Difference between revisions of "Vladimir Nabokov" - New World Encyclopedia
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==Criticism== | ==Criticism== | ||
| − | Nabokov's stature as a literary critic is founded largely on his four-volume [[translation]] | + | Nabokov's stature as a literary critic is founded largely on his four-volume [[translation]] and commentary on [[Aleksandr Pushkin]]'s Russian epic novel in verse, ''[[Eugene Onegin]]''. That commentary ended with an appendix called ''Notes on Prosody'', which has developed a reputation of its own. This essay stemmed from an observation that while Pushkin's [[iamb]]ic [[tetrameter]]s had been a part of [[Russian literature]] for a fairly short period of two centuries, they were clearly understood by the Russian prosodists. On the other hand, he viewed the much older English iambic tetrameters as muddled and poorly documented. In his own words: |
:I have been forced to invent a simple little terminology of my own, explain its application to English verse forms, and indulge in certain rather copious details of classification before even tackling the limited object of these notes to my translation of Pushkin's ''Eugene Onegin'', an object that boils down to very little—in comparison to the forced preliminaries—namely, to a few things that the non-Russian student of Russian literature must know in regard to Russian prosody in general and to ''Eugene Onegin'' in particular. | :I have been forced to invent a simple little terminology of my own, explain its application to English verse forms, and indulge in certain rather copious details of classification before even tackling the limited object of these notes to my translation of Pushkin's ''Eugene Onegin'', an object that boils down to very little—in comparison to the forced preliminaries—namely, to a few things that the non-Russian student of Russian literature must know in regard to Russian prosody in general and to ''Eugene Onegin'' in particular. | ||
| − | |||
| − | + | His translation was the focus of a bitter polemic with other translation theorists; he had rendered the very precisely metered and rhyming novel in verse as (by his own admission) stumbling, non-metrical, non-rhymed prose. He argued that all verse translations of ''Onegin'' fatally betrayed the author's use of language; critics replied that failure to make the translation as beautifully styled as the original was a much greater betrayal. | |
| + | Nabokov's ''Lectures on Literature'' also reveals his controversial ideas concerning art. He firmly believed that novels should not aim to teach and that readers should not only empathize with the characters but that a 'higher' enjoyment should be attained, partly by paying great attention to detail. He detested what he saw as 'general ideas' in novels, and so when teaching ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'', for example, he would insist students keep an eye on where the characters were in Dublin (with the aide of a map) rather than teaching the complex Irish history that many critics see as being essential to an understanding of the novel. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Detractors== | ||
Nabokov's detractors fault him for being an aesthete and for his overattention to language and detail rather than character development. In his essay "Nabokov, or Nostalgia," [[Danilo Kiš]] wrote that Nabokov's is "a magnificent, complex, and sterile art." | Nabokov's detractors fault him for being an aesthete and for his overattention to language and detail rather than character development. In his essay "Nabokov, or Nostalgia," [[Danilo Kiš]] wrote that Nabokov's is "a magnificent, complex, and sterile art." | ||
Revision as of 23:03, 26 December 2005
- This page is about the novelist. For his father, the politician, see Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov (Russian: Владимир Владимирович Набоков; pronounced: vlah-DEE-meer nah-BAWK-awf) (April 10 O.S. [April 22 N.S.], 1899 - July 2, 1977) was a Russian-American author. He wrote his first literary works in Russian under the pseudonym of Sirin, but rose to international prominence as a masterly prose stylist for the novels he composed in English.
Nabokov's Lolita (1955) is frequently cited as one of the most important novels of the 20th century. It is his best-known work in English, probably followed by the singularly structured Pale Fire (1962). Both of these works exhibit Nabokov's love of wordplay and descriptive detail.
He also made significant contributions to lepidoptery and created a number of chess problems.
Biography
The eldest son of Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov and his wife Elena, née Elena Ivanovna Rukavishnikova, he was born to a prominent and aristocratic family in St. Petersburg, where he also spent his childhood and youth. The family spoke Russian, English and French in their household, and Nabokov was trilingual from an early age.
