Difference between revisions of "Potlatch" - New World Encyclopedia
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[[Category:Anthropology]] | [[Category:Anthropology]] | ||
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| − | : | + | [[Image:785px-Kwakwaka'wakw big house.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Kwakiutl (''kwakwaka'wakw'') continue the practice of potlatch. Illustrated here is ''Wawadit'la'' in Thunderbird Park, Victoria, British Columbia, (aka Mungo Martin House) a ''Kwakw<u>a</u>k<u>a</u>'wakw'' "big house" built by Chief Mungo Martin in 1953. Very wealthy, prominent hosts would have a longhouse specifically for potlatching and for housing guests.]] |
| − | + | The ceremonial feast called a '''potlatch,''' practiced among a diverse group of [[Northwest Coast Indians]] as an integral part of indigenous culture, had numerous social implications. The Kwakiutl, of the [[Canada|Canadian]] Pacific Northwest, are the main group that still practices the potlatch custom. Although there were variants in the external form of the ceremony as conducted by each tribe, the general form was that of a feast in which [[gift exchange|gifts]] were distributed. The size of the gathering reflected the [[social status]] of the host, and the nature of the gifts given depended on the status of the recipients. Potlatches were generally held to commemorate significant events in the life of the host, such as [[marriage]], birth of a child, death, or the assumption of a new social position. Potlatches could also be conducted for apparently trivial reasons, because the true reason was to validate the host's social status. Such ceremonies, while reduced to external [[materialism|materialistic]] form in Western society, are important in maintaining stable social relationships as well as celebrating significant life events. Fortunately, through studies by [[anthropology|anthropologists]], the understanding and practice of such customs has not been lost. | |
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| − | + | ==Definition== | |
| − | + | The name '''Potlatch''' is derived from Chinook Jargon, a homonym having nothing to do with "pot" or "latch." The homonym comes from Coast Salish Lushootseed potlatching, spelled ''x<sup>w</sup>salik<sup>w</sup>'', from ''x<sup>w</sup>ɐš'', meaning to "throw, broadcast, distribute goods," related to ''pús(u),'' "throw through the air, throw at," relating to the giving of [[gift exchange|gifts]] and food at such ceremonies.<ref> Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; and Hilbert, VI, ''Lushootseed Dictionary.'' Seattle and London: University of Washington. 1994. ISBN 0295973234</ref> Even though there are variant names between each of the practicing tribes, the ceremony itself is actually quite uniformly practiced. The English term "potluck" is erroneously said to derive from "potlatch" due to its use in the American term "potluck dinner;" it is actually a portmanteau of "pot" and "luck." | |
| − | ==Traditional | + | ==The Traditional Ceremony== |
| − | Originally the potlatch was held | + | [[Image:Indian visitors attending Potlatch at Kok-wol-too village.jpg|left|thumb|250 px|Indian visitors attending Potlatch at Kok-wol-too village, Chilkat River, Alaska]] |
| + | Originally, the potlatch was held by native tribes on the Pacific Northwest coast of the [[United States]] and the [[Canada|Canadian]] province of British Columbia, such as the [[Haida]], Nuxalk, [[Tlingit]], [[Tsimshian]], [[Coast Salish]], and [[Kwakiutl]] ''(Kwakw<u>a</u>k<u>a</u>'wakw).'' The potlatch took the form of a ceremonial feast traditionally featuring [[seal]] meat or [[salmon]] to commemorate an important event, such as the death of a high-status person, but was expanded over time to celebrate events in the life cycle of the host family, such as the birth of a child, the start of a daughter's [[menstruation|menstrual cycle]], and even the [[marriage]] of children. | ||
| − | + | Through the potlatch, hierarchical relations within and between groups were observed and reinforced through the exchange of [[gift]]s, [[dance]] performances, and other ceremonies. The host family demonstrated their wealth and prominence through giving away their possessions and thus prompting prominent participants to reciprocate when they held their own potlatches. Before the arrival of the Europeans, gifts included storable food such as dried [[eulachon|oolichan]] (candlefish) or oolichan oil, [[canoe]]s, and [[slavery|slaves]] among the very wealthy, but otherwise not income-generating assets such as resource rights. Some potlatch celebrations were locally centered, usually thrown by those lower in [[social status]], while those high in the hierarchical social scheme would use the feasts in both a celebratory and diplomatic function, including neighboring tribal leaders. Some groups, such as the Kwakiutl, used the potlatch as an arena in which highly competitive contests of status took place. In some rare cases, goods were actually destroyed after being received.<ref> Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, [http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/potlatch/page2.html Gifting and Feasting in the Northwest Coastal Potlatch.] Retrieved June 22, 2007. </ref> | |
