Warhol, Andy

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[[Image:Helmut Newton- Andy Warhol.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Andy Warhol, photographed by [[Helmut Newton]]]]
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{{epname|Warhol, Andy}}
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[[Image:Popiersie Andy Warhol ssj 20060914.jpg|thumb|250px|Bust of Andy Warhol in Celebrity Alley in Kielce, [[Poland]].]]
  
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'''Andrew Warhola''', better known as '''Andy Warhol''' ([[August 6]], [[1928]] — [[February 22]], [[1987]]), was an [[United States|American]] [[artist]], [[avant-garde]] [[filmmaker]], writer and [[celebrity]]. Warhol also worked as a [[publisher]], [[music producer]] and [[actor]]. He had experience in [[commercial art]], and was one of the founders of the [[Pop art]] movement in the United States in the 1950s.
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'''Andrew Warhola,''' (August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987), or '''Andy Warhol''' as he is known to the world, was an [[United States|American]] [[renaissance man]]. Known primarily for his innovative paintings and artistic achievements, Warhol made a name for himself in the world of [[avant-garde]] film, music, publishing, writing, and acting. He helped to found and define the cultural [[Pop art]] movement that hit America during the 1950s. Though he is best remembered for his paintings of [[Campbell's soup]] cans, he also created hundreds of other works, including commercial advertisements and films. He was controversial, revered, and always daring.  
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==Biography==  
 
==Biography==  
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Warhol was born '''Andrew Warhola''' in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]].  His parents, Andrej (Andrew) Warhola (original surname was Varchola, he changed it after coming to US) and Ulja (Julia) Justyna Zavacka, {{fact}} were working-class immigrants of [[Rusyns|Rusyn (Ruthenian) ethnicity]] from [[Mikova]], in northeast [[Slovakia]]. Despite stories circulating about Warhol's father working in coal mines, Andrej Warhola actually worked in construction in [[Pennsylvania]]. In 1930, the Warhola family lived at 55 Beelen St, in Pittsburgh, PA.  The family was [[Ruthenian Catholic Church|Byzantine Catholic]]. In third grade, Warhol came down with [[Chorea (disease)|St. Vitus' disease]], which affects the nervous system causing involuntary movements and is thought to be a complication of [[Rheumatic fever|scarlet fever]]. This disease changed his appearance and his life forever.  
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'''Andrew Warhola''' was born to Andrej (Andrew) Warhola and Ulja (Julia) Justyna Zavacka on August 6, 1928. His parents were both [[Slovakia|Slovakian]] and the family lived in Pittsburgh, [[Pennsylvania]]. He grew up in a very religious home, his family was [[Ruthenian Catholic Church|Byzantine Catholic]] and attended [[Mass]] often. When Warhol was in the third grade he contracted [[Chorea (disease)|St. Vitus' disease]], which is thought to result from complications of [[Rheumatic fever|scarlet fever]]. Warhol suffered greatly from the attacks of this disease, which caused involuntary muscle movement, on his nervous system. Warhol's appearance altered greatly and he became very self conscious of his looks. Warhol's father, Andrej, worked in construction to support the family, but he died in an accident when Andy was just 13 years old.  
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Warhol showed early artistic talent and studied [[commercial art]] at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]]. In 1949, he moved to [[New York City]] and began a successful career in [[magazine]] illustration and [[advertising]]. He became well-known mainly for his whimsical ink drawings of shoes done in a loose, blotted style. These figured in some of his earliest showings in New York at the [[Bodley Gallery]].
 
  
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[[Image:Warhol-Campbell Soup-1-screenprint-1968.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Campbell's Soup Can 1968]]
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Warhol was a creative and talented child who showed artistic talent early on. After high school he went to study [[commercial art]] at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] in Pittsburgh. He graduated in 1949 and immediately moved to [[New York City]], where he became a successful [[magazine]] illustrator. He created his own style of art called "blotted ink" and soon became one of New York's most sought after illustrators, contributing to magazines like ''Vogue'' and ''Harper's Bazaar.'' In addition to commercial ads he also drew Christmas cards for Tiffany and Company, created book and album covers, and illustrated [[Amy Vanderbilt]]'s ''Complete Book of Etiquette.''
  
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In the 1960s, Warhol began to make paintings of famous American products such as [[Campbell Soup Company|Campbell's soup]] cans and [[Coca-Cola]]. He switched to [[silkscreen]] prints, seeking not only to make art of [[mass production|mass-produced]] items but to mass produce the art itself. He said he wanted to be like a [[machine]]. His most influential and important collaborator during this period was [[Gerard Malanga]], who introduced Warhol to many of the superstars who would soon appear in his films, in addition to assisting the artist with the silkscreening of many of his major paintings, prints, films, sculptures and other items at "''[[The Factory]]''," his [[tinfoil]]-and-silver-paint lined studio located in New York. He also groomed a retinue of bohemian eccentrics upon whom he bestowed the ironic designation "[[Warhol superstars|superstars]]".  
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His first exhibit was at the Hugo Gallery in 1952 and was titled, "Andy Warhol: Fifteen Drawings Based on the Writings of [[Truman Capote]]." From 1956 to 1959 his works were featured at the Bodley Gallery along with one show at the [[Museum of Modern Art]]. By 1962 he was doing shows in California.
  
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A lot of Warhol's works revolve around the concepts of [[Americana]] and American [[popular culture]]. He painted money, food, women's shoes, celebrities, newspaper clippings and everyday objects. To him, these subjects represented American cultural values. For instance, Coca-Cola represented [[Democracy|democratic]] equality:
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In the 1960s, Warhol moved into a studio which he named "The Factory" (the building used to be a factory). The Factory was lined with tinfoil and silver paint and was located in the heart of the city. It was from here that he made his assault on the New York art scene. When he wasn't at the Factory he was hanging out at "Serendipity 3" or "Studio 54."
  
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{{cquote|What's great about this country is that America started the tradition where the richest consumers buy essentially the same things as the poorest. You can be watching TV and see Coca-Cola, and you know that the President drinks Coke, Liz Taylor drinks Coke, and just think, you can drink Coke, too. A Coke is a Coke and no amount of money can get you a better Coke than the one the bum on the corner is drinking. All the Cokes are the same and all the Cokes are good. Liz Taylor knows it, the President knows it, the bum knows it, and you know it.}} This quote is typical of Warhol's deadpan commentary, and critics still argue about how seriously to take his various statements.
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Warhol's works began to revolve around one main concept—[[Americana]] and American [[popular culture]]. His paintings were comprised of money, food, women's shoes, celebrities, newspaper clippings and everyday objects. His music, his writings, and his films all represented American culture and its values.
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He used popular imagery and methods to visualize the American cultural identity of the 20th century. This popular redefinition of American culture is a theme and result of Warhol's art.{{fact}}
 
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===Shooting===
 
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On June 3, 1968, [[Valerie Solanas]] shot Warhol in the chest. Solanas had previously founded a "group" (she was its only member) called the "Society for Cutting Up Men" (S.C.U.M.) and authored the [[S.C.U.M. Manifesto]], a work of [[Radical feminism|radical feminist]] literature that has since found something of a following both from those who take it seriously and those who find it inadvertently humorous. Arrested the day after the assault (coincidentally, the day that Robert F. Kennedy was shot), she said, "He had too much control over my life." Warhol was seriously wounded and suffered physical effects for the rest of his life. He had, for instance, to wear a [[corset]] to support himself. The shooting had a profound effect on Warhol's life and art, and The Factory scene became much more tightly controlled.
 
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===The 1970s===
 
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Compared to the success and scandal of Warhol's work in the 1960s, the 1970s would prove a much quieter decade. This period, however, saw Warhol becoming more entrepreneurial. According to [[Bob Colacello]], Warhol devoted much of his time rounding up new, rich patrons for portrait commissions — including [[Mick Jagger]], [[Liza Minnelli]], [[John Lennon]], [[Diana Ross]], [[Brigitte Bardot]] and [[Michael Jackson]]. He also founded, with [[Gerard Malanga]], ''[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]'' magazine and published ''The Philosophy of Andy Warhol'' (1975). In this book he presents his ideas on the nature of art: "Making [[money]] is art, and working is art and good business is the best art."
 
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Warhol used to socialize at [[Serendipity 3]] and, later in the 70s, [[Studio 54]], nightspots in New York City. He was generally regarded as quiet, shy, and as a meticulous observer. Art critic [[Robert Hughes (critic)|Robert Hughes]] called him "the white mole of [[Union Square (New York City)|Union Square]]".{{citation needed}}
 
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===The 1980s===
 
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Warhol had a re-emergence of critical and financial success in the 1980s, partially due to his affiliation and friendships with a number of prolific younger artists, who were dominating the "[[bull market]]" of '80s New York art: [[Jean-Michel Basquiat]], [[Julian Schnabel]], [[David Salle]] and the so-called [[Neo-Expressionists]], as well as [[Francesco Clemente]], [[Enzo Cucchi]] and members of the [[Transavantguardia]] movement, which had become influential.  In 1985, Andy Warhol was selected as one of the [[Absolut Vodka]] artists, and several of his paintings incorporating the Absolut Vodka bottle in it were utilized in advertisements, bringing his art to the attention of a broader audience.
 
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===Death===
 
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At the relatively young age of 58, Warhol died in New York City at 6:32 a.m. on February 22, 1987. According to news reports, he had been making good recovery from a routine [[gallbladder]] surgery at [[New York Hospital]] before dying in his sleep from a sudden [[heart attack]]. The hospital staff had failed to monitor his condition and overloaded him with fluids after his operation, prompting Warhol's lawyers to sue the hospital for [[negligence]].
 
