Isle of Man
| Ellan Vannin Isle of Man | |||||
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| Motto: Quocunque Jeceris Stabit (Latin) Whithersoever you throw it, it will stand | |||||
| Anthem: Isle of Man National Anthem | |||||
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| Capital | Douglas 54°09′N 4°29′W | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Largest city | capital | ||||
| Official languages | Manx, English | ||||
| Government | Crown dependency (UK)
Parliamentary democracy (Constitutional monarchy) | ||||
| - Lord of Mann | Elizabeth II | ||||
| - Lieutenant Governor | Sir Paul Haddacks | ||||
| - First Deemster | Michael Kerruish | ||||
| - President of Tynwald | Noel Cringle | ||||
| - Chief Minister | Tony Brown | ||||
| Status | Crown dependency | ||||
| - Revested in British crown | 1765 | ||||
| Area | |||||
| - Total | 572 km² (190th) 221 sq mi | ||||
| - Water (%) | 0 | ||||
| Population | |||||
| - Density | 131.2/km² 339.6/sq mi | ||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2003 estimate | ||||
| - Total | $2.113 billion | ||||
| - Per capita | $35,000 | ||||
| HDI (n/a) | n/a (unranked) | ||||
| Currency | Pound sterling1 (GBP)
| ||||
| Time zone | GMT (UTC+0) | ||||
| - Summer (DST) | (UTC+1) | ||||
| Internet TLD | .im | ||||
| Calling code | +44 | ||||
The Isle of Man (Template:Lang-gv, pronounced /ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn/) is a self-governing British Crown dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the geographical centre of the British Isles.
The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann. The Crown is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. The island is not part of the United Kingdom, but external relations, defence, and ultimate good-governance of the Isle of Man are the responsibility of the government of the UK.
The Isle of Man is not a part of the European Union, but has a limited relationship relating to the free movement of goods.
Etymology of name
The origin of the name Isle of Man is unclear. In the Manx Gaelic language the Isle of Man is known as Ellan Vannin, where ellan is a Gaelic word meaning 'island'. The earliest form of 'Man' is Manu or Mana giving the genitive name Manann leading to the word Mannin.
During the period of Julius Caesar as proconsul and his visit to Britain during 55 and 54 B.C.E. Caesar referred to the Isle of Man in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico to 'an island called Mona which lies midway across the sea separating Britain from Ireland.'
Geography
As well as the main island of Man itself, the Isle of Man includes the small partially inhabited islands of the Calf of Man, Chicken Rock and St Patrick's Isle.
The Isle of Man is located geographically in the middle of the Irish Sea, which is connected to the Atlantic Ocean, by St George's Channel between the Republic of Ireland and Wales and Cornwall to the south, and by the North Channel between Northern Ireland and Scotland.
The Isle of Man is part of the British Isles, an archipelago off the north-western coast of mainland Europe. The island lies in the Irish Sea, approximately equidistant between England, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
Approximately 32 miles (48 kilometers) long and between eight and 15 miles (13 and 24 kilometers) wide, the island has an area of around 221 square miles (572km²).
Hills in the north and south are bisected by a central valley. The extreme north is exceptionally flat, consisting mainly of deposits built up by deposition from glacial advances from Western Scotland during colder times. There are more recently deposited shingle beaches at the Point of Ayre. It has only one mountain higher than 2000 feet, Snaefell, with a height of 2036 feet (621 meters). According to an old saying, from the summit one can see six kingdoms: those of Mann, Scotland, England, Ireland, Wales, and Heaven.
The Isle of Man has a temperate climate, with cool summers and mild winters. Average rainfall is high compared to the majority of the British Isles, due to its location to the western side of Great Britain and sufficient distance from Ireland for moisture to be accumulated by the prevailing south-westerly winds. Average rainfall is highest at Snaefell, where it is around 75 inches (1900mm) a year. At lower levels it can fall to around 32 inches (800mm) a year. Temperatures remain fairly cool, with the recorded maximum being 84°F (28.9°C) at Ronaldsway. The Isle of Man is known for its overcast skies and low levels of sunshine.
