Difference between revisions of "Herb" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | {{ | + | {{Approved}}{{Images OK}}{{Submitted}}{{Paid}}{{copyedited}} |
| − | + | In [[botany]], a '''herb''' or '''herbaceous plant''' (pronounced with or without the ''h'') technically is a [[seed]]-bearing [[plant]] (most specifically a [[flowering plant]]) that does not produce a woody stem with persistent tissue but generally dies down to the ground level each year. | |
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| − | ''' | ||
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| − | + | In a more popular sense, the term herb is applied to any useful plant that is employed for medicinal purposes, or for culinary purposes in small quantities related to flavor (such as a condiment or seasoning), or even for spiritual uses. Likewise, the term refers to the substance obtained from the plant and used in that manner. | |
| − | can be used for medical purposes to relieve depression and stress. However, administering high amounts of these herbs may lead to poisoning, and should be used with caution. | + | |
| − | == | + | In this non-botanical sense, the term generally is used regardless of whether the source of the herb is a woody plant or a herbaceous plant. For example, rosemary ''(Rosmarinus officinalis)'' is used in traditional [[Mediterranean]] cuisine and medicinally as a "herb" despite the fact that it is a woody, perennial plant. However, some limit the term herb, even in the second sense, to herbaceous plants, particularly as related to culinary use (Spicer and VanDyk 2003; Herbert 2006). |
| − | + | {{toc}} | |
| − | [[ | + | In both senses of the term, herbs have added immeasurably to the quality of human life. Humans have a relationship with a vast array of herbaceous plants that offer important [[ecology|ecological]], [[nutrition|nutritional]], economic, and aesthetic values, such as [[barley]], [[wheat]], [[rice]], and other [[grass]]es being a main food source and pink [[carnation]]s serving as a herbaceous ornamental plant. Herbs have provided medicinal and culinary benefits that have enhanced the quality of human life, such as the [[oregano]] used in tomato sauces or lemon balm used medicinally as a herbal tea. |
| − | + | ||
| + | ==Overview== | ||
| + | A '''herbaceous plant''' is a [[plant]] that has one or more stems and [[leaf|leaves]] that die, at the end of the growing season, to the [[soil]] level. Since [[gymnosperm]]s are typically woody, with some exceptions, herbaceous plants are generally listed as angiosperms or [[flowering plant]]s. A herbaceous plant may be an [[Annual plant|annual]] plant that dies after one growing season, or it may be produced each year, as a [[Biennial plant|biennial]] or [[Perennial plant|perennial]], from plant parts that remain below the ground. | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Image:Salvia lyrata USDA.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Salvia lyrata]],'' a herbaceous plant]]Herbaceous perennial plants have [[Plant stem|stem]]s that die at the end of the growing season, but new growth forms from the [[root]]s or from [[underground stems]] or from [[crown (botany)|crown]] tissue at the surface of the ground. Examples include bulbs, [[Peony|Peonies]], [[Hosta]], and [[Poaceae|grasses]]. By contrast, non-herbaceous perennial plants are [[woody plant]]s that have little stems above ground that remain alive during winter and grow shoots the next year from the above ground parts, including [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s, and [[vine]]s. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Herbaceous plants are pioneers, or early-[[succession (ecological)|succession]]al species. These species are relatively fast growing plants,and have a wide distribution of seeds and stems. | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Image:Herbs.jpg|thumb|right|Herbs: basil]] | ||
| + | The term herb also is employed popularly in a very different sense related to their usefulness for culinary, medicinal, or spiritual usage. Culinary herbs are distinguished from [[vegetable]]s in that herbs are used in small amounts and provide [[flavor]] (similar to spices) rather than substance to [[food]]. In this sense, some herbs contain phytochemicals that, when consumed in small quantities, can be healthy, yet in large quantities can be toxic to the [[liver]]. Some types of herbal extract, such as the extract of ''Hypericum perforatum'' (St. John's wort), or the ''Piper methysticum'' (kava plant) can be used for medical purposes to relieve depression and stress. However, administering high amounts of these herbs may lead to poisoning, and should be used with caution. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The green, leafy part of the plant is often used, but herbal medicine makes use of the roots, flowers, seeds, root bark, inner bark (cambium), berries, and sometimes the pericarp or other portions. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Herb versus spice=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | The terms [[spice]] and herb are often used interchangeably. However, some make a distinction based on what part of the plant is the source, as well as the type of plant. Herbert (2006), and Spicer and VanDyk (2003), for example, consider herbs to come from the leafy part of a herbaceous plant, while spices are obtained from the [[seed]]s, [[berry|berries]], [[bark]], [[root]], [[fruit]], or other parts of the plant (even leaves in some cases). For example, [[cilantro]] is a herb because it comes from the leaves of ''Coriandrum sativum'' while coriander is a spice because it comes from the seeds of the same plant (Spicer and VanDyk 2003). However, this may be more a distinction in terms of the culinary use of the terms, since "herbal medicine" utilizes many sources of plant matter. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Pronunciation of "h" in herb== | ||
| + | The ''h'' in herb properly can be pronounced or not pronounced (American Heritage 2000). The term herb was borrowed from French, where the (h) was not pronounced, just as it was lost in Latin and not pronounced in the other Romance languages borrowed from Latin. It was, however, generally pronounced in both Old and Middle English, and today, in modern British English, both herb and such derivatives as herbaceous, herbal, and herbivore are pronounced with ''h'' (American Heritage 2000). In American English, the ''h'' is more commonly not pronounced in the words herb and herbal, but is typically pronounced in herbaceous and herbivore (American Heritage 2000). | ||
==List of culinary herbs and spices== | ==List of culinary herbs and spices== | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Image:Spices 22078028.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A spice market in [[Istanbul]]]] | ||
| + | This is a list of [[culinary]] "[[herbs]] and [[spice]]s." Specifically, these are unrefined and unmixed food or drink additives of [[botanical]] origin, used in nutritionally insignificant quantities for flavoring. As such, this list does contain [[Black pepper|pepper]], but not [[salt]] (which is a [[mineral]]), or [[curry powder]] (which is a mixture). It also does not contain herbs or spices that are purely [[medicinal]] (such as [[valerian]]), [[fictional]] (such as [[aglaophotis]]), or are used as [[recreational drugs]] (such as [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]]). | ||
__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{compactTOC5T}} | {{compactTOC5T}} | ||
| − | ==A== | + | |
| + | ===A=== | ||
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | ||
| − | * [[Ajwain]] | + | * [[Ajwain]] ''(Trachyspermum ammi)'' |
| − | * [[Allspice]] | + | * [[Allspice]] ''(Pimenta dioica)'' |
| − | * [[Alkanet]] | + | * [[Alkanet]] ''(Anchusa arvensis)'' |
| − | * [[mango|Amchur]] - mango powder | + | * [[mango|Amchur]]--mango powder ''(Mangifera)'' |
| − | * [[Angelica]] | + | * [[Angelica]] ''(Angelica archangelica)'' |
| − | * [[Anise]] | + | * [[Anise]] ''(Pimpinella anisum)'' |
| − | * [[Aniseed myrtle]] | + | * [[Aniseed myrtle]] ''(Syzygium anisatum)'' |
| − | * [[Annatto]] | + | * [[Annatto]] ''(Bixa orellana L.)'' |
| − | * [[Apple mint]] | + | * [[Apple mint]] ''(Mentha suaveolens)'' |
* [[Artemisia vulgaris|Artemisia vulgaris/Mugwort]] | * [[Artemisia vulgaris|Artemisia vulgaris/Mugwort]] | ||
| − | * [[Asafoetida]] | + | * [[Asafoetida]] ''(Ferula assafoetida)'' |
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | ==B== | + | ===B=== |
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | ||
* [[Berberis]] | * [[Berberis]] | ||
* [[Banana]] | * [[Banana]] | ||
| − | * [[Basil (herb)|Basil]] | + | * [[Basil (herb)|Basil]] ''(Ocimum basilicum)'' |
* [[Bay leaf|Bay leaves]] | * [[Bay leaf|Bay leaves]] | ||
* [[Persicaria bistorta|Bistort]] (''Persicaria bistorta") | * [[Persicaria bistorta|Bistort]] (''Persicaria bistorta") | ||
| Line 50: | Line 66: | ||
* [[Bladder wrack]] (Fucus vesiculosus) | * [[Bladder wrack]] (Fucus vesiculosus) | ||
* [[Blue Cohosh]] | * [[Blue Cohosh]] | ||
| − | * [[Eucalyptus polybractea|Blue-leaved Mallee]] | + | * [[Eucalyptus polybractea|Blue-leaved Mallee]] ''(Eucalyptus polybractea)'' |
| − | * [[Bog Labrador Tea]] | + | * [[Bog Labrador Tea]] ''(Rhododendron groenlandicum)'' |
| − | * [[Boldo]] | + | * [[Boldo]] ''(Peumus boldus)'' |
| − | * [[Bolivian Coriander]] | + | * [[Bolivian Coriander]] ''(Porophyllum ruderale)'' |