| − | + | ==Potlatch and The Europeans== | |
| − | The potlatch | + | The conquest of America by the Europeans drastically changed the nature of the potlatch. The influx of manufactured trade goods, such as blankets and sheet copper, from explorers and settlers into the Pacific Northwest caused inflation in the potlatch in the late eighteenth and earlier nineteenth centuries, leading to an imbalance in the gifts given and received. Some people engaged in the ceremony purely to acquire the most material wealth, leading not only to a disintegration in the cultural value of the custom, but a basic breakdown in social relations and structure, causing violent and criminal acts among native groups.<ref> The Columbia Encyclopedia, [http://www.bartleby.com/65/po/potlatch.html Potlatch.] Retrieved June 22, 2007. </ref> Even though the settlers had, at first contact, found the potlatch interesting, their misunderstanding of the [[ritual]] and the negative effects their contact had on it caused such negative consequences that potlatching was made illegal in [[Canada]] in 1884 and in the [[United States]] in the late nineteenth century, largely at the urging of missionaries and government agents who considered it wasteful, unproductive and injurious to the practitioners.<ref> An Act further to amend "The Indian Act, 1880," S.C. 1884 (47 Vict.), c. 27, s. 3.</ref> |
| − | + | Despite the ban, potlatching continued in secret for decades. Numerous tribes petitioned the government to remove the law against a custom that they saw as no worse than [[Christmas]], when friends were feasted and gifts were exchanged. As the potlatch became less of an issue in the twentieth century, the ban was dropped, in the United States in 1934 and in Canada in 1951. | |
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| − | : | + | ==Contemporary Potlatch== |
| + | [[Image:Saik'uz potlatch house totem.jpg|thumb|right|150 px|Small totem outside Saik'uz First Nation Potlatch House]] | ||
| + | A tribe well known to still practice the potlatch today is the Kwakiutl (''kwakwaka'wakw''). The Kwakiutl have long been studied by [[cultural anthropology|ethnologists]] and [[anthropology|anthropologists]], particularly [[Franz Boas]]. When the ceremony died out in the beginning of the twentieth century, most of the cultural artifacts were preserved by scholars. These objects helped produce not only more in-depth scholarly work on these [[ritual]]s, but also encouraged some scholars to actively seek to re-establish the ritual in the surviving tribe members. Consequently, the Kwakiutl once again began the practice. | ||
| − | + | Today, the potlatch is different from its original form, incorporating numerous other cultural rituals in a mosaic of preserved and modified culture specific to the Kwakiutl. | |
| − | + | The Saik'uz (Stoney Creek) First Nation built a Potlatch House in the years 1995-1996 on the shore of [[Nulki Lake]]. The potlatch house is a big log building which can hold 200-250 people, big enough for holding weddings, dances, meetings, and education courses. The Potlatch house is more than building, as it serves important ceremonial purposes including governance, economy, social status, and other spiritual practices. | |
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| − | == Notes | + | ==Notes== |
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| − | == | + | == References == |
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| − | + | * Adams, John W. ''The Gitksan Potlatch: Population Flux, Resource Ownership and Reciprocity.'' Toronto: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston of Canada. 1973. | |
| − | * | + | * Barnett, Homer G. "The Nature of the Potlatch." ''American Anthropologist.'' vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 349-358. 1938. |
| − | * | + | * Beck, Mary Giraudo. ''Potlatch: Native Ceremony and Myth on the Northwest Coast.'' Alaska Northwest Books. 1993. ISBN 0882404407 |
| − | * Dauenhauer, Nora Marks, and Richard | + | * Beynon, William. ''Potlatch at Gitsegukla: William Beynon’s 1945 Field Notebooks.'' Vancouver: UBC. 2000. |
| − | + | * Boas, Franz. ''Kwakiutl Ethnography.'' University of Chicago. 1975. ISBN 0226062376 | |