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Prior to his diagnosis and operation, Warhol delayed having his recurring gallbladder problems checked, as he was afraid to enter hospitals and see doctors.
 
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Warhol is interred at St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery in [[Bethel Park, Pennsylvania]], south of Pittsburgh. [[Yoko Ono]] was among the speakers at his funeral.
 
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Warhol had so many possessions it took [[Sotheby's]] nine days to auction his estate after his death for a total gross amount of over US $20 million. His total estate was worth considerably more, in no small part due to shrewd investments over the years.
 
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===Religious beliefs===
 
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Warhol regularly volunteered at [[homeless shelter]]s in New York, particularly during the busier times of the year, and described himself as a religious person. Many of his later works contain almost hidden religious themes or subjects, and a body of religious-themed works was found posthumously in his estate. Warhol also regularly attended [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] during his life, and the pastor of his Byzantine Rite Catholic church, Saint Vincent's, reports that he visited the church almost daily.
 
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Warhol's brother has described the artist as "really religious, but he didn't want people to know about that because [it was] private."  Despite the private nature of his faith, in Warhol's eulogy John Richardson depicted it as devout: "To my certain knowledge, he was responsible for at least one conversion. He took considerable pride in financing his nephew's studies for the priesthood."
 
  
 
==Works==
 
==Works==
 
===Paintings===
 
===Paintings===
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[[Image:Warhol-Marilyns.jpg|right|600px|thumb|Andy Warhol's iconic Marilyn Monroe]]
 
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When he decided to pursue a career as an artist, Warhol already had established a reputation as a commercial illustrator mostly doing illustrations of shoes. In school he had created paintings, but his work afterward had mainly consisted of "blotted ink" illustrations for warehouses and magazines. He felt he was not being taken seriously as an illustrator and wanted to become a true artist.
 
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When he started painting, he wanted to find a target for himself. At the time [[Pop Art]], as it was later named, was already an experimental form. Warhol turned to this new style where popular subjects could be part of the artist's palette. His early paintings show images taken from [[cartoons]] and advertisements, hand-painted with added paint drips. He added these drips to give his paintings a seriousness by emulating the style of the abstract expressionists that were popular at the time. He wanted to be taken seriously or to sell his paintings, which may have had the same meaning to Warhol.
 
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To him, part of defining a niche was defining his subject matter. Cartoons were already being used by the artist [[Roy Lichtenstein]], [[typography]] by [[Jasper Johns]], and so on; Warhol wanted a distinguishing subject. His friends suggested he should paint the things he loved the most. In his signature way of taking things literally, for his first major [[Art exhibition|exhibition]] he painted his famous cans of [[Campbell Soup|Campbell's Soup]], which he had for lunch most of his life. Warhol loved money, so he later painted money. He loved [[celebrity|celebrities]], so he painted them as well.
 
  
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From these beginnings he developed his later style and subjects. Instead of working on a signature subject matter, as he started out to do, he worked more and more on a signature style, slowly eliminating the hand-made from the artistic process. Warhol frequently employed [[silk-screen|silk-screening]]; his later drawings were traced from slide projections. In other words, Warhol went from being a [[painter]] to being a [[designer]] of paintings. At the height of his fame as a painter, Warhol had several assistants who produced his silk-screen multiples, in different versions and variations following his directions.
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[[Image:Jimmy Carter Andy Warhol 1977.jpg|thumb|250px|American president [[Jimmy Carter]] receiving a portrait from Andy Warhol at the [[White House]] in 1977.]]
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Andy Warhol helped to define the [[Pop Art]] movement that swept the United States. Tired of not being taken seriously for his "blotted ink" illustrations, Warhol decided to devote more energy to his artistic talents and become a "true artist." As a result he returned to painting, something he had not done since high school.  
  
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Warhol produced both 'comic' (e.g., soup cans) and 'serious' (e.g., electric chairs) works. The unifying element in his work is his deadpan [[Buster Keaton|Keatonesque]] style - artistically and personally affectless. Before this blankness, the lack of [[Sign (semiotics)|signifiers]] of sincerity, the viewer is forced to attempt to read behind the surface to what the 'real Andy' thinks. Is Andy horrifed by death or does he think it is funny? Are soup cans in art galleries about the cheapness of mass culture, a cynical joke about the American collector's artistic nationalism (and aim for their wallet), or his genuine love for his mother (who maternally fed him canned soup)? His withdrawal ends up being the opposite of self-effacement.
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Pop art was a new style of art that began in England in the mid-1950s and consisted of realistic renditions of popular, everyday items. Warhol took this new style and made it truly popular. Warhol began with [[Coke bottles]] and comic strips but this wasn't getting him the attention he felt he deserved. When a friend suggested that he paint the things that he loved, Warhol forged his way to fame with paintings of cans of [[Campbell Soup|Campbell's Soup]], which he ate for lunch practically every day. He created 32 canvases for each type of Campbell's soup. His exhibit of these paintings became a big hit in California. From then on Warhol only painted what he loved, including money, shoes, and celebrities.  
  
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As time went on, Warhol's work became more [[Conceptual art|conceptual]]. His series of [[do-it-yourself]] paintings and [[Hermann Rorschach|Rorschach]] blots are intended as [[Pop art|pop]] comments on art and what art could be. His cow wallpaper (literally, wallpaper with a cow [[motif]]) and his [[redox|oxidation]] paintings (canvases prepared with copper paint that show oxidated [[urine]] stains) are also noteworthy in this context. Equally noteworthy is the way these works — and their [[means of production]] — mirrored the [[mores]] and atmosphere at Andy's New York "Factory." [[Biographer]] Bob Colacello provides some details on Andy's "piss paintings":
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Now that he had found his particular niche for his subject matter, he began to experiment with new production processes. He began eliminating the artistic hand made process and began to use [[silk-screen|silk-screening]]. This technique uses a specially prepared section of silk as a stencil, allowing one silk-screen to create similar patterns multiple times.
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He then began making paintings of celebrities, most notably a large collection of paintings of [[Marilyn Monroe]]. Warhol would use this style for the rest of his life.  
  
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{{cquote|Victor... was Andy's ghost pisser on the Oxidations. He would come to the Factory to urinate on canvases that had already been primed with copper-based paint by Andy or Ronnie Cutrone, who was a second ghost pisser, much appreciated by Andy, who said that the vitamin B that Ronnie took made a prettier color when the acid in the urine turned the copper green� Did Andy ever use his own urine? My diary shows that when he first began the series, in December 1977, he did� and there were many others: boys who'd come to lunch and drink too much wine, and find it funny or even flattering to be asked to help Andy 'paint.' Andy always had a little extra bounce in his walk as he led them to his studio...|20px|20px|Holy Terror - Andy Warhol Close Up|New York, Harper/Collins, 1990, p. 343}}
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====Shooting====
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Warhol's life took a dramatic turn on June 3, 1968, when [[Valerie Solanas]] shot him in the chest. The wound forced him to wear a type of corset to support his back for the rest of his life.
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Solanas was the founder, and only member, of a "group" called the "Society for Cutting Up Men" (S.C.U.M.). She wrote a short work called the [[S.C.U.M. Manifesto]]. Solanas was arrested the day after the shooting,(coincidentally, the day that Robert F. Kennedy was shot), and when she was asked about a motive, she said, "He had too much control over my life."
  
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It has been suggested  that Warhol would just take images of things that were hip in his time and cover them in "Warhol gravy", but for Warhol there always was a personal relation between him and his subjects. For instance the Campbell's Soup did not only function as an illustration of commercial [[industry]] and advertisement, it was an [[intrinsic]] part of Warhol's life and memories. As a child his mother had given him this soup when he was sick, and Warhol loved it very much as an adult. For him (and for many other Americans) the soup represented a feeling of being "home" or what is often called "[[comfort food]]".
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Warhol became much more withdrawn after the shooting and was more careful about the company he kept, but his brush with death began a series of artistic meditations on celebrity obsession.
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For the next three decades he focused on portraits of [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Elizabeth Taylor]], [[Mick Jagger]], [[Dennis Hopper]], [[Mao Tse-Tung]], [[Sylvester Stallone]], and [[Michael Jackson]], along with many others. Warhol's statement about celebrity, "In the future, everyone will be famous for 15 minutes," is as famous as his paintings are.
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Warhol also grew to dislike the way the [[media]] trivialized important events in human life, especially tragedies, so he also did a series of bright colorful paintings, including "Red Car Crash," "Purple Jumping Man," and "Orange Disaster." His art increasingly became commentary on American culture.
  
