competing with the various consumer outlets such as [[Sears]], [[Price Club]], and [[Wal-Mart]], the primary dealers for these models. Consumers did not understand the difference between models, .
 +
Causing sales to drop. During this time Apple experimented unsuccessfully with other consumer products including [[QuickTake|digital cameras]], [[PowerCD|portable CD audio players]], [[PowerCD#AppleDesign Powered Speakers|speakers]], [[Bandai Pippin|video consoles]], and [[Apple Interactive Television Box|TV appliances]]. Enormous resources were also invested in the problem-plagued [[Newton (platform)|Newton division]]. Apple’s market share and stock prices continued to slide.
  
−
Apple saw the [[Apple II series|Apple II family]] as too expensive to produce, while taking away sales from the low end Macintosh.<ref>[http://apple2history.org/history/ah11.html#11 Apple II History Chap 11]. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref> In 1990 Apple released the [[Macintosh LC]] with a single [[expansion slot]] for the [[Apple IIe Card]] to migrate Apple II users to the Macintosh platform.<ref>[http://apple2history.org/history/ah11.html#08 Apple II History Chap 11]. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref> Apple stopped selling the [[Apple IIe]] in 1993.
+
Apple perceived the [[Apple II series|Apple II family]] as being expensive to produce, and detracting from sales from the low-end Macintosh. <ref>[http://apple2history.org/history/ah11.html#11 Apple II History Chap 11]. Retrieved February 13, 2009 </ref> In 1990, Apple released the [[Macintosh LC]] with a single [[expansion slot]] for the [[Apple IIe Card]] to migrate Apple II users to the Macintosh platform.<ref>[http://apple2history.org/history/ah11.html#08 Apple II History Chap 11]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Apple stopped selling the [[Apple IIe]] in 1993.
  
−
Microsoft continued to gain market share with [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], focusing on delivering software with cheap commodity [[Personal computer|PCs]] while Apple was delivering a richly engineered, but expensive, experience.<ref>[http://www.roughlydrafted.com/RD/Q4.06/3EC02E78-FD4D-4CDF-92A0-9C4CBDFAB3D2.html 1990–1995: Why the World Went Windows]. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref> Apple relied on high profit margins and never developed a clear response. Instead they sued [[Microsoft]] for using a [[graphical user interface]] similar to the [[Apple Lisa]] in [[Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corporation]].<ref name="lemms">Hormby, Thomas. [http://lowendmac.com/orchard/06/apple-vs-microsoft.html The Apple vs. Microsoft GUI lawsuit], ''Low End Mac'', 2006-08-25. Retrieved on 2007-03-02.</ref> The lawsuit dragged on for years before being thrown out of court. At the same time, a series of major product flops and missed deadlines destroyed Apple's reputation and Sculley was replaced by [[Michael Spindler]].<ref>[http://lowendmac.com/orchard/06/michael-spindler-apple.html Michael Spindler: The Peter Principle at Apple]. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref>
+
Apple Computer’s rival Microsoft continued to gain market share with [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], focusing on delivering software with cheap commodity [[Personal computer|PCs]] while Apple was offering its customers a richly engineered, but expensive, experience.<ref>[http://www.roughlydrafted.com/RD/Q4.06/3EC02E78-FD4D-4CDF-92A0-9C4CBDFAB3D2.html 1990–1995: Why the World Went Windows]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>Apple relied on high profit margins and never developed a clear response to the challenge from Windows. Instead it launched a lawsuit accusing [[Microsoft]] of using a [[graphical user interface]] similar to the [[Apple Lisa]] ([[Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corporation]])<ref name="lemms">Hormby, Thomas. [http://lowendmac.com/orchard/06/apple-vs-microsoft.html The Apple vs. Microsoft GUI lawsuit], ''Low End Mac'', 2006-08-25. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> which dragged on for years before being thrown out of court. Meanwhile Apple's reputation was damaged by a series of major product flops and missed deadlines,  and Sculley was replaced by [[Michael Spindler]] as CEO.<ref>[http://lowendmac.com/orchard/06/michael-spindler-apple.html Michael Spindler: The Peter Principle at Apple]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
  
 
===1994–1997: Attempts at reinvention===
 
===1994–1997: Attempts at reinvention===
−
[[Image:Newton-IMG 0320 cleanup.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Newton (platform)|Newton]] was Apple's first foray into the [[personal digital assistant|PDA]] markets, as well as one of the first in the industry. A financial flop, it helped pave the way for the [[Palm Pilot]] and Apple's own [[iPhone]] in the future.]]
+
[[Image:Newton-IMG 0320 cleanup.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Newton (platform)|Newton]] was Apple's first foray into the [[personal digital assistant|PDA]] markets, as well as one of the first in the industry. A financial failure, it helped pave the way for the [[Palm Pilot]] and Apple's own [[iPhone]].]]
−
By the early 1990s, Apple was developing alternative platforms to the Macintosh, such as the [[A/UX]]. The Macintosh platform was becoming outdated since it was not built for multitasking, and several important software routines were programmed directly into the hardware. In addition, Apple was facing competition from [[OS/2]] and [[UNIX]] vendors like [[Sun Microsystems]]. The Macintosh would need to be replaced by a new platform, or reworked to run on more powerful hardware.<ref>[http://www.roughlydrafted.com/RD/Home/B8DA34A3-333B-4204-BDF3-E74608998702.html 1990–1995: Hitting the Wall]. Retrieved August 14, 2008.</ref>
+
By the early 1990s, Apple was developing alternative platforms to the Macintosh, such as the [[A/UX]]. The old Macintosh platform was becoming outdated because it was not built to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, and several important software routines were programmed directly into the hardware. In addition, Apple was facing competition from [[OS/2]] and [[UNIX]] vendors like [[Sun Microsystems]]. The Macintosh needed to be replaced by a new platform, or reworked to run on more powerful hardware.<ref>[http://www.roughlydrafted.com/RD/Home/B8DA34A3-333B-4204-BDF3-E74608998702.html 1990–1995: Hitting the Wall]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
  
−
In 1994, Apple allied with [[IBM]] and [[Motorola]] in the [[AIM alliance]]. The goal was to create a new computing platform (the [[PowerPC Reference Platform]]), which would use IBM and Motorola hardware coupled with Apple's software. The AIM alliance hoped that PReP's performance and Apple's software would leave the PC far behind, thus countering Microsoft. The same year, Apple introduced the [[Power Macintosh]], the first of many Apple computers to use IBM's [[PowerPC]] processor.<ref>[http://www.apple-history.com/body.php?page=gallery&model=6100&performa=off&sort=date&order=ASC&range= Power Macintosh 6100]. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref>
+
In 1994, Apple formed the [[AIM alliance]] with [[IBM]] and [[Motorola]], to create a new computing platform (the [[PowerPC Reference Platform]]), which would use IBM and Motorola hardware coupled with Apple's software. The AIM alliance hoped that the combination of PReP's performance and Apple's software would outdistance the PC and put an end to Microsoft’s dominance. The same year, Apple introduced the [[Power Macintosh]], the first of many Apple computers to use IBM's [[PowerPC]] processor.<ref>[http://www.apple-history.com/body.php?page=gallery&model=6100&performa=off&sort=date&order=ASC&range= Power Macintosh 6100]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
  
−
In 1996, [[Michael Spindler]] was replaced by [[Gil Amelio]] as CEO. Gil Amelio made many changes at Apple, including massive layoffs.<ref>Chaffin, Bryan. [http://www.macobserver.com/article/2001/02/06.13.shtml "Former Apple CEO Gil Amelio Lands A New CEO Job || The Mac Observer"], The Mac Observer, February 6, 2001. Retrieved August 15, 2008.</ref> After multiple failed attempts to improve Mac OS, first with the [[Taligent]] project, then later with [[Copland (operating system)|Copland]] and [[Gershwin operating system|Gershwin]], Amelio chose to purchase [[NeXT]] and its [[NeXTSTEP]] operating system, bringing Steve Jobs back to Apple as an advisor.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/*/product.info.apple.com/pr/press.releases/1997/q2/970207.pr.rel.next.html Apple Computer, Inc. Finalizes Acquisition of NeXT Software Inc.], ''Apple Inc.'', 1997-02-07. Retrieved on 2006-06-25.</ref> On July 9, 1997, Gil Amelio was ousted by the board of directors after overseeing a three-year record-low stock price and crippling financial losses. Jobs became the interim CEO and began restructuring the company's product line.
+
In 1996, [[Michael Spindler]] was replaced by [[Gil Amelio]] as CEO. Gil Amelio made many changes at Apple, including massive layoffs.<ref>Chaffin, Bryan. [http://www.macobserver.com/article/2001/02/06.13.shtml "Former Apple CEO Gil Amelio Lands A New CEO Job || The Mac Observer"], The Mac Observer, February 6, 2001. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> After multiple failed attempts to improve Mac OS, first with the [[Taligent]] project, then later with [[Copland (operating system)|Copland]] and [[Gershwin operating system|Gershwin]] operating systems, Amelio purchased [[NeXT]] and its [[NeXTSTEP]] operating system, bringing Steve Jobs back to Apple as an advisor.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/*/product.info.apple.com/pr/press.releases/1997/q2/970207.pr.rel.next.html Apple Computer, Inc. Finalizes Acquisition of NeXT Software Inc.], ''Apple Inc.'', 1997-02-07. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> On July 9, 1997, Gil Amelio was ousted by the board of directors after overseeing a three-year record-low stock price and crippling financial losses. Jobs became the interim CEO and began restructuring the company's product line.
  
−
At the 1997 [[Macworld Expo]], [[Steve Jobs]] announced that Apple would join [[Microsoft]] to release new versions of [[Microsoft Office]] for the Macintosh, and that Microsoft made a $150 million investment in non-voting Apple stock.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/ca/press/1997/08/AppleMicrosoft.html Microsoft and Apple Affirm Commitment to Build Next Generation Software for Macintosh], ''Apple Inc.'', 1997-08-06.</ref>
+
At the 1997 [[Macworld Expo]], [[Steve Jobs]] announced that Apple would join [[Microsoft]] to release new versions of [[Microsoft Office]] for the Macintosh, and that Microsoft had made a $150 million investment in non-voting Apple stock.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/ca/press/1997/08/AppleMicrosoft.html Microsoft and Apple Affirm Commitment to Build Next Generation Software for Macintosh], ''Apple Inc.'',  (August 6, 1997) Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
  
−
On November 10, 1997, Apple introduced the [[Apple Store (online)|Apple Store]], tied to a new build-to-order manufacturing strategy.<ref>Harreld, Heather. [http://www.fcw.com/print/3_1/news/64412-1.html?type=pf "Apple gains tech, agency customers in Next deal"], Federal Computer Week, January 5, 1997. Retrieved August 15, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5564882_ITM "Apple unveils new marketing strategy. | Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service (November, 1997)"]. Retrieved August 15, 2008.</ref>
+
On November 10, 1997, Apple introduced the [[Apple Store (online)|Apple Store]], tied to a new build-to-order manufacturing strategy.<ref>Harreld, Heather. [http://www.fcw.com/print/3_1/news/64412-1.html?type=pf "Apple gains tech, agency customers in Next deal"], Federal Computer Week, January 5, 1997. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5564882_ITM "Apple unveils new marketing strategy. | Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service (November, 1997)"]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
  
 
===1998–2005: New beginnings===
 
===1998–2005: New beginnings===
 
[[Image:Applecomputerheadquarters.jpg|left|thumb|Company headquarters on [[Infinite Loop (street)|Infinite Loop]] in [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[California]].]]
 
[[Image:Applecomputerheadquarters.jpg|left|thumb|Company headquarters on [[Infinite Loop (street)|Infinite Loop]] in [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[California]].]]
−
On August 15, 1998, Apple introduced a new all-in-one computer reminiscent of the [[Macintosh 128K]]: the [[iMac]]. The iMac design team was led by [[Jonathan Ive]], who would later design the [[iPod]] and the [[iPhone]].<ref name="levgrossman">[[Lev Grossman|Grossman, Lev]]. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1576854,00.html The Apple Of Your Ear], ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]], 2007-01-12. Retrieved on 2007-02-01.</ref><ref>Wilson, Greg. [http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/01/14/2007-01-14_private_icreator_is_genius_behind_apples.html Private iCreator is genius behind Apple's polish], ''[[New York Daily News]]'', 2007-01-14. Retrieved on 2007-02-01.</ref> The iMac featured current<!-- needs better wording —> technology and a groundbreaking design. It sold close to 800,000 units in its first five months and returned Apple to profitability for the first time since 1993.<ref name="800kimacs">[http://www.apple.com/ca/press/1999/01/iMac_Sales.html 800,000 iMacs Sold in First 139 Days]. Retrieved August 15, 2008.</ref>
+
On August 15, 1998, Apple introduced a new all-in-one computer reminiscent of the [[Macintosh 128K]]: the [[iMac]]. The iMac design team was led by [[Jonathan Ive]], who later designed the [[iPod]] and the [[iPhone]].<ref name="levgrossman">[[Lev Grossman|Grossman, Lev]]. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1576854,00.html The Apple Of Your Ear], ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]], 2007-01-12. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Wilson, Greg. [http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/01/14/2007-01-14_private_icreator_is_genius_behind_apples.html Private iCreator is genius behind Apple's polish], ''[[New York Daily News]]'', 2007-01-14. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>The iMac featured the newest technology and a groundbreaking design. It sold close to 800,000 units in its first five months and returned Apple to profitability for the first time since 1993.<ref name="800kimacs">[http://www.apple.com/ca/press/1999/01/iMac_Sales.html 800,000 iMacs Sold in First 139 Days]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
 +
 
 +
During this period, Apple purchased several companies to create a portfolio of professional and consumer-oriented digital production software. In 1998, Apple announced the purchase of [[Macromedia]]'s [[Final Cut Pro|Final Cut]] software, signaling its expansion into the [[digital video]] editing market.<ref>Sarkar, Pia. [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/02/25/BU107610.DTL&type=tech "FRIENDS AND FOES / Despite squabbles, Apple and Adobe have benefited from one another"], SFGate, February 25, 2002. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> The following year, Apple released two video editing products: [[iMovie]] for consumers; and [[Final Cut Pro]] for professionals, which has gone on to be a significant video-editing program, with 800,000 registered users in early 2007.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://news.cnet.com/2100-1046-6176170.html?hhTest=1| title = Apple exhibits Final Cut Studio 2| first = Greg| last = Sandoval| date = April 15, 2007| accessdate = February 13, 2009 | publisher = [[CNet]]}}</ref> In 2002 Apple purchased [[Nothing Real]] for its advanced digital [[compositing]] application [[Shake (software)|Shake]],<ref>Chaffin, Bryan. [http://www.macobserver.com/article/2002/02/07.6.shtml "Apple Shake: Apple Buys Nothing Real, A High End Compositing Software Maker || The Mac Observer"], The Mac Observer, February 7, 2002. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> as well as [[Emagic]] for its music productivity application [[Logic Pro|Logic]], which led to the development of Apple’s consumer-level [[GarageBand]] application.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2002/jul/01emagic.html Apple Acquires Emagic], Apple, July 1, 2002. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Deitrich, Andy. [http://arstechnica.com/reviews/apps/garageband.ars Garage Band: Part 1], [[ars technica]], February 2, 2004. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> [[iPhoto]]'s release the same year completed the [[iLife]] suite.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2002/jan/07iphoto.html Apple Introduces iPhoto], Apple Inc., January 7, 2002. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
  
−
Through this period, Apple purchased several companies to create a portfolio of professional and consumer-oriented digital production software. In 1998, Apple announced the purchase of [[Macromedia]]'s [[Final Cut Pro|Final Cut]] software, signaling its expansion into the [[digital video]] editing market.<ref>Sarkar, Pia. [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/02/25/BU107610.DTL&type=tech "FRIENDS AND FOES / Despite squabbles, Apple and Adobe have benefited from one another"], SFGate, February 25, 2002. Retrieved August 15, 2008.</ref> The following year, Apple released two video editing products: [[iMovie]] for consumers, and [[Final Cut Pro]] for professionals, the latter of which has gone on to be a significant video-editing program, with 800,000 registered users in early 2007.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://news.cnet.com/2100-1046-6176170.html?hhTest=1| title = Apple exhibits Final Cut Studio 2| first = Greg| last = Sandoval| date = April 15, 2007| accessdate = 2007-12-04| publisher = [[CNet]]}}</ref> In 2002 Apple purchased [[Nothing Real]] for their advanced digital [[compositing]] application [[Shake (software)|Shake]],<ref>Chaffin, Bryan. [http://www.macobserver.com/article/2002/02/07.6.shtml "Apple Shake: Apple Buys Nothing Real, A High End Compositing Software Maker || The Mac Observer"], The Mac Observer, February 7, 2002. Retrieved August 15, 2008.</ref> as well as [[Emagic]] for their music productivity application [[Logic Pro|Logic]], which led to the development of their consumer-level [[GarageBand]] application.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2002/jul/01emagic.html Apple Acquires Emagic], Apple, July 1, 2002. Retrieved August 15, 2008.</ref><ref>Deitrich, Andy. [http://arstechnica.com/reviews/apps/garageband.ars Garage Band: Part 1], [[ars technica]], February 2, 2004. Retrieved August 15, 2008.</ref> [[iPhoto]]'s release the same year completed the [[iLife]] suite.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2002/jan/07iphoto.html Apple Introduces iPhoto], Apple Inc., January 7, 2002. Retrieved August 15, 2008.</ref>
+
[[Mac OS X]], based on NeXT's [[OPENSTEP]] and [[BSD Unix]] was released on March 24, 2001, after several years of development. Aimed at consumers and professionals alike, Mac OS X aimed to combine the stability, reliability and security of [[Unix]] with the ease of use afforded by an overhauled user interface. To aid users in migrating from [[Mac OS 9]], the new operating system allowed the use of OS 9 applications through Mac OS X's [[Classic (Mac OS X)|Classic environment]].<ref>[http://www.apple.com/support/tiger/classic/ Apple - Support - Mac OS X v10.4 Tiger Classic Environment]</ref>
  
−
[[Mac OS X]], based on NeXT's [[OPENSTEP]] and [[BSD Unix]] was released on March 24, 2001, after several years of development. Aimed at consumers and professionals alike, Mac OS X aimed to combine the stability, reliability and security of [[Unix]] with the ease of use afforded by an overhauled user interface. To aid users in migrating from [[Mac OS 9]], the new operating system allowed the use of OS 9 applications through Mac OS X's [[Classic (Mac OS X)|Classic environment]].<ref>[http://www.apple.com/support/tiger/classic/ Apple - Support - Mac OS X v10.4 Tiger Classic Environment<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref>[[Image:Apple store fifth avenue.jpg|thumb|The entrance of the [[Apple Store]] on [[Fifth Avenue]] in [[New York City]] is a glass cube, housing a cylindrical elevator and a spiral staircase that leads into the subterranean store.]]
+
[[Image:Apple store fifth avenue.jpg|thumb|The entrance of the [[Apple Store]] on [[Fifth Avenue]] in [[New York City]] is a glass cube, housing a cylindrical elevator and a spiral staircase that leads into the subterranean store.]]
  