Best known amongst the Island's unusual flora and fauna" is the Manx cat, which in the pure 'rumpy' version has no tail at all, while a "stumpy" has a vestige of a tail. Loaghtan sheep - with four horns - are also unique to the Isle of Man. During the summer, giant basking sharks are often seen in Manx waters. These huge creatures grow up to 35 feet long and two tonnes in weight but are harmless. Small animals not found on the Isle of Man include badgers, squirrels, snakes and moles. Foxes are forbidden by law but some were illegally introduced in the 1980s and a handful still survive. There are also small numbers of feral goats and descendants of red-necked wallabies that escaped captivity many years ago. Other natives are the Manx Robber Fly, Isle of Man cabbage and Manx Marvel tomato exist as native breeds of the Isle of Man.
Some animal species and breeds once existed on the Isle of Man but are now extinct. Manx cattle went extinct c. 1815. Manx horses also went extinct c. 1820-1830. The Manx pig were known to the locals as 'purrs'. Juniper Juniperis communis, went extinct in the 20th century. It suffered a major decline after its uses for firewood and gin making ceased. Climate change is suspected to have made the population that was left infertile.
There are few severe natural hazards, the most common being high winds, rough seas and dense fog. In recent years there has been a marked increase in the frequency of high winds, high rains, summer droughts and flooding from both from heavy rain and from high seas. Snow fall has decreased significantly over the past century while temperatures are increasing year round with rainfall decreasing.
Air pollution, marine pollution and waste disposal are issues on this small island.
Global Warming and a sea level rise potentially poses a great threat to the Isle of Man. All of the island's towns are at threat from rising sea levels while the Northern Plain, a large, flat and low-lying plain composed of soft marine sediments and glacial material which makes up about a quarter of the Island's landmass is in danger of being lost to the sea over the next two centuries. The same is true for the considerably smaller Southern Plain surrounding the settlements of Castletown and Ballasalla and including Ronaldsway Airport.
Douglas (Doolish in Manx) is the capital and its largest town. It is the Island's hub for business, finance, shipping, transport, shopping and entertainment. It is also home of the Isle of Man Government. Douglas had a population of 26,218 in 2006 census, which was almost one-third of the Isle of Man's entire population.
History
The Isle of Man effectively became an island around 8500 years ago when rising sea levels caused by the melting glaciers cut Mesolithic Britain off from continental Europe for the last time. A land bridge had existed between the Isle of Man and Cumbria prior to this date, although the location and opening of the land-bridge remains poorly understood. The Isle of Man has been inhabited by humans since this period.
Irish colonists
The island became the home to Irish colonists. Manx, a Goidelic language, provides the main evidence of this; earlier evidence suggests that a Welsh-speaking people lived there.
Tradition attributes the island's conversion to Christianity to St Maughold (Maccul), an Irish missionary who gives his name to a parish. The island's name derives from Manannan, the Brythonic and Gaelic equivalent of Neptune.
Viking settlement
Between about 800 and 815 C.E., Vikings came to Man chiefly for plunder. Between about 850 and 990, when they settled in it, the island fell under the rule of the Scandinavian kings of Dublin, and between 990 and 1079, it became subject to the powerful earls of Orkney.
There was a mint producing coins on Man between c.1025 and c.1065. These Manx coins were minted from an imported type 2 Hiberno-Norse penny die from Dublin. Hiberno-Norse coins were first minted under Sihtric, king of Dublin, meaning Man may have been under Dublin domination at this time.
The Norse Kingdom of Mann and the Isles was created by Godred Crovan in 1079. The isle was a dependency of Norway until 1266. During this period Man came under a Scandinavian system of government that has remained practically unchanged.
During Viking times, the islands of the Norse Kingdom of Mann and the Isles were called the Súðreyjar or Sudreys ("southern isles") in contrast to the Norðreyjar ("northern isles") of Orkney and Shetland. This became Sodor.
Olaf, Godred's son, maintained a close alliance with the kings of Ireland and Scotland during his time (1113 - 1152. His son, Godred (reigned 1153 - 1158), who for a short period ruled over Dublin, as a result of a quarrel with the ruler of Argyll, in 1156, lost the smaller islands off the coast of Argyll. An independent sovereignty thus appeared between the two divisions of his kingdom.