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Another [[criterion]] that was important in the way Warhol chose his subjects was they had to represent a more [[philosophy|philosophical]] notion and have a [[metaphor|metaphorical]] quality. When Warhol painted money, he painted it because he wanted to own it - canvases filled with money. Partly his work was meant to provide him with this money (and success, fame and maybe even love). At the same time, these paintings spoke of art as a commercial [[commodity]]: the paintings of dollar bills represented monetary value as well as investments. In this way, instead of merely depicting dollar bills, the paintings touched on notions like artistic value or as a comment on art practice.
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===Religious themes===
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Warhol did many paintings that involved religious themes that apparently stemmed from his [[Byzantine]] [[Catholic]] upbringing. His Skill paintings, the prints based on Renaissance religious artwork, his Cross paintings, and his large series based on "The Last Supper" all indicate a spiritual side to the man popularly portrayed as a contributor to the American society's cultural decline of the 1960s.
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Though most Christians despised Warhol, his art, and his actions, the [[pastor]] of Warhol's Byzantine Rite Catholic Church, Saint Vincent's, reported that Warhol visited the church almost daily. Religion became paramount in his later works and after his death several religious-themed writings and works were found in his study. His brother described Andy as "really religious, but he didn't want people to know about that because [it was] private."  Despite the private nature of Warhol's faith, when art historian and [[Pablo Picasso]] scholar John Richardson eulogized him, he depicted Warhol as a devout man saying: "To my certain knowledge, he was responsible for at least one conversion. He took considerable pride in financing his nephew's studies for the priesthood."
  
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Similarly, when Warhol painted photographs of disasters in bright colors ("Red Car Crash", "Purple Jumping Man", "Orange Disaster") they pointed at the horror of the event in the picture and its [[Mass media|media]] value but also at the way in which such images are trivialized by the media. By turning these "random" clippings into paintings, Warhol transformed them into monuments for personal tragedies. As such, they represent a personal experience as well as a social comment and an illustration of a time when the media grew in pertinence and relevance.
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Warhol did a series of explicitly religious images from the 1970s and 80s—a series of silk-screened crosses, as well as reworkings of well known religious paintings (like [[Leonardo DaVinci]]'s ''Annunciation,'' [[Paolo Uccello]]'s ''St. George and the Dragon,'' and [[Raphael]]'s ''Sistine Madonna''). In 1986 by Warhol was commissioned by Milanese art dealer Alexandre Iolas, whose gallery was situated across the street from the original, to do a series of paintings based on the ''Last Supper.'' This series grew to encompass more than one hundred paintings. Warhol's Last Suppers are based on a line drawing of the Leonardo painting which appeared in a nineteenth century encyclopedia.
  
 
===Films===
 
===Films===
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Warhol worked across a wide range of media — painting, photography, drawing, and sculpture. In addition, he was a highly prolific filmmaker. Between 1963 and 1968, he made more than sixty films. One of his most famous films, ''[[Sleep (film)|Sleep]]'' (1963), shows a man ([[John Giorno]], with whom Warhol had a relationship) sleeping for six hours. The 41-minute film ''[[Blow Job (film)|Blow Job]]'' (1963) is one continuous shot of the face of [[Tom Baker (American actor)|Tom Baker]], receiving [[oral sex]] from [[Willard Maas]]. Another, [[Empire (1964 film)|''Empire'']] (1964), consists of eight hours of footage of the [[Empire State Building]] in New York City at dusk.
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From 1964 to 1968 Andy Warhol became consumed with writing and directing [[avante-garde]] films. Most of them were too shocking for the common movie-goer. Many of Warhol's films were unpopular, scandalous, and unsuccessful, but in 1966, his film, ''Chelsea Girls,'' became a seminal work in the world of film. Those who saw the film were amazed to see not one picture playing, but a split-screen showing two different captured images in tandem. Instead of one camera, Warhol used two [[16 mm film|16 mm]] cameras to capture two stories and played them simultaneously on screen. It worked because of the use of the sound, while one film was focused on with sound and narrative, the other film was silent, and vice-versa. It was a complex and new process, with incisive detail needed for the sound management of both films in the projection booth. This unique process inspired future films such as [[Mike Figgins]] ''Timecode'' and even Fox's television series ''24.''
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[[Batman Dracula]] is a [[1964]] film that was produced and directed by Warhol, without the permission of [[DC Comics.]] It was screened only at his art exibits. A fan of the Batman serials, Warhol's movie was a "homage" to the series, and is considered the first appearance of a blatantly campy Batman. No prints of the film are known to exist.
 
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Warhol's 1965 film ''[[Vinyl (1965 film)|''Vinyl'']]'' is an adaptation of [[Anthony Burgess]]' popular [[Dystopia|dystopian]] novel ''[[A Clockwork Orange]]''. Others record improvised encounters between Factory regulars such as Brigid Berlin, [[Viva (Warhol Superstar)|Viva]], [[Edie Sedgwick]], [[Candy Darling]], [[Holly Woodlawn]], Ondine, [[Nico]], and [[Jackie Curtis]]. Legendary underground artist [[Jack Smith (film director)|Jack Smith]] appears in the film ''Camp''.
 
  
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His most popular and critically successful film was ''[[Chelsea Girls]]'' (1966). The film was highly innovative in that it consisted of two [[16 mm film|16 mm]] films being projected simultaneously, with two different stories being shown in tandem. From the projection booth, the sound would be raised for one film to elucidate that "story" while it was lowered for the other. Then it would be the other film's turn to bask in the glory of sound. The multiplication of images evoked Warhol's seminal silk-screen works of the early 1960s. The influence of the film's split-screen, multi-narrative style could be felt in such modern work as [[Mike Figgis]]' ''[[Timecode (film)|Timecode]]'' and, however indirectly, the early seasons of [[24 (TV series)]].
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Warhol's desire to direct films came to a halt after he was shot in 1968. The highly reclusive Warhol left the company he had formed, [[The Factory|Factory]], to his assistant director [[Paul Morrissey]]. Once Morrissey was given full reign he took the film productions in a different direction, creating films that still had an edge, but were much more relative to the mainstream public, and therefore more popular. Some of Morrissey's films include ''Flesh,'' ''Trash,'' and ''Heat.'' Although these films were labeled with Warhol's name they were clearly Morrissey's projects. In fact, to help the success of the later films, the distribution of all of Warhol's earlier, avante-garde films was stopped by 1972. In 2005 many of Warhol's original films became available through DVD distribution.
  
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Other important films include ''[[My Hustler (1965 film)|My Hustler]]'' (1965) and ''[[Lonesome Cowboys (1968 film)|Lonesome Cowboys]]'' (1968), a raunchy pseudo-[[Western (genre)|Western]]. ''[[Blue Movie]]'', a film in which Warhol superstar Viva makes love and fools around in bed with a man for 33 minutes of the film's playing-time, was Warhol's last film as director. The film was at the time scandalous for its frank approach to a sexual encounter. For many years Viva refused to allow it to be screened. It was publicly screened in New York in 2005 for the first time in over thirty years.
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====Filmography====
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<!-- These have been reorganized chronologically from oldest to most recent —>
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After his [[June 3]], [[1968]] shooting, a reclusive Warhol relinquished his personal involvement in filmmaking. His acolyte and assistant director, [[Paul Morrissey]], took over the film-making chores for the [[The Factory|Factory]] collective, steering Warhol-branded cinema towards more [[mainstream]], [[narrative]]-based, [[B-movie]] [[exploitation film|exploitation]] fare with ''[[Flesh (film)|Flesh]]'', ''[[Trash (film)|Trash]]'', and ''[[Heat (1972 film)|Heat]]''. All of these films, including the later ''[[Blood for Dracula|Andy Warhol's Dracula]]'' and ''[[Flesh for Frankenstein|Andy Warhol's Frankenstein]]'', were far more mainstream than anything Warhol as a director had attempted. These latter "Warhol" films starred [[Joe Dallesandro]], who was more of a Morrissey star than a true [[Warhol superstar]].
 
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In order to facilitate the success of these Warhol-branded, Morrissey-directed movies in the marketplace, all of Warhol's earlier avant-garde films were removed from distribution and exhibition by 1972.
 
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Another film, ''[[Andy Warhol's Bad|Bad]]'', made significant impact as a "Warhol" film yet was directed by Jed Johnson. Bad starred the infamous [[Carroll Baker]] and a young [[Perry King]].
 
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The first volume of a [[catalogue raisonné]] for the Factory film archive, edited by Callie Angell, was published in the spring of 2006.
 
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===Filmography===
 
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<!-- These have been reorganised chronologically from oldest to most recent —>
 
 
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{| style="background-color: transparent; width:100%;"
 
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* ''[[Blow Job (film)|Blow Job]]'' (1963)
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* ''Eat'' (1963)
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* ''[[Eat (film)|Eat]]'' (1963)
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* ''Haircut'' (1963)
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* ''[[Haircut (film)|Haircut]]'' (1963)
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* ''Kiss'' (1963)
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* ''[[Kiss (film, 1963)|Kiss]]'' (1963)
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* ''Naomi's Birthday Party'' (1963)
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* ''[[Naomi's Birthday Party]]'' (1963)
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* ''Sleep'' (1963)
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* ''[[Sleep (film)|Sleep]]'' (1963)
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* ''13 Most Beautiful Women'' (1964)
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* ''[[13 Most Beautiful Women]]'' (1964)
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* ''Batman Dracula'' (1964)
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* ''[[Batman Dracula]]'' (1964)
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* ''Clockwork'' (1964)
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* ''[[Clockwork (film)|Clockwork]]'' (1964)
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* ''Couch'' (1964)
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* ''[[Couch (film, 1964)|Couch]]'' (1964)
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* ''Drunk'' (1964)
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* ''[[Drunk (film)|Drunk]]'' (1964)
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* ''Empire'' (1964)
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* ''[[Empire (1964 film)|Empire]]'' (1964)
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* ''The End of Dawn'' (1964)
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* ''[[The End of Dawn]]'' (1964)
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* ''Lips'' (1964)
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* ''[[Lips (film)|Lips]]'' (1964)
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* ''Mario Banana I'' (1964)
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* ''[[Mario Banana I]]'' (1964)
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* ''Mario Banana II'' (1964)
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* ''[[Mario Banana II]]'' (1964)
+
* ''Messy Lives'' (1964)
−
* ''[[Messy Lives]]'' (1964)
+
* ''Naomi and Rufus Kiss'' (1964)
−
* ''[[Naomi and Rufus Kiss]]'' (1964)
+
* ''Tarzan and Jane Regained... Sort of'' (1964)
−
* ''[[Tarzan and Jane Regained... Sort of]]'' (1964)
+
* ''The Thirteen Most Beautiful Boys'' (1964)
−
* ''[[The Thirteen Most Beautiful Boys]]'' (1964)
 