−
On May 19, 2001, Apple opened the first official [[Apple Store (retail)|Apple Retail Stores]] in [[Virginia]] and [[California]].<ref>[http://www.ifoapplestore.com/stores/chronology_2001-2003.html ifo Apple Store - Apple Stores 2001-2003<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> The same year, Apple introduced the [[iPod]] portable [[digital audio player]]. The product was phenomenally successful&nbsp;— over 100 million units were sold within six years.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4625262.stm Apple enjoys ongoing iPod demand], ''[[BBC News]]'', 2006-01-18. Retrieved on 2007-04-27.</ref><ref>Cantrell, Amanda. [http://money.cnn.com/2006/03/29/technology/apple_anniversary/?cnn=yes Apple's remarkable comeback story], ''[[CNN]]'', 2006-03-29. Retrieved on 2007-03-02.</ref> In 2003, Apple's [[iTunes Store]] was introduced, offering online music downloads for $0.99 a song and integration with the iPod. The service quickly became the market leader in online music services, with over 5 billion downloads by June 19, 2008.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/06/19itunes.html iTunes Store Tops Five Billion Songs], ''Apple Inc.'', 2008-06-19. Retrieved on 2008-09-03.</ref>
+
On May 19, 2001, Apple opened the first official [[Apple Store (retail)|Apple Retail Stores]] in [[Virginia]] and [[California]].<ref>[http://www.ifoapplestore.com/stores/chronology_2001-2003.html ifo Apple Store - Apple Stores 2001-2003] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> The same year, Apple introduced the [[iPod]] portable [[digital audio player]]. The product’s success was unprecedented; over 100 million units were sold within six years.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4625262.stm Apple enjoys ongoing iPod demand], ''[[BBC News]]'', 2006-01-18. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Cantrell, Amanda. [http://money.cnn.com/2006/03/29/technology/apple_anniversary/?cnn=yes Apple's remarkable comeback story], ''[[CNN]]'', 2006-03-29. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> In 2003, Apple's [[iTunes Store]] was introduced, offering online music downloads for $0.99 a song and integration with the iPod. The service quickly became the market leader in online music services, with over 5 billion downloads by June 19, 2008.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/06/19itunes.html iTunes Store Tops Five Billion Songs], ''Apple Inc.'', 2008-06-19. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
  
−
Since 2001 Apple's design team has progressively abandoned the use of translucent colored plastics first used in the [[iMac G3]]. This began with the [[titanium]] [[PowerBook]] and was followed by the white [[polycarbonate]] [[iBook]] and the flat-panel [[iMac]].<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-10738727_ITM "Apple revamps iBook. | Network World (May, 2001)"], Network World, May 2, 2001. Retrieved August 19, 2008.</ref><ref>Magee, Mike. [http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2002/01/26/imac-all-in-one-is-a-trinity "iMac "All-in-One" is a trinity - The INQUIRER"], The Inquirer, January 26, 2002. Retrieved August 19, 2008.</ref>
+
Since 2001 Apple's design team has progressively abandoned the use of the translucent colored plastics first used in the [[iMac G3]], beginning with the [[titanium]] [[PowerBook]], followed by the white [[polycarbonate]] [[iBook]] and the flat-panel [[iMac]].<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-10738727_ITM "Apple revamps iBook. | Network World (May, 2001)"], Network World, May 2, 2001. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Magee, Mike. [http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2002/01/26/imac-all-in-one-is-a-trinity "iMac "All-in-One" is a trinity - The INQUIRER"], The Inquirer, January 26, 2002. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
  
 
===2005–present: The Intel partnership===
 
===2005–present: The Intel partnership===
−
{{main|Apple Intel transition}}
+
[[Image:MacBook Pro.jpg|right|thumb| The [[MacBook Pro]] (15.4" widescreen) was Apple's first laptop with an [[Intel]] microprocessor. It was announced in January 2006 and is aimed at the professional market.]]
−
[[Image:MacBook Pro.jpg|right|thumb| The [[MacBook Pro]] (15.4" widescreen) was Apple's first laptop with an [[Intel]] microprocessor. It was announced in January 2006 and is aimed at the professional market.]]
+
At the [[Worldwide Developers Conference]] keynote address on June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs announced that Apple would begin producing [[Intel]]-based Mac computers in 2006.<ref name="printel">[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/jun/06intel.html Apple to Use Intel Microprocessors Beginning in 2006], ''Apple Inc.'', 2005-06-06. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> On January 10, 2006, the new [[MacBook Pro]] and [[iMac]] became the first Apple computers to utilize Intel's [[Core Duo]] [[CPU]]. By August 7, 2006 Apple had transitioned the entire Mac product line to Intel chips, more than one year earlier than announced.<ref name="printel" /> The [[Power Mac]], [[iBook]], and [[PowerBook]] brands were retired during the transition, the [[Mac Pro]], [[MacBook]], and [[Macbook Pro]] became their respective successors.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2006/aug/10/applemacs.guardianweeklytechnologysectionl Power Mac to Mac Pro] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/may/16macbook.html Apple Unveils New MacBook Featuring Intel Core Duo Processors] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
−
At the [[Worldwide Developers Conference]] keynote address on June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs announced that Apple would begin producing [[Intel]]-based Mac computers in 2006.<ref name="printel">[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/jun/06intel.html Apple to Use Intel Microprocessors Beginning in 2006], ''Apple Inc.'', 2005-06-06. Retrieved on 2007-03-02.</ref> On January 10, 2006, the new [[MacBook Pro]] and [[iMac]] became the first Apple computers to utilize Intel's [[Core Duo]] [[CPU]]. By August 7, 2006 Apple had transitioned the entire Mac product line to Intel chips, over 1 year sooner than announced.<ref name="printel" /> The [[Power Mac]], [[iBook]], and [[PowerBook]] brands were retired during the transition, the [[Mac Pro]], [[MacBook]], and [[Macbook Pro]] became their respective successors.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2006/aug/10/applemacs.guardianweeklytechnologysectionl Power Mac to Mac Pro]</ref><ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/may/16macbook.html Apple Unveils New MacBook Featuring Intel Core Duo Processors] </ref>
 
−
 
 
−
Apple also introduced [[Boot Camp (software)|Boot Camp]] to help users install [[Windows XP]] or [[Windows Vista]] on their Intel Macs alongside Mac OS X.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.businessweek.com/technology/ByteOfTheApple/blog/archives/2006/04/news_flash_appl.html| title = News Flash: Apple Introduces "Boot Camp" To Run Windows XP on Macs| date = April 5, 2006| accessdate = 2008-08-18| first = Arik| last = Hesseldahl| publisher = [[BusinessWeek]]}}</ref>
 
  
−
Apple's success during this period was evident in its stock price. Between early 2003 and 2006, the price of Apple's stock increased more than tenfold, from around $6 per share (split-adjusted) to over $80. In January 2006, Apple's [[market cap]] surpassed that of [[Dell]].<ref name="modell">Gamet, Jeff. [http://www.macobserver.com/stockwatch/2006/01/16.1.shtml Apple Passes Dell's Market Cap], ''MacObserver'', 2006-01-16. Retrieved on 2007-03-02.</ref> Nine years prior, Dell's CEO [[Michael Dell]] said that if he ran Apple he would "shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders."<ref>Singh, Jal. [http://news.cnet.com/Dell-Apple-should-close-shop/2100-1001_3-203937.html?hhTest=1 Dell: Apple should close shop], ''[[CNET|CNET News]]'', 1997-10-06. Retrieved on 2007-03-02.</ref>
+
Apple also introduced [[Boot Camp (software)|Boot Camp]] software to help users install [[Windows XP]] or [[Windows Vista]] on their Intel Macs alongside Mac OS X.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.businessweek.com/technology/ByteOfTheApple/blog/archives/2006/04/news_flash_appl.html| title = News Flash: Apple Introduces "Boot Camp" To Run Windows XP on Macs| date = April 5, 2006| accessdate = February 13, 2009| first = Arik| last = Hesseldahl| publisher = [[BusinessWeek]]}}</ref>
  
−
Delivering his keynote at the [[Macworld Expo]] on January 9, 2007, Steve Jobs announced that Apple Computer, Inc. would from that point on be known as Apple Inc. The event also saw the announcement of the [[iPhone]] and the [[Apple TV]].<ref name="MW2007">[http://www.apple.com/hotnews/articles/2007/01/mwsf/ Apple - Hot News - Macworld 2007<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> The following day, Apple shares hit $97.80, an all-time high. In May, Apple's share price passed the $100 mark.<ref>[http://www.macnn.com/articles/07/04/26/analyst.raised.aapl.target/ AAPL surges past $100, target at $140], ''MacNN'', 2007-04-26. Retrieved on 2007-07-10.</ref>
+
Apple's success during this period was evident in its stock price. Between early 2003 and 2006, the price of Apple's stock increased more than tenfold, from around $6 per share (split-adjusted) to over $80. In January 2006, Apple's [[market cap]] surpassed that of [[Dell]].<ref name="modell">Gamet, Jeff. [http://www.macobserver.com/stockwatch/2006/01/16.1.shtml Apple Passes Dell's Market Cap], ''MacObserver'', 2006-01-16. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>  
  
−
On February 7, 2007, Apple indicated that it would sell music on the iTunes Store without [[Digital rights management|DRM]] (which would allow tracks to be played on third-party players) if record labels would agree to drop the technology.<ref name="NewsMax">[[Steve Jobs|Jobs, Steve]]. [http://www.apple.com/hotnews/thoughtsonmusic/ Thoughts on Music], ''Apple Inc.'', 2007-02-06. Retrieved on 2007-03-02.</ref> On April 2, 2007, Apple and [[EMI]] jointly announced the removal of DRM technology from EMI's catalog in the iTunes Store, effective in May.<ref>[[Jim Dalrymple|Dalrymple, Jim]]. [http://www.macworld.com/article/57098/2007/04/drmfree.html Apple, EMI offer higher-quality DRM free downloads], ''Playlist Magazine'', 2007-02-06. Retrieved on 2007-04-07.</ref>
+
Delivering his keynote at the [[Macworld Expo]] on January 9, 2007, Steve Jobs announced that Apple Computer, Inc. was changing its name to Apple Inc. The launches of the [[iPhone]] and the [[Apple TV]] were also announced.<ref name="MW2007">[http://www.apple.com/hotnews/articles/2007/01/mwsf/ Apple - Hot News - Macworld 2007] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> The following day, Apple’s share price hit an all-time high of $97.80. In May 2007,Apple's share price rose above $100.<ref>[http://www.macnn.com/articles/07/04/26/analyst.raised.aapl.target/ AAPL surges past $100, target at $140], ''MacNN'', 2007-04-26. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
  
−
On July 11, 2008, Apple launched the [[App Store]] to sell third-party applications for the [[iPhone]] and [[iPod Touch]].<ref>Flandez, Raymund. [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121789232442511743.html?mod=googlenews_wsj "Programmers Jockey for iPhone Users at Apple Site"], The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 16, 2008.</ref> Within a month, the store sold 60 million applications and brought in $1 million daily on average, with Steve Jobs speculating that the App Store could become a billion-dollar business for Apple.<ref>McLaughlin, Kevin. [http://www.crn.com/software/210002313 "Apple's Jobs Gushes Over App Store Success - The Channel Wire - IT Channel News And Views by CRN and VARBusiness"], ChannelWeb, August 11, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2008.</ref>
+
On February 7, 2007, Apple indicated that it would sell music on the iTunes Store without [[Digital rights management|DRM]] (which would allow tracks to be played on third-party players) if record labels would agree to drop the technology.<ref name="NewsMax">[[Steve Jobs|Jobs, Steve]]. [http://www.apple.com/hotnews/thoughtsonmusic/ Thoughts on Music], ''Apple Inc.'', 2007-02-06. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> On April 2, 2007, Apple and [[EMI]] jointly announced the removal of DRM technology from EMI's catalog in the iTunes Store, effective in May.<ref>[[Jim Dalrymple|Dalrymple, Jim]]. [http://www.macworld.com/article/57098/2007/04/drmfree.html Apple, EMI offer higher-quality DRM free downloads], ''Playlist Magazine'', 2007-02-06. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
  
−
On December 16, 2008, Apple announced 2009 would be the last year Apple would be attending the Macworld Expo, and that [[Philip W. Schiller|Phil Schiller]] would deliver the 2009 keynote in lieu of the expected Steve Jobs.<ref>[http://www.doeswhat.com/2008/12/16/chunkier-sidekick-to-replace-jobs-at-macworld/ "Chunkier sidekick to replace Jobs at Macworld"], DoesWhat. Retrieved December 16, 2008.</ref>
+
On July 11, 2008, Apple launched the [[App Store]] to sell third-party applications for the [[iPhone]] and [[iPod Touch]].<ref>Flandez, Raymund. [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121789232442511743.html?mod=googlenews_wsj "Programmers Jockey for iPhone Users at Apple Site"], The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Within a month, the store sold 60 million applications and averaged sale of $1 million daily. <ref>McLaughlin, Kevin. [http://www.crn.com/software/210002313 "Apple's Jobs Gushes Over App Store Success - The Channel Wire - IT Channel News And Views by CRN and VARBusiness"], ChannelWeb, August 11, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
  
−
On January 14, 2009, an internal Apple memo from Steve Jobs announced that he would be taking a six-month leave of absence, until the end of June 2009, to allow him to better focus on his health and to allow the company to better focus on its products.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/01/14advisory.html|title=Apple Media Advisory| accessdate=January 14, 2009| date=January 14, 2009| work=Apple}}</ref>
+
On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that 2009 would be the last year Apple would be attending the Macworld Expo, and that [[Philip W. Schiller|Phil Schiller]] would deliver the 2009 keynote in place of Steve Jobs.<ref>[http://www.doeswhat.com/2008/12/16/chunkier-sidekick-to-replace-jobs-at-macworld/ "Chunkier sidekick to replace Jobs at Macworld"], DoesWhat. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
  
 
==Current products==
 
==Current products==
−
{{see also|Timeline of Apple products|List of products discontinued by Apple Inc.}}
 
 
===Mac and accessories===
 
===Mac and accessories===
−
{{see also|Timeline of Macintosh models|List of Macintosh models grouped by CPU type|List of Macintosh models by case type}}
+
[[Image:Mac mini Intel Core.jpg|thumb|130px|right|The [[Mac mini]], low-cost desktop computer.]]
−
[[Image:Mac mini Intel Core.jpg|thumb|130px|right|The [[Mac mini]], low-cost desktop computer.]]
 
