Owl
| Owl | ||||||||
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 The rare Northern Spotted Owl
Strix occidentalis caurina | ||||||||
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Strigidae | ||||||||
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Strigidae sensu Sibley & Ahlquist |
Owls are solitary and nocturnal birds of prey. They are classified in the order Strigiformes, in which there are over 200 extant species. Owls mostly hunt small mammals, insects, and other birds, though a few species specialize in hunting fish. They are found in all regions of the Earth except Antarctica, most of Greenland, and some remote islands. Though owls are typically solitary, the literary collective noun for a group of owls is a parliament.
The living owls are divided into two families: the typical owls, Strigidae, and the barn-owls, Tytonidae.
External appearance
Owls have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak, and usually a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disc. Although owls have binocular vision, their large eyes are fixed in their sockets, as with other birds, and they must turn their entire head to change views.
Owls are far-sighted, and are unable to clearly see anything within a few inches of their eyes. Their far vision, particularly in low light, is incredibly good, and they can turn their head 135 degrees in either direction; they can thus look behind their own shoulders. It is not correct, however, that they can turn the head so far as to face completely backwards.
Different species of owls make different sounds; the wide range of calls aids owl species in finding mates or announcing their presence to potential competitors, and ornithologists and birders in locating these birds and recognizing species. The facial disc helps to funnel the sound of prey to their ears. In many species, these are placed asymmetrically, for better directional location (Norberg, 1977).
Behavior
Owls' powerful clawed feet and sharp beak enable them to tear their prey to pieces before eating, although most items are swallowed whole. Their remiges, or flight feathers, have fluffy trailing edges, muffling their wingbeats and allowing their flight to be practically silent. The dull coloration makes them hard to spot. Some fish-eating owls, which have no need of silence, lack this adaptation. Elf owls also lack the feathers for silent flying.
Scientists studying the diets of owls are helped by their habit of regurgitating the indigestible parts of their prey (bones, scales, fur, etc.) in the form of pellets. These "owl pellets" are often sold by companies to schools to be dissected by students as a lesson in biology and ecology, because they are plentiful and easy to interpret.
Owl eggs are white and almost spherical, and range in number from a few to a dozen dependent on species. Their nests are crudely built and may be in trees, underground burrows or barns and caves.
Most owls are nocturnal, but several, including the pygmy owls (Glaucidium), are crepuscular, or twilight active, hunting mainly at dawn and dusk. A few owls, such as the Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia) and the Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus), are also active during the day.
The smallest owls include the elf owl and the pygmy owls, some of which are only 13 cm (5.1 in) long, have a 32 cm (12.6-in) wingspan, and weigh only 50 g (1.76 oz). The largest owls are the eagle owls, the Eurasian Eagle Owl Bubo bubo and Verreaux's Eagle Owl B. lacteus, which may reach 76.2 cm (30 in) long, have a wingspan of just over 2 m (6.6 ft), and weigh about 4 kg (almost 9 lb).
Evolution and systematics
The systematic placement of owls is disputed. For example, the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy finds that, based on DNA-DNA hybridization, owls are more closely related to the nightjars and their allies (Caprimulgiformes) than to the diurnal predators in the order Falconiformes; consequently, the Caprimulgiformes are placed in the Strigidae and the owls in general become a family Strigidae. This is not supported by more recent research[citation needed][1]. In any case, the relationships of the Caprimulgiformes, the owls, the falcons and the accipitrid raptors are not resolved to satisfaction; currently there is an increasing trend to consider each group (with the possible exception of the accipitrids) a distinct order.
There are some 225 extant species of owls, which are subdivided into two families; typical owls (Strigidae) and barn-owls (Tytonidae). Some entirely extinct families have also been erected based on fossil remains; these differ much from modern owls in being less specialized or specialized in a very different way (such as the terrestrial Sophiornithidae). The Early Paleocene (c.58 mya) genus Ogygoptynx can be taken to indicate that owls were present as a distinct lineage already at the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs, making them one of the oldest known groups of non-Galloanserae landbirds. The supposed "Cretaceous owl" Bradycneme is a non-avian dinosaur however, possibly Elopteryx.