  
−
* ''[[Beauty No. 2|Beauty #2]]'' (1965)
+
* ''Beauty No. 2'' (1965)
−
* ''[[Bitch (film)|Bitch]]'' (1965)
+
* ''Bitch'' (1965)
−
* ''[[Camp (1965 film)|Camp]]'' (1965)
+
* ''Camp'' (1965)
−
* ''[[Harlot (film)|Harlot]]'' (1965)
+
* ''Harlot'' (1965)
−
* ''[[Horse (film)|Horse]]'' (1965)
+
* ''Horse'' (1965)
−
* ''[[Kitchen (film)|Kitchen]]'' (1965)
+
* ''Kitchen'' (1965)
−
* ''[[The Life of Juanita Castro]]'' (1965)
+
* ''The Life of Juanita Castro'' (1965)
−
* ''[[My Hustler]]'' (1965)
+
* ''My Hustler'' (1965)
−
* ''[[Poor Little Rich Girl]]'' (1965)
+
* ''Poor Little Rich Girl'' (1965)
−
* ''[[Restaurant (film)|Restaurant]]'' (1965)
+
* ''Restaurant'' (1965)
−
* ''[[Space (film)|Space]]'' (1965)
+
* ''Space'' (1965)
−
* ''[[Taylor Mead's Ass]]'' (1965)
+
* ''Taylor Mead's Ass'' (1965)
−
* ''[[Vinyl (1965 film)|''Vinyl'']]'' (1965)
+
* ''Vinyl'' (1965)
−
* ''[[Screen Test (film)|Screen Test]]'' (1965)
+
* ''Screen Test'' (1965)
−
* ''[[Screen Test No. 2|Screen Test #2]]'' (1965)
+
* ''Screen Test No. 2'' (1965)
 
|
 
|
−
* ''[[Ari and Mario]]'' (1966)
+
* ''Ari and Mario'' (1966)
−
* ''[[Hedy (film)]]'' (1966)
+
* ''Hedy'' (1966)
−
* ''[[Kiss the Boot]]'' (1966)
+
* ''Kiss the Boot'' (1966)
−
* ''[[Milk (film)|Milk]]'' (1966)
+
* ''Milk'' (1966)
−
* ''[[Salvador Dalí (film)|Salvador Dalí]]'' (1966)
+
* ''Salvador Dalí'' (1966)
−
* ''[[Shower (film)|Shower]]'' (1966)
+
* ''Shower'' (1966)
−
* ''[[Sunset (Warhol film)|Sunset]]'' (1966)
+
* ''Sunset'' (1966)
−
* ''[[Superboy (film)|Superboy]]'' (1966)
+
* ''Superboy (1966)
−
* ''[[The Closet (1966 film)|The Closet]]'' (1966)
+
* ''The Closet'' (1966)
−
* ''[[Chelsea Girls]]'' (1966)
+
* ''Chelsea Girls'' (1966)
−
* ''[[The Beard (film)]]'' (1966)
+
* ''The Beard'' (1966)
−
* ''[[More Milk, Yvette]]'' (1966)
+
* ''More Milk, Yvette'' (1966)
−
* ''[[Outer and Inner Space]]'' (1966)
+
* ''Outer and Inner Space'' (1966)
−
* ''[[The Velvet Underground and Nico (film)|The Velvet Underground and Nico]]'' (1966)
+
* ''The Velvet Underground and Nico'' (1966)
  
−
* ''[[The Andy Warhol Story]]'' (1967)
+
* ''The Andy Warhol Story'' (1967)
−
* ''[[Tiger Morse]]'' (1967)
+
* ''Tiger Morse'' (1967)
−
* ''[[Sucking Lukes Hairy Asshole]]'' (1967)
+
* ''Sucking Lukes Hairy Asshole'' (1967)
−
* ''[[**** (film)|****]]'' (1967)
+
* ''Imitation of Christ (1967)
−
* ''[[Imitation of Christ (film)|The Imitation of Christ]]'' (1967)
+
* ''The Nude Restaurant'' (1967)
−
* ''[[The Nude Restaurant]]'' (1967)
+
* ''Bike Boy'' (1967)
−
* ''[[Bike Boy]]'' (1967)
+
* ''I, a Man'' (1967)
−
* ''[[I, a Man]]'' (1967)
+
* ''San Diego Surf'' (1968)
−
* ''[[San Diego Surf]]'' (1968)
+
* ''The Loves of Ondine'' (1968)
−
* ''[[The Loves of Ondine]]'' (1968)
+
* ''Blue Movie'' (1969)
−
* ''[[Blue Movie]]'' (1969)
+
* ''Lonesome Cowboys'' (1969)
−
* ''[[Lonesome Cowboys]]'' (1969)
+
* ''L'Amour'' (1972)
−
* ''[[L'Amour]]'' (1972)
+
* ''Flesh for Frankenstein'' (1973)<br/><small>aka Andy Warhol's Frankenstein (USA)</small>
−
* ''[[Flesh for Frankenstein]]'' (1973)<br><small>aka Andy Warhol's Frankenstein (USA)</small>
+
* ''Blood for Dracula'' (1974)<br/><small>aka Andy Warhol's Dracula (USA)
−
* ''[[Blood for Dracula]]'' (1974)<br><small>aka Andy Warhol's Dracula (USA)
 
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
====Films portraying Warhol====
 +
*[[Crispin Glover]] portrays Warhol in the 1991 film ''The Doors (film)|The Doors,'' directed by [[Oliver Stone]].
 +
*[[Julian Schnabel]]'s film ''Basquiat'' features [[David Bowie]] representing Warhol.
 +
*In [[Mary Harron]]'s 1996 film, ''I Shot Andy Warhol,'' the artist was portrayed by [[Jared Harris]].
 +
*[[Sean Gregory Sullivan]] depicted Warhol in the film ''54'' (1998).
 +
*[[Guy Pearce]] portrays the artist in the 2006 film ''Factory Girl.''
 +
*''Andy Warhol: A Documentary Film'' is the 2006 four-hour biographical movie by [[Ric Burns]]about Andy Warhol.
  
 
===Music===
 
===Music===
−
[[Image:Velvet Underground and Nico.jpg|right|thumb|175px]]
+
Warhol was also highly adept at designing record album covers and his talents in this area were in high demand. He designed the cover art for two albums by [[The Rolling Stones]], ''Sticky Fingers'' (1971) and ''Love you Live'' (1977). [[Mick Jagger]] was so impressed that he commissioned several portraits of himself in 1975.
−
Warhol adopted the band the [[Velvet Underground]] as one of his projects in the 1960s, "producing" their first album ''[[The Velvet Underground and Nico]]'' as well as providing the album art. His actual participation in the album's production amounted to simply paying for the studio time. After the band's first album, Warhol and band leader [[Lou Reed]] started to disagree more about the direction the band should take, and the contact between them faded.
 
−
 
 
−
Warhol designed the cover art for [[The Rolling Stones]] albums ''[[Sticky Fingers]]'' (1971) and ''[[Love You Live]]'' (1977). In 1975, Warhol was commissioned to do several portraits of the band's frontman [[Mick Jagger]].
 
−
 
 
−
In 1990 Reed recorded the album ''[[Songs for Drella]]'' (one of Warhol's nicknames was Drella, a combination of Dracula and Cinderella) with fellow [[The Velvet Underground|Velvet Underground]] alumnus [[John Cale]]. On ''Drella'', Reed apologizes and comes to terms with his part in their conflict.
 
  
−
Warhol was also friendly with many musicians, including [[Bob Dylan]] and [[John Lennon]] - he designed the cover to Lennon's 1986 posthumously released [[Menlove Avenue]]. Warhol also appeared as a bartender in [[The Cars]]' [[music video]] for their [[single (music)|single]] "Hello Again," and [[Curiosity Killed The Cat]]'s video for their "Misfit" single (both videos, and others, were produced by Warhol's video production company).  He had a crush on [[Duran Duran]]'s [[Nick Rhodes]], with whom he met fairly often.
+
Warhol was friends with [[Bob Dylan]] and [[John Lennon]], designing Lennon's album ''Menlove Avenue'' (released posthumously). Warhol's production company produced [[music video]]s for two hits by [[the Cars]], ''Hello Again'' and ''Misfit.''  
  
−
Warhol strongly influenced the [[New Wave music|new wave]]/[[punk rock]] band [[Devo]], as well as [[David Bowie]] - who recorded a song entitled "Andy Warhol" for his 1971 [[Hunky Dory]] album.
+
Wanting to experience even more in the music industry, Warhol took the band [[Velvet Underground]] and made them one of his projects. Trying his hand as a music producer for the band's first album ''The Velvet Underground and Nico,'' his "producing" simply boiled down to the fact that he paid for the studio time it took to record the album. The team fell apart after the album's release, when [[Lou Reed]], the band leader, and Warhol disagreed about the band's future. Warhol designed the cover art for this album as well.  
  