 
*[[Mac mini]], consumer sub-desktop computer introduced in January 2005.
 
*[[Mac mini]], consumer sub-desktop computer introduced in January 2005.
 
*[[iMac]], consumer all-in-one desktop computer that was first introduced by Apple in 1998. Its popularity helped revive the company's fortunes.<ref name="800kimacs" />
 
*[[iMac]], consumer all-in-one desktop computer that was first introduced by Apple in 1998. Its popularity helped revive the company's fortunes.<ref name="800kimacs" />
Line 129: Line 120:
  
 
===iPod===
 
===iPod===
−
{{main|iPod}}
+
On October 23, 2001, Apple introduced the [[iPod]] digital music player. It has evolved to include various models targeting the needs of different users. The iPod is the market leader in portable music players by a significant margin, with more than 100 million units shipped as of April 9, 2007.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://news.cnet.com/2100-1041_3-6174435.html?hhTest=1| title = Apple ships 100 millionth iPod| last = Reardon| first = Marguerite| publisher = [[CNet]]| date = April 9, 2007| accessdate = February 13, 2009 }}</ref> Apple has partnered with [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] to introduce the [[Nike+iPod]] Sports Kit enabling runners to synchronize and monitor their runs with [[iTunes]] and the [http://nikeplus.nike.com/nikeplus/ Nike+ website]. Apple currently sells four variants of the iPod.
−
[[File:IPod Nano 4G black crop.jpg|thumb|100px|iPod Nano]]
 
−
<!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[File:IPod Touch 2.0.png|thumb|left|thumb|130px|[[iPod Touch]]]] —>
 
−
On October 23, 2001, Apple introduced the [[iPod]] digital music player. It has evolved to include various models targeting the needs of different users. The iPod is the market leader in portable music players by a significant margin, with more than 100 million units shipped as of April 9, 2007.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://news.cnet.com/2100-1041_3-6174435.html?hhTest=1| title = Apple ships 100 millionth iPod| last = Reardon| first = Marguerite| publisher = [[CNet]]| date = April 9, 2007| accessdate = 2007-07-17}}</ref> Apple has partnered with [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] to introduce the [[Nike+iPod]] Sports Kit enabling runners to synchronize and monitor their runs with [[iTunes]] and the [http://nikeplus.nike.com/nikeplus/ Nike+ website]. Apple currently sells four variants of the iPod.
 
 
*[[iPod Classic]] (Previously named iPod from 2001 to 2007), [[portable media player]] first introduced in 2001, currently with a 120&nbsp;GB capacity.
 
*[[iPod Classic]] (Previously named iPod from 2001 to 2007), [[portable media player]] first introduced in 2001, currently with a 120&nbsp;GB capacity.
 
*[[iPod Nano]], portable media player first introduced in 2005, currently available in 8 and 16&nbsp;GB models.
 
*[[iPod Nano]], portable media player first introduced in 2005, currently available in 8 and 16&nbsp;GB models.
Line 139: Line 127:
  
 
===iPhone===
 
===iPhone===
−
{{main|iPhone}}
+
The [[iPhone]], a convergence of an Internet-enabled [[smartphone]] and iPod.<ref name="apple.com">[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/01/09iphone.html Apple Reinvents the Phone with iPhone] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> went on sale in  June 2007 for $499 (4&nbsp;GB) and $599 (8&nbsp;GB).<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/06/28iphone.html iPhone Premieres This Friday Night at Apple Retail Stores] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> The original iPhone combined a [[2.5G]] [[quad band]] [[Global System for Mobile Communications|GSM]] and [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]] cellular phone with features found in hand held devices, running a scaled-down versions of Apple's Mac OS X (dubbed [[iPhone OS]]), with various Mac OS X applications such as [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] and [[Mail (software)|Mail]]. It also included web-based and [[Dashboard (software)|Dashboard]] applications such as [[Google Maps]] and [[Dashboard (software)#Included widgets|Weather]]. The iPhone featured a {{convert|3.5|in|mm|sing=on}} touch screen display, 8 or 16&nbsp;GB of memory, [[Bluetooth]], and [[Wi-Fi]] (both "b" and "g").<ref name="apple.com" /> In 2008, the iPhone 3G added support for [[3G]] networking and assisted-GPS navigation, with the price cut to $199 for the 8&nbsp;GB version, and $299 for the 16&nbsp;GB version.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/06/09iphone.html Apple Introduces the New iPhone 3G] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Along with the release of the new iPhone Apple launched an [[App Store]], providing applications for download that were compatible with the iPhone; it has since surpased five hundred million downloads.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/iphone iPhone] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
−
At the [[Macworld Conference & Expo]] in January 2007, Steve Jobs revealed the long anticipated<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D04E7D6133DF93AA2575BC0A9649C8B63 Apple's Chief in the Risky Land of the Handhelds - New York Times<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> [[iPhone]], a convergence of an Internet-enabled [[smartphone]] and iPod.<ref name="apple.com">[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/01/09iphone.html Apple Reinvents the Phone with iPhone<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> The original iPhone combined a [[2.5G]] [[quad band]] [[Global System for Mobile Communications|GSM]] and [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]] cellular phone with features found in hand held devices, running a scaled-down versions of Apple's Mac OS X (dubbed [[iPhone OS]]), with various Mac OS X applications such as [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] and [[Mail (software)|Mail]]. It also includes web-based and [[Dashboard (software)|Dashboard]] apps such as [[Google Maps]] and [[Dashboard (software)#Included widgets|Weather]]. The iPhone features a {{convert|3.5|in|mm|sing=on}} touch screen display, 8 or 16&nbsp;GB of memory, [[Bluetooth]], and [[Wi-Fi]] (both "b" and "g").<ref name="apple.com" /> The iPhone first became available on June 29, 2007 for $499 (4&nbsp;GB) and $599 (8&nbsp;GB).<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/06/28iphone.html iPhone Premieres This Friday Night at Apple Retail Stores<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> On June 9, 2008, at WWDC 2008, Steve Jobs announced that the iPhone 3G would be available on July 11, 2008.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/06/09iphone.html Apple Introduces the New iPhone 3G<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> This version added support for [[3G]] networking, assisted-GPS navigation, and a price cut to $199 for the 8&nbsp;GB version, and $299 for the 16&nbsp;GB version which was availabe in both black and white. The new version was visually different from its predecessor in that it eliminated the flat silver back, and large antenna square for a curved glossy black or white back. Following complaints from many people, the headphone jack was changed from a recessed jack to a flush jack to be compatable with more styles of headphones. The software capabilities changed as well, with the release of the new iPhone came the realse of Apple's [[App Store]]; the store provided applications for download that were compatable with the iPhone. It has since surpased five hundred million downloads.<ref>http://www.apple.com/iphone</ref>
 
  
 
===Apple TV===
 
===Apple TV===
−
{{main|Apple TV}}
+
At the 2007 Macworld conference, Jobs demonstrated the [[Apple TV]], (previously known as the iTV),<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/sep/12itunes7.html Apple Announces iTunes 7 with Amazing New Features] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> a set-top video device intended to bridge the sale of content from iTunes with high-definition televisions. The device links up to a user's TV and synchronizes, either via Wi-Fi or a wired network, with one computer's [[iTunes]] library and streams from an additional four computers. The Apple TV originally incorporated a 40&nbsp;GB hard drive for storage, includes outputs for [[HDMI]] and [[component video]], and plays video at a maximum resolution of [[720p]].<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/01/09appletv.html Apple TV Coming to Your Living Room] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> In May 2007, a 160&nbsp;GB drive was released alongside the existing 40&nbsp;GB model<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/05/30appletv.html YouTube Coming to Apple TV] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> and in January 2008 a software update was released, which allowed media to be purchased directly from the Apple TV.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/01/15appletv.html Apple Introduces New Apple TV Software & Lowers Price to $229] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
−
At the 2007 Macworld conference, Jobs demonstrated the [[Apple TV]], (previously known as the iTV),<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/sep/12itunes7.html Apple Announces iTunes 7 with Amazing New Features<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> a set-top video device intended to bridge the sale of content from iTunes with high-definition televisions. The device links up to a user's TV and syncs, either via Wi-Fi or a wired network, with one computer's [[iTunes]] library and streams from an additional four. The Apple TV originally incorporated a 40&nbsp;GB hard drive for storage, includes outputs for [[HDMI]] and [[component video]], and plays video at a maximum resolution of [[720p]].<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/01/09appletv.html Apple TV Coming to Your Living Room<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> On May 31, 2007 a 160&nbsp;GB drive was released alongside the existing 40&nbsp;GB model<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/05/30appletv.html YouTube Coming to Apple TV<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> and on January 15, 2008 a software update was released, which allowed media to be purchased directly from the Apple TV.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/01/15appletv.html Apple Introduces New Apple TV Software & Lowers Price to $229<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref>
 
  
 
===Software===
 
===Software===
−
{{see also|List of Macintosh software}}
+
Apple develops its own [[operating system]] to run on Macs, [[Mac OS X]] (the latest version is [[Mac OS X v10.5|Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard]]). Apple also independently develops computer software titles for its Mac OS X operating system. Much of the software Apple develops is bundled with its computers. An example of this is the consumer-oriented iLife software package which includes [[iDVD]], [[iMovie]], [[iPhoto]], [[iTunes]], [[GarageBand]], and [[iWeb]]. For presentation, page layout and word processing, [[iWork]] is available, which includes [[Keynote (software)|Keynote]], [[Pages]], and [[Numbers (software)|Numbers]]. iTunes, [[QuickTime]] media player, [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] [[web browser]], and [[Software Update]] are available as free downloads for both Mac OS X and [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]].
−
Apple develops its own [[operating system]] to run on Macs, [[Mac OS X]], the latest version being [[Mac OS X v10.5|Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard]]. Apple also independently develops computer software titles for its Mac OS X operating system. Much of the software Apple develops is bundled with its computers. An example of this is the consumer-oriented iLife software package which bundles [[iDVD]], [[iMovie]], [[iPhoto]], [[iTunes]], [[GarageBand]], and [[iWeb]]. For presentation, page layout and word processing, [[iWork]] is available, which includes [[Keynote (software)|Keynote]], [[Pages]], and [[Numbers (software)|Numbers]]. iTunes, [[QuickTime]] media player, [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] [[web browser]], and [[Software Update]] are available as free downloads for both Mac OS X and [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]].
 
  
 
Apple also offers a range of professional software titles. Their range of server software includes the operating system [[Mac OS X Server]]; [[Apple Remote Desktop]], a remote systems management application; [[WebObjects]], [[Java Platform, Enterprise Edition|Java EE]] [[World Wide Web|Web]] [[application server]]; and [[Xsan]], a [[Storage Area Network]] file system. For the professional creative market, there is [[Aperture (software)|Aperture]] for professional [[Raw image format|RAW]]-format [[photo]] processing; [[Final Cut Studio]], a video production suite; [[Logic Pro|Logic]], a comprehensive music toolkit and [[Shake (software)|Shake]], an advanced effects composition program.
 
Apple also offers a range of professional software titles. Their range of server software includes the operating system [[Mac OS X Server]]; [[Apple Remote Desktop]], a remote systems management application; [[WebObjects]], [[Java Platform, Enterprise Edition|Java EE]] [[World Wide Web|Web]] [[application server]]; and [[Xsan]], a [[Storage Area Network]] file system. For the professional creative market, there is [[Aperture (software)|Aperture]] for professional [[Raw image format|RAW]]-format [[photo]] processing; [[Final Cut Studio]], a video production suite; [[Logic Pro|Logic]], a comprehensive music toolkit and [[Shake (software)|Shake]], an advanced effects composition program.
  
−
Apple also offers online services with [[MobileMe]] (formerly [[.Mac]]) which bundles personal [[web page]]s, [[email]], [[social network service|Groups]], [[iDisk]], [[Backup (backup software)|backup]], [[iSync]], and Learning Center online tutorials. MobileMe is a subscription-based internet suite that capitalizes on the ability to store personal data on an online server and thereby keep all web-connected devices in sync.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.apple.com/mobileme/features/|title=Apple.com&nbsp;— MobileMe&nbsp;— Features|accessdate=August 31|accessyear=2008}}</ref> Announced at MacWorld Expo 2009, [[iWork.com]] allows iWork users to upload documents for sharing and collaboration.
+
Apple also offers online services with [[MobileMe]] (formerly [[.Mac]]) which incorporates personal [[web page]]s, [[email]], [[social network service|Groups]], [[iDisk]], [[Backup (backup software)|backup]], [[iSync]], and Learning Center online tutorials. MobileMe is a subscription-based internet suite that capitalizes on the ability to store personal data on an online server and thereby keep all web-connected devices in sync.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.apple.com/mobileme/features/|title=Apple.com&nbsp;— MobileMe&nbsp;— Features|accessdate= February 13 |accessyear=2009}}</ref> [[iWork.com]], announced at MacWorld Expo 2009,  allows iWork users to upload documents for sharing and collaboration.
−
{{Timeline of Apple Products}}
 
  
 
==Culture==
 
==Culture==
 
===Business===
 
===Business===
−
Apple was one of several highly successful companies founded in the 1970s that bucked the traditional notions of what a corporate culture should look like in terms of organizational hierarchy (flat versus tall, casual versus formal attire, etc.). Other highly successful firms with similar cultural aspects from the same time period include [[Southwest Airlines]] and [[Microsoft]]. Originally, the company stood in opposition to staid competitors like [[IBM]] more or less by default, thanks to the influence of its founders; Steve Jobs often walked around the office barefoot even after Apple was a [[Fortune 500]] company. By the time of the [[1984 (television commercial)|"1984" TV ad]], this trait had become a key way the company attempts differentiated itself from its competitors.<ref>[[ValueWiki:AAPL#Corporate Culture|Apple Corporate Culture]]</ref>
+
Apple was one of several highly successful companies founded in the 1970s that challenged the traditional notions of corporate culture, implementing a horizontal rather than a vertical (flat versus tall) organizational hierarchy and requiring employees to wear casual rather than formal attire. Other highly successful firms with similar cultural aspects from the same time period include [[Southwest Airlines]] and [[Microsoft]]. Apple seemed to be in direct contrast to staid competitors like [[IBM]]; Steve Jobs often walked around the office barefoot even after Apple became a [[Fortune 500]] company. By the time of the [[1984 (television commercial)|"1984" TV ad]], this trait had become a key way in which the company attempts differentiated itself from its competitors.  
  