Ogygoptynx must not be understood to be a modern owl with all their apomorphies, but was simply a predatory woodland bird, still fairly generalized, but possibly nocturnal. Together with Berruornis, Ogygoptynx indicates that owls probably evolved in North America, crossing the narrow North Atlantic at the very beginning of the Cenozoic or even earlier[2]. Still, it cannot be excluded with absolute certainty that the little material known of these early taxa is merely similar to owls due to convergent evolution, but this seems less likely than owls being indeed a very ancient group.
During the Paleogene, the Strigiformes radiated into ecological niches now mostly filled by other groups of birds. The owls as we know them today, on the other hand, evolved their characteristic morphology and adaptations during that time too. By the early Neogene, the other lineages had been displaced by other bird orders, leaving only barn-owls and typical owls. The latter at that time were usually a fairly generic type of (probably earless) owl similar to today's North American Spotted Owl or the European Tawny Owl; the diversity in size and ecology found in typical owls today developed only subsequently.
Around the Paleogene-Neogene boundary (some 25 mya), barn-owls were the dominant group of owls in southern Europe and adjacent Asia at least; the distribution of fossil and present-day owl lineages indicates that their decline is contemporary with the evolution of the different major lineages of typical owls, which for the most part seems to have taken place in Eurasia. In the Americas, there was rather an expansion of immigrant lineages of ancestral typical owls.
The supposed fossil herons "Ardea" perplexa (Middle Miocene of Sansan, France) and "Ardea" lignitum (Late Pliocene of Germany) were more probably owls; the latter was apparently close to the modern genus Bubo. Judging from this, the Late Miocene remains from France described as "Ardea" aureliensis should also be restudied.(Olson 1985:131, 267) The Messelasturidae, some of which were initially believed to be basal Strigiformes, are now generally accepted to be diurnal birds of prey showing some convergent evolution towards owls.
For fossil species and paleosubspecies, see the genus and species articles.
Unresolved and basal forms (all fossil)
- Genus Berruornis (Late Paleocene of France) - basal? Sophornithidae?
- Genus Palaeoglaux (Middle - Late Eocene of WC Europe) - own family Palaeoglaucidae or Strigidae?
- Palaeobyas (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Quercy, France) - Tytonidae? Sophiornithidae?
- Palaeotyto (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Quercy, France) - Tytonidae? Sophiornithidae?
- Strigiformes gen. et spp. indet. (Early Oligocene of Wyoming, USA: Olson 1985:131)
- Mioglaux (Late Oligocene? - Early Miocene of WC Europe) - includes "Bubo" poirreiri
- Intutula (Early/Middle Miocene of WC Europe) - includes "Strix/Ninox" brevis
- Alasio (Middle Miocene of Vieux-Collonges, France)
Ogygoptyngidae
- Genus Ogygoptynx (Middle/Late Paleocene of Colorado, USA)
Protostrigidae
- Genus Eostrix (Early Eocene of WC USA and England - Middle Eocene of WC USA)
- Genus Minerva (Middle - Late Eocene of W USA) - formerly Protostrix, includes "Aquila" ferox, "Aquila" lydekkeri, and "Bubo" leptosteus
Sophiornithidae
- Genus Sophiornis
- Genus Strigogyps - includes Aenigmavis and Ameghinornis
Typical owls
- Genus Otus - scops owls; includes Megascops, some 65 species
- Genus Pyrroglaux - Palau Owl
- Genus Gymnoglaux - Cuban Screech Owl
- Genus Ptilopsis - white-faced owls, 2 species
- Genus Mimizuku - Mindanao Eagle Owl
- Genus Bubo - horned owls, eagle owls and fish owls; includes Nyctea, Ketupa and Scotopelia but possibly polyphyletic, some 25 species
- Genus Strix - earless owls, some 15 species
- Genus Ciccaba - 4 species
- Genus Lophostrix - Crested Owl
- Genus Jubula - Maned Owl
- Genus Pulsatrix - spectacled owls, 3 species
- Genus Surnia - Northern Hawk Owl
- Genus Glaucidium - pygmy owls, about 30-35 species
- Genus Xenoglaux - Long-whiskered Owlet
- Genus Micrathene - Elf Owl
- Genus Athene - 2-4 species (depending on whether Speotyto and Heteroglaux are included or not)
- Genus Aegolius - saw-whet owls, 4 species
- Genus Ninox - Australasian hawk-owls, some 20 species
- Genus Uroglaux - Papuan Hawk
- Genus Pseudoscops - Jamaican Owl and possibly Striped Owl
- Genus Asio - eared owls, 6-7 species
- Genus Nesasio - Fearful Owl
- Genus Mascarenotus - Mascarene owls, 3 species; extinct (c.1850)
- Genus Sceloglaux - Laughing Owl; extinct (1914?)