Ceded to Scotland
In response to Scottish interest, by Alexander III of Scotland in 1261, and after theBattle of Largs against of the Norwegian fleet in 1263, King Magnus VI of Norway ceded the islands, including Man, to Scotland in the Treaty of Perth in 1266. But Scotland's rule over Man did not become firmly established till 1275, when the Manx suffered defeat in the decisive Battle of Ronaldsway, near Castletown.
English dominance
In 1290, King Edward I of England possessed Man, which remained in English hands till 1313, when Robert Bruce took it after besieging Castle Rushen for five weeks. Then, until 1346, when the Battle of Neville's Cross decided the long struggle between England and Scotland in England's favour, there followed a confused period when Man sometimes experienced English rule and sometimes Scottish.
About 1333, King Edward III of England granted Man to William de Montacute, 3rd Baron Montacute, (later the 1st Earl of Salisbury), as his absolute possession, without reserving any service to be rendered to him.
In 1392, Montacute's son sold the island, including sovereignty, to Sir William le Scrope. In 1399 King Henry IV had Le Scrope beheaded for taking the side of Richard II.
The island then came into the possession of the Crown, which granted it to Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, but following his attainder, Henry IV, in 1405, made a lifetime grant of it, with the patronage of the bishopric, to Sir John Stanley. In 1406 this grant was extended – on a feudatory basis under the English Crown – to Sir John's heirs and assigns, the feudal fee being the service of rendering homage and two falcons to all future Kings of England on their coronations.
The Isle of Man came the British Crown in 1765.
The Isle of Man was used as a base for "Alien Civilian Internment" camps during both the First and Second World Wars.
The Church of England diocese is still called the Diocese of Sodor and Man although it only covers Mann. When the Rev. W. V. Awdry wrote The Railway Series, he invented the island of Sodor as an imaginary island located between the Isle of Man and the Cumbrian coast.
Tynwald
Tynwald, the Island's parliament nominally founded in 979 AD, is arguably the oldest continuous parliament in the world.[1] The annual ceremonial meeting in July on Tynwald Day, the Island's national day, continues to be held at Tynwald Hill, where titles are announced and a brief description of the new laws enacted by the Tynwald Court during the previous year is given.
Government and politics
The United Kingdom is responsible for the Island's defence and ultimately for good governance, and for representing the Island in international forums, while the Island's own parliament and government have competence over all domestic matters.
Structure
The Island's parliament is Tynwald, which dates from at least AD 979 and is said to be the oldest continuously existing parliament in the world. Tynwald is a bicameral legislature, comprising the House of Keys (directly elected by universal suffrage) and the Legislative Council (consisting of indirectly elected and ex-officio members). These two bodies meet together in joint session as Tynwald.
The executive branch of government is the Council of Ministers, which is composed of members of Tynwald. It is headed by the Chief Minister, currently Tony Brown MHK.
Vice-regal functions of the Head of State are largely performed by a Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man.
Most Manx politicians stand for election as independents rather than as representatives of political parties. Though political parties do exist, their influence is not nearly as strong as is the case in the United Kingdom.
The largest political party is the recently established Liberal Vannin Party, which promotes greater Manx independence and more accountability in Government. The LibVannin party has two members of Tynwald including Leader Peter Karran MHK.
A nationalist pressure group Mec Vannin advocates the establishment of a sovereign republic.
External relations
The Isle of Man is not part of the United Kingdom. The UK represents the IOM in its external affairs and provides defence, and retains paramount power via the Crown to legislate for the Island. The Isle of Man chooses to fullfil the requirements of British and European Union regulations/laws but is not SUBJECT to them.
Citizenship
Citizenship is covered by United Kingdom law, and Manx people are classed as British citizens, although those without a grandparent born in the UK (or who have not lived continuously for a period of five or more years in the UK) do not have the same rights as other British Citizens with regard to employment and establishment in the EC. Similarly, citizens of the United Kingdom are subject to the Manx permit laws regarding employment in the Isle of Man.
Passports issued to citizens of the Isle of Man are issued to residents of "British Islands - Isle of Man" and conveniently show the holder to belong to the European Union which thus enables Manx to visit countries visa free which otherwise only disband with the need for a visa to "UK citizens".
Regarding applications for visiting or residence visas, the United Kingdom will first ensure that its own requirements are met and, if the proposed destination place of residence is the Isle of Man, then refer the case to the Isle of Man Immigration Authorities before granting the visa.