−
As the company has grown and been led by a series of chief executives, each with his own idea of what Apple should be, some of its original character has arguably been lost, but Apple still has a reputation for fostering individuality and excellence that reliably draws talented people into its employ, especially after Jobs' return. To recognize the best of its employees, Apple created the Apple Fellows program. Apple Fellows are those who have made extraordinary technical or leadership contributions to [[personal computing]] while at the company. The Apple Fellowship has so far been awarded to a few individuals including [[Bill Atkinson]],<ref name="hertzfeld">[[Andy Hertzfeld|Hertzfeld, Andy]]. [http://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=Credit_Where_Due.txt Credit Where Due],''Folklore.org'', January 1983. Retrieved on 2006-05-26.</ref> [[Steve Capps]],<ref>[https://www.msu.edu/~luckie/hallofame.htm Newton Hall of Fame!<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> Rod Holt,<ref name="hertzfeld" /> [[Alan Kay]],<ref name="yoyow">Eisenhart, Mary. [http://www.yoyow.com/marye/mtstories/kawasaki.html Fighting Back For Mac], ''MicroTimes'', 1997. Retrieved on 2006-05-26.</ref><ref>[[Andy Hertzfeld|Hertzfeld, Andy]]. [http://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=Leave_Of_Absence.txt Leave of Absence],''Folklore.org'', March 1984. Retrieved on 2006-05-26.</ref> [[Guy Kawasaki]],<ref name="yoyow" /><ref>Kawakami, John. [http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.11/11.09/Sep95Newsbits/index.html Apple Taps Guy Kawasaki For Apple Fellows Program], ''[[MacTech]]'', September 1995. Retrieved on 2006-05-26.</ref> [[Al Alcorn]],<ref>[http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.10/atari.html Wired 4.10: Spawn of Atari]</ref> [[Don Norman]],<ref name="yoyow" /> [[Rich Page]],<ref name="hertzfeld" /> and [[Steve Wozniak]].<ref name="hertzfeld" />
+
Apple has a reputation for fostering individuality and excellence that attracts talented people into its employ. To recognize the best of its employees, Apple created the Apple Fellows program. Apple Fellows are those who have made extraordinary technical or leadership contributions to [[personal computing]] while at the company. The Apple Fellowship has so far been awarded to a few individuals including [[Bill Atkinson]],<ref name="hertzfeld">[[Andy Hertzfeld|Hertzfeld, Andy]]. [http://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=Credit_Where_Due.txt Credit Where Due],''Folklore.org'', January 1983. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> [[Steve Capps]],<ref>[https://www.msu.edu/~luckie/hallofame.htm Newton Hall of Fame] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Rod Holt,<ref name="hertzfeld" /> [[Alan Kay]],<ref name="yoyow"> [http://www.yoyow.com/marye/mtstories/kawasaki.html Fighting Back For Mac], Mary Eisenhart, ''MicroTimes'', 1997. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>[[Andy Hertzfeld|Hertzfeld, Andy]]. [http://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=Leave_Of_Absence.txt Leave of Absence],''Folklore.org'', March 1984. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> [[Guy Kawasaki]],<ref name="yoyow" /><ref>[http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.11/11.09/Sep95Newsbits/index.html Apple Taps Guy Kawasaki For Apple Fellows Program], John Kawakami, ''[[MacTech]]'', September 1995. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> [[Al Alcorn]],<ref>[http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.10/atari.html Wired 4.10: Spawn of Atari] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> [[Don Norman]],<ref name="yoyow" /> [[Rich Page]],<ref name="hertzfeld" /> and [[Steve Wozniak]].<ref name="hertzfeld" />
  
 
===User===
 
===User===
−
According to surveys by [[J. D. Power]], Apple has the highest brand and repurchase loyalty of any computer manufacturer. While this brand loyalty is considered unusual for any product, Apple appears not to have gone out of its way to create it. At one time, [[Apple evangelist]]s were actively engaged by the company, but this was after the phenomenon was already firmly established. Apple evangelist [[Guy Kawasaki]] has called the brand fanaticism "something that was stumbled upon".<ref>Huba, Jackie; McConnell, Ben. [http://www.creatingcustomerevangelists.com/resources/evangelists/guy_kawasaki.asp The father of evangelism marketing].</ref> Apple has, however, supported the continuing existence of a network of [[Macintosh User Group|Mac]] [[user group|User Groups]] in most major and many minor centers of population where Mac computers are available.
+
According to surveys by [[J. D. Power]], Apple has the highest brand and repurchase loyalty of any computer manufacturer. While this brand loyalty is considered unusual for any product, Apple appears not to have gone out of its way to create it. [[Apple evangelist]]s were actively engaged by the company only after the phenomenon was already firmly established. Apple evangelist [[Guy Kawasaki]] called the brand fanaticism "something that was stumbled upon".<ref>Huba, Jackie; McConnell, Ben. [http://www.creatingcustomerevangelists.com/resources/evangelists/guy_kawasaki.asp The father of evangelism marketing]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Apple has, however, supported the continuing existence of a network of [[Macintosh User Group|Mac]] [[user group|User Groups]] in most major and many minor centers of population where Mac computers are available.
−
 
 
−
Mac users meet at the European [[Apple Expo]] and the San Francisco [[Macworld Conference & Expo]] trade shows where Apple traditionally introduced new products each year to the industry and public. Mac developers in turn gather at the annual Apple [[Worldwide Developers Conference]].
 
  
−
[[Apple Store (retail)|Apple Store]] openings can draw crowds of thousands, with some waiting in line as much as a day before the opening or flying in from other countries for the event.<ref>[http://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/news/2003/12/61513 Apple Store: Chain of Devotion<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> The [[New York City]] [[Fifth Avenue]] "Cube" store had a line as long as half a mile; a few Mac fans took the opportunity of the setting to [[marriage proposal|propose marriage]].<ref>[http://ifostore.cachefly.net/fifth_avenue/index.html ifo Apple Store - Fifth Avenue Grand Opening<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> The [[Ginza]] opening in [[Tokyo]] was estimated in the thousands with a line exceeding eight city blocks.<ref>[http://www.japanconsuming.com/news/040828.html JapanConsuming.com: Apple in Osaka<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref>
+
Mac users meet at the European [[Apple Expo]] and the San Francisco [[Macworld Conference & Expo]] trade shows where Apple has traditionally introduced new products each year to the industry and public. Mac developers gather at the annual Apple [[Worldwide Developers Conference]].
  
−
John Sculley told ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper in 1997: "People talk about [[technology]], but Apple was a [[marketing]] company. It was the marketing company of the decade."<ref>[http://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/commentary/cultofmac/2002/12/56677 Wired News: Apple: It's All About the Brand]</ref>
+
[[Apple Store (retail)|Apple Store]] openings have drawn crowds of thousands, with some waiting in line as long as a day before the opening or flying in from other countries for the event.<ref>[http://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/news/2003/12/61513 Apple Store: Chain of Devotion] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> The opening of the [[New York City]] [[Fifth Avenue]] "Cube" store had a line almost half a mile long; a few Mac fans even used the event as a setting to [[marriage proposal|propose marriage]].<ref>[http://ifostore.cachefly.net/fifth_avenue/index.html ifo Apple Store - Fifth Avenue Grand Opening]</ref> The line for the opening of the [[Ginza]] store in [[Tokyo]] exceeded eight city blocks and was estimated in the thousands.<ref>[http://www.japanconsuming.com/news/040828.html JapanConsuming.com: Apple in Osaka] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
  
−
Market research indicates that Apple draws its customer base from an unusually artistic, creative, and well-educated population, which may explain the platform’s visibility within certain youthful, avant-garde subcultures.<ref>[[Ian Fried (writer)|Fried, Ian]]. [http://news.cnet.com/2100-1040-943519.html?hhTest=1 Are Mac users smarter?], ''[[news.com]]'', 2002-07-12. Retrieved on 2006-04-24.</ref>
+
Market research indicates that Apple’s customer base is unusually artistic, creative, and well-educated, which may explain the platform’s popularity with certain youthful, avant-garde subcultures.<ref>[[Ian Fried (writer)|Fried, Ian]]. [http://news.cnet.com/2100-1040-943519.html?hhTest=1 Are Mac users smarter?], ''[[news.com]]'' (July 12, 2002) Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
  
−
==Corporate affairs==
+
==Industry standards==
−
{{see also|List of mergers and acquisitions by Apple|Braeburn Capital}}
+
Apple is [[vertical integration|vertically integrated]], manufacturing the hardware on which they pre-install their software. During the Mac's early history Apple did not adopt prevailing industry standards for hardware, creating their own instead. <ref>[http://lawlor.cs.uaf.edu/~olawlor/ref/mac_ports/index.html Mac Ports] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> This trend was largely reversed in the late 1990s, beginning with Apple's adoption of the [[Peripheral Component Interconnect|PCI]] bus in the [[Power Macintosh 7500|7500]]/[[Power Macintosh 8500|8500]]/[[Power Macintosh 9500|9500]] [[Power Macintosh|Power Macs]]. Apple has since adopted [[USB]], [[AGP]], [[HyperTransport]], [[Wi-Fi]], and other industry standards in its computers and was in some cases a leader in the adoption of such standards such as USB.<ref>[http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/power/library/pa-spec7.html Standards and specs: The ins and outs of USB] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> [[FireWire]],  an Apple-originated standard, was widely adopted after it was standardized as [[IEEE 1394]].<ref>[http://www.1394ta.org/Technology/index.htm 1394 Trade Association: What is 1394?] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
−
Apple has a history of [[vertical integration]] in their products, manufacturing the hardware on which they pre-install their software.{{fact|date=December 2008}}
 
  
−
During the Mac's early history Apple generally refused to adopt prevailing industry standards for hardware, instead creating their own.<ref>[http://lawlor.cs.uaf.edu/~olawlor/ref/mac_ports/index.html Mac Ports<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> This trend was largely reversed in the late 1990s beginning with Apple's adoption of the [[Peripheral Component Interconnect|PCI]] bus in the [[Power Macintosh 7500|7500]]/[[Power Macintosh 8500|8500]]/[[Power Macintosh 9500|9500]] [[Power Macintosh|Power Macs]]. Apple has since adopted [[USB]], [[AGP]], [[HyperTransport]], [[Wi-Fi]], and other industry standards in its computers and was in some cases a leader in the adoption of such standards such as USB.<ref>[http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/power/library/pa-spec7.html Standards and specs: The ins and outs of USB<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> [[FireWire]] is an Apple-originated standard which has seen widespread industry adoption after it was standardized as [[IEEE 1394]].<ref>[http://www.1394ta.org/Technology/index.htm 1394 Trade Association: What is 1394?]</ref>
+
Ever since the first Apple Store opened, Apple has sold third party accessories.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2003/may/20retail.html Apple Marks Second Anniversary of Retail Stores] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>, allowing, for example, [[Nikon]] and [[Canon (company)|Canon]] to sell their Mac-compatible [[digital camera]]s and [[camcorder]]s inside the store. [[Adobe Software|Adobe]], one of Apple's oldest software partners,<ref>[http://www.macworld.com/article/59940/2007/09/adobeandapple.html Opinion: Adobe's DNA is part of Apple] Macworld Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> also sells its Mac-compatible software, as does Microsoft, who sells Microsoft Office for the Mac.  
−
 
 
−
Ever since the first Apple Store opened, Apple has sold third party accessories.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2003/may/20retail.html Apple Marks Second Anniversary of Retail Stores<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> This allows, for instance, [[Nikon]] and [[Canon (company)|Canon]] to sell their Mac-compatible [[digital camera]]s and [[camcorder]]s inside the store. [[Adobe Software|Adobe]], one of Apple's oldest software partners,<ref>[http://www.macworld.com/article/59940/2007/09/adobeandapple.html Opinion: Adobe's DNA is part of Apple | Macworld<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> also sells its Mac-compatible software, as does Microsoft, who sells Microsoft Office for the Mac. Books from [[John Wiley & Sons]], who publishes the [[For Dummies]] series of instructional books, are a notable exception however. The publisher's line of books were banned from [[Apple Store (retail)|Apple Stores]] in 2005 because Steve Jobs disagreed with their editorial policy.<ref>Hafner, Katie: [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/30/technology/30apple.html?ex=1272513600&en=7cc0ad54117bc197&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss Steve Jobs's Review of His Biography: Ban It], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 2005-04-30.</ref>
 
  
 
===Headquarters===
 
===Headquarters===
−
[[Image:Apple 1 Infinite Loop.JPG|right|thumb|Apple Inc., [[Infinite Loop (street)|1 Infinite Loop]], [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[California|CA]].]]Apple Inc.'s world corporate headquarters are located in the middle of [[Silicon Valley]], at 1 [[Infinite Loop (street)|Infinite Loop]], [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[California]]. This Apple campus has six buildings which total {{convert|850000|ft2|m2}} and was built in 1993 by Sobrato Development Cos.<ref>[http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2005/10/03/story4.html Apple gobbles up Cupertino office space - Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal:<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref>
+
[[Image:Apple 1 Infinite Loop.JPG|right|thumb|Apple Inc., [[Infinite Loop (street)|1 Infinite Loop]], [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[California|CA]].]]Apple Inc.'s world corporate headquarters are located in the middle of [[Silicon Valley]], at 1 [[Infinite Loop (street)|Infinite Loop]], [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[California]]. This Apple campus has six buildings which total {{convert|850000|ft2|m2}} and was built in 1993 by Sobrato Development Cos.<ref>[http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2005/10/03/story4.html Apple gobbles up Cupertino office space - Silicon Valley] San Jose Business Journal Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
  
−
In 2006, Apple announced its intention to build a second campus on {{convert|50|acre|m2}} assembled from various contiguous plots. The new campus, also in Cupertino, will be about one mile (1.6&nbsp;km) east of the current campus.<ref>{{cite web | title = The Bay Area: Apple Inc. | work = traveldk.com | publisher = Dorling Kindersley Limited | url = http://traveldk.com/san-francisco/bay-area/member/apple-inc | format = HTML | accessdate = 2008-05-07}}</ref>
+
In 2006, Apple announced its intention to build a second campus on {{convert|50|acre|m2}} assembled from various contiguous plots. The new campus, also in Cupertino, will be about one mile (1.6&nbsp;km) east of the current campus.<ref>{{cite web | title = The Bay Area: Apple Inc. | work = traveldk.com | publisher = Dorling Kindersley Limited | url = http://traveldk.com/san-francisco/bay-area/member/apple-inc | format = HTML | accessdate = February 13, 2009 }}</ref>
−
 
 
−
===CEOs===
 
−
*1977–1981: [[Michael Scott (Apple)|Michael "Scotty" Scott]]
 
−
*1981–1983: [[Mike Markkula|A. C. "Mike" Markkula]]
 
−
*1983–1993: [[John Sculley]]
 
−
*1993–1996: [[Michael Spindler]]
 
−
*1996–1997: [[Gil Amelio]]
 
−
*1997–Present: [[Steve Jobs]] (Interim CEO 1997–2000)
 
−
 
 
−
===Directors===
 
−
{{see also|Category:Directors of Apple Inc.}}
 
−
*[[Bill Campbell (CEO)|Bill Campbell]], Chairman of [[Intuit Inc.]]
 
−
*[[Millard Drexler]], Chairman and CEO of [[J.Crew]]
 
−
*[[Al Gore]], Former [[Vice President of the United States]]
 
−
*[[Steve Jobs]], CEO and Co-founder of Apple; also a director of [[The Walt Disney Company]]
 
−
*[[Andrea Jung]], Chairman and CEO of [[Avon Products]]
 
−
*[[Arthur D. Levinson]], Chairman and CEO of [[Genentech]]
 
−
*[[Eric E. Schmidt]], Chairman and CEO of [[Google]]
 
−
*[[Jerry York (businessman)|Jerry York]], Chairman, President, and CEO of Harwinton Capital
 
−
 
 
−
===Executives===
 
−
{{see also|Category:Apple Inc. executives}}
 
−
*[[Steve Jobs]], [[Chief Executive Officer]]
 
−
*[[Timothy D. Cook]], [[Chief Operating Officer]]
 
−
*[[Peter Oppenheimer]], [[Chief Financial Officer]]
 
−
*[[Philip W. Schiller]], Senior Vice President of Worldwide [[Product Marketing]]
 
−
*[[Mark Papermaster]], Senior Vice President of Devices Hardware Engineering
 
−
*[[Jonathan Ive]], Senior Vice President of [[Industrial Design]]
 
−
*[[Bertrand Serlet]], Senior Vice President of [[Software Engineering]]
 
−
*[[Ron Johnson (Apple)|Ron Johnson]], Senior Vice President of [[Retail]]
 
−
*[[Sina Tamaddon]], Senior Vice President of [[Software Application|Applications]]
 
−
*[[Scott Forstall]], Senior Vice President of [[iPhone]] Software
 
−
*Bob Mansfield, Senior Vice President [[Macintosh|Mac]] Hardware
 
−
*Daniel Cooperman, [[General Counsel]] and [[Company secretary|Secretary]]
 
−
 
 
−
===Advertising===
 
−
{{main|Apple Inc. advertising}}
 
−
Since the introduction of the Macintosh in 1984 with the [[1984 (television commercial)|1984]] [[Super Bowl]] [[Super Bowl advertising|commercial]] to the more modern '[[Get a Mac]]' adverts, Apple has been recognized in the past for its efforts towards effective advertising and marketing for its products, though it has been [[Apple Inc. advertising#Criticism|criticized]] for the claims of some more recent campaigns, particularly 2005 Power Mac ads<ref>[http://windowsitpro.com/article/articleid/42165/bbb-tells-apple-to-halt-misleading-ads.html BBB Tells Apple to Halt Misleading Ads]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3797261.stm Apple Power Mac ads 'misleading']</ref><ref>[http://www.computing.co.uk/vnunet/news/2192019/asa-clears-apple-ads UK watchdog clears Apple ads]</ref> and iPhone ads in [[United Kingdom|Britain]].
 
  
 
====Logos====
 
====Logos====
 
:''See also: [[U+F8FF]] or ''<span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, monotype">[[]]</span>'', seen as the Apple logo in [[Typography of Apple Inc.|some fonts]].''
 
