Difference between revisions of "Coccinellidae" - New World Encyclopedia
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Coccinellids are small [[insect]]s, ranging from 1 millimeter to 10 millimeters (0.04 to 0.4 inches). They are commonly yellow, orange, or scarlet with small black spots on their [[elytra|wing covers]], with black legs, head and antennae. A very large number of species are mostly or entirely black, gray, or brown, however, and may be difficult for non-[[entomologist]]s to recognize as coccinellids. (Conversely, there are many small beetles that are easily mistaken as ladybugs, such as [[tortoise beetle]]s). | Coccinellids are small [[insect]]s, ranging from 1 millimeter to 10 millimeters (0.04 to 0.4 inches). They are commonly yellow, orange, or scarlet with small black spots on their [[elytra|wing covers]], with black legs, head and antennae. A very large number of species are mostly or entirely black, gray, or brown, however, and may be difficult for non-[[entomologist]]s to recognize as coccinellids. (Conversely, there are many small beetles that are easily mistaken as ladybugs, such as [[tortoise beetle]]s). | ||
| + | |||
| + | it is believed that coccinellids are often brightly colored to ward away potential predators. This defense works because most predators associate bright colors (especially orange and black or yellow and black) with poison and other unpleasant properties. This phenomenon is called [[aposematism]]. In fact, most coccinellids are indeed poisonous to smaller predators, such as [[lizard]]s and small [[bird]]s. However, a human would have to eat several hundred coccinellids before feeling any effects. Adult coccinellids are able to [[reflex-bleed]] [[hemolymph]] from their leg joints, releasing their oily yellow toxin with a strong repellent smell. This becomes quite obvious when one handles a coccinellid roughly. | ||
==Habitat and life cycle== | ==Habitat and life cycle== | ||
| Line 43: | Line 45: | ||
[[Image:Ladybird Pupate.jpg|thumbnail|Pupal stage]] | [[Image:Ladybird Pupate.jpg|thumbnail|Pupal stage]] | ||
| − | + | Coccinellids are typically [[predator]]s on [[Hemiptera]] such as aphids and scale insects, though members of the subfamily [[Epilachninae]] are [[herbivore]]s, and can be very destructive [[agricultural pest]]s (e.g., the [[Mexican bean beetle]]). They are also known to eat certain plants and crops when no other food is present, making them a possible pest to farmers and gardeners. While they are often used as [[biological control]] agents, introduced species of ladybugs (such as ''[[Harmonia axyridis]]'' or ''[[Coccinella septempunctata]]'' in [[North America]]) can outcompete and displace native coccinellids, and become pests in their own right. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | Coccinellids are typically [[predator]]s on [[Hemiptera]] such as aphids and scale insects, though members of the subfamily [[Epilachninae]] are [[herbivore]]s, and can be very destructive [[agricultural pest]]s (e.g., the [[Mexican bean beetle]]). They are also known to eat certain plants and crops when no other food is present, making them a possible pest to farmers and gardeners. While they are often used as [[biological control]] agents, introduced species of | ||
| − | + | Some species (e.g., ''[[Hippodamia convergens]]'') gather into groups and move to higher land, such as a mountain, to enter diapause. Ladybirds are usually found where aphids or scale insects are, and they lay their eggs near their prey to increase the likelihood the larvae will find the prey easily. Since aphids and scale insects occur nearly everywhere in the world, ladybirds are also cosmopolitan. | |
| − | Most Coccinellids mate in Spring or Summer and the female lays a cluster of eggs (numbering from a few to a few hundred, depending on species) as near as possible to an aphid colony. In most species these eggs hatch into a [[larva|larval state]] within a week. This state lasts 10–15 days, and they then go into a [[pupae|pupal]] stage before becoming an adult coccinellid. The entire [[biological life cycle|life cycle]] of the Coccinellid is only 4–7 weeks. Most ladybird species are [[univoltine]], producing only one generation a year, although some are [[bivoltine]]. | + | Most Coccinellids mate in Spring or Summer and the female lays a cluster of eggs (numbering from a few to a few hundred, depending on species) as near as possible to an aphid colony. In most species, these eggs hatch into a [[larva|larval state]] within a week. This state lasts 10–15 days, and they then go into a [[pupae|pupal]] stage before becoming an adult coccinellid. The entire [[biological life cycle|life cycle]] of the Coccinellid is only 4–7 weeks. Most ladybird species are [[univoltine]], producing only one generation a year, although some are [[bivoltine]]. |