| − | * [[Borage]] | + | * [[Borage]] ''(Borago officinalis)'' |
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 61: | Line 77: | ||
* [[Sweet flag|Calamus]] | * [[Sweet flag|Calamus]] | ||
* [[Calendula]] | * [[Calendula]] | ||
| − | * [[Calumba]] | + | * [[Calumba]] ''(Jateorhiza calumba)'' |
* [[Chamomile]] | * [[Chamomile]] | ||
* [[Candle nut]] | * [[Candle nut]] | ||
| − | + | * [[Caper]] ''(Capparis spinosa)'' | |
| − | * [[Caper]] | ||
* [[Caraway]] | * [[Caraway]] | ||
* [[Cardamom]] | * [[Cardamom]] | ||
| Line 75: | Line 90: | ||
* [[Catsear]] | * [[Catsear]] | ||
* [[Cayenne pepper]] | * [[Cayenne pepper]] | ||
| − | * [[Celastrus Paniculatus]] - Herb. | + | * [[Celastrus Paniculatus]]--Herb. |
* [[Celery|Celery salt]] | * [[Celery|Celery salt]] | ||
* [[Celery|Celery seed]] | * [[Celery|Celery seed]] | ||
* [[Centaury]] | * [[Centaury]] | ||
| − | * [[Chervil]] | + | * [[Chervil]] ''(Anthriscus cerefolium)'' |
* [[Chickweed]] | * [[Chickweed]] | ||
* [[Chicory]] | * [[Chicory]] | ||
| Line 85: | Line 100: | ||
* [[Chili powder]] | * [[Chili powder]] | ||
* [[Cinchona]] | * [[Cinchona]] | ||
| − | * [[Chives]] | + | * [[Chives]] ''(Allium schoenoprasum)'' |
| − | * [[Cicely]] | + | * [[Cicely]] ''(Myrrhis odorata)'' |
| − | * [[Cilantro]] (see [[Coriander]]) | + | * [[Cilantro]] (see [[Coriander]]) ''(Coriandrum sativum)'' |
* [[Cinnamon]] (and [[Cassia]]) | * [[Cinnamon]] (and [[Cassia]]) | ||
| − | * [[Cinnamon Myrtle]] | + | * [[Cinnamon Myrtle]] ''(Backhousia myrtifolia)'' |
* [[Salvia sclarea|Clary]] | * [[Salvia sclarea|Clary]] | ||
* [[Cleavers]] | * [[Cleavers]] | ||
| Line 101: | Line 116: | ||
* [[Coptis]] | * [[Coptis]] | ||
* [[Coriander (spice)|Coriander]] | * [[Coriander (spice)|Coriander]] | ||
| − | * [[Tanacetum balsamita|Costmary ]] | + | * [[Tanacetum balsamita|Costmary ]] ''(Tanacetum balsamita)'' |
* [[Couchgrass]] | * [[Couchgrass]] | ||
| − | * [[Cow Parsley]] | + | * [[Cow Parsley]] ''(Anthriscus sylvestris)'' |
* [[Cowslip]] | * [[Cowslip]] | ||
| − | * [[Cramp Bark]] | + | * [[Cramp Bark]] ''(Viburnum opulus)'' |
* [[Cress]] | * [[Cress]] | ||
| − | * [[Cuban Oregano]] | + | * [[Cuban Oregano]] ''([[Plectranthus amboinicus]])'' |
* [[Cudweed]] | * [[Cudweed]] | ||
* [[Cumin]] | * [[Cumin]] | ||
| − | * [[Curry tree|Curry leaf]] | + | * [[Curry tree|Curry leaf]] ''(Murraya koenigii)'' |
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 116: | Line 131: | ||
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | ||
* [[Damiana]] (''Turnera aphrodisiaca'', ''T. diffusa'') | * [[Damiana]] (''Turnera aphrodisiaca'', ''T. diffusa'') | ||
| − | * [[Dandelion]] | + | * [[Dandelion]] ''(Taraxacum officinale)'' |
* [[Demulcent]] | * [[Demulcent]] | ||
| − | * Devil's claw | + | * Devil's claw ''([[Harpagophytum procumbens]])'' |
* [[Dill seed]] | * [[Dill seed]] | ||
| − | * [[Dill]] | + | * [[Dill]] ''(Anethum graveolens)'' |
| − | * [[Dorrigo Pepper]] | + | * [[Dorrigo Pepper]] ''(Tasmannia stipitata)'' |
</div> | </div> | ||
==E== | ==E== | ||
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | ||
| − | * [[Echinacea]] | + | * [[Echinacea]] |
* [[Echinopanax Elatum]] | * [[Echinopanax Elatum]] | ||
* [[Edelweiss]] | * [[Edelweiss]] | ||
| Line 134: | Line 149: | ||
* [[Eleutherococcus senticosus]] | * [[Eleutherococcus senticosus]] | ||
* [[Emmenagogue]] | * [[Emmenagogue]] | ||
| − | * [[Epazote]] | + | * [[Epazote]] ''(Chenopodium ambrosioides)'' |
| − | * [[Ephedra]] | + | * [[Ephedra]] |
* [[Eryngium foetidum]] | * [[Eryngium foetidum]] | ||
* [[Eucalyptus]] | * [[Eucalyptus]] | ||
| Line 143: | Line 158: | ||
==F== | ==F== | ||
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | ||
| − | * [[Fennel]] | + | * [[Fennel]] ''(Foeniculum vulgare)'' |
* [[Fenugreek]] | * [[Fenugreek]] | ||
* [[Feverfew]] | * [[Feverfew]] | ||
| Line 160: | Line 175: | ||
* [[Garlic chives]] | * [[Garlic chives]] | ||
* [[Garlic]] | * [[Garlic]] | ||
| − | * [[Ginger]] | + | * [[Ginger]] ''(Zingiber officinale)'' |
* [[Ginkgo biloba]] | * [[Ginkgo biloba]] | ||
* [[Ginseng]] | * [[Ginseng]] | ||
| − | * [[Siberian ginseng|Ginseng, Siberian]] | + | * [[Siberian ginseng|Ginseng, Siberian]] ''([[Eleutherococcus senticosus]])'' |
* [[Goat's Rue]] (Galega officinalis) | * [[Goat's Rue]] (Galega officinalis) | ||
* [[Goada masala]] | * [[Goada masala]] | ||
| Line 169: | Line 184: | ||
* [[Golden Seal]] | * [[Golden Seal]] | ||
* [[Gotu Kola]] | * [[Gotu Kola]] | ||
| − | * [[Grains of paradise]] | + | * [[Grains of paradise]] ''(Aframomum melegueta)'' |
| − | * [[Grains of Selim]] | + | * [[Grains of Selim]] ''(Xylopia aethiopica)'' |
* [[Grape seed extract]] | * [[Grape seed extract]] | ||
* [[Green tea]] | * [[Green tea]] | ||
| Line 180: | Line 195: | ||
==H== | ==H== | ||
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | ||