- Genus Grallistrix - stilt-owls, 4 species; prehistoric
- Genus Ornimegalonyx - Caribbean giant owls, 1-2 species; prehistoric
Placement unresolved
- "Otus" wintershofensis - fossil (Early/Middle Miocene of Wintershof West, Germany) - may be close to extant genus Ninox (Olson 1985:131)
- "Strix" edwardsi - fossil (Late Miocene)
- "Asio" pygmaeus - fossil (Early Pliocene of Odessa, Ukraine)
- Ibiza Owl, Strigidae gen. et sp. indet. - prehistoric (Sánchez Marco 2004)
Barn-owls
- Genus Tyto - typical barn-owls, some 15 species and possibly 1 recently extinct
- Genus Phodilus - bay-owls, 1-2 extant species and possibly 1 recently extinct
Fossil genera
- Basityto (Early Eocene of Grafenmühle, Germany)
- Nocturnavis (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene) - includes "Bubo" incertus
- Necrobyas (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene - Late Miocene) - includes "Bubo" arvernensis and Paratyto
- Selenornis (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene) - includes "Asio" henrici
- Prosybris (Early Oligocene? - Early Miocene)
Myth, lore, and popular culture
In many parts of the world, owls have been associated with death and misfortune, likely due to their nocturnal activity and common screeching call. However, owls have also been associated with wisdom and prosperity as a result of frequently being companion animals for goddesses.
Henry David Thoreau summarized one perception of owls, when he wrote in 1854's Walden, "I rejoice that there are owls. Let them do the idiotic and maniacal hooting for men. It is a sound admirably suited to swamps and twilight woods which no day illustrates, suggesting a vast and underdeveloped nature which men have not recognized. They represent the stark twilight and unsatisfied thoughts which all [men] have."
Owls in popular culture
Africa
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Ancient Egyptians used a representation of an owl for their hieroglyph for the sound m, although they would often draw this hieroglyph with its legs broken to keep this bird of prey from coming to life.[citation needed].
The Americas
In the culture of many Native Americans, (e.g. the Native American Hopi nation), taboos often surround owls and they are often associated with evil or sorcery. Like eagle feathers, the possession of owl feathers as religious objects is regulated by federal law (e.g. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and Title 50 Part 22 Code of Federal Regulations).
The Aztecs and Mayans, along with other natives of Mesoamerica, considered the Owl a symbol of death and destruction. In fact, the Aztec god of death, Mictlantecuhtli, was often depicted with owls. There is a saying in Spanish that still exists today: cuando el tecolote canta, el indio se muere ("when the owl cries/sings, the Indian dies").
Other Native American Tribes saw the owl as the carrier of the elders spirits.[citation needed]
Asia
In Japanese culture, owls are seen as either negative or positive symbols depending on species. Owls are seen as divine messengers of the gods while Barn or Horned owls are perceived as demonic figures.
In Indian culture, a white owl is considered a companion of the goddess of wealth, and therefore a harbinger of prosperity. The owl has been adapted as an emblem to reflect its implications of wisdom (Wise old owl) by a revered military institution in India known as the Defence Service Staff College. In colloquial use, however, it is commonly used to refer to stupidity.
The demoness Lilith is thought to have been associated with (screech) owls as well, by way of the KJV translation of the passage in Isaiah 34:14. However, prior to the rise of Islam, owls were considered evil omens and bad luck in most Middle Eastern pagan traditions. In modern times, although such superstitions are less prevalent, owls are still popularly considered "evil" because of their fierce, horrific appearance.