−
[[Image:25 Cats.jpg|left|thumb|Cover of copy no. 18 of ''25 Cats Name (sic) Sam and One Blue Pussy'' by Andy Warhol given in 1954 to [[Edgar de Evia]] and [[Robert Denning]] when the author was a guest in their home in the [[Rhinelander Mansion]].]]
+
Warhol's influence was recognized by various artists of the [[New Wave music|new wave]]/[[punk rock]] era, including the band [[Devo]] and [[David Bowie]]—who's song, "Andy Warhol" appeared on his 1971 album, ''Hunky Dory.''
  
 
===Books and print===
 
===Books and print===
−
Beginning in the early 1950s Warhol produced several unbound portfolios of his work.
 
  
−
The first of several bound self-published books by Warhol was ''[[25 Cats Name Sam and One Blue Pussy]]'', printed in 1954 by [[Seymour Berlin]] on Art
+
[[Image:Andy Warhol and Tennessee Williams NYWTS.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Andy Warhol (left) and [[Tennessee Williams]] (right) talking on the S.S. ''France''. ''World Journal Tribune'' photo by [[James Kavallines]].]]
−
ches brand watermarked paper using his blotted line technique for the lithographs. The original edition was limited to 190 numbered, hand colored copies, using Dr. Martin's ink washes. Most of these were given by Warhol as gifts to clients and friends. Copy #4, inscribed "Jerry" on the front cover, was given to [[Geraldine Stutz]], who at the time was with [[I. Miller Shoes]]. Later the president of [[Henri Bendel]] and then while head of [[Panache Press]] an imprint of [[Random House]] she used this copy for a facsimile printing in 1987.<ref>"Art", by John Russell, [[December 6]], [[1987]], [[New York Times]]</ref> Her estate consigned the original limited edition to [[Doyle New York]] where it sold in May of 2006 for US $35,000.<ref>[http://www.doylenewyork.com/default.htm [[May 3]], [[2006]] auction at [[Doyle New York]]] retrieved [[August 14]], [[2006]]</ref>
+
To add to his collection of accomplishments Warhol also became a writer. He self-published a number of books about his life including:
  
−
Other self-published books by Warhol include:
+
* ''25 Cats Name Sam and One Blue Pussy'' (1954)
 
* ''Gold Book''
 
* ''Gold Book''
−
* ''Wild Rasberries''
+
* ''Wild Raspberries''
 
* ''Holy Cats''
 
* ''Holy Cats''
 +
 +
Warhol's first book, ''25 Cats'' was a very unique publication. There was a limited first edition printing of 190 hand-colored copies of this book on watermarked paper that used [[Seymour Berlin]]'s specialized blotted line technique for lithographs. Warhol never sold these editions, keeping them instead to use for gifts to friends and clients.
  
 
Later Warhol "wrote" several books that were commercially printed.
 
Later Warhol "wrote" several books that were commercially printed.
−
* ''[[A, a novel]]'' (1968, ISBN 0-8021-3553-6) is a literal transcription - containing spelling errors and phonetically written background noise and mumbling - of audio recordings of [[Ondine (actor)|Ondine]] and several of Andy Warhol's friends hanging out at the Factory, talking, going out.
+
* ''A:A novel'' (1968, ISBN 0-8021-3553-6) is a literal transcription - (including all of the spelling errors and explanation of background noises) of Warhol's interactions with several of his close friends, among them [[Ondine]], as they went about their parties, had conversations, and relaxed at the Factory.  
−
* ''[[The Philosophy of Andy Warhol; from A to B and back again]]'' (1975, ISBN 0-15-671720-4) - according to Pat Hackett's introduction to ''The Andy Warhol Diaries'', Pat Hackett did the transcriptions and text for the book based on daily phone conversations, sometimes (when Warhol was traveling) using audio cassettes that Andy Warhol gave her. Said cassettes contained conversations with [[Brigid Berlin]] (also known as Brigid Polk) and former ''Interview'' magazine editor [[Bob Colacello]].
 
−
* ''[[Popism: The Warhol Sixties]]'' (1980, ISBN 0-15-672960-1), authored by Warhol and [[Pat Hackett]] is a retrospective view of the sixties and the role of Pop Art.
 
−
* ''[[The Andy Warhol Diaries]]'' (1989, ISBN 0-446-39138-7, edited by Pat Hackett) is an edited diary that was dictated by Warhol to Hackett in daily phone conversations. Warhol started keeping a diary to keep track of his expenses after being audited, although it soon evolved to include his personal and cultural observations.
 
  
−
Warhol created the fashion magazine ''[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]'' that is still published today. The loopy title script on the cover is thought to be either his own handwriting or that of his mother, Julia Warhola, who would often do text work for his early commercial pieces.
+
* ''The Philosophy of Andy Warhol; from A to B and back again.'' (1975, ISBN 0-15-671720-4) Pat Hackett recorded her daily phone conversations with Warhol (with his approval) and transcribed the conversations, as well as recordings Warhol made himself of various conversations he had with other people, including [[Brigid Berlin]] (also known as Brigid Polk) and former ''Interview'' magazine editor [[Bob Colacello]].
  
−
===Other media===
+
* ''Popism: The Warhol Sixties'' (1980, ISBN 0-15-672960-1), the book was written jointly by Warhol and [[Pat Hackett]] as a unique retrospective view and interpretation of the sixties and the prominent role of Pop Art throughout the decade.
−
As stated, although Andy Warhol is most known for his paintings and films, he has authored works in many different media.
 
  
−
* [[Drawing]]: Warhol started his career drawing commercial illustrations in "blotted-ink" style for warehouses and magazines. Most well known are his pictures of shoes. Some of his drawings were published in little [[booklet]]s, like "Yum, Yum, Yum" (about food), "Ho, Ho, Ho" (about Christmas) and (of course) "Shoes, Shoes, Shoes." His most artistically acclaimed book of drawings is probably "The Gold Book," compiled of sensitive, personal drawings of young men. "The Gold Book" is thus dubbed because of the [[leaf-gold]] that decorates the pages.
+
* ''The Andy Warhol Diaries'' (1989, ISBN 0-446-39138-7, edited by Pat Hackett) was also comprised of Hackett's transcriptions of conversations with Warhol, who had started a "diary" of sorts to help him keep track of his expenditures, but it branched out to include his personal thoughts and observations.  
−
* [[Sculpture]]: Warhol's most famous sculpture is probably his "Brillo Boxes," silkscreened wooden replicas of [[Brillo]] soap boxes. Other famous works include the "Silver Floating Pillows"; gas-filled, silver, pillow-shaped [[balloon]]s that were floated out of the window during the presentation.
 
−
* [[Audio]]: At one point Warhol carried a portable recorder with him wherever he went, taping everything everybody said and did. He referred to this device as his "wife." Some of these tapes were the basis for his [[literary]] work. Another audio-work of Warhol's was his "Invisible Sculpture," a presentation in which burglar alarms would go off when entering the room. Warhol's cooperation with the musicians of The Velvet Underground was driven by an expressed desire to become a music producer.
 
−
* [[Television]]: Andy Warhol dreamed of a television show that he wanted to call "The Nothing Special," a special about his favorite subject: Nothing. Later in his career he did create two cable television shows, "Andy Warhol's TV" in 1982 and "Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes" for MTV in 1986. Besides his own shows he regularly made guest appearances in shows, including a notable appearance on "[[The Love Boat]]" wherein a Midwestern wife ([[Marion Ross]]) fears Andy Warhol will reveal to her husband ([[Tom Bosley]]) her secret past as a Warhol superstar named Marina del Rey.
 
−
* [[Fashion]]: Warhol is quoted for having said: "I'd rather buy a dress and put it up on the wall, than put a painting, wouldn't you?" One of his most well-known Superstars, [[Edie Sedgwick]], aspired to be a fashion designer, and his good friend [[Halston]] was a famous one. Warhol's work in fashion includes silkscreened dresses, a short sub-career as a catwalk-model and books on fashion as well as paintings with fashion (shoes) as a subject.
 
−
* [[Performance Art]]: Warhol and his friends staged happenings; theatrical multimedia presentations during parties, containing music, film, slide projections and Gerard Malanga in an S&M outfit cracking a whip. The [[Exploding Plastic Inevitable]] is the culmination of this area of his work.
 
−
* [[Photography]]: To produce his silkscreens, Warhol made photographs or had them made by his friends and assistants. These pictures were mostly taken with a specific model of [[Polaroid Corporation|Polaroid]] camera that Polaroid kept in production especially for Warhol. This photographic approach to painting and his snapshot method of taking pictures has had a great effect on artistic photography. His late oeuvre contains black and white photos sewn together.
 
  
−
===Product===
+
Warhol created the fashion magazine ''Interview,'' still in publication. It's signature cover title is comprised of a loopy script that is either one of Warhol's creations, or that of his mother, Julia Warhola, who often did text work for his early commercial pieces.
−
In many of his efforts Warhol has taken the position of a producer or director, rather than a creator. From an artist he gradually became the person that determined the direction and was the public face of a company, having a staff of sorts to do the actual labor involved in his products. He would coin an idea and oversee its execution, his [[The Factory|Factory]] evolved from an atelier into an office.
 