| − | * [[Crataegus|Hawthorn]] | + | * [[Crataegus|Hawthorn]] ''(Crataegus sanguinea)'' |
* [[Crataegus|Hawthorne Tree]] | * [[Crataegus|Hawthorne Tree]] | ||
* [[Hemp]] | * [[Hemp]] | ||
| Line 190: | Line 205: | ||
* [[Horehound]] | * [[Horehound]] | ||
* [[Horseradish]] | * [[Horseradish]] | ||
| − | * [[Horsetail]] | + | * [[Horsetail]] ''(Equisetum telmateia)'' |
| − | * [[Hyssop]] | + | * [[Hyssop]] ''(Hyssopus officinalis)'' |
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 198: | Line 213: | ||
* [[Jalap]] | * [[Jalap]] | ||
* [[Jasmine]] | * [[Jasmine]] | ||
| − | * [[Jiaogulan]] | + | * [[Jiaogulan]] ''(Gynostemma pentaphyllum)'' |
| − | * [[Joe Pye weed]] | + | * [[Joe Pye weed]] ''(Gravelroot)'' |
* [[John the Conqueror]] | * [[John the Conqueror]] | ||
* [[Juniper]] | * [[Juniper]] | ||
| Line 206: | Line 221: | ||
==K== | ==K== | ||
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | ||
| − | * [[Kaffir lime|Kaffir Lime Leaves]] | + | * [[Kaffir lime|Kaffir Lime Leaves]] ''(Citrus hystrix, C. papedia)'' |
* [[Kaala masala]] | * [[Kaala masala]] | ||
* [[Knotweed]] | * [[Knotweed]] | ||
| Line 218: | Line 233: | ||
* [[Lady's Mantle]] | * [[Lady's Mantle]] | ||
* [[Land cress]] | * [[Land cress]] | ||
| − | * [[Lavender]] | + | * [[Lavender]] ''(Lavandula spp.)'' |
* [[Ledum]] | * [[Ledum]] | ||
* [[Lemon Balm| Lemon Balm (Melissa Officinalis)]] | * [[Lemon Balm| Lemon Balm (Melissa Officinalis)]] | ||
* [[Lemon basil]] | * [[Lemon basil]] | ||
* [[Cymbopogon| Lemongrass]] (''Cymbopogon citratus, C. flexuosus'', and other species) | * [[Cymbopogon| Lemongrass]] (''Cymbopogon citratus, C. flexuosus'', and other species) | ||
| − | * Lemon Ironbark | + | * Lemon Ironbark ''([[Eucalyptus staigeriana]])'' |
* [[Lemon mint]] | * [[Lemon mint]] | ||
| − | * [[Lemon Myrtle]] | + | * [[Lemon Myrtle]] ''(Backhousia citriodora)'' |
* [[Lemon Thyme]] | * [[Lemon Thyme]] | ||
| − | * [[Lemon verbena]] | + | * [[Lemon verbena]] ''(Lippia citriodora)'' |
| − | * [[Licorice]] - adaptogen | + | * [[Licorice]]--adaptogen |
* [[Lime Flower]] | * [[Lime Flower]] | ||
* [[Limnophila aromatica]] | * [[Limnophila aromatica]] | ||
| Line 235: | Line 250: | ||
* [[Liquorice]] | * [[Liquorice]] | ||
* [[Long pepper]] | * [[Long pepper]] | ||
| − | * [[Lovage]] | + | * [[Lovage]] ''(Levisticum officinale)'' |
* [[Siraitia grosvenorii|Luohanguo]] | * [[Siraitia grosvenorii|Luohanguo]] | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 244: | Line 259: | ||
* [[Mahlab]] | * [[Mahlab]] | ||
* [[Malabathrum]] | * [[Malabathrum]] | ||
| − | * [[Manchurian Thorn Tree]] | + | * [[Manchurian Thorn Tree]] ''(Aralia manchurica)'']] |
* [[Mandrake]] | * [[Mandrake]] | ||
| − | * [[Marjoram]] | + | * [[Marjoram]] ''(Origanum majorana)'' |
* [[Marrubium vulgare]] | * [[Marrubium vulgare]] | ||
* [[Marsh Labrador Tea]] | * [[Marsh Labrador Tea]] | ||
| Line 253: | Line 268: | ||
* [[Meadowsweet]] | * [[Meadowsweet]] | ||
* [[Mei Yen]] | * [[Mei Yen]] | ||
| − | * [[Melegueta pepper]] | + | * [[Melegueta pepper]] ''(Aframomum melegueta)'' |
| − | * [[Mentha|Mint]] | + | * [[Mentha|Mint]] ''(Mentha spp.)'' |
| − | * [[Milk thistle]] | + | * [[Milk thistle]] ''(Silybum)'' |
| − | * [[Monarda didyma|Bergamot]] | + | * [[Monarda didyma|Bergamot]] ''(Monarda didyma)'' |
* [[Motherwort]] | * [[Motherwort]] | ||
* [[Mountain Skullcap]] | * [[Mountain Skullcap]] | ||
| − | * [[Mullein]] | + | * [[Mullein]] ''(Verbascum thapsus)'' |
* [[Mustard plant|Mustard]] | * [[Mustard plant|Mustard]] | ||
* [[Mustard seed]] | * [[Mustard seed]] | ||
| Line 279: | Line 294: | ||
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | ||
* [[Evening primrose|Oenothera]] (''Oenothera biennis'' et al) | * [[Evening primrose|Oenothera]] (''Oenothera biennis'' et al) | ||
| − | * Olida | + | * Olida ''([[Eucalyptus olida]])'' |
| − | * [[Oregano]] (''Origanum vulgare, O. heracleoticum'' | + | * [[Oregano]] (''Origanum vulgare, O. heracleoticum,'' and other species) |
* [[Orris root]] | * [[Orris root]] | ||
* [[Osmorhiza]] | * [[Osmorhiza]] | ||
| Line 291: | Line 306: | ||
* [[Pandan leaf]] | * [[Pandan leaf]] | ||
* [[Paprika]] | * [[Paprika]] | ||
| − | * [[Parsley]] | + | * [[Parsley]] ''(Petroselinum crispum)'' |
* [[Passion Flower]] | * [[Passion Flower]] | ||
* [[Patchouli]] | * [[Patchouli]] | ||
| Line 297: | Line 312: | ||
* [[Black pepper|Pepper]] (black, white, and green) | * [[Black pepper|Pepper]] (black, white, and green) | ||
* [[Peppermint]] | * [[Peppermint]] | ||
| − | * Peppermint Gum | + | * Peppermint Gum ''([[Eucalyptus dives]])'' |
* [[Perilla]] | * [[Perilla]] | ||
* [[Plantain]] | * [[Plantain]] | ||
| Line 303: | Line 318: | ||
* [[Panch Phoran|Ponch phoran]] | * [[Panch Phoran|Ponch phoran]] | ||