| − | Coccinellids lay extra infertile eggs with the fertile eggs. These appear to provide a backup food source for the larvae when they hatch. The ratio of infertile to fertile eggs increases with scarcity of food at the time of egg laying | + | Coccinellids lay extra infertile eggs with the fertile eggs. These appear to provide a backup food source for the larvae when they hatch. The ratio of infertile to fertile eggs increases with scarcity of food at the time of egg laying (Perry and Roitberg 2005). |
| − | Some species are [[migratory]] and form large [[swarm|aggregation]]s during the migratory period. They also form large aggregations when they go into [[hibernation]] in Winter | + | Some species are [[migratory]] and form large [[swarm|aggregation]]s during the migratory period. They also form large aggregations when they go into [[hibernation]] in Winter (Honek et al. 2007). As in many insects, ladybirds in temperate regions enter [[diapause]] during the Winter. |
==Importance== | ==Importance== | ||
| − | Ladybugs are generally considered useful insects as many species feed on [[aphid]]s or [[scale insect]]s, which are pests in gardens, agricultural fields, orchards, and similar places. | + | Ladybugs are generally considered useful insects as many species feed on [[aphid]]s or [[scale insect]]s, which are pests in gardens, agricultural fields, orchards, and similar places. Most are beneficial to gardeners in generally, and in the Spring it is not uncommon to find them in a vegetable garden feeding on aphids. |
| − | Most | ||
| − | + | Although native species of coccinellids are typically considered benign, a few species are pests in North America and Europe. In North America, the Asian lady beetle ''([[Harmonia axyridis]]),'' introduced in the twentieth century to control [[aphids]] on agricultural crops, has become a serious household [[Pest (organism)|pest]] in some regions owing to its habit of overwintering in structures. It is similarly acquiring a pest reputation in Europe, where it is called the "harlequin ladybird." | |
| − | Although native species of coccinellids are typically considered benign, in North America the Asian lady beetle ''([[Harmonia axyridis]]),'' introduced in the twentieth century to control [[aphids]] on agricultural crops, has become a serious household [[Pest (organism)|pest]] in some regions owing to its habit of overwintering in structures. It is similarly acquiring a pest reputation in Europe, where it is called the " | ||
| − | + | Ladybugs also have cultural importance. Some people consider seeing ladybugs, or having them land on one's body, to be a sign of good [[luck]] to come, and that killing them presages bad luck. Coccinellids are, and have for very many years been, favorite insects of children. The insects have had many regional names (now mostly disused) such as the lady-cow, may-bug, golden-knop, golden-bugs ([[Suffolk]]); and variations on Bishop-Barnaby ([[Norfolk dialect]])—(Barney, Burney) Barnabee, Burnabee, and the Bishop-that-burneth. | |
| − | Coccinellids are and have for very many years been favorite insects of children. The insects had many regional names (now mostly disused) such as the lady-cow, may-bug, golden-knop, golden-bugs ([[Suffolk]]); and variations on Bishop-Barnaby ([[Norfolk dialect]]) | ||
| − | The ladybird is immortalized in the still-popular children's [[nursery rhyme]] ''[[Ladybird, Ladybird]]'': | + | The ladybird is immortalized in the still-popular children's [[nursery rhyme]] ''[[Ladybird, Ladybird]]'' (or ladybug): |
{{cquote|Ladybird, ladybird, fly away home<br/> | {{cquote|Ladybird, ladybird, fly away home<br/> | ||
| Line 74: | Line 70: | ||
For she has crept under the warming pan.}} | For she has crept under the warming pan.}} | ||
| − | Many variants exist, including one that seems ancient (recounted in an | + | Many variants exist, including one that seems ancient (recounted in an 1851 publication): |
{{cquote|Dowdy-cow, dowdy-cow, ride away heame,<br/> | {{cquote|Dowdy-cow, dowdy-cow, ride away heame,<br/> | ||
| Line 80: | Line 76: | ||
And if thou means to save thy bairns<br/> | And if thou means to save thy bairns<br/> | ||
Take thy wings and flee away!}} | Take thy wings and flee away!}} | ||
| − | [[Image:Coccinella septempunctata couple (aka).jpg|thumb|''[[Coccinella septempunctata]]'' pair ''[[sexual | + | [[Image:Coccinella septempunctata couple (aka).jpg|thumb|''[[Coccinella septempunctata]]'' pair ''[[sexual reproduction|in copulo]]'']] |
| − | The name | + | |
| + | The name ladybug or ladybird is believed to date from the Middle Ages and have derived from being dedicated to the Virgin Mary. | ||
| − | + | The lady bug is generally thought of very favorably in various cultures. In parts of [[Northern Europe]], tradition says that one's wish is granted if a ladybird lands on oneself. In [[Italy]], it is said by some that if a ladybird flies into one's bedroom, it is considered good luck. In [[central Europe]], a ladybird crawling across a girl's hand is thought to mean she will get married within the year. In [[Russia]], a ladybird is called Божья коровка (God's cow) and a popular children's rhyme exists with a call to fly to the sky and bring back bread. Similarly, in Denmark a ladybird, called a mariehøne (Mary's hen), is asked by children to fly to "our lord in heaven and ask for fairer weather in the morning." In [[Irish language|Irish]], the insect is called "bóín Dé" — or "God's little cow." | |