Europe
In Greek mythology, the owl, and specifically the Little Owl, was often associated with the goddess Athena, a bird goddess who became associated with wisdom, the arts, and skills, and as a result, owls also became associated with wisdom. They are the unofficial mascot of the high-IQ society Mensa.
The Romans, in addition to having borrowed the Greek associations of the owl (see Owl of Minerva), also considered owls to be funerary birds, due to their nocturnal activity and often having their nests in inaccessible places. As a result, seeing an owl in the daytime was considered a bad omen. The vampiric strix of Roman mythology was in part based on the owl.
Likewise, in Romanian culture, the mournful call of an owl is thought to predict the death of somebody living in the neighbourhood. Such superstitions caused a minor disturbance when an owl showed up at Romanian President's residence, Cotroceni Palace.
In the Welsh Cycles of the Mabinogion, the Owl is considered cursed - the first owl was Blodeuedd, a woman born of flowers to be the wife of Lleu Llaw Gyffes. Because she fell in love with another man and plotted to kill Lleu, Lleu's guardian Gwydion turned her into the first owl, saying "You are never to show your face to the light of day, rather you shall fear other birds; they will be hostile to you, and it will be their nature to maul and molest you wherever they find you. You will not lose your name but always be called Blodeuwedd." The addition of the w in her name changed her from a woman of flowers to an owl.
In Finland the owl is paradoxically viewed as both a symbol of wisdom, and as a symbol of imbecility (presumably because of it's "dumb" stare).
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Calaprice, Alice & Heinrich, Bernd (1990): Owl in the House: A Naturalist's Diary. Joy Street Books, Boston. ISBN 0316354562
- Heinrich, Bernd (1987): One Man's Owl
- Johnsgard, Paul A. (2002): North American Owls: Biology and Natural History, 2nd ed.. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC. ISBN 1-56098-939-4
- Norberg, R. A. (1977): Occurrence and independent evolution of bilateral ear asymmetry in owls and implications on owl taxonomy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 280: 375-408.
- Olson, Storrs L. (1985): The fossil record of birds. In: Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): Avian Biology 8: 79-238. Academic Press, New York.
- Sánchez Marco, Antonio (2004): Avian zoogeographical patterns during the Quaternary in the Mediterranean region and paleoclimatic interpretation. Ardeola 51(1): 91-132. PDF fulltext
- Sibley, Charles Gald & Monroe, Burt L. Jr. (1990): Distribution and taxonomy of the birds of the world: A Study in Molecular Evolution. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. ISBN 0-300-04969-2
- The Gaurdians of Ga'Hoole book series by Kathryn Lasky is a fiction novel which contains and educates readers on many of the owl types as well as entertaining the reader at the same time.
Footnotes
- ↑ In reality, for the distant relationship of the accipitrids - namely, the "Accipitriformes" according to Sibley & Ahlquist (1990) - with owls (and most other bird lineages) is most likely due to systematic error. Accipitrids have undergone drastic chromosome rearrangement and thus appear in DNA-DNA hybridization generally unlike other living birds.
- ↑ Ogygoptynx is known from what was then the coastal areas of the receding Pierre Seaway, the southern part of the great Late Mesozoic inland sea of North America. Thus, the lack of fossil owls from the well-scoured deposits of Mongolia - east of Asia's Early Cenozoic inland seaway, the Turgay Strait - can be taken as indication that the order's origins lay indeed west of the North Atlantic.
External links
General
- Owl species of the World
- Animal Diversity Web Page: Owls
- Owl Brain Atlas
- Smithsonian Snowy Owl Info
- Owls of the Harry Potter movies - learn about the owls featured in the films, threats to the species, and conservation activities
- World Owl Trust
- Owl Physiology, 'The Owl Pages' website.
- Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
- Athenian Owl coins
Eurasia
- World of OwlsNorthern Irelands only Owl, Bird of Prey and Exotic Animal Centre.
North America
- List of Owl Species Breeding In North American and Owl Photos
- South Okanagan Rehabilitation Centre For Owls (British Columbia)
Australia
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