  
−
As this position proved to work out, he found himself able to expand his activities into other fields. He founded the gossip magazine Interview, creating a stage for celebrities he "endorsed" and creating jobs for his friends. He adopted the young painter [[Jean-Michel Basquiat]], and the band [[The Velvet Underground]] and presented them to the public as his latest interest, cooperating with them, shaping their public personas. He would produce things and people, and they were part of his artistic product. He endorsed products, appeared in commercials, made business deals and even sold the film-making branch of his company when he decided to spend less time filming himself.
+
==Death==
 +
In 1987 Andy Warhol was admitted to New York Hospital for  routine surgery for his [[gallbladder]]. He was released from the hospital, but died in his sleep on February 22, 1987 at 6:32 a.m. The cause was attributed to a sudden [[heart attack]]. On further investigation, the coroners found that Warhol's body was flooded with several fluids. His I.V. had not been monitored properly at the hospital, and his body became overloaded, contributing to his sudden death. Warhol's lawyers, upon hearing the news, sued the hospital for [[negligence]]. Ironically, Warhol had put off his needed surgery because he had an acute fear of entering hospitals and being cared for by doctors.
  
−
In this respect Warhol talked about "Art Business" and "Business Art", and how he thought business was the best type of art. This was a radical new stance, as artists had always presented themselves as flamboyant, individual, visionary outsiders - commenting on the normal part of society while never really being a part of it, and receiving appreciation for that position on basis of their idealism, rare talents and personalities. Warhol and other pop-artists helped redefine the artist's position as professional, commercial, popular - a logical and valuable part of society. He did this using methods, imagery and talents that were (or at least seemed to be) available to everyone. Perhaps that has been the most meaningful result of (his) Pop Art: a philosophical and practical incorporation of art into society, art as a product of society.
+
Warhol was buried back in his home of Pennsylvania. His grave is located at St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery in Bethel Park, just south of Pittsburgh. [[Yoko Ono]], among others, spoke at his funeral.  
 +
 
 +
Most of Warhol's possessions were auctioned off at [[Sotheby's]] over an extensive period of nine days and grossed over 20 million dollars. His estate was left to his remaining family, and was valued at far more.
  
 
===Museums===
 
===Museums===
−
The [[Andy Warhol Museum]] is located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is the largest American art museum dedicated to a single artist, holding more than 12,000 works by the artist himself.
+
The [[Andy Warhol Museum]] is located in the artist's hometown of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is known as being the largest American art museum dedicated to a single artist. It houses more than 12,000 works by Andy Warhol.
−
 
 
−
Among others, Andy's brother, John Warhol and the Warhol Foundation in New York, established in 1992 the Warhol Family Museum of Modern Art in the remote town of [[Medzilaborce]], [[Slovakia]]. Andy's parents were born 15 kilometers away in the village of Mikova. The museum houses several originals donated mainly by the Andy Warhol Foundation in New York and also personal items donated by Warhol's relatives.
 
−
 
 
−
==Films portraying Warhol==
 
−
Andy Warhol is portrayed by [[Crispin Glover]] in [[Oliver Stone]]'s film ''[[The Doors (film)|The Doors]]'' (1991). Warhol is also represented by [[David Bowie]] in ''[[Basquiat]]'', a film by [[Julian Schnabel]]. In the film ''[[I Shot Andy Warhol]]'', directed by [[Mary Harron]] (1996), the actor [[Jared Harris]] portrayed Warhol. [[Sean Gregory Sullivan]] depicted Warhol in the film ''[[54 (film)|54]]'' (1998). The latest film actor to portray the artist is [[Guy Pearce]] in the 2006 film, ''[[Factory Girl]]''.
 
  
−
''[[Andy Warhol: A Documentary Film]]'' is a reverential four-hour 2006 movie by Ric Burns about Andy Warhol.
+
Another notable museum is the Warhol Family Museum of Modern Art, founded by John Warhol, Andy's brother, and the Warhol Foundation in New York in 1992. The museum is in [[Medzilaborce]], [[Slovakia]], located 15km away from the village of Mikova (where Andy's parent's were born). The museum houses several original paintings that were donated by the Andy Warhol Foundation in New York, as well as personal items donated by Warhol's relatives.
−
 
 
−
[[Gus Van Sant]] was planning a version of Warhol's life  with [[River Phoenix]] in the lead role just before the latter's death in the early 1990s (as discussed in an interview with the two, included in the published ''[[My Own Private Idaho]]'' script book).
 
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
Line 225: Line 178:
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
* {{cite book | first = Callie | last = Angell | title = Andy Warhol Screen Tests: The Films of Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonne, Volume One (Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonnee) | location = New York | publisher = Henry Abrams | year = 2006}}
+
* {{cite book | first = Callie | last = Angell | title = Andy Warhol Screen Tests: The Films of Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonne, Volume One (Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonnee) | location = New York | publisher = Henry Abrams | year = 2006 }} ISBN 0810955393
−
* Jennifer Doyle, Jonathan Flatley, and [[José Esteban Muñoz]] eds. (1996).  ''Pop Out: Queer Warhol.'' Durham: Duke University Press.
+
* {{cite book | first = Victor | last = Bockris | title = Warhol: The Biography | location = New York | publisher = Da Capo Press | year = 1997}} ISBN 030681272X
−
* {{cite book | first = Fred Lawrence | last = Guiles | title = Lover at the Ball: The Life of Andy Warhol | location = New York | publisher = Bantam | year = 1989}}
+
* {{cite book | first = Bob | last = Colacello | title = Holy Terror: Andy Warhol Close Up | location = New York | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1990}} ISBN 0815410085
−
* {{cite book | first = Wayne | last = Koestenbaum | authorlink = Wayne Koestenbaum | title = Andy Warhol | location = New York | publisher = Penguin | year = 2003}}
+
* {{cite book | first = Jane | last = Daggett Dillenberger | title = The Religious Art of Andy Warhol | location = New York | publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group | year = 2001 }} ISBN 082641334X
−
* {{cite book | first = Richard | last = Meyer | title = Outlaw Representation | locaiton = New York | publisher = Beacon | year = 2003}}
+
* Doyle,Jennifer, Jonathan Flatley, and José Esteban Muñoz, eds. (1996).  ''Pop Out: Queer Warhol.'' Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 082231732X
−
* {{cite book | first = Steven | last = Watson | title = Factory Made: Warhol and the Sixties | location = New York | publisher = Pantheon | year = 2003 | url = http://www.factorymade.org/}}
+
* {{cite book | first = Fred Lawrence | last = Guiles | title = Loner at the Ball: The Life of Andy Warhol | location = New York | publisher = Bantam | year = 1989 }} ISBN 0593015401
−
* {{cite book | first = Victor | last = Bockris | title = Warhol: The Biography | location = New York | publisher = Da Capo Press | year = 1997}}
+
* {{cite book | first = Wayne | last = Koestenbaum | authorlink = Wayne Koestenbaum | title = Andy Warhol | location = New York | publisher = Penguin | year = 2003  }} ISBN 0670030007
−
* {{cite book | first = Bob | last = Colacello | title = Holy Terror: Andy Warhol Close Up | location = New York | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1990}}
+
* {{cite book | first = Richard | last = Meyer | title = Outlaw Representation | location = New York | publisher = Beacon | year = 2003 }} ISBN 0807079359
−
* {{cite book | first = Jane | last = Daggett Dillenberger | title = The Religious Art of Andy Warhol | location = New York | publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group | year = 2001}}
+
* {{cite book | first = Steven | last = Watson | title = Factory Made: Warhol and the Sixties | location = New York | publisher = Pantheon | year = 2003 | url = http://www.factorymade.org/  }} ISBN 0679423729
−
* {{cite book | first = John | last = Yau|authorlink = John Yau |title = In the Realm of Appearances: The Art of Andy Warhol|location = | publisher =  | year = 1993}}
+
* {{cite book | first = John | last = Yau|authorlink = John Yau |title = In the Realm of Appearances: The Art of Andy Warhol|location = | publisher =  | year = 1993 }} ISBN 0880012986
−
 
 
−
==See also==
 
−
* [[Andy Warhol Art Authentication Board]]
 
−
* [[Painting the Century 101 Portrait Masterpieces 1900-2000]]
 
−
* [[Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh#Andy Warhol Museum|Andy Warhol Gallery]] largest single artist gallery in the world.  Part of the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh.
 
−
* [[Andy Warhol Bridge]] in Pittsburgh.
 
−
* [[Bodley Gallery]]
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
{{wikiquote}}
+
All links retrieved July 27, 2023.  
−
{{commons|Andy Warhol}}
 
−
 
 
−
* [http://www.visite-virtuelle-france.com/perso/andy_warhol/andy_warhol.htm Virtual visit] in Mus�e d'Art Contemporain de Lyon.
 
−
* [http://www.warholfoundation.org/ Warhol Foundation] in New York, New York.
 
−
* [http://www.warhol.org/ The Andy Warhol Museum] in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania
 
−
* [http://www.region.sk/warhol/ Warhol Family Museum] in [[Medzilaborce]], [[Slovakia]]
 
−
* [http://www.artquotes.net/masters/warhol-andy.htm Andy Warhol Profile] Includes a biography, selection of images, famous quotes, and links to the artist.
 
−
* [http://x-traonline.org/vol5_1/warhol_responses.html Two short articles about Warhol's 2002 museum retrospective from the art magazine "X-TRA"]
 
−
* [http://www.artfacts.net/index.php/pageType/artistInfo/artist/328 Actual exhibitions with Andy Warhol on Artfacts] ''Andy Warhol's works are still widely at present in various shows and permanent collections in museums or galleries throughout the world.''
 