:''See also: [[U+F8FF]] or ''<span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, monotype">[[]]</span>'', seen as the Apple logo in [[Typography of Apple Inc.|some fonts]].''
−
Apple’s first logo, designed by Jobs and Wayne, depicts [[Sir Isaac Newton]] sitting under an apple tree. Almost immediately, though, this was replaced by [[Rob Janoff]]’s “rainbow Apple”, the now-familiar [[rainbow]]-colored silhouette of an apple with a bite taken out of it, possibly as a tribute to [[Isaac Newton]]'s discoveries of gravity (the apple), and the separation of light by prisms (the colors). This was one of several designs Janoff presented to Jobs in 1976.<ref>[http://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/news/2003/09/60597 Wired News: Apple Doin' the Logo-Motion]</ref>
+
Apple’s first logo, designed by Jobs and Wayne, depicted [[Sir Isaac Newton]] sitting under an apple tree. Almost immediately this was replaced by [[Rob Janoff]]’s “rainbow Apple,” the now-familiar [[rainbow]]-colored silhouette of an apple with a bite taken out of it, possibly as a tribute to [[Isaac Newton]]'s discoveries of gravity (the apple), and the separation of light by prisms (the colors). This was one of several designs Janoff presented to Jobs in 1976.<ref>[http://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/news/2003/09/60597 Wired News: Apple Doin' the Logo-Motion] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
  
−
While it is generally accepted to have referred to Isaac Newton, another explanation exists that the bitten apple pays [[homage]] to the mathematician [[Alan Turing]], who committed suicide by eating an apple he had laced with cyanide.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/artblog/2007/jun/19/theenigmaofalanturing| title = The enigma of Alan Turing| accessdate = 2008-11-05| date = June 19, 2007 | publisher = [[guardian.co.uk]]}}</ref> Turing is regarded as [[List of persons considered father or mother of a field|one of the fathers]] of the computer. The rainbow colors of the logo are rumored to be a reference to the [[rainbow flag (LGBT movement)|rainbow flag]], as a homage to Turing's [[homosexual]]ity.<ref>[http://www.greggore.com/dln021203.htm Understanding the Enigma of the Apple Computer Logo<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref>
+
In 1998, with the launch of the new iMac, Apple began to use a [[monochromatic]] logo&nbsp;— supposedly at the insistence of recently returned Jobs&nbsp;— nearly identical in shape to its previous rainbow incarnation. No specific color is prescribed for the logo throughout Apple's software and hardware line. The logo's shape is one of the most recognized brand symbols in the world, identifies all Apple products and retail stores (the name "Apple" is not even present) and has been included as label stickers in nearly all Macintosh and iPod packages through the years.
−
 
 
−
In 1998, with the roll out of the new iMac, Apple began to use a [[monochromatic]] logo&nbsp;— supposedly at the insistence of recently returned Jobs&nbsp;— nearly identical in shape to its previous rainbow incarnation. However, no specific color is prescribed throughout Apple's software and hardware line. The logo's shape is one of the most recognized brand symbols in the world, identifies all Apple products and retail stores (the name "Apple" is not even present) and has been included as [[label|stickers]] in nearly all Macintosh and iPod packages through the years.
 
−
<div align="center">
 
−
<gallery perrow="5">
 
−
Image:Apple first logo.png|The original Apple logo featuring [[Isaac Newton]] under the fabled [[apple tree]].
 
−
Image:Apple Computer Logo.svg|The [[rainbow]] Apple logo, used from late 1976 to early 1998{{fact|date=February 2009}}
 
−
Image:Apple.svg|The monochrome Apple logo, used from 1998 to late 2000, predominantly on hardware. Still appears on various products in various colors, such as [[iLife]] packaging.{{fact|date=February 2009}}
 
−
Image:Applelogo.svg|Stylized Apple logo, used 2001 to around 2007 on Apple software.{{fact|date=February 2009}}
 
−
Image:Apple-logo.png|Logo used from 2007 to present.
 
−
</gallery>
 
−
</div>
 
  
 
====Slogans====
 
====Slogans====
−
{{main|List of Apple Inc. slogans}}
+
Apple's first slogan, "[[Byte]] into an Apple," was coined in the late 1970s.<ref>{{cite web| title = Apple Company| work = Operating System Documentation Project| publisher = Operating System Documentation Project| date = 2007-12-10| url = http://www.operating-system.org/betriebssystem/_english/fa-apple.htm| accessdate = February 13, 2009}}</ref> From 1997–2002, Apple used the slogan [[Think Different]] in [[advertising campaign]]s. The slogan had a lasting impact on their image and revived their popularity with the media and customers. Although the slogan has been retired, it is still closely associated with Apple.<ref>[http://www.theinspirationroom.com/daily/2005/apple-think-different Apple Think Different Campaign | The Inspiration Room Daily]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Apple also has slogans for specific product lines&nbsp;— for example, "iThink, therefore iMac", was used in 1998 to promote the iMac,<ref>[http://www.wap.org/tours/macworldny/ithink.html MacWorld New York: I think, therefore iMac]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> and "Say hello to iPhone" has been used in iPhone advertisements.<ref>[http://billday.com/2007/06/29/say-hello-to-iphone/ Say hello to iPhone] BillDay.com. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> "Hello" was also used to introduce the original Macintosh, iMac ("hello (again)"), and iPod when they were announced by Steve Jobs.
−
Apple's first slogan, "[[Byte]] into an Apple", was coined in the late 1970s.<ref>{{cite web| title = Apple Company| work = Operating System Documentation Project| publisher = Operating System Documentation Project| date = 2007-12-10| url = http://www.operating-system.org/betriebssystem/_english/fa-apple.htm| accessdate = 2008-08-18 }}</ref> From 1997–2002, Apple used the slogan [[Think Different]] in [[advertising campaign]]s. The slogan had a lasting impact on their image and revived their popularity with the media and customers. Although the slogan has been retired, it is still closely associated with Apple.<ref>[http://www.theinspirationroom.com/daily/2005/apple-think-different Apple Think Different Campaign | The Inspiration Room Daily]. Retrieved August 12, 2008</ref> Apple also has slogans for specific product lines&nbsp;— for example, "iThink, therefore iMac", was used in 1998 to promote the iMac,<ref>[http://www.wap.org/tours/macworldny/ithink.html MacWorld New York: I think, therefore iMac]. Retrieved August 13, 2008.</ref> and "Say hello to iPhone" has been used in iPhone advertisements.<ref>[http://billday.com/2007/06/29/say-hello-to-iphone/ BillDay.com » Say hello to iPhone]. Retrieved August 13, 2008.</ref> "Hello" was also used to introduce the original Macintosh, iMac ("hello (again)"), and iPod when they were announced by Steve Jobs.{{fact|date=December 2008}}
 
  
 
==Environmental record==
 
==Environmental record==
−
[[Greenpeace]], an [[environmentalist]] organization, has controversially confronted Apple on various environmental issues, including promoting a global end-of-life take-back plan, non-recyclable hardware components, and toxins within the [[iPhone]] hardware.<ref name=itox /><ref>[http://i.abcnews.com/Technology/PCWorld/story?id=3731164 ABC News: Is the iPhone Toxic? Greenpeace Says So]. Retrieved August 12, 2008</ref> Since 2003 they have campaigned against Apple regarding their chemical policies, in particular the inclusion of [[polyvinyl chloride|PVC]] and [[brominated flame retardant|BFR]]s in their products.<ref name=itox>[http://www.greenpeace.org/apple/itox.html iTox + iWaste]. Retrieved August 12, 2008.</ref> On May 2, 2007, [[Steve Jobs]] released a report announcing plans to completely eliminate PVC and BFRs by the end of 2008.<ref name="agreenapple">[http://www.apple.com/hotnews/agreenerapple/ Apple - A Greener Apple]. Retrieved August 12, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/tasty-apple-news-020507 Tasty news from Apple! | Greenpeace International]. Retrieved August 12, 2008</ref>
+
[[Greenpeace]], an [[environmentalist]] organization, has confronted Apple on various environmental issues, including the need to develop a global end-of-life take-back plan, non-recyclable hardware components, and toxins within the [[iPhone]] hardware.<ref name=itox /><ref>[http://i.abcnews.com/Technology/PCWorld/story?id=3731164 ABC News: Is the iPhone Toxic? Greenpeace Says So]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Since 2003 they have campaigned against Apple regarding their chemical policies, in particular the inclusion of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in their products.<ref name=itox>[http://www.greenpeace.org/apple/itox.html iTox + iWaste]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> In May 2007, [[Steve Jobs]] released a report announcing plans to completely eliminate PVC and BFRs by the end of 2008.<ref name="agreenapple">[http://www.apple.com/hotnews/agreenerapple/ Apple - A Greener Apple]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>  
  
−
Greenpeace runs a "Guide to Greener Electronics", which rates companies on chemical-disposal waste-reduction practices. In the first edition, released in August 2006, Apple scored 2.7/10.<ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/toxics/electronics/how-the-companies-line-1 How the companies line up | Greenpeace International]. Retrieved August 12, 2008</ref> In subsequent editions Apple's score has improved steadily.<ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/toxics/electronics/how-the-companies-line-2 How the companies line up: 2nd Edition | Greenpeace International]. Retrieved August 12, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/toxics/electronics/how-the-companies-line-3 How the companies line up: 3rd Edition | Greenpeace International]. Retrieved August 12, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/toxics/electronics/how-the-companies-line-4 How the companies line up: 4th Edition | Greenpeace International]. Retrieved August 12, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/toxics/electronics/how-the-companies-line-up-6 How the companies line up: 6th Edition | Greenpeace International]. Retrieved August 12, 2008</ref> Apple has soon improved its score to a 4.1/10, placing it in the 45 percentile among 17 other electronic companies and 10th in the rankings.<ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/news/company-scores-plummet Company scores plummet in Greener Electronics Guide | Greenpeace USA<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref>
+
Greenpeace’s "Guide to Greener Electronics" rates companies on chemical-disposal waste-reduction practices. In the first edition, released in August 2006, Apple scored 2.7/10.<ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/toxics/electronics/how-the-companies-line-1 How the companies line up | Greenpeace International]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/toxics/electronics/how-the-companies-line-up-6 How the companies line up: 6th Edition | Greenpeace International]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Apple has since improved its score to a 4.1/10, placing it 10th in the rankings.<ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/news/company-scores-plummet Company scores plummet in Greener Electronics Guide | Greenpeace USA<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref>
  
−
At the 2007 [[Macworld Expo]], Greenpeace presented a critique of Apple. Rick Hind, the legislative director of Greenpeace's toxics campaign, said, "(The company) is getting greener, but not green enough." Hind commented further, "The Macbook Air has less toxic PVC plastic and less toxic BFRs, but it could have zero and that would make Apple an eco-leader."<ref name="hylwpa">[http://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/news/2008/01/green_apple Apple's 'Green' Notebook Doesn't Impress Environmentalists]. Retrieved August 12, 2008</ref>
+
In May 2008, [[Climate Counts]], a [[nonprofit organization]] dedicated to directing consumers toward the greenest companies, gave Apple 11 points out of a possible 100 which placed the company last among electronics companies. Climate Counts also labeled Apple with a "stuck icon," adding that Apple was "a choice to avoid for the climate conscious consumer."<ref>[http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/mac/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=207601672 Environmental Group Hits Apple] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
−
 
 
−
In May 2008, [[Climate Counts]], a [[nonprofit organization]] dedicated to directing consumers toward the greenest companies, gave Apple 11 points out of a possible 100 which placed the company last among electronics companies. Climate Counts also labeled Apple with a "stuck icon," and the environmental group added that Apple was "a choice to avoid for the climate conscious consumer."<ref>[http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/mac/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=207601672 Environmental Group Hits Apple]</ref> Steve Jobs responded "get out of the computer business (and) go save some whales."<ref name="hylwpa" />
 
  
 
The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] rates Apple highest amongst producers of notebook computers, and fairly well compared to producers of desktop computers and [[LCD displays]].<ref>[http://www.macobserver.com/article/2007/01/08.6.shtml EPA Gives Apple Silver Rating on Environment || The Mac Observer<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref><ref name="redgreenpeace">[http://arstechnica.com/journals/apple.ars/2007/1/6/6507 EPA information should make GreenPeace red-faced over Apple targeting], ''[[Ars Technica]]''. Retrieved on 2007-01-08.</ref>
 
The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] rates Apple highest amongst producers of notebook computers, and fairly well compared to producers of desktop computers and [[LCD displays]].<ref>[http://www.macobserver.com/article/2007/01/08.6.shtml EPA Gives Apple Silver Rating on Environment || The Mac Observer<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref><ref name="redgreenpeace">[http://arstechnica.com/journals/apple.ars/2007/1/6/6507 EPA information should make GreenPeace red-faced over Apple targeting], ''[[Ars Technica]]''. Retrieved on 2007-01-08.</ref>
Line 258: Line 185:
  
 
==Criticism==
 
==Criticism==
−
{{criticism|date=December 2008}}
+
*The Danish Consumer Complaints Board reported a fault with Apple's [[iBook]] line and criticized Apple's lackluster response to the issue, indicating customer support problems at Apple.<ref>[http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2007/05/04/danes-prove-apple-ibook-g4-has-a-defect Danes prove Apple iBook G4 has a defect]. The INQUIRER. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> A solder joint between two components fractured after a certain number of computer restarts causing the computer to break down, usually outside Apple's warranty period. Websites such as AppleDefects.com have been set up detailing issues on Apple’s product portfolio.<ref>[http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060809-7457.html Quality control problems or growing pains at Apple?]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://blogs.smh.com.au/mashup/archives/005023.html The Sydney Morning Herald Blogs: MashUp] Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
−
*The Danish Consumer Complaints Board reported a fault with Apple's [[iBook]] line and criticized Apple's lackluster response to the issue, indicating customer support problems at Apple.<ref>[http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2007/05/04/danes-prove-apple-ibook-g4-has-a-defect Danes prove Apple iBook G4 has a defect - The INQUIRER]</ref> A solder joint between two components fractured after a certain number of computer restarts causing the computer to break down, usually outside Apple's warranty period. Websites such as AppleDefects.com have been set up detailing issues on Apples product portfolio.<ref>[http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060809-7457.html Quality control problems or growing pains at Apple?].</ref><ref>[http://blogs.smh.com.au/mashup/archives/005023.html The Sydney Morning Herald Blogs: MashUp]</ref>
+
*Apple was criticized for lowering the price of the [[iPhone]] by $200 just two months after its release, resulting in a flood of complaints<ref>[http://www.businessethics.ca/blog/2007/09/were-iphone-early-adopters-abused.html The Business Ethics Blog: Were iPhone Early-Adopters "Abused?"] Chris MacDonald Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.tuaw.com/2007/09/05/apple-screwed-you-so-now-what/ Apple screwed you: So now what? - The Unofficial Apple Weblog (TUAW)] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Apple attempted to address the complaints by offering $100 store credit to early iPhone customers. <ref>[http://www.apple.com/hotnews/openiphoneletter/ Apple - To all iPhone customers] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.engadget.com/2007/09/14/iphones-100-apple-store-credit-program-goes-live/ iPhone's $100 Apple Store Credit program goes live - Engadget] Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
−
*Apple has been criticized for post-launch price changes, most notably after the price of the [[iPhone]] was reduced by $200 just two months after its release, resulting in a flood of complaints to Apple.<ref>[http://www.businessethics.ca/blog/2007/09/were-iphone-early-adopters-abused.html The Business Ethics Blog: Were iPhone Early-Adopters "Abused?", by Chris MacDonald<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref><ref>[http://www.tuaw.com/2007/09/05/apple-screwed-you-so-now-what/ Apple screwed you: So now what? - The Unofficial Apple Weblog (TUAW)]</ref> Apple did however attempt to rectify complaints by offering $100 store credit to early iPhone customers.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/hotnews/openiphoneletter/ Apple - To all iPhone customers]</ref><ref>[http://www.engadget.com/2007/09/14/iphones-100-apple-store-credit-program-goes-live/ iPhone's $100 Apple Store Credit program goes live - Engadget]</ref>
+
*Apple has been accused of pressuring journalists to release their sources of leaked information about new Apple products, even filing lawsuits against "[[Apple v. Does|John Does]]".<ref>[http://www.eff.org/cases/apple-v-does Apple v. Does], ''[[Electronic Frontier Foundation|EFF]]'', 2006-05-26. Retrieved on 2007-05-14.</ref> In particular, Apple fought a protracted battle against the [[Think Secret]] web site which resulted in a "positive solution for both sides". No sources were revealed.<ref>[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/12/20/apple_closes_thinksecret/ Apple mugs Think Secret] The Register. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
−
*Apple has been accused of pressuring journalists to release their sources, with regards to leaked information about new Apple products, going as far as filing lawsuits against "[[Apple v. Does|John Does]]".<ref>[http://www.eff.org/cases/apple-v-does Apple v. Does], ''[[Electronic Frontier Foundation|EFF]]'', 2006-05-26. Retrieved on 2007-05-14.</ref> In particular, Apple fought a protracted battle against the [[Think Secret]] web site which resulted in a "positive solution for both sides". No sources were revealed.<ref>[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/12/20/apple_closes_thinksecret/ Apple mugs Think Secret | The Register]. Retrieved August 12, 2008</ref>
 
 
*There has been criticism of the [[iPhone]] and the [[iPod]] being locked into [[iTunes]] and creating a iTunes store monopoly for these devices.<ref>[http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7002612.stm BBC NEWS | Technology | Time for Apple to face the music?<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> Similarly, Apple has not licensed its [[FairPlay]] DRM system to any other company, preventing iPod and iPhone users from listening to DRM-protected music bought from sources other than the [[iTunes Store]]. DRM-free music from competing services can be purchased and used on Apple devices. However, Apple has transitioned the majority of its iTunes catalog to DRM-free, and will see the rest of the catalog go DRM-free by April.
 