| − | + | In some cultures they are referred to as lucky bugs (Turkish: uğur böceği). In [[Greece]], ladybugs are called πασχαλίτσα (''[[pascha]]litsa''), because they are found abundantly in [[Easter]]time along with ''paschalia'', the [[common lilac]] plant, which flowers at the same time. | |
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== Additional photographs == | == Additional photographs == | ||
| Line 111: | Line 102: | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
| − | < | + | |
| + | <ref>{{cite journal |quotes=no |author=A. Honek, Z. Martinkova & S. Pekar |year=2007 |title=Aggregation characteristics of three species of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) at hibernation sites |journal=[[European Journal of Entomology]] |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=51–56 |url=http://www.eje.cz/pdfarticles/1197/eje_104_1_051_Honek.pdf}}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | <ref>{{cite journal |quotes=no |author=J. Perry & B. Roitberg |year=2005 |title=Ladybird mothers mitigate offspring starvation risk by laying trophic eggs |journal=[[Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology]] |volume=58 |pages=578–586}}</ref> | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
Revision as of 21:41, 22 November 2007
- "Ladybird" and "ladybug" redirect here.
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 Coccinella septempunctata
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Chilocorinae |
Coccinellidae is a family of small, rounded (hemispheric), usually bright colored, short-legged beetles, known variously as ladybugs (North American English), ladybirds (British English, Australian English, South African English), or lady beetles (preferred by some scientists).
Coccinellids are found worldwide, with over 5,000 species described, more than 450 native to North America alone. The family name comes from its type genus, Coccinella.
Description
_Anatomy.svg)
As arthropods, ladybugs have jointed appendages, an exoskeleton (hard, external covering), segmented body, ventral nervous system, digestive system, open circulatory system, and specialized sensory receptors. As insects, they have three pairs of jointed legs; an abdomen that is divided into 11 segments and lacks any legs or wings; ectognathous or exposed mouthparts, and a body separated into three parts (head, thorax, and abdomen), with one pair of antennae on the head. As beetles, they are characterized by a particularly hard exoskeleton, and the hard wing-cases (elytra) that tend to cover the hind part of the body and protect the second wings, the alae. The elytra are not used in flying, but generally must be raised in order to move the hind wings.
Coccinellids are small insects, ranging from 1 millimeter to 10 millimeters (0.04 to 0.4 inches). They are commonly yellow, orange, or scarlet with small black spots on their wing covers, with black legs, head and antennae. A very large number of species are mostly or entirely black, gray, or brown, however, and may be difficult for non-entomologists to recognize as coccinellids. (Conversely, there are many small beetles that are easily mistaken as ladybugs, such as tortoise beetles).
it is believed that coccinellids are often brightly colored to ward away potential predators. This defense works because most predators associate bright colors (especially orange and black or yellow and black) with poison and other unpleasant properties. This phenomenon is called aposematism. In fact, most coccinellids are indeed poisonous to smaller predators, such as lizards and small birds. However, a human would have to eat several hundred coccinellids before feeling any effects. Adult coccinellids are able to reflex-bleed hemolymph from their leg joints, releasing their oily yellow toxin with a strong repellent smell. This becomes quite obvious when one handles a coccinellid roughly.
Habitat and life cycle
.jpg)
Coccinellids are typically predators on Hemiptera such as aphids and scale insects, though members of the subfamily Epilachninae are herbivores, and can be very destructive agricultural pests (e.g., the Mexican bean beetle). They are also known to eat certain plants and crops when no other food is present, making them a possible pest to farmers and gardeners. While they are often used as biological control agents, introduced species of ladybugs (such as Harmonia axyridis or Coccinella septempunctata in North America) can outcompete and displace native coccinellids, and become pests in their own right.
Some species (e.g., Hippodamia convergens) gather into groups and move to higher land, such as a mountain, to enter diapause. Ladybirds are usually found where aphids or scale insects are, and they lay their eggs near their prey to increase the likelihood the larvae will find the prey easily. Since aphids and scale insects occur nearly everywhere in the world, ladybirds are also cosmopolitan.