* [[Poppy]] seed | * [[Poppy]] seed | ||
| − | * [[Primula|Primrose]] | + | * [[Primula|Primrose]] ''(Primula)''—candied flowers, tea |
* [[Psyllium]] | * [[Psyllium]] | ||
* [[Portulaca oleracea|Purslane]] | * [[Portulaca oleracea|Purslane]] | ||
| Line 322: | Line 337: | ||
* [[Restharrow]] | * [[Restharrow]] | ||
* [[Rhodiola rosea]] | * [[Rhodiola rosea]] | ||
| − | * [[Riberry]] | + | * [[Riberry]] ''(Syzygium luehmannii)'' |
* [[Eruca sativa|Rocket/Arugula]] | * [[Eruca sativa|Rocket/Arugula]] | ||
* [[Roman chamomile]] | * [[Roman chamomile]] | ||
* [[Rooibos]] | * [[Rooibos]] | ||
* [[Rosehip]]s | * [[Rosehip]]s | ||
| − | * [[Rosemary]] | + | * [[Rosemary]] ''(Rosmarinus officinalis)'' |
* [[Rowan]] Berries | * [[Rowan]] Berries | ||
* [[Rue]] | * [[Rue]] | ||
| Line 336: | Line 351: | ||
* [[Safflower]] | * [[Safflower]] | ||
* [[Saffron]] | * [[Saffron]] | ||
| − | * [[Common sage|Sage]] | + | * [[Common sage|Sage]] ''(Salvia officinalis)'' |
* [[Saigon Cinnamon]] | * [[Saigon Cinnamon]] | ||
* [[St John's Wort]] | * [[St John's Wort]] | ||
| Line 343: | Line 358: | ||
* [[Sichuan Pepper]] (Sansho) | * [[Sichuan Pepper]] (Sansho) | ||
* [[Sassafras]] | * [[Sassafras]] | ||
| − | * [[Savory (herb)|Savory]] | + | * [[Savory (herb)|Savory]] ''(Satureja hortensis, S. Montana)'' |
* [[Schisandra]] (Schisandra chinensis) | * [[Schisandra]] (Schisandra chinensis) | ||
* [[Scutellaria costaricana]] | * [[Scutellaria costaricana]] | ||
| Line 353: | Line 368: | ||
* [[Sialagogue]] | * [[Sialagogue]] | ||
* [[Siberian Chaga]] | * [[Siberian Chaga]] | ||
| − | * [[Siberian ginseng]] | + | * [[Siberian ginseng]] ''([[Eleutherococcus senticosus]])'' |
* [[Siraitia grosvenorii|Siraitia grosvenorii (luohanguo)]] | * [[Siraitia grosvenorii|Siraitia grosvenorii (luohanguo)]] | ||
* [[Skullcap]] | * [[Skullcap]] | ||
| Line 359: | Line 374: | ||
* [[Smudge Stick]] | * [[Smudge Stick]] | ||
* [[Sonchus]] | * [[Sonchus]] | ||
| − | * [[Sorrel]] | + | * [[Sorrel]] ''(Rumex spp.)'' |
* [[Southernwood]] | * [[Southernwood]] | ||
* [[Spearmint]] | * [[Spearmint]] | ||
| Line 372: | Line 387: | ||
* [[Sutherlandia frutescens]] | * [[Sutherlandia frutescens]] | ||
* [[Sweet grass]] | * [[Sweet grass]] | ||
| − | * [[Cicely|Sweet cicely]] | + | * [[Cicely|Sweet cicely]] ''(Myrrhis odorata)'' |
* [[Sweet woodruff]] | * [[Sweet woodruff]] | ||
| − | * [[Szechuan pepper]] | + | * [[Szechuan pepper]] ''(Xanthoxylum piperitum)'' |
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 383: | Line 398: | ||
* [[Tandoori masala]] | * [[Tandoori masala]] | ||
* [[Tansy]] | * [[Tansy]] | ||
| − | * [[Tarragon]] | + | * [[Tarragon]] ''(Artemisia dracunculus)'' |
* [[Tea]] | * [[Tea]] | ||
* [[Teucrium polium]] | * [[Teucrium polium]] | ||
| Line 392: | Line 407: | ||
* [[Tormentil]] | * [[Tormentil]] | ||
* [[Tribulus terrestris]] | * [[Tribulus terrestris]] | ||
| − | * [[Tulsi]] | + | * [[Tulsi]] ''(Ocimum tenuiflorum)'' |
| − | * [[Turmeric]] | + | * [[Turmeric]] ''(Curcuma longa)'' |
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 403: | Line 418: | ||
==V== | ==V== | ||
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | ||
| − | * [[Vanilla]] | + | * [[Vanilla]] ''(Vanilla planifolia)'' |
* [[Vasaka]] | * [[Vasaka]] | ||
* [[Vervain]] | * [[Vervain]] | ||
* [[Vetiver]] | * [[Vetiver]] | ||
| − | * [[Vietnamese Coriander]] | + | * [[Vietnamese Coriander]] ''(Persicaria odorata)'' |
</div> | </div> | ||
==W== | ==W== | ||
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | ||
| − | * [[Wasabi]] | + | * [[Wasabi]] ''(Wasabia japonica)'' |
* [[Watercress]] | * [[Watercress]] | ||
* [[Wattleseed]] | * [[Wattleseed]] | ||
| Line 439: | Line 454: | ||
* [[Zedoary]] Root | * [[Zedoary]] Root | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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| − | |||
| − | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
| − | |||
| − | = | + | * ''American Heritage Dictionary of the English language'' (American Heritage). 2016. [https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=herb Herb]. Retrieved August 11, 2016. |
| − | + | * Herbert, S. 2006. [http://ezinearticles.com/?Spices-vs.-Herbs:-Whats-the-Difference?&id=151811 Spices versus herbs: What's the difference?] ''Ezine Articles''. Retrieved December 2, 2007. | |
| − | + | * Spicer, F. and J. VanDyk. 2003. [http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/2003/8-22-2003/herbsnspices.html Herbs vs. spices]. ''Integrated Pest Management at Iowa State University''. Retrieved December 2, 2007. | |
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| + | {{cuisine}} | ||
| + | {{Herbs & spices}} | ||
| − | |||
[[Category:Life sciences]] | [[Category:Life sciences]] | ||
| − | [[Category:Plants]] | + | [[Category:Plants]][[Category:Food]] |