−
* [http://www.geocities.com/joopbersee/andy3.html Andy Warhol Poetry Tribute]
 
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* [http://www.the3graces.info/random_warhol.htm http://www.the3graces.info] A warholesque biography of Andy Warhol.
 
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* [http://www.accuracyproject.org/cbe-Warhol,Andy.html Internet Accuracy Project - Andy Warhol]
 
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* [http://www.malarze.walhalla.pl/galeria.php5?art=70 Art Gallery - Andy Warhol]
 
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* [http://www.gagosian.com/artists/andy-warhol/ Andy Warhol] at Gagosian Gallery
 
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* [http://www.warhol.org/tc21 Time Capsules: the Andy Warhol collection]
 
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* [http://www.geocities.com/trevormidgley/Warhol.html ''"WARHOL - The Musical"''] by Steve Clayton & Trevor Midgley
 
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* [http://www.mypopart.com Create Your Own Andy Warhol]
 
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* [http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?criteria=O%3AAD%3AE%3A6246&page_number=1&template_id=6&sort_order=1 Andy Warhol at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)]
 
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* [http://dandutton.com/andy/index.html Daniel Dutton's tribute to Andy Warhol features an art collecting goat.]
 
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* [http://www.warholstars.org/art/artchron.html Andy Warhol art chronology]
 
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===Listening===
 
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* [http://www.studio360.org/americanicons/episodes/2005/12/08 "Warhol, Soup Cans, Cowboys"] (''Studio 360'' radio program, December 10, 2005)
 
  
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{{CMUArtsPittsburgh}}
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* [http://www.warholfoundation.org The Andy Warhol Foundation].
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* [http://www.warhol.org/ The Andy Warhol Museum].
  
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{{Persondata
 
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|NAME=Warhol, Andy
 
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|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Andrew Warhola
 
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[United States|American]] [[artist]], [[avant-garde]] [[filmmaker]], writer and social figure
 
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|DATE OF BIRTH=[[August 6]], [[1928]]
 
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|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
 
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|DATE OF DEATH=[[February 22]], [[1987]]
 
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|PLACE OF DEATH=[[New York City]]
 
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}}
 
  
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[[category:Artists]]
 
[[Category:Biography]]
 
[[Category:Biography]]
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[[Category:Art, Music, Literature, Sports, and Leisure]]
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[[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
  
 
{{credit|93412086}}
 
{{credit|93412086}}

Latest revision as of 18:00, 27 July 2023

Bust of Andy Warhol in Celebrity Alley in Kielce, Poland.

Andrew Warhola, (August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987), or Andy Warhol as he is known to the world, was an American renaissance man. Known primarily for his innovative paintings and artistic achievements, Warhol made a name for himself in the world of avant-garde film, music, publishing, writing, and acting. He helped to found and define the cultural Pop art movement that hit America during the 1950s. Though he is best remembered for his paintings of Campbell's soup cans, he also created hundreds of other works, including commercial advertisements and films. He was controversial, revered, and always daring.

Biography

Andrew Warhola was born to Andrej (Andrew) Warhola and Ulja (Julia) Justyna Zavacka on August 6, 1928. His parents were both Slovakian and the family lived in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He grew up in a very religious home, his family was Byzantine Catholic and attended Mass often. When Warhol was in the third grade he contracted St. Vitus' disease, which is thought to result from complications of scarlet fever. Warhol suffered greatly from the attacks of this disease, which caused involuntary muscle movement, on his nervous system. Warhol's appearance altered greatly and he became very self conscious of his looks. Warhol's father, Andrej, worked in construction to support the family, but he died in an accident when Andy was just 13 years old.

Warhol was a creative and talented child who showed artistic talent early on. After high school he went to study commercial art at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. He graduated in 1949 and immediately moved to New York City, where he became a successful magazine illustrator. He created his own style of art called "blotted ink" and soon became one of New York's most sought after illustrators, contributing to magazines like Vogue and Harper's Bazaar. In addition to commercial ads he also drew Christmas cards for Tiffany and Company, created book and album covers, and illustrated Amy Vanderbilt's Complete Book of Etiquette.

His first exhibit was at the Hugo Gallery in 1952 and was titled, "Andy Warhol: Fifteen Drawings Based on the Writings of Truman Capote." From 1956 to 1959 his works were featured at the Bodley Gallery along with one show at the Museum of Modern Art. By 1962 he was doing shows in California.

In the 1960s, Warhol moved into a studio which he named "The Factory" (the building used to be a factory). The Factory was lined with tinfoil and silver paint and was located in the heart of the city. It was from here that he made his assault on the New York art scene. When he wasn't at the Factory he was hanging out at "Serendipity 3" or "Studio 54."

Warhol's works began to revolve around one main concept—Americana and American popular culture. His paintings were comprised of money, food, women's shoes, celebrities, newspaper clippings and everyday objects. His music, his writings, and his films all represented American culture and its values.

Works

Paintings

American president Jimmy Carter receiving a portrait from Andy Warhol at the White House in 1977.

Andy Warhol helped to define the Pop Art movement that swept the United States. Tired of not being taken seriously for his "blotted ink" illustrations, Warhol decided to devote more energy to his artistic talents and become a "true artist." As a result he returned to painting, something he had not done since high school.

Pop art was a new style of art that began in England in the mid-1950s and consisted of realistic renditions of popular, everyday items. Warhol took this new style and made it truly popular. Warhol began with Coke bottles and comic strips but this wasn't getting him the attention he felt he deserved. When a friend suggested that he paint the things that he loved, Warhol forged his way to fame with paintings of cans of Campbell's Soup, which he ate for lunch practically every day. He created 32 canvases for each type of Campbell's soup. His exhibit of these paintings became a big hit in California. From then on Warhol only painted what he loved, including money, shoes, and celebrities.

Now that he had found his particular niche for his subject matter, he began to experiment with new production processes. He began eliminating the artistic hand made process and began to use silk-screening. This technique uses a specially prepared section of silk as a stencil, allowing one silk-screen to create similar patterns multiple times. He then began making paintings of celebrities, most notably a large collection of paintings of Marilyn Monroe. Warhol would use this style for the rest of his life.

Shooting

Warhol's life took a dramatic turn on June 3, 1968, when Valerie Solanas shot him in the chest. The wound forced him to wear a type of corset to support his back for the rest of his life.

Solanas was the founder, and only member, of a "group" called the "Society for Cutting Up Men" (S.C.U.M.). She wrote a short work called the S.C.U.M. Manifesto. Solanas was arrested the day after the shooting,(coincidentally, the day that Robert F. Kennedy was shot), and when she was asked about a motive, she said, "He had too much control over my life."

Warhol became much more withdrawn after the shooting and was more careful about the company he kept, but his brush with death began a series of artistic meditations on celebrity obsession. For the next three decades he focused on portraits of Jacqueline Kennedy, Elizabeth Taylor, Mick Jagger, Dennis Hopper, Mao Tse-Tung, Sylvester Stallone, and Michael Jackson, along with many others. Warhol's statement about celebrity, "In the future, everyone will be famous for 15 minutes," is as famous as his paintings are.

Warhol also grew to dislike the way the media trivialized important events in human life, especially tragedies, so he also did a series of bright colorful paintings, including "Red Car Crash," "Purple Jumping Man," and "Orange Disaster." His art increasingly became commentary on American culture.

Religious themes

Warhol did many paintings that involved religious themes that apparently stemmed from his Byzantine Catholic upbringing. His Skill paintings, the prints based on Renaissance religious artwork, his Cross paintings, and his large series based on "The Last Supper" all indicate a spiritual side to the man popularly portrayed as a contributor to the American society's cultural decline of the 1960s.

Though most Christians despised Warhol, his art, and his actions, the pastor of Warhol's Byzantine Rite Catholic Church, Saint Vincent's, reported that Warhol visited the church almost daily. Religion became paramount in his later works and after his death several religious-themed writings and works were found in his study. His brother described Andy as "really religious, but he didn't want people to know about that because [it was] private." Despite the private nature of Warhol's faith, when art historian and Pablo Picasso scholar John Richardson eulogized him, he depicted Warhol as a devout man saying: "To my certain knowledge, he was responsible for at least one conversion. He took considerable pride in financing his nephew's studies for the priesthood."

Warhol did a series of explicitly religious images from the 1970s and 80s—a series of silk-screened crosses, as well as reworkings of well known religious paintings (like Leonardo DaVinci's Annunciation, Paolo Uccello's St. George and the Dragon, and Raphael's Sistine Madonna). In 1986 by Warhol was commissioned by Milanese art dealer Alexandre Iolas, whose gallery was situated across the street from the original, to do a series of paintings based on the Last Supper. This series grew to encompass more than one hundred paintings. Warhol's Last Suppers are based on a line drawing of the Leonardo painting which appeared in a nineteenth century encyclopedia.

Films

From 1964 to 1968 Andy Warhol became consumed with writing and directing avante-garde films. Most of them were too shocking for the common movie-goer. Many of Warhol's films were unpopular, scandalous, and unsuccessful, but in 1966, his film, Chelsea Girls, became a seminal work in the world of film. Those who saw the film were amazed to see not one picture playing, but a split-screen showing two different captured images in tandem. Instead of one camera, Warhol used two 16 mm cameras to capture two stories and played them simultaneously on screen. It worked because of the use of the sound, while one film was focused on with sound and narrative, the other film was silent, and vice-versa. It was a complex and new process, with incisive detail needed for the sound management of both films in the projection booth. This unique process inspired future films such as Mike Figgins Timecode and even Fox's television series 24.