*There has been criticism of the [[iPhone]] and the [[iPod]] being locked into [[iTunes]] and creating a iTunes store monopoly for these devices.<ref>[http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7002612.stm BBC NEWS | Technology | Time for Apple to face the music?<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> Similarly, Apple has not licensed its [[FairPlay]] DRM system to any other company, preventing iPod and iPhone users from listening to DRM-protected music bought from sources other than the [[iTunes Store]]. DRM-free music from competing services can be purchased and used on Apple devices. However, Apple has transitioned the majority of its iTunes catalog to DRM-free, and will see the rest of the catalog go DRM-free by April.
 
*In 2006, the ''[[Mail on Sunday]]'' alleged possible [[sweatshop]] conditions existed in factories in [[China]] where contract manufacturers make the iPod.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/15/AR2006061501898.html Sweatshop Conditions at IPod Factory Reported]</ref> Immediately after the allegations, Apple launched an extensive investigation and worked with their [[manufacture]]rs to remove all unacceptable conditions<ref>[http://www.macnewsworld.com/story/61454.html Apple, IT and the Specter of Sweatshop Labor]</ref> but did not find any instances of sweatshop conditions.<ref>[http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/08/71619 Apple: No Sweatshop IPod Labor]</ref>
 
*In 2006, the ''[[Mail on Sunday]]'' alleged possible [[sweatshop]] conditions existed in factories in [[China]] where contract manufacturers make the iPod.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/15/AR2006061501898.html Sweatshop Conditions at IPod Factory Reported]</ref> Immediately after the allegations, Apple launched an extensive investigation and worked with their [[manufacture]]rs to remove all unacceptable conditions<ref>[http://www.macnewsworld.com/story/61454.html Apple, IT and the Specter of Sweatshop Labor]</ref> but did not find any instances of sweatshop conditions.<ref>[http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/08/71619 Apple: No Sweatshop IPod Labor]</ref>
 
*The batteries in the iPod,<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article993003.ece Apple acts after battery of iPod complaints - Times Online]</ref> iPhone,<ref>[http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9739479-7.html?hhTest=1 Apple's iPhone battery replacement requires 85 bucks, data backup | Tech news blog - CNET News.com]</ref> [[MacBook Air]]<ref>[http://www.slashgear.com/macbook-air-has-non-user-replaceable-battery-storage-159681.php MacBook Air has non-user-replaceable battery & storage - SlashGear]</ref> and 17-inch [[MacBook Pro]] are not easily replaced by users. ''See also: [[Neistat Brothers]].''
 
*The batteries in the iPod,<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article993003.ece Apple acts after battery of iPod complaints - Times Online]</ref> iPhone,<ref>[http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9739479-7.html?hhTest=1 Apple's iPhone battery replacement requires 85 bucks, data backup | Tech news blog - CNET News.com]</ref> [[MacBook Air]]<ref>[http://www.slashgear.com/macbook-air-has-non-user-replaceable-battery-storage-159681.php MacBook Air has non-user-replaceable battery & storage - SlashGear]</ref> and 17-inch [[MacBook Pro]] are not easily replaced by users. ''See also: [[Neistat Brothers]].''
−
*Apple was caught up in controversy regarding the online sales of music in the [[European Union]] where, as a single market, customers should be free to purchase goods and services from any member state. [[iTunes Store]]s there restricted users to only allow the purchase of content from the country to which their payment details originate, which also forced users in some countries to pay higher prices. On December 3, 2004 the British [[Office of Fair Trading]] referred the iTunes Music Store to the [[European Commission]] for violation of EU free-trade legislation. Apple commented that they did not believe they violated EU law, but were restricted by legal limits to the rights granted to them by the music labels and publishers. ''[[PC World]]'' commented that it appeared ''"the Commission's main target is not Apple but the music companies and music rights agencies, which work on a national basis and give Apple very little choice but to offer national stores"''.<ref>[http://www.pcworld.com/article/130384/ PC World - European Borders Fracture iTunes]. Retrieved August 14, 2008.</ref>
+
*Apple was caught up in controversy regarding the online sales of music in the [[European Union]] where, as a single market, customers should be free to purchase goods and services from any member state. [[iTunes Store]]s there restricted users to only allow the purchase of content from the country to which their payment details originate, which also forced users in some countries to pay higher prices. On December 3, 2004 the British [[Office of Fair Trading]] referred the iTunes Music Store to the [[European Commission]] for violation of EU free-trade legislation. Apple commented that they did not believe they violated EU law, but were restricted by legal limits to the rights granted to them by the music labels and publishers. ''[[PC World]]'' commented that it appeared ''"the Commission's main target is not Apple but the music companies and music rights agencies, which work on a national basis and give Apple very little choice but to offer national stores"''.<ref>[http://www.pcworld.com/article/130384/ PC World - European Borders Fracture iTunes]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref>
−
*Apple products - particularly its higher end "pro" computers - are criticized as being overpriced in comparison to competitor products of similar specification<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/41133/118/|title=Apple remains a money-making machine, thanks to iPod touch and Macbooks|last=Zilbreg|first=Christian|date=2009-01-21|accessdate=2009-02-12|publisher=TG Daily}}</ref>.
 
  
−
==References==
+
==Notes==
 
{{reflist|2}}
 
{{reflist|2}}
−
;History
 
−
<div class=references-small>
 
−
*{{cite book|title="So Far: The First Ten Years of a Vision"|publisher=Apple Computer|author=Rob Price|year=1987|isbn=1-55693-974-4}}
 
−
*{{cite web|url=http://www.microprocessor.sscc.ru/comphist/|title=Chronology of Events in the History of Microcomputers|author=Ken Polsson|accessdate=2008-08-18}}
 
−
*{{cite web|url=http://apple2history.org/history/appy/ahb2.html|title=Apple II history|accessdate=2008-08-18}}
 
−
*{{cite web|url=http://www.oazoo.com|title=Apple III history|accessdate=2006-08-05}}</div>
 
  
−
==Further reading==
+
==References==
 
{{Sisterlinks}}
 
{{Sisterlinks}}
 
<div class=references-small>
 
<div class=references-small>
Line 293: Line 212:
 
*Jeffrey S. Young (1988). ''Steve Jobs, The Journey is the Reward'', Lynx Books, ISBN 1-55802-378-X
 
*Jeffrey S. Young (1988). ''Steve Jobs, The Journey is the Reward'', Lynx Books, ISBN 1-55802-378-X
 
*Jeffrey S. Young, William L. Simon (2005), ''iCon Steve Jobs: The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business'', [[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]], ISBN 0-47172-083-6</div>
 
*Jeffrey S. Young, William L. Simon (2005), ''iCon Steve Jobs: The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business'', [[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]], ISBN 0-47172-083-6</div>
 +
;History
 +
<div class=references-small>
 +
*{{cite book|title="So Far: The First Ten Years of a Vision"|publisher=Apple Computer|author=Rob Price|year=1987|isbn=1-55693-974-4}}
 +
*{{cite web|url=http://www.microprocessor.sscc.ru/comphist/|title=Chronology of Events in the History of Microcomputers|author=Ken Polsson|accessdate=2008-08-18}}
 +
*{{cite web|url=http://apple2history.org/history/appy/ahb2.html|title=Apple II history|accessdate=2008-08-18}}
 +
*{{cite web|url=http://www.oazoo.com|title=Apple III history|accessdate=2006-08-05}}</div>
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
Line 320: Line 245:
  
 
{{Link FA|he}}
 
{{Link FA|he}}
 +
  
  
  
 
{{credits|Apple_Inc.|270489428|}}
 
{{credits|Apple_Inc.|270489428|}}

Revision as of 04:08, 14 February 2009

Apple Inc.
[[Image:Apple-logo.png The Glass Apple Logo (1998 – Present)]]
Type Public (NASDAQ: AAPL, LSE: 0HDZ, FWB: APC)
Founded California, United States (April 1, 1976 (1976-04-01), as Apple Computer Inc.)
Headquarters 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, California, United States
Key people Steve Jobs (CEO, Chairman, and Co-founder
Steve Wozniak (Co-founder)
Timothy D. Cook (COO and acting CEO)
Peter Oppenheimer (CFO)
Philip W. Schiller (SVP Marketing)
Jonathan Ive (SVP Industrial Design)
Mark Papermaster (SVP Device Engineering)
Ron Johnson (SVP Retail)
Sina Tamaddon (SVP Applications)
Bertrand Serlet (SVP Software Engineering)
Scott Forstall (SVP iPhone software)
Bob Mansfield (SVP Mac Hardware)
Daniel Cooperman (General Counsel and Secretary)
Industry Computer hardware
Computer software
Consumer electronics
Products Mac
iPod
iPhone
Apple TV
Mac OS X
Mac OS X Server
iLife
iWork
Cinema Display
AirPort
Revenue Green Arrow Up (Darker).png US$ 32.48 billion (FY 2008)[1]
Operating income Green Arrow Up (Darker).png US$ 6.28 billion (FY 2008)
(19.32% operating margin)[1]
Net income Green Arrow Up (Darker).png US$ 4.83 billion (FY 2008)
(14.88% profit margin)[1]
Employees 35,000 (January 21, 2009)[2]


Website Apple.com


Apple Inc., (NASDAQ: AAPL) formerly Apple Computer Inc., is an American multinational corporation that designs and manufactures consumer electronics and software products. The company's best-known hardware products include Macintosh computers, the iPod and the iPhone. Apple software includes the Mac OS X operating system, the iTunes media browser, the iLife suite of multimedia and creativity software, the iWork suite of productivity software, and Final Cut Studio, a suite of professional audio and film-industry software products. The company operates more than 250 retail stores in nine countries[3] and an online store where hardware and software products are sold.

Established in Cupertino, California on April 1, 1976 and incorporated January 3, 1977,[4] the company was called "Apple Computer, Inc." for its first 30 years, but dropped the word "Computer" on January 9, 2007 to reflect the company's ongoing expansion into the consumer electronics market. Apple has about 35,000 employees worldwide and worldwide annual sales of US$32.48 billion in its fiscal year ending September 29, 2008. Apple’s philosophy of comprehensive aesthetic design and its distinctive advertising campaigns have acquired a unique reputation in the consumer electronics industry. Apple has attracted a customer base that is devoted to the company and its brand, particularly in the United States. In 2008, Fortune magazine named Apple the most admired company in the United States.[5]

History

1976–1980: The early years

The Apple I, Apple's first product. Sold as an assembled circuit board, it lacked basic features such as a keyboard, monitor, and case. The owner of this unit added a keyboard and a wooden case.

Apple Computer Inc. was established on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne,[6] to sell the Apple I personal computer kits hand-built by Wozniak[7][8] He had first shown them to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club.[9] The Apple I was sold as a motherboard (with CPU, RAM, and basic textual-video chips. [10] The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 for US$666.66.[11][12][13]

Apple was incorporated January 3, 1977[4] without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800. Mike Markkula provided essential business expertise and funding of $250,000 during the incorporation of Apple.[14][15]

The Apple II was introduced on April 16, 1977 at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It differed from its major rivals, the TRS-80 and Commodore PET, because it came with color graphics and an open architecture. Early models used ordinary cassette tapes as storage devices, but were soon superseded by the introduction of a 5 1/4 inch floppy disk drive and interface, the Disk II.[16]

The Apple II was chosen to be the desktop platform for the ground-breaking VisiCalc spreadsheet program.[17] VisiCalc created a business market for the Apple II, and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II because it could now be used for office work. Until then, Apple had taken a distant third place to sales of Commodore and Tandy. [18][19]

By the end of the 1970s, Apple had a staff of computer designers and a production line. The Apple II was succeeded by the Apple III in May 1980 as the company competed with IBM and Microsoft in the business and corporate computing market.[20]

In December 1979 Xerox granted Apple engineers three days of access to the Xerox PARC facilities in return for $1 million in pre-IPO Apple stock, and Jobs and several Apple employees including Jef Raskin went to see the Xerox Alto. [21]It used a Graphical User Interface (GUI) with graphical elements such as windows, menus, radio buttons, check boxes and icons. Jobs became convinced that all future computers would use a GUI, and development of a GUI began for the Apple Lisa.[22]

1981–1985: Lisa and Macintosh

The Macintosh 128K, the first Macintosh computer.
Steve Jobs began working on the Apple Lisa in 1978 but in 1982 he was pushed from the Lisa team due to infighting, and took over Jef Raskin's low-cost-computer project, the Macintosh. A turf war broke out between Lisa's "corporate shirts" and Jobs' "pirates" over which product would ship first and establish Apple’s reputation. In 1983 Lisa became the first personal computer sold to the public with a GUI, but was a commercial failure because of to its high price tag and limited software titles.[23]

In 1984, Apple launched the Macintosh. Its debut was announced by a famous $1.5 million television commercial, "1984" that aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984,[24] and is now considered a landmark in Apple's history[25]and an advertising masterpiece.[26][27]

The Macintosh initially sold well, but follow-up sales were not strong.[28] That changed with the introduction of the LaserWriter, the first reasonably-priced PostScript laser printer, and PageMaker, an early desktop publishing package. The Mac was particularly powerful due to its advanced graphics capabilities, which were necessary to create the intuitive Macintosh GUI. The combination of these three products has been credited with the creation of the desktop publishing market.[29]

Continued strong sales of the Apple II, and the introduction of the Macintosh, took Apple's sales to new highs. Apple Computer’s initial public offering on September 7, 1984, generated more money than any IPO since Ford Motor Company in 1956 and instantly created more millionaires (about 300) than any company in history.

In 1985 a power struggle developed between Jobs and new CEO John Sculley.[30] Apple's board of directors sided with Sculley and Jobs was removed from his managerial duties. Jobs resigned from Apple and founded NeXT Inc. the same year.[31]

Apple's sustained growth during the early 1980s was partly due to its leadership in the education sector, attributed to its adaptation of the programming language LOGO, used in many schools with the Apple II. In California, Apple Computer Inc. donated an Apple II and one Apple LOGO software package to each public school in the state.

1986–1993: Rise and fall

The Macintosh Portable was Apple's first "portable" Macintosh computer, released in 1989.

In September 1989, Apple Computer released the Macintosh Portable, featuring a black and white active-matrix LCD screen in a hinged cover that covered the keyboard when the machine was not in use, and a mouse trackball that could be removed and located on either side of the keyboard. It was received with excitement from most critics but did not sell well because of several drawbacks including its bulk and limited battery life. Having learned several painful lessons, Apple introduced the PowerBook in 1991, which established the modern form and ergonomic layout of the laptop computer.[32] The same year, Apple introduced System 7, a major upgrade to the operating system which added color to the interface and introduced new networking capabilities. It remained the architectural basis for Mac OS until 2001.

The success of the PowerBook and other products increased operating revenues, and from 1989 to 1991 the Macintosh experienced a "first golden age." [30] Following the success of the LC, Apple introduced the Centris line, a low end Quadra offering, and the ill-fated Performa line which was sold in several confusing configurations and software bundles to avoid competing with the various consumer outlets such as Sears, Price Club, and Wal-Mart, the primary dealers for these models. Consumers did not understand the difference between models, . Causing sales to drop. During this time Apple experimented unsuccessfully with other consumer products including digital cameras, portable CD audio players, speakers, video consoles, and TV appliances. Enormous resources were also invested in the problem-plagued Newton division. Apple’s market share and stock prices continued to slide.

Apple perceived the Apple II family as being expensive to produce, and detracting from sales from the low-end Macintosh. [33] In 1990, Apple released the Macintosh LC with a single expansion slot for the Apple IIe Card to migrate Apple II users to the Macintosh platform.[34] Apple stopped selling the Apple IIe in 1993.

Apple Computer’s rival Microsoft continued to gain market share with Windows, focusing on delivering software with cheap commodity PCs while Apple was offering its customers a richly engineered, but expensive, experience.[35]Apple relied on high profit margins and never developed a clear response to the challenge from Windows. Instead it launched a lawsuit accusing Microsoft of using a graphical user interface similar to the Apple Lisa (Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corporation)[36] which dragged on for years before being thrown out of court. Meanwhile Apple's reputation was damaged by a series of major product flops and missed deadlines, and Sculley was replaced by Michael Spindler as CEO.[37]

1994–1997: Attempts at reinvention

The Newton was Apple's first foray into the PDA markets, as well as one of the first in the industry. A financial failure, it helped pave the way for the Palm Pilot and Apple's own iPhone.