| − | {{credit|Herb|172717128|List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices|175222019}} | + | {{credit|Herb|172717128|List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices|175222019|Rosemary|175032068}} |
Latest revision as of 16:35, 11 August 2016
In botany, a herb or herbaceous plant (pronounced with or without the h) technically is a seed-bearing plant (most specifically a flowering plant) that does not produce a woody stem with persistent tissue but generally dies down to the ground level each year.
In a more popular sense, the term herb is applied to any useful plant that is employed for medicinal purposes, or for culinary purposes in small quantities related to flavor (such as a condiment or seasoning), or even for spiritual uses. Likewise, the term refers to the substance obtained from the plant and used in that manner.
In this non-botanical sense, the term generally is used regardless of whether the source of the herb is a woody plant or a herbaceous plant. For example, rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is used in traditional Mediterranean cuisine and medicinally as a "herb" despite the fact that it is a woody, perennial plant. However, some limit the term herb, even in the second sense, to herbaceous plants, particularly as related to culinary use (Spicer and VanDyk 2003; Herbert 2006).
In both senses of the term, herbs have added immeasurably to the quality of human life. Humans have a relationship with a vast array of herbaceous plants that offer important ecological, nutritional, economic, and aesthetic values, such as barley, wheat, rice, and other grasses being a main food source and pink carnations serving as a herbaceous ornamental plant. Herbs have provided medicinal and culinary benefits that have enhanced the quality of human life, such as the oregano used in tomato sauces or lemon balm used medicinally as a herbal tea.
Overview
A herbaceous plant is a plant that has one or more stems and leaves that die, at the end of the growing season, to the soil level. Since gymnosperms are typically woody, with some exceptions, herbaceous plants are generally listed as angiosperms or flowering plants. A herbaceous plant may be an annual plant that dies after one growing season, or it may be produced each year, as a biennial or perennial, from plant parts that remain below the ground.
Herbaceous perennial plants have stems that die at the end of the growing season, but new growth forms from the roots or from underground stems or from crown tissue at the surface of the ground. Examples include bulbs, Peonies, Hosta, and grasses. By contrast, non-herbaceous perennial plants are woody plants that have little stems above ground that remain alive during winter and grow shoots the next year from the above ground parts, including trees, shrubs, and vines.
Herbaceous plants are pioneers, or early-successional species. These species are relatively fast growing plants,and have a wide distribution of seeds and stems.
The term herb also is employed popularly in a very different sense related to their usefulness for culinary, medicinal, or spiritual usage. Culinary herbs are distinguished from vegetables in that herbs are used in small amounts and provide flavor (similar to spices) rather than substance to food. In this sense, some herbs contain phytochemicals that, when consumed in small quantities, can be healthy, yet in large quantities can be toxic to the liver. Some types of herbal extract, such as the extract of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort), or the Piper methysticum (kava plant) can be used for medical purposes to relieve depression and stress. However, administering high amounts of these herbs may lead to poisoning, and should be used with caution.
The green, leafy part of the plant is often used, but herbal medicine makes use of the roots, flowers, seeds, root bark, inner bark (cambium), berries, and sometimes the pericarp or other portions.
Herb versus spice
The terms spice and herb are often used interchangeably. However, some make a distinction based on what part of the plant is the source, as well as the type of plant. Herbert (2006), and Spicer and VanDyk (2003), for example, consider herbs to come from the leafy part of a herbaceous plant, while spices are obtained from the seeds, berries, bark, root, fruit, or other parts of the plant (even leaves in some cases). For example, cilantro is a herb because it comes from the leaves of Coriandrum sativum while coriander is a spice because it comes from the seeds of the same plant (Spicer and VanDyk 2003). However, this may be more a distinction in terms of the culinary use of the terms, since "herbal medicine" utilizes many sources of plant matter.