European Union
The Isle of Man holds neither membership nor associate membership of the European Union. Protocol Three of the treaty of accession of the United Kingdom permits trade for Manx goods without tariffs.[2] In conjunction with the Customs and Excise agreement with the UK, this facilitates free trade with the UK. While Manx goods can be freely moved within the EU, people, capital and services cannot.
Commonwealth of Nations
The Isle of Man is not itself a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. By virtue of its relationship with the United Kingdom, it takes part in several Commonwealth institutions, including the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and the Commonwealth Games.
Sheadings
Local government on the Isle of Man is based around the concept of ancient parishes. The Isle of Man is divided into six sheadings, and under the sheadings there are three types of local authorities: a borough corporation, town commissions, and parish commissions.
Demographics
Population
According to the 2006 interim census,[3] the Isle of Man is home to 80,058 people, of whom 26,218 reside in the island's capital Douglas. The population is 93.9 percent from the British Isles, (place of birth: Isle of Man (47.6%), England (37.2%), Scotland (3.4%), Northern Ireland (2.1%), Republic of Ireland (2.1%), Wales (1.2%), Channel Islands (0.3%)), and 6.1 percent from the rest of the world.
Ethnicity
Religion
Language
The official languages of the Isle of Man are the Manx Gaelic and the English language. A dialect of English known as Manx English is spoken.
The Manx Gaelic language is a Goidelic Celtic language and is one of a number of insular Celtic languages spoken in the British Isles. Manx Gaelic has been officially recognised as a legitimate autochthonous regional language under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, ratified by the United Kingdom on 27 March 2001 on behalf of the Isle of Man government.
The Manx language is closely related to the Scottish Gaelic and Irish languages. By the middle of the twentieth century only a few elderly native speakers remained: the last of them, Ned Maddrell, died on December 27, 1974. By then a scholarly revival had begun to spread to the populace and many had learned Manx as a second language. The first native speakers of Manx (bilingual with English) in many years have now appeared: children brought up by Manx-speaking parents. Primary immersion education in Manx is provided by the Manx government: since 2003, the former St John's School building has been used by the Bunscoill Gaelgagh (Manx language-medium school). Degrees in Manx are available from the Isle of Man College and the Centre for Manx Studies. Manx-language playgroups also exist, and Manx language classes are available in island schools. In the 2001 census, 1,689 out of 76,315, or 2.2% of the population, claimed to have knowledge of Manx, although the degree of knowledge in these cases was presumably varied.
A well known Manx expression is Traa Dy Liooar, meaning 'time enough' and represents a stereotypical view of the Manx attitude to life.
Men and women
Marriage and the family
Education
literacy
=Class
Culture
The culture of the Isle of Man is strongly influenced by its Celtic and Norse origins.
Architecture
Art
Food and drink
The national dish of the island is 'Spuds and Herrin', boiled potatoes and herring. This plain dish is chosen because of its role supporting the subsistence farmers of the island, who crofted the land and fished the sea for centuries.
Seafood has traditionally accounted for a large proportion of the local diet. Although commercial fishing has declined in recent years, local delicacies include Manx kippers (smoked herring) which are produced by the smokeries on the west coast of the island, albeit mainly from North Sea herring these days. The smokeries also produce other specialities including smoked salmon and bacon.
Crab, lobster and scallops are commercially fished, and the Queen Scallop ('Queenies') is regarded as a particular delicacy, with a light, sweet flavour. Cod, ling and mackerel are often angled for the table, and freshwater trout and salmon can be taken from the local rivers and lakes, supported by the Government fish hatchery at Cornaa.
Cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry are all commercially farmed, Manx lamb from the hill-farms being a popular dish. The Loughtan, the indigenous breed of Manx sheep, has a rich, dark meat that has found favour with chefs, featuring in dishes on the BBC's Masterchef series.
Milk and cheese are produced by IOM Creameries. Manx cheese has been a particular success, featuring smoked and herb-flavoured varieties, and is stocked by many of the UK's supermarket chains. Manx cheese took bronze medals in the 2005 British Cheese Awards, and sold 578 tonnes over the year.
Beer is brewed on a commercial scale by Okells Brewery (established in 1850) and Bushy's Brewery.