The Nabokov family left Russia in the wake of the 1917 February Revolution for a friend's estate in the Crimea, where they remained for 18 months. Following the defeat of the White Army in Crimea, they left Russia for exile in Western Europe. After emigrating from Russia in 1919, the family settled briefly in England, where Vladimir enrolled in Trinity College, Cambridge, studying Slavic and Romance languages. In 1923, he graduated from Cambridge and relocated to Berlin, where he gained some reputation within the colony of Russian émigrés as a novelist and poet, writing under the pseudonym Vladimir Sirin. In 1925 he married Véra Slonim in Berlin, where he lived from 1922 to 1937. Their son, Dmitri, was born there in 1934. In the late 1930s, Nabokov lived in Paris.
In 1922, Nabokov's father was assassinated in Berlin by Russian monarchists as he tried to shelter their real target, Pavel Milyukov, a leader of the Constitutional Democratic Party-in-exile. This episode clearly traumatized the young Nabokov. The theme of mistaken, violent death would echo again and again in the author's fiction, where characters would meet their ends under erroneous terms. In Pale Fire, for example, John Shade is mistaken for the king of Zembla and is assassinated.
Nabokov was a synaesthete and described aspects of synaesthesia in several of his works. In his memoir, Strong Opinions, he noted that his wife also exhibited synaesthesia; like her husband, her mind's eye associated colors with particular letters. They discovered that Dmitri shared the trait, and moreover that the colors he associated with some letters were in some cases blends of his parents' hues—"which is as if genes were painting in aquarelle".
Nabokov left Germany with his family in 1937 for Paris and in 1940 fled from the advancing German troops to the United States. It was here that he met Edmund Wilson, who introduced Nabokov's work to American editors, eventually leading to his international recognition.
Nabokov came to Wellesley College in 1941 as resident lecturer in comparative literature, a position created specifically for him, providing an income, free time to write creatively and pursue his lepidoptery. He is also remembered as the founder of Wellesley's Russian Department. His lecture series on major nineteenth-century Russian writers was hailed as "funny," "learned," and "brilliantly satirical." During this time, the Nabokovs resided in Wellesley. Following a lecture tour through the United States, Nabokov returned to Wellesley for the 1944-45 academic year as a lecturer in Russian. He served through the 1947–48 term as Wellesley's one-man Russian Department, offering courses in Russian language and literature. His classes were wildly popular, due as much to his unique teaching style as to the wartime interest in all things Russian. Nabokov left Wellesley in 1948 to become chairman of Cornell's comparative literature department. In 1945, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States.
After the success of Lolita, Nabokov was able to move to Europe. From 1960 to the end of his life he lived in the Montreux Palace Hotel in Montreux, Switzerland, where he died in 1977.
Note on Nabokov's date of birth
His date of birth was April 10, 1899 according to the Julian calendar in use in Russia at that time. The Gregorian equivalent is April 22, which is achieved by adding 12 days to the Julian date. Some sources have incorrectly calculated a date of 23 April, by inappropriately using the 13-day difference in the calendars that applied only after 28 Feb 1900. In ‘Speak, Memory’ Nabokov explains the cause of the error and confirms the correct date of 22 April.
Literature
His first writings were in Russian, consisting of nine short novels , a few short stories, two plays, some poetry and some essays. By far his greatest distinction was achieved for his works in the English language. For this achievement, he has been compared with Joseph Conrad; yet some view this as a dubious comparison, as Conrad only composed in English, never in his native Polish. (Nabokov himself disdained the comparison for aesthetic reasons, declaring with his typical playfulness with language, "I differ from Joseph Conradically.") Nabokov translated many of his own early works into English, sometimes in cooperation with his son Dmitri. His trilingual upbringing had a profound influence on his artistry. He has metaphorically described the transition from one language to another as the slow journey at night from one village to another with only a candle for illumination.