Pronunciation of "h" in herb
The h in herb properly can be pronounced or not pronounced (American Heritage 2000). The term herb was borrowed from French, where the (h) was not pronounced, just as it was lost in Latin and not pronounced in the other Romance languages borrowed from Latin. It was, however, generally pronounced in both Old and Middle English, and today, in modern British English, both herb and such derivatives as herbaceous, herbal, and herbivore are pronounced with h (American Heritage 2000). In American English, the h is more commonly not pronounced in the words herb and herbal, but is typically pronounced in herbaceous and herbivore (American Heritage 2000).
List of culinary herbs and spices
A spice market in Istanbul
This is a list of culinary "herbs and spices." Specifically, these are unrefined and unmixed food or drink additives of botanical origin, used in nutritionally insignificant quantities for flavoring. As such, this list does contain pepper, but not salt (which is a mineral), or curry powder (which is a mixture). It also does not contain herbs or spices that are purely medicinal (such as valerian), fictional (such as aglaophotis), or are used as recreational drugs (such as marijuana).
| Contents: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z • See also • External links |
A
- Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi)
- Allspice (Pimenta dioica)
- Alkanet (Anchusa arvensis)
- Amchur—mango powder (Mangifera)
- Angelica (Angelica archangelica)
- Anise (Pimpinella anisum)
- Aniseed myrtle (Syzygium anisatum)
- Annatto (Bixa orellana L.)
- Apple mint (Mentha suaveolens)
- Artemisia vulgaris/Mugwort
- Asafoetida (Ferula assafoetida)
B
- Berberis
- Banana
- Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
- Bay leaves
- Bistort (Persicaria bistorta")
- Black cardamom
- Black cumin
- Blackcurrant
- Black limes
- Bladder wrack (Fucus vesiculosus)
- Blue Cohosh
- Blue-leaved Mallee (Eucalyptus polybractea)
- Bog Labrador Tea (Rhododendron groenlandicum)
- Boldo (Peumus boldus)
- Bolivian Coriander (Porophyllum ruderale)
- Borage (Borago officinalis)
C
- Calamus
- Calendula
- Calumba (Jateorhiza calumba)
- Chamomile
- Candle nut
- Caper (Capparis spinosa)
- Caraway
- Cardamom
- Carob Pod
- Cassia
- Casuarina
- Catnip
- Cat's Claw
- Catsear
- Cayenne pepper
- Celastrus Paniculatus—Herb.
- Celery salt
- Celery seed
- Centaury
- Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium)
- Chickweed
- Chicory
- Chile pepper
- Chili powder
- Cinchona
- Chives (Allium schoenoprasum)
- Cicely (Myrrhis odorata)
- Cilantro (see Coriander) (Coriandrum sativum)
- Cinnamon (and Cassia)
- Cinnamon Myrtle (Backhousia myrtifolia)
- Clary
- Cleavers
- Clover
- Cloves
- Coffee
- Coltsfoot
- Comfrey
- Common Rue
- Condurango
- Coptis
- Coriander
- Costmary (Tanacetum balsamita)
- Couchgrass
- Cow Parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris)
- Cowslip
- Cramp Bark (Viburnum opulus)
- Cress
- Cuban Oregano (Plectranthus amboinicus)
- Cudweed
- Cumin
- Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii)
D
E
- Echinacea
- Echinopanax Elatum
- Edelweiss
- Elderberry
- Elderflower
- Elecampane
- Eleutherococcus senticosus
- Emmenagogue
- Epazote (Chenopodium ambrosioides)
- Ephedra
- Eryngium foetidum
- Eucalyptus
- Eyebright
F
- Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)
- Fenugreek
- Feverfew
- Figwort
- Filé powder
- Five-spice powder (Chinese)
- Fo-ti-tieng
- Fumitory
G
- Galangal
- Garam masala
- Garden cress
- Garlic chives
- Garlic
- Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
- Ginkgo biloba
- Ginseng
- Ginseng, Siberian (Eleutherococcus senticosus)
- Goat's Rue (Galega officinalis)
- Goada masala
- Golden Rod
- Golden Seal
- Gotu Kola
- Grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta)
- Grains of Selim (Xylopia aethiopica)
- Grape seed extract
- Green tea
- Ground Ivy
- Guaco
- Gypsywort
H
- Hawthorn (Crataegus sanguinea)
- Hawthorne Tree
- Hemp
- Herbes de Provence
- Hibiscus
- Holly
- Holy Thistle
- Hops
- Horehound
- Horseradish
- Horsetail (Equisetum telmateia)
- Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)
J
K
- Kaffir Lime Leaves (Citrus hystrix, C. papedia)
- Kaala masala
- Knotweed
- Kokam
L
- Labrador tea
- Lady's Bedstraw
- Lady's Mantle
- Land cress
- Lavender (Lavandula spp.)
- Ledum
- Lemon Balm (Melissa Officinalis)
- Lemon basil
- Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus, C. flexuosus, and other species)
- Lemon Ironbark (Eucalyptus staigeriana)
- Lemon mint
- Lemon Myrtle (Backhousia citriodora)
- Lemon Thyme
- Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora)
- Licorice—adaptogen
- Lime Flower
- Limnophila aromatica
- Lingzhi
- Linseed
- Liquorice
- Long pepper
- Lovage (Levisticum officinale)
- Luohanguo
M
- Mace
- Mahlab
- Malabathrum
- Manchurian Thorn Tree (Aralia manchurica)]]
- Mandrake
- Marjoram (Origanum majorana)
- Marrubium vulgare
- Marsh Labrador Tea
- Marshmallow
- Mastic
- Meadowsweet
- Mei Yen
- Melegueta pepper (Aframomum melegueta)
- Mint (Mentha spp.)