Warhol's desire to direct films came to a halt after he was shot in 1968. The highly reclusive Warhol left the company he had formed, Factory, to his assistant director Paul Morrissey. Once Morrissey was given full reign he took the film productions in a different direction, creating films that still had an edge, but were much more relative to the mainstream public, and therefore more popular. Some of Morrissey's films include Flesh, Trash, and Heat. Although these films were labeled with Warhol's name they were clearly Morrissey's projects. In fact, to help the success of the later films, the distribution of all of Warhol's earlier, avante-garde films was stopped by 1972. In 2005 many of Warhol's original films became available through DVD distribution.

Filmography

  • Eat (1963)
  • Haircut (1963)
  • Kiss (1963)
  • Naomi's Birthday Party (1963)
  • Sleep (1963)
  • 13 Most Beautiful Women (1964)
  • Batman Dracula (1964)
  • Clockwork (1964)
  • Couch (1964)
  • Drunk (1964)
  • Empire (1964)
  • The End of Dawn (1964)
  • Lips (1964)
  • Mario Banana I (1964)
  • Mario Banana II (1964)
  • Messy Lives (1964)
  • Naomi and Rufus Kiss (1964)
  • Tarzan and Jane Regained... Sort of (1964)
  • The Thirteen Most Beautiful Boys (1964)
  • Beauty No. 2 (1965)
  • Bitch (1965)
  • Camp (1965)
  • Harlot (1965)
  • Horse (1965)
  • Kitchen (1965)
  • The Life of Juanita Castro (1965)
  • My Hustler (1965)
  • Poor Little Rich Girl (1965)
  • Restaurant (1965)
  • Space (1965)
  • Taylor Mead's Ass (1965)
  • Vinyl (1965)
  • Screen Test (1965)
  • Screen Test No. 2 (1965)
  • Ari and Mario (1966)
  • Hedy (1966)
  • Kiss the Boot (1966)
  • Milk (1966)
  • Salvador Dalí (1966)
  • Shower (1966)
  • Sunset (1966)
  • Superboy (1966)
  • The Closet (1966)
  • Chelsea Girls (1966)
  • The Beard (1966)
  • More Milk, Yvette (1966)
  • Outer and Inner Space (1966)
  • The Velvet Underground and Nico (1966)
  • The Andy Warhol Story (1967)
  • Tiger Morse (1967)
  • Sucking Lukes Hairy Asshole (1967)
  • Imitation of Christ (1967)
  • The Nude Restaurant (1967)
  • Bike Boy (1967)
  • I, a Man (1967)
  • San Diego Surf (1968)
  • The Loves of Ondine (1968)
  • Blue Movie (1969)
  • Lonesome Cowboys (1969)
  • L'Amour (1972)
  • Flesh for Frankenstein (1973)
    aka Andy Warhol's Frankenstein (USA)
  • Blood for Dracula (1974)
    aka Andy Warhol's Dracula (USA)

Films portraying Warhol

  • Crispin Glover portrays Warhol in the 1991 film The Doors (film)|The Doors, directed by Oliver Stone.
  • Julian Schnabel's film Basquiat features David Bowie representing Warhol.
  • In Mary Harron's 1996 film, I Shot Andy Warhol, the artist was portrayed by Jared Harris.
  • Sean Gregory Sullivan depicted Warhol in the film 54 (1998).
  • Guy Pearce portrays the artist in the 2006 film Factory Girl.
  • Andy Warhol: A Documentary Film is the 2006 four-hour biographical movie by Ric Burnsabout Andy Warhol.

Music

Warhol was also highly adept at designing record album covers and his talents in this area were in high demand. He designed the cover art for two albums by The Rolling Stones, Sticky Fingers (1971) and Love you Live (1977). Mick Jagger was so impressed that he commissioned several portraits of himself in 1975.

Warhol was friends with Bob Dylan and John Lennon, designing Lennon's album Menlove Avenue (released posthumously). Warhol's production company produced music videos for two hits by the Cars, Hello Again and Misfit.

Wanting to experience even more in the music industry, Warhol took the band Velvet Underground and made them one of his projects. Trying his hand as a music producer for the band's first album The Velvet Underground and Nico, his "producing" simply boiled down to the fact that he paid for the studio time it took to record the album. The team fell apart after the album's release, when Lou Reed, the band leader, and Warhol disagreed about the band's future. Warhol designed the cover art for this album as well.

Warhol's influence was recognized by various artists of the new wave/punk rock era, including the band Devo and David Bowie—who's song, "Andy Warhol" appeared on his 1971 album, Hunky Dory.

Books and print

Andy Warhol (left) and Tennessee Williams (right) talking on the S.S. France. World Journal Tribune photo by James Kavallines.

To add to his collection of accomplishments Warhol also became a writer. He self-published a number of books about his life including:

  • 25 Cats Name Sam and One Blue Pussy (1954)
  • Gold Book
  • Wild Raspberries
  • Holy Cats

Warhol's first book, 25 Cats was a very unique publication. There was a limited first edition printing of 190 hand-colored copies of this book on watermarked paper that used Seymour Berlin's specialized blotted line technique for lithographs. Warhol never sold these editions, keeping them instead to use for gifts to friends and clients.

Later Warhol "wrote" several books that were commercially printed.

  • A:A novel (1968, ISBN 0-8021-3553-6) is a literal transcription - (including all of the spelling errors and explanation of background noises) of Warhol's interactions with several of his close friends, among them Ondine, as they went about their parties, had conversations, and relaxed at the Factory.
  • The Philosophy of Andy Warhol; from A to B and back again. (1975, ISBN 0-15-671720-4) Pat Hackett recorded her daily phone conversations with Warhol (with his approval) and transcribed the conversations, as well as recordings Warhol made himself of various conversations he had with other people, including Brigid Berlin (also known as Brigid Polk) and former Interview magazine editor Bob Colacello.
  • Popism: The Warhol Sixties (1980, ISBN 0-15-672960-1), the book was written jointly by Warhol and Pat Hackett as a unique retrospective view and interpretation of the sixties and the prominent role of Pop Art throughout the decade.
  • The Andy Warhol Diaries (1989, ISBN 0-446-39138-7, edited by Pat Hackett) was also comprised of Hackett's transcriptions of conversations with Warhol, who had started a "diary" of sorts to help him keep track of his expenditures, but it branched out to include his personal thoughts and observations.

Warhol created the fashion magazine Interview, still in publication. It's signature cover title is comprised of a loopy script that is either one of Warhol's creations, or that of his mother, Julia Warhola, who often did text work for his early commercial pieces.

Death

In 1987 Andy Warhol was admitted to New York Hospital for routine surgery for his gallbladder. He was released from the hospital, but died in his sleep on February 22, 1987 at 6:32 a.m. The cause was attributed to a sudden heart attack. On further investigation, the coroners found that Warhol's body was flooded with several fluids. His I.V. had not been monitored properly at the hospital, and his body became overloaded, contributing to his sudden death. Warhol's lawyers, upon hearing the news, sued the hospital for negligence. Ironically, Warhol had put off his needed surgery because he had an acute fear of entering hospitals and being cared for by doctors.

Warhol was buried back in his home of Pennsylvania. His grave is located at St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery in Bethel Park, just south of Pittsburgh. Yoko Ono, among others, spoke at his funeral.

Most of Warhol's possessions were auctioned off at Sotheby's over an extensive period of nine days and grossed over 20 million dollars. His estate was left to his remaining family, and was valued at far more.

Museums

The Andy Warhol Museum is located in the artist's hometown of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is known as being the largest American art museum dedicated to a single artist. It houses more than 12,000 works by Andy Warhol.

Another notable museum is the Warhol Family Museum of Modern Art, founded by John Warhol, Andy's brother, and the Warhol Foundation in New York in 1992. The museum is in Medzilaborce, Slovakia, located 15km away from the village of Mikova (where Andy's parent's were born). The museum houses several original paintings that were donated by the Andy Warhol Foundation in New York, as well as personal items donated by Warhol's relatives.

Notes

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Angell, Callie (2006). Andy Warhol Screen Tests: The Films of Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonne, Volume One (Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonnee). New York: Henry Abrams.  ISBN 0810955393
  • Bockris, Victor (1997). Warhol: The Biography. New York: Da Capo Press.  ISBN 030681272X
  • Colacello, Bob (1990). Holy Terror: Andy Warhol Close Up. New York: HarperCollins.  ISBN 0815410085
  • Daggett Dillenberger, Jane (2001). The Religious Art of Andy Warhol. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group.  ISBN 082641334X
  • Doyle,Jennifer, Jonathan Flatley, and José Esteban Muñoz, eds. (1996). Pop Out: Queer Warhol. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 082231732X
  • Guiles, Fred Lawrence (1989). Loner at the Ball: The Life of Andy Warhol. New York: Bantam.  ISBN 0593015401
  • Koestenbaum, Wayne (2003). Andy Warhol. New York: Penguin.  ISBN 0670030007
  • Meyer, Richard (2003). Outlaw Representation. New York: Beacon.  ISBN 0807079359
  • Watson, Steven (2003). Factory Made: Warhol and the Sixties. New York: Pantheon.  ISBN 0679423729
  • Yau, John (1993). In the Realm of Appearances: The Art of Andy Warhol.  ISBN 0880012986

External links

All links retrieved July 27, 2023.

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