Nabokov is noted for his complex plots, clever word play, and use of alliteration. His plots are all unique, although his heroes typically suffered under some illusion or nexus from which they are unable to set themselves free. For example, Luzhin's Defense, which also displays Nabokov's love of chess, has a parallel structure between a chess match and the hero's fate. Invitation to a Beheading has echoes of Kafka's The Trial. Cincinnatus awaits execution, apparently for being different. Nabokov gained both fame and notoriety with his novel Lolita (1955), which tells of a grown man's consummated passion for a twelve-year-old girl. This and his other novels, particularly Pale Fire (1962), won him a place among the great novelists of the 20th century. Perhaps his defining work, which met with a mixed response, is his longest novel, Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle (1969). He devoted more time to the construction of this novel than any of his others. Nabokov's literary output seems to run against the grain of his predecessors. It is absent the kind of moralizing or philosophizing that characterized a lot of Russian fiction. His fiction is characterized by its linguistic playfulness. The short story "The Vane Sisters", for example, is famous in part for its acrostical final paragraph, in which the first letters of each word spell out a ghostly message from beyond the grave.
Criticism
Nabokov's stature as a literary critic is founded largely on his four-volume translation and commentary on Aleksandr Pushkin's Russian epic novel in verse, Eugene Onegin. That commentary ended with an appendix called Notes on Prosody, which has developed a reputation of its own. This essay stemmed from an observation that while Pushkin's iambic tetrameters had been a part of Russian literature for a fairly short period of two centuries, they were clearly understood by the Russian prosodists. On the other hand, he viewed the much older English iambic tetrameters as muddled and poorly documented. In his own words:
- I have been forced to invent a simple little terminology of my own, explain its application to English verse forms, and indulge in certain rather copious details of classification before even tackling the limited object of these notes to my translation of Pushkin's Eugene Onegin, an object that boils down to very little—in comparison to the forced preliminaries—namely, to a few things that the non-Russian student of Russian literature must know in regard to Russian prosody in general and to Eugene Onegin in particular.
His translation was the focus of a bitter polemic with other translation theorists; he had rendered the very precisely metered and rhyming novel in verse as (by his own admission) stumbling, non-metrical, non-rhymed prose. He argued that all verse translations of Onegin fatally betrayed the author's use of language; critics replied that failure to make the translation as beautifully styled as the original was a much greater betrayal.
Nabokov's Lectures on Literature also reveals his controversial ideas concerning art. He firmly believed that novels should not aim to teach and that readers should not only empathize with the characters but that a 'higher' enjoyment should be attained, partly by paying great attention to detail. He detested what he saw as 'general ideas' in novels, and so when teaching Ulysses, for example, he would insist students keep an eye on where the characters were in Dublin (with the aide of a map) rather than teaching the complex Irish history that many critics see as being essential to an understanding of the novel.
Detractors
Nabokov's detractors fault him for being an aesthete and for his overattention to language and detail rather than character development. In his essay "Nabokov, or Nostalgia," Danilo Kiš wrote that Nabokov's is "a magnificent, complex, and sterile art."
Recent scholarship has uncovered the fact that Nabokov may have had cryptomnesia (a form of unintentional or unconscious plagiarism) while he was composing his most famous novel, Lolita. There is a German short story also entitled "Lolita" about an older man obsessed with a young girl that was published in 1916. Nabokov lived in the same section of Berlin, Germany as the author, Heinz von Lichberg, and was most likely familiar with the author's work, which was widely available at that time in Germany. More information regarding this recent controversy can be found here and here.
Lepidoptery
His career as a lepidopterist was equally distinguished. Throughout an extensive career of collecting he never learned to drive a car, and he depended on his wife Vera to bring him to collecting sites. During the 1940s he was responsible for organizing the butterfly collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. His writings in this area were highly technical. This, combined with his specialty in the relatively unspectacular tribe Polyommatini of the family Lycaenidae, has left this facet of his life little explored by most admirers of his literary works.
The paleontologist and essayist Stephen Jay Gould discussed Nabokov's lepidoptery in an essay reprinted in his book I Have Landed. Gould notes that Nabokov was occasionally a scientific "stick-in-the-mud"; for example, Nabokov never accepted that genetics or the counting of chromosomes could be a valid way to distinguish species of insect. Many of Nabokov's fans have tried to ascribe literary value to his scientific papers, Gould notes. Conversely, others have claimed that his scientific work enriched his literary output. Gould advocates a third view, holding that the other two positions are examples of the post hoc ergo propter hoc logical fallacy. Rather than assuming that either side of Nabokov's work caused or stimulated the other, Gould proposes that both stemmed from Nabokov's love of detail, contemplation and symmetry.