- Milk thistle (Silybum)
- Bergamot (Monarda didyma)
- Motherwort
- Mountain Skullcap
- Mullein (Verbascum thapsus)
- Mustard
- Mustard seed
N
- Nashia inaguensis
- Neem
- Nepeta
- Nettle
- Nigella sativa
- Nigella (Kolanji, Black caraway)
- Noni
- Nutmeg (and Mace) Marijuana
O
- Oenothera (Oenothera biennis et al)
- Olida (Eucalyptus olida)
- Oregano (Origanum vulgare, O. heracleoticum, and other species)
- Orris root
- Osmorhiza
- Olive Leaf (used in tea and as herbal supplement)
P
- Panax quinquefolius
- Pandan leaf
- Paprika
- Parsley (Petroselinum crispum)
- Passion Flower
- Patchouli
- Pennyroyal
- Pepper (black, white, and green)
- Peppermint
- Peppermint Gum (Eucalyptus dives)
- Perilla
- Plantain
- Pomegranate
- Ponch phoran
- Poppy seed
- Primrose (Primula)—candied flowers, tea
- Psyllium
- Purslane
Q
- Quassia
- Quatre épices
R
S
- Safflower
- Saffron
- Sage (Salvia officinalis)
- Saigon Cinnamon
- St John's Wort
- Salad Burnet (Sanguisorba minor or Poterium sanguisorba)
- Salvia
- Sichuan Pepper (Sansho)
- Sassafras
- Savory (Satureja hortensis, S. Montana)
- Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis)
- Scutellaria costaricana
- Senna (herb)
- Senna obtusifolia
- Sesame seed
- Sheep Sorrel
- Shepherd's Purse
- Sialagogue
- Siberian Chaga
- Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus)
- Siraitia grosvenorii (luohanguo)
- Skullcap
- Sloe Berries
- Smudge Stick
- Sonchus
- Sorrel (Rumex spp.)
- Southernwood
- Spearmint
- Speedwell
- Squill
- Star anise
- Stevia
- Strawberry Leaves
- Suma (Pfaffia paniculata)
- Sumac
- Summer savory
- Sutherlandia frutescens
- Sweet grass
- Sweet cicely (Myrrhis odorata)
- Sweet woodruff
- Szechuan pepper (Xanthoxylum piperitum)
T
U
- Uva Ursi also known as Bearberry
V
- Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia)
- Vasaka
- Vervain
- Vetiver
- Vietnamese Coriander (Persicaria odorata)
W
- Wasabi (Wasabia japonica)
- Watercress
- Wattleseed
- Wild ginger
- Wild Lettuce
- Wild thyme
- Winter savory
- Witch Hazel
- Wolfberry
- Wood Avens
- Wood Betony
- Woodruff
- Wormwood
Y
- Yarrow
- Yerba Buena
- Yohimbe
Z
- Za'atar
- Zedoary Root
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- American Heritage Dictionary of the English language (American Heritage). 2016. Herb. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
- Herbert, S. 2006. Spices versus herbs: What's the difference? Ezine Articles. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
- Spicer, F. and J. VanDyk. 2003. Herbs vs. spices. Integrated Pest Management at Iowa State University. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
| |||||||||||||||||
| Herbs and spices | |
|---|---|
| Herbs | Angelica • Basil • Basil, holy • Basil, Thai • Bay leaf • Boldo • Borage • Cannabis • Chervil • Chives • Coriander leaf (cilantro) • Curry leaf • Dill • Epazote • Eryngium foetidum (long coriander) • Hoja santa • Houttuynia cordata (giấp cá) • Hyssop • Lavender • Lemon balm • Lemon grass • Lemon verbena • Limnophila aromatica (rice paddy herb) • Lovage • Marjoram • Mint • Mitsuba • Oregano • Parsley • Perilla (shiso) • Rosemary • Rue • Sage • Savory • Sorrel • Stevia • Tarragon • Thyme • Vietnamese coriander (rau răm) • Woodruff |
| Spices | African pepper • Ajwain (bishop's weed) • Aleppo pepper • Allspice • Amchur (mango powder) • Anise • Aromatic ginger • Asafoetida • Camphor • Caraway • Cardamom • Cardamom, black • Cassia • Cayenne pepper • Celery seed • Chili • Cinnamon • Clove • Coriander seed • Cubeb • Cumin • Cumin, black • Dill seed • Fennel • Fenugreek • Fingerroot (krachai) • Galangal, greater • Galangal, lesser • Garlic • Ginger • Grains of Paradise • Horseradish • Juniper berry • Liquorice • Mace • Mahlab • Malabathrum (tejpat) • Mustard, black • Mustard, brown • Mustard, white • Nasturtium • Nigella (kalonji) • Nutmeg • Paprika • Pepper, black • Pepper, green • Pepper, long • Pepper, pink, Brazilian • Pepper, pink, Peruvian • Pepper, white • Pomegranate seed (anardana) • Poppy seed • Saffron • Sarsaparilla • Sassafras • Sesame • Sichuan pepper (huājiāo, sansho) • Star anise • Sumac • Tasmanian pepper • Tamarind • Turmeric • Wasabi • Zedoary |
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