By the early 1990s, Apple was developing alternative platforms to the Macintosh, such as the A/UX. The old Macintosh platform was becoming outdated because it was not built to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, and several important software routines were programmed directly into the hardware. In addition, Apple was facing competition from OS/2 and UNIX vendors like Sun Microsystems. The Macintosh needed to be replaced by a new platform, or reworked to run on more powerful hardware.[38]

In 1994, Apple formed the AIM alliance with IBM and Motorola, to create a new computing platform (the PowerPC Reference Platform), which would use IBM and Motorola hardware coupled with Apple's software. The AIM alliance hoped that the combination of PReP's performance and Apple's software would outdistance the PC and put an end to Microsoft’s dominance. The same year, Apple introduced the Power Macintosh, the first of many Apple computers to use IBM's PowerPC processor.[39]

In 1996, Michael Spindler was replaced by Gil Amelio as CEO. Gil Amelio made many changes at Apple, including massive layoffs.[40] After multiple failed attempts to improve Mac OS, first with the Taligent project, then later with Copland and Gershwin operating systems, Amelio purchased NeXT and its NeXTSTEP operating system, bringing Steve Jobs back to Apple as an advisor.[41] On July 9, 1997, Gil Amelio was ousted by the board of directors after overseeing a three-year record-low stock price and crippling financial losses. Jobs became the interim CEO and began restructuring the company's product line.

At the 1997 Macworld Expo, Steve Jobs announced that Apple would join Microsoft to release new versions of Microsoft Office for the Macintosh, and that Microsoft had made a $150 million investment in non-voting Apple stock.[42]

On November 10, 1997, Apple introduced the Apple Store, tied to a new build-to-order manufacturing strategy.[43][44]

1998–2005: New beginnings

Company headquarters on Infinite Loop in Cupertino, California.

On August 15, 1998, Apple introduced a new all-in-one computer reminiscent of the Macintosh 128K: the iMac. The iMac design team was led by Jonathan Ive, who later designed the iPod and the iPhone.[45][46]The iMac featured the newest technology and a groundbreaking design. It sold close to 800,000 units in its first five months and returned Apple to profitability for the first time since 1993.[47]

During this period, Apple purchased several companies to create a portfolio of professional and consumer-oriented digital production software. In 1998, Apple announced the purchase of Macromedia's Final Cut software, signaling its expansion into the digital video editing market.[48] The following year, Apple released two video editing products: iMovie for consumers; and Final Cut Pro for professionals, which has gone on to be a significant video-editing program, with 800,000 registered users in early 2007.[49] In 2002 Apple purchased Nothing Real for its advanced digital compositing application Shake,[50] as well as Emagic for its music productivity application Logic, which led to the development of Apple’s consumer-level GarageBand application.[51][52] iPhoto's release the same year completed the iLife suite.[53]

Mac OS X, based on NeXT's OPENSTEP and BSD Unix was released on March 24, 2001, after several years of development. Aimed at consumers and professionals alike, Mac OS X aimed to combine the stability, reliability and security of Unix with the ease of use afforded by an overhauled user interface. To aid users in migrating from Mac OS 9, the new operating system allowed the use of OS 9 applications through Mac OS X's Classic environment.[54]

The entrance of the Apple Store on Fifth Avenue in New York City is a glass cube, housing a cylindrical elevator and a spiral staircase that leads into the subterranean store.

On May 19, 2001, Apple opened the first official Apple Retail Stores in Virginia and California.[55] The same year, Apple introduced the iPod portable digital audio player. The product’s success was unprecedented; over 100 million units were sold within six years.[56][57] In 2003, Apple's iTunes Store was introduced, offering online music downloads for $0.99 a song and integration with the iPod. The service quickly became the market leader in online music services, with over 5 billion downloads by June 19, 2008.[58]

Since 2001 Apple's design team has progressively abandoned the use of the translucent colored plastics first used in the iMac G3, beginning with the titanium PowerBook, followed by the white polycarbonate iBook and the flat-panel iMac.[59][60]

2005–present: The Intel partnership

The MacBook Pro (15.4" widescreen) was Apple's first laptop with an Intel microprocessor. It was announced in January 2006 and is aimed at the professional market.

At the Worldwide Developers Conference keynote address on June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs announced that Apple would begin producing Intel-based Mac computers in 2006.[61] On January 10, 2006, the new MacBook Pro and iMac became the first Apple computers to utilize Intel's Core Duo CPU. By August 7, 2006 Apple had transitioned the entire Mac product line to Intel chips, more than one year earlier than announced.[61] The Power Mac, iBook, and PowerBook brands were retired during the transition, the Mac Pro, MacBook, and Macbook Pro became their respective successors.[62][63]

Apple also introduced Boot Camp software to help users install Windows XP or Windows Vista on their Intel Macs alongside Mac OS X.[64]

Apple's success during this period was evident in its stock price. Between early 2003 and 2006, the price of Apple's stock increased more than tenfold, from around $6 per share (split-adjusted) to over $80. In January 2006, Apple's market cap surpassed that of Dell.[65]

Delivering his keynote at the Macworld Expo on January 9, 2007, Steve Jobs announced that Apple Computer, Inc. was changing its name to Apple Inc. The launches of the iPhone and the Apple TV were also announced.[66] The following day, Apple’s share price hit an all-time high of $97.80. In May 2007,Apple's share price rose above $100.[67]

On February 7, 2007, Apple indicated that it would sell music on the iTunes Store without DRM (which would allow tracks to be played on third-party players) if record labels would agree to drop the technology.[68] On April 2, 2007, Apple and EMI jointly announced the removal of DRM technology from EMI's catalog in the iTunes Store, effective in May.[69]

On July 11, 2008, Apple launched the App Store to sell third-party applications for the iPhone and iPod Touch.[70] Within a month, the store sold 60 million applications and averaged sale of $1 million daily. [71]

On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that 2009 would be the last year Apple would be attending the Macworld Expo, and that Phil Schiller would deliver the 2009 keynote in place of Steve Jobs.[72]

Current products

Mac and accessories

The Mac mini, low-cost desktop computer.
  • Mac mini, consumer sub-desktop computer introduced in January 2005.
  • iMac, consumer all-in-one desktop computer that was first introduced by Apple in 1998. Its popularity helped revive the company's fortunes.[47]
  • Mac Pro, workstation-class desktop computer introduced in August 2006.
  • MacBook, consumer notebook introduced in 2006, available in white and aluminum variants.
  • MacBook Air, ultra-thin, ultra-portable notebook, introduced in January 2008.
  • MacBook Pro, professional portable computer alternative to the MacBook, introduced in January 2006.
  • Xserve, rack mounted, dual core, dual processor 1U server.

Apple sells a variety of computer accessories for Mac computers including the AirPort wireless networking products, Time Capsule, Cinema Display, Mighty Mouse, the Apple Wireless Keyboard computer keyboard, and the Apple USB Modem.

iPod

On October 23, 2001, Apple introduced the iPod digital music player. It has evolved to include various models targeting the needs of different users. The iPod is the market leader in portable music players by a significant margin, with more than 100 million units shipped as of April 9, 2007.[73] Apple has partnered with Nike to introduce the Nike+iPod Sports Kit enabling runners to synchronize and monitor their runs with iTunes and the Nike+ website. Apple currently sells four variants of the iPod.

  • iPod Classic (Previously named iPod from 2001 to 2007), portable media player first introduced in 2001, currently with a 120 GB capacity.
  • iPod Nano, portable media player first introduced in 2005, currently available in 8 and 16 GB models.
  • iPod Shuffle, digital audio player first introduced in 2005, currently available in 1 and 2 GB models.
  • iPod Touch, portable media player first introduced in September 2007, currently available in 8, 16, and 32 GB models.

iPhone

The iPhone, a convergence of an Internet-enabled smartphone and iPod.[74] went on sale in June 2007 for $499 (4 GB) and $599 (8 GB).[75] The original iPhone combined a 2.5G quad band GSM and EDGE cellular phone with features found in hand held devices, running a scaled-down versions of Apple's Mac OS X (dubbed iPhone OS), with various Mac OS X applications such as Safari and Mail. It also included web-based and Dashboard applications such as Google Maps and Weather. The iPhone featured a 3.5-inch (89 mm) touch screen display, 8 or 16 GB of memory, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi (both "b" and "g").[74] In 2008, the iPhone 3G added support for 3G networking and assisted-GPS navigation, with the price cut to $199 for the 8 GB version, and $299 for the 16 GB version.[76] Along with the release of the new iPhone Apple launched an App Store, providing applications for download that were compatible with the iPhone; it has since surpased five hundred million downloads.[77]

Apple TV

At the 2007 Macworld conference, Jobs demonstrated the Apple TV, (previously known as the iTV),[78] a set-top video device intended to bridge the sale of content from iTunes with high-definition televisions. The device links up to a user's TV and synchronizes, either via Wi-Fi or a wired network, with one computer's iTunes library and streams from an additional four computers. The Apple TV originally incorporated a 40 GB hard drive for storage, includes outputs for HDMI and component video, and plays video at a maximum resolution of 720p.[79] In May 2007, a 160 GB drive was released alongside the existing 40 GB model[80] and in January 2008 a software update was released, which allowed media to be purchased directly from the Apple TV.[81]

Software

Apple develops its own operating system to run on Macs, Mac OS X (the latest version is Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard). Apple also independently develops computer software titles for its Mac OS X operating system. Much of the software Apple develops is bundled with its computers. An example of this is the consumer-oriented iLife software package which includes iDVD, iMovie, iPhoto, iTunes, GarageBand, and iWeb. For presentation, page layout and word processing, iWork is available, which includes Keynote, Pages, and Numbers. iTunes, QuickTime media player, Safari web browser, and Software Update are available as free downloads for both Mac OS X and Windows.

Apple also offers a range of professional software titles. Their range of server software includes the operating system Mac OS X Server; Apple Remote Desktop, a remote systems management application; WebObjects, Java EE Web application server; and Xsan, a Storage Area Network file system. For the professional creative market, there is Aperture for professional RAW-format photo processing; Final Cut Studio, a video production suite; Logic, a comprehensive music toolkit and Shake, an advanced effects composition program.

Apple also offers online services with MobileMe (formerly .Mac) which incorporates personal web pages, email, Groups, iDisk, backup, iSync, and Learning Center online tutorials. MobileMe is a subscription-based internet suite that capitalizes on the ability to store personal data on an online server and thereby keep all web-connected devices in sync.[82] iWork.com, announced at MacWorld Expo 2009, allows iWork users to upload documents for sharing and collaboration.

Culture

Business

Apple was one of several highly successful companies founded in the 1970s that challenged the traditional notions of corporate culture, implementing a horizontal rather than a vertical (flat versus tall) organizational hierarchy and requiring employees to wear casual rather than formal attire. Other highly successful firms with similar cultural aspects from the same time period include Southwest Airlines and Microsoft. Apple seemed to be in direct contrast to staid competitors like IBM; Steve Jobs often walked around the office barefoot even after Apple became a Fortune 500 company. By the time of the "1984" TV ad, this trait had become a key way in which the company attempts differentiated itself from its competitors.

Apple has a reputation for fostering individuality and excellence that attracts talented people into its employ. To recognize the best of its employees, Apple created the Apple Fellows program. Apple Fellows are those who have made extraordinary technical or leadership contributions to personal computing while at the company. The Apple Fellowship has so far been awarded to a few individuals including Bill Atkinson,[83] Steve Capps,[84] Rod Holt,[83] Alan Kay,[85][86] Guy Kawasaki,[85][87] Al Alcorn,[88] Don Norman,[85] Rich Page,[83] and Steve Wozniak.[83]

User

According to surveys by J. D. Power, Apple has the highest brand and repurchase loyalty of any computer manufacturer. While this brand loyalty is considered unusual for any product, Apple appears not to have gone out of its way to create it. Apple evangelists were actively engaged by the company only after the phenomenon was already firmly established. Apple evangelist Guy Kawasaki called the brand fanaticism "something that was stumbled upon".[89] Apple has, however, supported the continuing existence of a network of Mac User Groups in most major and many minor centers of population where Mac computers are available.

Mac users meet at the European Apple Expo and the San Francisco Macworld Conference & Expo trade shows where Apple has traditionally introduced new products each year to the industry and public. Mac developers gather at the annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference.

Apple Store openings have drawn crowds of thousands, with some waiting in line as long as a day before the opening or flying in from other countries for the event.[90] The opening of the New York City Fifth Avenue "Cube" store had a line almost half a mile long; a few Mac fans even used the event as a setting to propose marriage.[91] The line for the opening of the Ginza store in Tokyo exceeded eight city blocks and was estimated in the thousands.[92]

Market research indicates that Apple’s customer base is unusually artistic, creative, and well-educated, which may explain the platform’s popularity with certain youthful, avant-garde subcultures.[93]

Industry standards

Apple is vertically integrated, manufacturing the hardware on which they pre-install their software. During the Mac's early history Apple did not adopt prevailing industry standards for hardware, creating their own instead. [94] This trend was largely reversed in the late 1990s, beginning with Apple's adoption of the PCI bus in the 7500/8500/9500 Power Macs. Apple has since adopted USB, AGP, HyperTransport, Wi-Fi, and other industry standards in its computers and was in some cases a leader in the adoption of such standards such as USB.[95] FireWire, an Apple-originated standard, was widely adopted after it was standardized as IEEE 1394.[96]

Ever since the first Apple Store opened, Apple has sold third party accessories.[97], allowing, for example, Nikon and Canon to sell their Mac-compatible digital cameras and camcorders inside the store. Adobe, one of Apple's oldest software partners,[98] also sells its Mac-compatible software, as does Microsoft, who sells Microsoft Office for the Mac.

Headquarters

File:Apple 1 Infinite Loop.JPG
Apple Inc., 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, CA.

Apple Inc.'s world corporate headquarters are located in the middle of Silicon Valley, at 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, California. This Apple campus has six buildings which total 850,000 square feet (79,000 m²) and was built in 1993 by Sobrato Development Cos.[99]

In 2006, Apple announced its intention to build a second campus on 50 acres (200,000 m²) assembled from various contiguous plots. The new campus, also in Cupertino, will be about one mile (1.6 km) east of the current campus.[100]

Logos

See also: U+F8FF or , seen as the Apple logo in some fonts.

Apple’s first logo, designed by Jobs and Wayne, depicted Sir Isaac Newton sitting under an apple tree. Almost immediately this was replaced by Rob Janoff’s “rainbow Apple,” the now-familiar rainbow-colored silhouette of an apple with a bite taken out of it, possibly as a tribute to Isaac Newton's discoveries of gravity (the apple), and the separation of light by prisms (the colors). This was one of several designs Janoff presented to Jobs in 1976.[101]

In 1998, with the launch of the new iMac, Apple began to use a monochromatic logo — supposedly at the insistence of recently returned Jobs — nearly identical in shape to its previous rainbow incarnation. No specific color is prescribed for the logo throughout Apple's software and hardware line. The logo's shape is one of the most recognized brand symbols in the world, identifies all Apple products and retail stores (the name "Apple" is not even present) and has been included as label stickers in nearly all Macintosh and iPod packages through the years.

Slogans

Apple's first slogan, "Byte into an Apple," was coined in the late 1970s.[102] From 1997–2002, Apple used the slogan Think Different in advertising campaigns. The slogan had a lasting impact on their image and revived their popularity with the media and customers. Although the slogan has been retired, it is still closely associated with Apple.[103] Apple also has slogans for specific product lines — for example, "iThink, therefore iMac", was used in 1998 to promote the iMac,[104] and "Say hello to iPhone" has been used in iPhone advertisements.[105] "Hello" was also used to introduce the original Macintosh, iMac ("hello (again)"), and iPod when they were announced by Steve Jobs.