Literature
Music
Myth, legend and folklore
In Manx mythology, the island was ruled by Manannán mac Lir, a Celtic sea god, who would draw his misty cloak around the island to protect it from invaders. One of the principal theories about the origin of the name Mann is that it is named after Manannan.
In the Manx tradition of folklore, there are many stories of mythical creatures and characters. These include the Buggane, a malevolent spirit who according to legend blew the roof off St Trinian's church in a fit of pique; the Fenodyree; the Glashtyn; and the Moddey Dhoo, a ghostly black dog who wandered the walls and corridors of Peel Castle.
The Isle of Man is also said to be home to fairies, known locally as 'the little folk' or 'themselves'. There is a famous Fairy Bridge and it is said to be bad luck if one fails to wish the fairies good morning or afternoon when passing over it. Other types of fairies are the Mi'raj and the Arkan Sonney.
An old Irish story tells how Lough Neagh was formed when Ireland's legendary giant Fionn mac Cumhaill (sometimes known as Finn McCool) scooped up a portion of the land and tossed it at a Scottish rival. He missed, and the chunk of earth landed in the Irish Sea, thus creating the Isle of Man.
Sports
Symbols
For centuries, the Island's symbol has been its ancient triskelion, a device similar to Sicily's Trinacria: three bent legs, each with a spur, joined at the thigh. The Manx triskelion does not appear to have an official definition; Government publications, currency, flags, the tourist authority and others all use different variants. Most, but not all, preserve rotational symmetry, some running clockwise, others counter-clockwise. Some have the uppermost thigh at 12:00, others at 11:30 or 10:00, etc. Some have the knee bent at 90°, some at 60°, some at closer to 120°. Also the degree of ornamentation of the leg wear and spur vary considerably.
The three legs relate directly to the island's motto: Quocunque Jeceris Stabit, translated as 'Whithersoever you throw it, it will stand'. Interpretations of the motto often stress stability and robustness in the Manx character. Many schools on the island have adapted the motto to promote perseverance and hard work.
The origin of the 'Three Legs of Man' (as they are usually called) is explained in the Manx legend that Manannan repelled an invasion by transforming into the three legs and rolling down the hill and defeating the invaders.
Variations on the Manx triskelion are still in use on the coats of arms belonging to the different branches of the ancient Norwegian noble family that ruled Mann until the thirteenth century. This particular version belongs to the Skancke branch of the Skanke family. The name stems from skank, the Norwegian version of the word 'shank', or 'leg'. The Norse royal family of Man stayed on the island for some years after the death of Magnus III and the beginning of Scottish rule. The family's emigration only came after the a final attempt on the part of the Manx at restoring the old Sudreyar dynasty in the 1275 uprising against the Scots. This revolt failed disastrously, ending in the deaths of hundreds of rebels, including the last Norse King of Man, Godred IV Magnuson when the Manx suffered defeat in the decisive Battle of Ronaldsway, near Castletown. When the Norse-Manx royals arrived in Norway they took service as nobles of the Norwegian king, quickly becoming knights, landlords, and clergy under the Norwegian Crown.
Economy
The Isle of Man is a low tax economy with no capital gains tax, wealth tax, stamp duty, death duty or inheritance tax[4] and income tax rates of 10% and 18%; corporation tax is at 0%.[5][6]
Offshore banking, manufacturing, and tourism form key sectors of the economy. Agriculture and fishing, once the mainstays of the economy, now make declining contributions to the Island's Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Trade takes place mostly with the United Kingdom.
The Manx government promotes island locations for making films by contributing to the production costs.
Communications
The main telephone provider on the Isle of Man is Manx Telecom. The Island does not have its own ITU country code, but is accessed via the UK's code (+44) and the Island's telephone numbers are part of the UK telephone numbering plan with local dialling codes 01624 (landlines) and 07624 (mobiles). In 2007 Cable and Wireless set up an additional mobile provider service called "Sure" for Island residents who do not wish to use Manx Telecom.
The Isle of Man has three radio stations: Manx Radio, Energy FM, and 3 FM.
There is no insular television service, and local transmitters retransmit analogue broadcasts of BBC 1 and BBC 2 (with BBC North West regional programmes), ITV Border Television and Channel 4. Channel Five is not available via the Island's transmitters, but Sky Digital satellite television can be received, as can Free To Air satellite via Astra , Hotbird and a range of other satellites around Europe. Freeview is only available at present in the North of the Island.