List of Works
Fiction
- Nabokov Library e-text depository, many works mentioned below are available here (for non-commercial use and non-public presentation only)
Novels and novellas
Novels and novellas written in Russian
- (1926) Mashen'ka (Машенька); English translation: Mary (1970)
- (1928) Korol' Dama Valet (Король, дама, валет); English translation: King, Queen, Knave (1968)
- (1930) Zashchita Luzhina (Защита Лужина); English translation: The Luzhin Defense or The Defense (1964) (also adapted to film, The Luzhin Defence, in 2001)
- (1930) Sogliadatai (Соглядатай (Eavesdropper)), novella; first publication as a book 1938; English translation: The Eye (1965)
- (1932) Podvig (Подвиг (Deed)); English translation: Glory (1971)
- (1932) Kamera Obskura (Камера Обскура); English translations: Camera Obscura (1936), Laughter in the Dark (1938)
- (1936) Otchayanie (Отчаяние); English translation: Despair (1937, 1966)
- (1938) Priglasheniye na kazn' (Приглашение на казнь (Invitation to an execution)); English translation: Invitation to a Beheading (1959)
- (1938) Dar (Дар); English translation: The Gift (1963)
- (Unpublished novella, written in 1939) Volshebnik (Волшебник); English translation: The Enchanter (1985)
Novels written in English
- (1941) The Real Life of Sebastian Knight
- (1947) Bend Sinister
- (1955) Lolita, self-translated into Russian, (1965)
- (1957) Pnin
- (1962) Pale Fire
- (1969) Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle
- (1972) Transparent Things
- (1974) Look at the Harlequins!
- (1977) The Original of Laura (Unfinished/Unpublished)
Short story collections
- (1929) Vozvrashchenie Chorba ("The Return of Chorb"). Fifteen short stories and twenty-four poems, in Russian, by "V. Sirin".
- (1947) Nine Stories
- (1956) Vesna v Fial'te i drugie rasskazy ("Spring in Fialta and other stories")
- (1958) Nabokov's Dozen: A Collection of Thirteen Stories (Also reprinted as Spring in Fialta and First Love and Other Stories.)
- (1966) Nabokov's Quartet
- (1968) Nabokov's Congeries; reprinted as The Portable Nabokov (1971)
- (1973) A Russian Beauty and Other Stories
- (1975) Tyrants Destroyed and Other Stories
- (1976) Details of a Sunset and Other Stories
- (1995) The Stories of Vladimir Nabokov (alternative title The Collected Stories) — complete collection of all short stories
Drama
- (1938) Izobretenie Val'sa (The Waltz Invention); English translation The Waltz Invention: A Play in Three Acts (1966)
- (1974) Lolita: A Screenplay (Despite the credits given in the earlier film version, this was not used.)
- (1984) The Man from the USSR and Other Plays
Poetry
- (1916) Stikhi ("Poems"). Sixty-eight poems in Russian.
- (1918) Al'manakh: Dva Puti (An Almanac: Two Paths"). Twelve poems by Nabokov and eight by Andrei Balashov, in Russian.
- (1922) Grozd ("The Cluster"). Thirty-six poems in Russian, by "V. Sirin".
- (1923) Gornii Put' ("The Empyrean Path"). One hundred and twenty-eight poems in Russian, by "Vl. Sirin".
- (1929) Vozvrashchenie Chorba ("The Return of Chorb"). Fifteen short stories and twenty-four poems, in Russian, by "V. Sirin".
- (1952) Stikhotvoreniia 1929–1951 ("Poems 1929–1951") Fifteen poems in Russian.
- (1959) Poems. The contents were later incorporated within Poems and Problems.
- (1971) Poems and Problems (a collection of poetry and chess problems) ISBN 0070457247
- (1979) Stikhi ("Poems"). Two hundred and twenty-two poems in Russian.
Translations
From French into Russian
- (1922) Nikolka Persik Translation of Romain Rolland's novel Colas Breugnon.