Environmental record

Greenpeace, an environmentalist organization, has confronted Apple on various environmental issues, including the need to develop a global end-of-life take-back plan, non-recyclable hardware components, and toxins within the iPhone hardware.[106][107] Since 2003 they have campaigned against Apple regarding their chemical policies, in particular the inclusion of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in their products.[106] In May 2007, Steve Jobs released a report announcing plans to completely eliminate PVC and BFRs by the end of 2008.[108]

Greenpeace’s "Guide to Greener Electronics" rates companies on chemical-disposal waste-reduction practices. In the first edition, released in August 2006, Apple scored 2.7/10.[109][110] Apple has since improved its score to a 4.1/10, placing it 10th in the rankings.[111]

In May 2008, Climate Counts, a nonprofit organization dedicated to directing consumers toward the greenest companies, gave Apple 11 points out of a possible 100 which placed the company last among electronics companies. Climate Counts also labeled Apple with a "stuck icon," adding that Apple was "a choice to avoid for the climate conscious consumer."[112]

The Environmental Protection Agency rates Apple highest amongst producers of notebook computers, and fairly well compared to producers of desktop computers and LCD displays.[113][114]

In June 2007 Apple upgraded the MacBook Pro, replacing cold cathode lamps with mercury-free LEDs and arsenic-free LCD glass,[115] and has since done this for all notebooks. Apple has also phased out BFRs and PVCs from various internal components.[108][116][117] Apple also offers detailed information about the emissions, materials, and electrical usage of each product.[118] Apple has also begun to advertise how environmentally friendly their new laptops are including television spots and magazine ads, in addition to touting these facts on their website.[citation needed]

Criticism

  • The Danish Consumer Complaints Board reported a fault with Apple's iBook line and criticized Apple's lackluster response to the issue, indicating customer support problems at Apple.[119] A solder joint between two components fractured after a certain number of computer restarts causing the computer to break down, usually outside Apple's warranty period. Websites such as AppleDefects.com have been set up detailing issues on Apple’s product portfolio.[120][121]
  • Apple was criticized for lowering the price of the iPhone by $200 just two months after its release, resulting in a flood of complaints[122][123] Apple attempted to address the complaints by offering $100 store credit to early iPhone customers. [124][125]
  • Apple has been accused of pressuring journalists to release their sources of leaked information about new Apple products, even filing lawsuits against "John Does".[126] In particular, Apple fought a protracted battle against the Think Secret web site which resulted in a "positive solution for both sides". No sources were revealed.[127]
  • There has been criticism of the iPhone and the iPod being locked into iTunes and creating a iTunes store monopoly for these devices.[128] Similarly, Apple has not licensed its FairPlay DRM system to any other company, preventing iPod and iPhone users from listening to DRM-protected music bought from sources other than the iTunes Store. DRM-free music from competing services can be purchased and used on Apple devices. However, Apple has transitioned the majority of its iTunes catalog to DRM-free, and will see the rest of the catalog go DRM-free by April.
  • In 2006, the Mail on Sunday alleged possible sweatshop conditions existed in factories in China where contract manufacturers make the iPod.[129] Immediately after the allegations, Apple launched an extensive investigation and worked with their manufacturers to remove all unacceptable conditions[130] but did not find any instances of sweatshop conditions.[131]
  • The batteries in the iPod,[132] iPhone,[133] MacBook Air[134] and 17-inch MacBook Pro are not easily replaced by users. See also: Neistat Brothers.
  • Apple was caught up in controversy regarding the online sales of music in the European Union where, as a single market, customers should be free to purchase goods and services from any member state. iTunes Stores there restricted users to only allow the purchase of content from the country to which their payment details originate, which also forced users in some countries to pay higher prices. On December 3, 2004 the British Office of Fair Trading referred the iTunes Music Store to the European Commission for violation of EU free-trade legislation. Apple commented that they did not believe they violated EU law, but were restricted by legal limits to the rights granted to them by the music labels and publishers. PC World commented that it appeared "the Commission's main target is not Apple but the music companies and music rights agencies, which work on a national basis and give Apple very little choice but to offer national stores".[135]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Apple Inc. (October 21, 2008). Apple Reports Fourth Quarter Results. Press release. Retrieved on 2008-10-25.
  2. ↑ http://seekingalpha.com/article/115797-apple-inc-f1q09-qtr-end-12-27-08-earnings-call-transcript?source=front_page_transcripts&page=-1
  3. ↑ Apple Store—Store List. Apple Inc.. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Apple Investor Relations FAQ, Apple. Retrieved on 2007-03-02.
  5. ↑ Fisher, Anne (March 17, 2008). America's Most Admired Companies. Fortune 157 (5): 65–67.
  6. ↑ Linzmayer, Ronald W. (1999). Apple Confidential: The Real Story of Apple Computer, Inc.. No Starch Press. 
  7. ↑ IOL Technology - Co-founder tells his side of Apple story Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  8. ↑ NPR : A Chat with Computing Pioneer Steve Wozniak Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  9. ↑ Wozniak, Stephen. Homebrew and How the Apple Came to Be, Digital Deli. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  10. ↑ Rebuilding an Apple From the Past, Leander Kahney, Wired, 2002-11-19. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  11. ↑ BBC News: History of Technology. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  12. ↑ Picture of original ad featuring US666.66 price Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  13. ↑ Steve Wozniak: "iWoz", page 180. W. W. Norton, 2006. ISBN 978-0-393-06143-7
  14. ↑ Apple Chronology. Fortune. CNN (1998-01-06). Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  15. ↑ http://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552652/apple_inc_.html, MSN Encarta Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  16. ↑ Steven Weyhrich (April 21, 2002). Apple II History Chapter 4. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  17. ↑ Hormby, Thomas. VisiCalc and the rise of the Apple II, Low End Mac, 2006-09-22. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  18. ↑ Bagnall, Brian (2005). On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore. Variant Press, 109–112. ISBN 0973864907. 
  19. ↑ Personal Computer Market Share: 1975–2004 Retrieved February 13, 2009. The figures show Mac higher, but that is not a single model.
  20. ↑ Coventry, Joshua. Apple III Chaos: What Happened When Apple Tried to Enter the Business Market, Low End Mac, 2006-09-01. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  21. ↑ Fool.com: How Xerox Forfeited the PC War [Fool on the Hill September 18, 2000]. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  22. ↑ Apple at 30 - 1976 to 1986 | World of Apple. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
  23. ↑ Hormby, Thomas. A history of Apple's Lisa, 1979–1986, Low End Mac, 2005-10-06. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  24. ↑ Apple's 1984: The Introduction of the Macintosh in the Cultural History of Personal Computers
  25. ↑ Apple's '1984' Super Bowl commercial still stands as watershed event Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  26. ↑ Leopold, Todd (February 3, 2006). Why 2006 isn't like '1984'. CNN. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  27. ↑ Cellini, Adelia (January 2004). The Story Behind Apple's '1984' TV commercial: Big Brother at 20. Macworld 21.1, page 18. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  28. ↑ Hormby, Thomas. Good-bye Woz and Jobs: How the first Apple era ended in 1985, Low End Mac, 2006-10-02. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  29. ↑ When was desktop publishing invented? Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Hormby, Thomas. Growing Apple with the Macintosh: The Sculley years, Low End Mac, 2006-02-22. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  31. ↑ Spector, G, "Apple's Jobs Starts New Firm, Targets Education Market", PC Week, September 24, 1985, p. 109.
  32. ↑ Hormby, Thomas. Birth of the PowerBook: How Apple took over the portable market in 1991, Low End Mac, 2005-11-23. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  33. ↑ Apple II History Chap 11. Retrieved February 13, 2009
  34. ↑ Apple II History Chap 11. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  35. ↑ 1990–1995: Why the World Went Windows. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  36. ↑ Hormby, Thomas. The Apple vs. Microsoft GUI lawsuit, Low End Mac, 2006-08-25. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  37. ↑ Michael Spindler: The Peter Principle at Apple. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  38. ↑ 1990–1995: Hitting the Wall. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  39. ↑ Power Macintosh 6100. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  40. ↑ Chaffin, Bryan. "Former Apple CEO Gil Amelio Lands A New CEO Job || The Mac Observer", The Mac Observer, February 6, 2001. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  41. ↑ Apple Computer, Inc. Finalizes Acquisition of NeXT Software Inc., Apple Inc., 1997-02-07. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  42. ↑ Microsoft and Apple Affirm Commitment to Build Next Generation Software for Macintosh, Apple Inc., (August 6, 1997) Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  43. ↑ Harreld, Heather. "Apple gains tech, agency customers in Next deal", Federal Computer Week, January 5, 1997. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  44. ↑ "Apple unveils new marketing strategy. | Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service (November, 1997)". Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  45. ↑ Grossman, Lev. The Apple Of Your Ear, TIME, 2007-01-12. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  46. ↑ Wilson, Greg. Private iCreator is genius behind Apple's polish, New York Daily News, 2007-01-14. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 800,000 iMacs Sold in First 139 Days. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  48. ↑ Sarkar, Pia. "FRIENDS AND FOES / Despite squabbles, Apple and Adobe have benefited from one another", SFGate, February 25, 2002. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  49. ↑ Sandoval, Greg (April 15, 2007). Apple exhibits Final Cut Studio 2. CNet. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  50. ↑ Chaffin, Bryan. "Apple Shake: Apple Buys Nothing Real, A High End Compositing Software Maker || The Mac Observer", The Mac Observer, February 7, 2002. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  51. ↑ Apple Acquires Emagic, Apple, July 1, 2002. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  52. ↑ Deitrich, Andy. Garage Band: Part 1, ars technica, February 2, 2004. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  53. ↑ Apple Introduces iPhoto, Apple Inc., January 7, 2002. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  54. ↑ Apple - Support - Mac OS X v10.4 Tiger Classic Environment
  55. ↑ ifo Apple Store - Apple Stores 2001-2003 Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  56. ↑ Apple enjoys ongoing iPod demand, BBC News, 2006-01-18. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  57. ↑ Cantrell, Amanda. Apple's remarkable comeback story, CNN, 2006-03-29. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  58. ↑ iTunes Store Tops Five Billion Songs, Apple Inc., 2008-06-19. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  59. ↑ "Apple revamps iBook. | Network World (May, 2001)", Network World, May 2, 2001. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  60. ↑ Magee, Mike. "iMac "All-in-One" is a trinity - The INQUIRER", The Inquirer, January 26, 2002. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Apple to Use Intel Microprocessors Beginning in 2006, Apple Inc., 2005-06-06. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  62. ↑ Power Mac to Mac Pro Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  63. ↑ Apple Unveils New MacBook Featuring Intel Core Duo Processors Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  64. ↑ Hesseldahl, Arik (April 5, 2006). News Flash: Apple Introduces "Boot Camp" To Run Windows XP on Macs. BusinessWeek. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  65. ↑ Gamet, Jeff. Apple Passes Dell's Market Cap, MacObserver, 2006-01-16. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  66. ↑ Apple - Hot News - Macworld 2007 Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  67. ↑ AAPL surges past $100, target at $140, MacNN, 2007-04-26. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  68. ↑ Jobs, Steve. Thoughts on Music, Apple Inc., 2007-02-06. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  69. ↑ Dalrymple, Jim. Apple, EMI offer higher-quality DRM free downloads, Playlist Magazine, 2007-02-06. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  70. ↑ Flandez, Raymund. "Programmers Jockey for iPhone Users at Apple Site", The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  71. ↑ McLaughlin, Kevin. "Apple's Jobs Gushes Over App Store Success - The Channel Wire - IT Channel News And Views by CRN and VARBusiness", ChannelWeb, August 11, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  72. ↑ "Chunkier sidekick to replace Jobs at Macworld", DoesWhat. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  73. ↑ Reardon, Marguerite (April 9, 2007). Apple ships 100 millionth iPod. CNet. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Apple Reinvents the Phone with iPhone Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  75. ↑ iPhone Premieres This Friday Night at Apple Retail Stores Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  76. ↑ Apple Introduces the New iPhone 3G Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  77. ↑ iPhone Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  78. ↑ Apple Announces iTunes 7 with Amazing New Features Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  79. ↑ Apple TV Coming to Your Living Room Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  80. ↑ YouTube Coming to Apple TV Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  81. ↑ Apple Introduces New Apple TV Software & Lowers Price to $229 Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  82. ↑ Apple.com — MobileMe — Features. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 Hertzfeld, Andy. Credit Where Due,Folklore.org, January 1983. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  84. ↑ Newton Hall of Fame Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 Fighting Back For Mac, Mary Eisenhart, MicroTimes, 1997. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  86. ↑ Hertzfeld, Andy. Leave of Absence,Folklore.org, March 1984. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  87. ↑ Apple Taps Guy Kawasaki For Apple Fellows Program, John Kawakami, MacTech, September 1995. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  88. ↑ Wired 4.10: Spawn of Atari Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  89. ↑ Huba, Jackie; McConnell, Ben. The father of evangelism marketing. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  90. ↑ Apple Store: Chain of Devotion Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  91. ↑ ifo Apple Store - Fifth Avenue Grand Opening
  92. ↑ JapanConsuming.com: Apple in Osaka Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  93. ↑ Fried, Ian. Are Mac users smarter?, news.com (July 12, 2002) Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  94. ↑ Mac Ports Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  95. ↑ Standards and specs: The ins and outs of USB Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  96. ↑ 1394 Trade Association: What is 1394? Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  97. ↑ Apple Marks Second Anniversary of Retail Stores Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  98. ↑ Opinion: Adobe's DNA is part of Apple Macworld Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  99. ↑ Apple gobbles up Cupertino office space - Silicon Valley San Jose Business Journal Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  100. ↑ The Bay Area: Apple Inc. (HTML). traveldk.com. Dorling Kindersley Limited. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  101. ↑ Wired News: Apple Doin' the Logo-Motion Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  102. ↑ Apple Company. Operating System Documentation Project. Operating System Documentation Project (2007-12-10). Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  103. ↑ Apple Think Different Campaign | The Inspiration Room Daily. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  104. ↑ MacWorld New York: I think, therefore iMac. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  105. ↑ Say hello to iPhone BillDay.com. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 iTox + iWaste. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  107. ↑ ABC News: Is the iPhone Toxic? Greenpeace Says So. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 Apple - A Greener Apple. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  109. ↑ How the companies line up | Greenpeace International. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  110. ↑ How the companies line up: 6th Edition | Greenpeace International. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  111. ↑ Company scores plummet in Greener Electronics Guide | Greenpeace USA
  112. ↑ Environmental Group Hits Apple Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  113. ↑ EPA Gives Apple Silver Rating on Environment || The Mac Observer
  114. ↑ EPA information should make GreenPeace red-faced over Apple targeting, Ars Technica. Retrieved on 2007-01-08.
  115. ↑ Jobs, Steve (2008). Apple - Environment - Apple 2008 Environmental Update. Apple Inc.. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
  116. ↑ Apple - Mac - Green Notebooks. Apple Inc. (2008). Retrieved 2008-12-24.
  117. ↑ Apple: MacBook Pro Graphics. Retrieved on 2007-06-08.
  118. ↑ Apple - Environment - Resources - Environmental Performance 2008. Apple (2008). Retrieved 2008-12-24.
  119. ↑ Danes prove Apple iBook G4 has a defect. The INQUIRER. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  120. ↑ Quality control problems or growing pains at Apple?. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  121. ↑ The Sydney Morning Herald Blogs: MashUp Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  122. ↑ The Business Ethics Blog: Were iPhone Early-Adopters "Abused?" Chris MacDonald Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  123. ↑ Apple screwed you: So now what? - The Unofficial Apple Weblog (TUAW) Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  124. ↑ Apple - To all iPhone customers Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  125. ↑ iPhone's $100 Apple Store Credit program goes live - Engadget Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  126. ↑ Apple v. Does, EFF, 2006-05-26. Retrieved on 2007-05-14.
  127. ↑ Apple mugs Think Secret The Register. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  128. ↑ BBC NEWS | Technology | Time for Apple to face the music?
  129. ↑ Sweatshop Conditions at IPod Factory Reported
  130. ↑ Apple, IT and the Specter of Sweatshop Labor
  131. ↑ Apple: No Sweatshop IPod Labor
  132. ↑ Apple acts after battery of iPod complaints - Times Online
  133. ↑ Apple's iPhone battery replacement requires 85 bucks, data backup | Tech news blog - CNET News.com
  134. ↑ MacBook Air has non-user-replaceable battery & storage - SlashGear
  135. ↑ PC World - European Borders Fracture iTunes. Retrieved February 13, 2009.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Gil Amelio, William L. Simon (1999), On the Firing Line: My 500 Days at Apple ISBN 0-88730-919-4
  • Jim Carlton, Apple: The Inside Story of Intrigue, Egomania and Business Blunders ISBN 0-88730-965-8
  • Alan Deutschman (2000), The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, Broadway, ISBN 0-76790-432-X
  • Andy Hertzfeld (2004), Revolution in the Valley, O'Reilly Books ISBN 0-596-00719-1
  • Paul Kunkel, AppleDesign: The Work of the Apple Industrial Design Group ISBN 1-888001-25-9
  • Steven Levy (1994), Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer That Changed Everything ISBN 0-14-029177-6
  • Owen Linzmayer (2004), Apple Confidential 2.0, No Starch Press ISBN 1-59327-010-0
  • Michael S. Malone (1999), Infinite Loop ISBN 0-385-48684-7
  • Frank Rose (1990), West of Eden: The End of Innocence at Apple Computer, Penguin Books ISBN 0-14-009372-9
  • John Sculley, John A. Byrne (1987) Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple, Harpercollins, ISBN 0-06-015780-1
  • Steve Wozniak, Gina Smith (2006), iWoz: From Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-06143-4
  • Jeffrey S. Young (1988). Steve Jobs, The Journey is the Reward, Lynx Books, ISBN 1-55802-378-X
  • Jeffrey S. Young, William L. Simon (2005), iCon Steve Jobs: The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business, Wiley, ISBN 0-47172-083-6
History

External links

Template:Companies portal

Template:Apple

Template:NASDAQ-100


Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

Retrieved from https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Apple_Inc.&oldid=925738

Content is available under Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Copyright Logo
Powered by MediaWiki