Most Coccinellids mate in Spring or Summer and the female lays a cluster of eggs (numbering from a few to a few hundred, depending on species) as near as possible to an aphid colony. In most species, these eggs hatch into a larval state within a week. This state lasts 10–15 days, and they then go into a pupal stage before becoming an adult coccinellid. The entire life cycle of the Coccinellid is only 4–7 weeks. Most ladybird species are univoltine, producing only one generation a year, although some are bivoltine.
Coccinellids lay extra infertile eggs with the fertile eggs. These appear to provide a backup food source for the larvae when they hatch. The ratio of infertile to fertile eggs increases with scarcity of food at the time of egg laying (Perry and Roitberg 2005).
Some species are migratory and form large aggregations during the migratory period. They also form large aggregations when they go into hibernation in Winter (Honek et al. 2007). As in many insects, ladybirds in temperate regions enter diapause during the Winter.
Importance
Ladybugs are generally considered useful insects as many species feed on aphids or scale insects, which are pests in gardens, agricultural fields, orchards, and similar places. Most are beneficial to gardeners in generally, and in the Spring it is not uncommon to find them in a vegetable garden feeding on aphids.
Although native species of coccinellids are typically considered benign, a few species are pests in North America and Europe. In North America, the Asian lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis), introduced in the twentieth century to control aphids on agricultural crops, has become a serious household pest in some regions owing to its habit of overwintering in structures. It is similarly acquiring a pest reputation in Europe, where it is called the "harlequin ladybird."
Ladybugs also have cultural importance. Some people consider seeing ladybugs, or having them land on one's body, to be a sign of good luck to come, and that killing them presages bad luck. Coccinellids are, and have for very many years been, favorite insects of children. The insects have had many regional names (now mostly disused) such as the lady-cow, may-bug, golden-knop, golden-bugs (Suffolk); and variations on Bishop-Barnaby (Norfolk dialect)—(Barney, Burney) Barnabee, Burnabee, and the Bishop-that-burneth.
The ladybird is immortalized in the still-popular children's nursery rhyme Ladybird, Ladybird (or ladybug):
| “ | Ladybird, ladybird, fly away home Your house is on fire and your children are gone |
” |
Many variants exist, including one that seems ancient (recounted in an 1851 publication):
| “ | Dowdy-cow, dowdy-cow, ride away heame, Thy house is burnt, and thy bairns are tean, |
” |
.jpg)
The name ladybug or ladybird is believed to date from the Middle Ages and have derived from being dedicated to the Virgin Mary.
The lady bug is generally thought of very favorably in various cultures. In parts of Northern Europe, tradition says that one's wish is granted if a ladybird lands on oneself. In Italy, it is said by some that if a ladybird flies into one's bedroom, it is considered good luck. In central Europe, a ladybird crawling across a girl's hand is thought to mean she will get married within the year. In Russia, a ladybird is called Божья коровка (God's cow) and a popular children's rhyme exists with a call to fly to the sky and bring back bread. Similarly, in Denmark a ladybird, called a mariehøne (Mary's hen), is asked by children to fly to "our lord in heaven and ask for fairer weather in the morning." In Irish, the insect is called "bóín Dé" — or "God's little cow."
In some cultures they are referred to as lucky bugs (Turkish: uğur böceği). In Greece, ladybugs are called πασχαλίτσα (paschalitsa), because they are found abundantly in Eastertime along with paschalia, the common lilac plant, which flowers at the same time.
Additional photographs
Pupal stage of a coccinellid
Hippodamia overwintering en masse (Colorado Springs, Colorado)
- Unusual pattern.jpg
Neoharmonia venusta
Anatis on a pine cone
Coccinella species from the U.S.
P-14 coccinellid consuming an aphid
Larvae just hatched from their eggs
Coccinella septempunctata
Harmonia axyridis deploying wings
Hippodamia hiding within a flower bud
Lady beetle larva eating an aphid
Coccinella septempunctata (Canada)
.jpg)
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
External links
- Ladybugs of North America — diagnostic photographs
- Multicolored Asian ladybug Harmonia axyridis male and female specimens photos
- Biological control: Predators: Lady beetles Cornell University's Guide to natural enemies in North America
- Taxonomy of coccinellids
- BBC Science & Nature: 7-spotted ladybird
- Harlequin Ladybird survey in the British Isles
- Ladybirds page on The Earth Life Web
- Unofficial Homepage to the Asian ladybird beetle
- General Information on Ladybugs (Asian LadyBeetle)
Credits
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The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
- ↑ A. Honek, Z. Martinkova & S. Pekar (2007). Aggregation characteristics of three species of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) at hibernation sites. European Journal of Entomology 104 (1): 51–56.
- ↑ J. Perry & B. Roitberg (2005). Ladybird mothers mitigate offspring starvation risk by laying trophic eggs. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 58: 578–586.