From English into Russian
- (1923) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Аня в стране чудес)
From Russian into English
- (1945) Three Russian Poets: Selections from Pushkin, Lermontov, and Tyutchev. Expanded British edition: Pushkin, Lermontov, Tyutchev: Poems (1947)
- (1958) A Hero of our Time, by Mikhail Lermontov.
- (1960) The Song of Igor's Campaign: An Epic of the Twelfth Century
- (1964) Eugene Onegin, by Aleksandr Pushkin, in prose. Includes "Notes on Prosody". Revised edition (1975).
Nonfiction
Criticism
- (1944) Nikolai Gogol
- (1963) Notes on Prosody (Later appeared within Eugene Onegin.)
- (1980) Lectures on Literature
- (1980) Lectures on Ulysses. Facsimiles of Nabokov's notes.
- (1981) Lectures on Russian Literature
- (1983) Lectures on Don Quixote
Autobiographical and other
- (1951) Conclusive Evidence: A Memoir - first version of Nabokov's autobiography. (British edition titled Speak, Memory: A Memoir)
- (1954) Drugie Berega (Другие берега, "Other Shores") - revised version of the autobiography
- (1967) Speak, Memory: An Autobiography Revisited - final revised and extended edition of Conclusive Evidence. It includes information on his work as a lepidopterist.
- (1973) Strong Opinions. Interviews, reviews, letters to editors.
- (1979) The Nabokov–Wilson Letters Letters between Nabokov and Edmund Wilson
- (1984) Perepiska s Sestroi (Переписка с Сестрой (Correspondence with the Sister)) Correspondence between Nabokov and Helene Sikorski; also includes some letters to his brother Kirill
- (1987) Carrousel. Three recently rediscovered short texts.
- (1989) Selected Letters
Lepidoptery
- (2000) Nabokov's Butterflies, collected works on butterflies. ISBN 0807085405
Works about Nabokov
Biography
By far the best biography is the large, two-volume work by Brian Boyd. A photograph collection complements this.
- Boyd, Brian. Vladimir Nabokov: The Russian years. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-691-06794-5 (hardback) 1997. ISBN 0-691-02470-7 (paperback). London: Chatto & Windus, 1990. ISBN 0-7011-3700-2 (hardback)
- Boyd, Brian, Vladimir Nabokov: The American years. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-691-06797-X (hardback) 1993. 0-691-02471-5 (paperback). London: Chatto & Windus, 1992. ISBN 0-7011-3701-0 (hardback)
- Proffer, Elendea, ed. Vladimir Nabokov: A pictorial biography. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis, 1991. ISBN 0-87501-078-4 (a collection of photographs)
Bibliography
Fictional works
Peter Medak's short television film, Nabokov on Kafka, is a dramatization of Nabokov's lectures on Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis. The part of Nabokov is played by Christopher Plummer.
Lepidoptery
- Johnson, Kurt, and Steve Coates. Nabokov's blues: The scientific odyssey of a literary genius. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-137330-6 (very accessibly written)
- Sartori, Michel, ed. Les Papillons de Nabokov. [The butterflies of Nabokov.] Lausanne: Musée cantonal de Zoologie, 1993. ISBN 2-9700051-0-7 (exhibition catalogue, primarily in English)
- Zimmer, Dieter. A guide to Nabokov's butterflies and moths. Privately published, 2001. ISBN 3-00-007609-3 (web page)
External links
- Literary Encyclopedia
- Biography
- Zembla - A comprehensive Nabokov website that includes a concise biography.
- Waxwing - A good Nabokov resource.
- Nabokov Under Glass - A website of the New York Public Library exhibit.
- Review of Nabokov's Butterflies - In The Atlantic Monthly.
- A few photographs of the author
- Nabokov on Moshkow's site - Nabokov's fiction, translations, criticism, scientific papers, and interviews (mostly in Russian).
- Vladimir Nabokov, Lepidopterist Short essay by S. Abbas Raza of 3 Quarks Daily
- Nabokov Library
- The Life and Works of Vladimir Nabokov a seminar by Rodney Phillips and Sarah Funke from the New York Public Library
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