In some areas, terrestrial television from the United Kingdom or Republic of Ireland can be received.
Analogue television transmission will cease between 2008 and 2009, and limited local transmission of digital terrestrial television will then commence.
A Manx speciality and the fastest form of on-island communication is Skeet. Skeet puts gossip, telling friends and chattering in the shade for it works at something approaching the speed of light. The postman will tell his customers that he, on his round, just saw their friends or children and where. If I go 5 miles north to Douglas, then my friend 5 miles to the south in Castletown will already know where I have been before I can ring him. Since the introduction of the mobile phone, Skeet can be likened to a walking radio commentator who has one programme only and that is "Who Did What Where" on the island and "When".
Skeet is exactly the opposite of the island speciality Traa dy liooar which literally means "time enough" and resembles the slow form of the Spanish mañana. (See language)
Transport
The island has a total of 800 km (500 miles) of public roads, all of which are paved. Many of the roads on the island have no speed limit.
Douglas is served by frequent ferries to and from United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. All ferries are operated by the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company.
The only commercial airport on the island is the Isle of Man Airport at Ronaldsway.
Sport
The Isle of Man is represented as a nation in the Commonwealth Games and the Island Games and will be hosting the IV Commonwealth Youth Games in 2011. The Island started the Island Games in 1985.
Isle of Man teams and individuals participate in many sports both on and off the island. Among the many sports played on the island are cricket, football, gymnastics, hockey and rugby union.
Motorcycle racing
The main international motorcycle event associated with the island is the Isle of Man TT, which began in 1907 and takes place in late May and early June. It is now an international road racing event for motor bikes and used to be part of the World Championship. The Manx Grand Prix is a motorcycle event for amateurs and private entrants that uses the same 37.73 mile Snaefell mountain course in late August and early September.
Cammag
The sport of cammag originated on the Isle of Man. It is similar to the Scottish game of shinty, and Irish hurling. Once the most popular sport on the Island, it ceased to be played by the start of the 20th century. It has more recently been revived with an annual match at St. John's.
Famous residents
Born or raised on the island
- The Bee Gees
- Mark Cavendish, sprint cyclist.
- Charles Kerruish became in 1961 the first Manxman to be head of government.
- Illiam Dhone led an uprising against English rule over the island and was executed in 1663.
Moved to the island
- Jeremy Clarkson, journalist and broadcaster.
- Neil Hodgson, the 2003 Superbike and World Superbike Champion.
- Sir Norman Wisdom, comedian and actor.
See also
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ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ Both the Icelandic parliament and the Faroese parliament are older, but were abolished from 1800 to 1845 and 1816 to 1852, respectively.
- ↑ http://www.bmdf.co.uk/ukaccessiontreaty.pdf
- ↑ Summary results of the Isle of Man Census 2006
- ↑ http://www.gov.im/iomfinance/tax/directtax.xml
- ↑ http://www.gov.im/treasury/incometax/strategy/viewnews.gov?page=lib/news/treasury/incometax/newassessorofinc.xml&menuid=
- ↑ http://money.independent.co.uk/personal_finance/tax/article349147.ece
- Russel, G. 1988. Distribution and development of some Manx epiphyte populations. Helgolander Meeresunters. 42: 477 - 492.
- The Isle of Man. A Social, Cultural and Political History. by R.H. Kinvig pp18 (1975) (3rd Edition) Liverpool University Press ISBN 0-85323-391-8</ref>
- A New History of the Isle of Man Volume 1 - The Evolution of the Natural Landscape. edited by Richard Hiverrell and Geoffrey Thomas pp295-296 (1st Edition)(2006) Liverpool University Press ISBN 0-85323-587-2
External links
- Isle of Man World Factbook 2007, accessed September 18, 2007.
- Isle of Man Encyclopaedia Britannica online, accessed September 18, 2007.
- isleofman.com The Isle of Man online.
- Isle of Man Guide An extensive guide to the Isle of Man
- Manx Government A comprehensive site covering many aspects of Manx life from fishing to financial regulation
- Manx Scenes.com Extensive photographic library.
- Isle of Man Tour 360 degree pictures of the Isle of Man.
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