| − | + | * Bracken, Christopher ''The Potlatch Papers: A Colonial Case History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago. 1997. | |
| − | * | + | * Cole, Douglas, and Chaikin, Ira. ''An Iron Hand upon the People: The Law against the Potlatch on the Northwest Coast.'' Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. 1990. ISBN 0295970502 |
| − | * | + | * Dauenhauer, Nora Marks, and Dauenhauer, Richard, eds. “Haa Tuwanáagu Yís, for Healing Our Spirit: Tlingit Oratory.” ''Classics of Tlingit Oral Literature.'' vol. 2. Seattle: University of Washington. 1990. |
| − | + | * Emmons, George T., and Thornton, George. ''The Tlingit Indians.'' Seattle: University of Washington. 1991. | |
| − | + | * Kan, Sergei. ''Symbolic Immortality: The Tlingit Potlatch of the Nineteenth Century.'' Washington: Smithsonian Books. 1989. ISBN 1-56098-309-4 | |
| − | + | * Masco, Joseph. "'It Is a Strict Law That Bids Us Dance': Cosmologies, Colonialism, Death and Ritual Authority in the Kwakwaka'wakw Potlatch, 1849-1922." ''Comparative Studies in Society and History.'' vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 41-75. 1995. | |
| − | + | * Ogden, Peter Skene. "A Fur Trader." ''Traits of American Indian Life and Character.'' San Francisco: Grabhorn. 1933. | |
| − | * Masco, Joseph | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
| − | + | All links retrieved November 30, 2022. | |
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| + | * University of Washington Libraries. [http://content.lib.washington.edu/vanolindaweb/index.html Oliver S. Van Olinda Photographs.] | ||
{{Credit1|Potlatch|87577942|}} | {{Credit1|Potlatch|87577942|}} | ||
Latest revision as of 05:54, 30 November 2022
The ceremonial feast called a potlatch, practiced among a diverse group of Northwest Coast Indians as an integral part of indigenous culture, had numerous social implications. The Kwakiutl, of the Canadian Pacific Northwest, are the main group that still practices the potlatch custom. Although there were variants in the external form of the ceremony as conducted by each tribe, the general form was that of a feast in which gifts were distributed. The size of the gathering reflected the social status of the host, and the nature of the gifts given depended on the status of the recipients. Potlatches were generally held to commemorate significant events in the life of the host, such as marriage, birth of a child, death, or the assumption of a new social position. Potlatches could also be conducted for apparently trivial reasons, because the true reason was to validate the host's social status. Such ceremonies, while reduced to external materialistic form in Western society, are important in maintaining stable social relationships as well as celebrating significant life events. Fortunately, through studies by anthropologists, the understanding and practice of such customs has not been lost.
Definition
The name Potlatch is derived from Chinook Jargon, a homonym having nothing to do with "pot" or "latch." The homonym comes from Coast Salish Lushootseed potlatching, spelled xwsalikw, from xwɐš, meaning to "throw, broadcast, distribute goods," related to pús(u), "throw through the air, throw at," relating to the giving of gifts and food at such ceremonies.[1] Even though there are variant names between each of the practicing tribes, the ceremony itself is actually quite uniformly practiced. The English term "potluck" is erroneously said to derive from "potlatch" due to its use in the American term "potluck dinner;" it is actually a portmanteau of "pot" and "luck."
The Traditional Ceremony
Originally, the potlatch was held by native tribes on the Pacific Northwest coast of the United States and the Canadian province of British Columbia, such as the Haida, Nuxalk, Tlingit, Tsimshian, Coast Salish, and Kwakiutl (Kwakwaka'wakw). The potlatch took the form of a ceremonial feast traditionally featuring seal meat or salmon to commemorate an important event, such as the death of a high-status person, but was expanded over time to celebrate events in the life cycle of the host family, such as the birth of a child, the start of a daughter's menstrual cycle, and even the marriage of children.
Through the potlatch, hierarchical relations within and between groups were observed and reinforced through the exchange of gifts, dance performances, and other ceremonies. The host family demonstrated their wealth and prominence through giving away their possessions and thus prompting prominent participants to reciprocate when they held their own potlatches. Before the arrival of the Europeans, gifts included storable food such as dried oolichan (candlefish) or oolichan oil, canoes, and slaves among the very wealthy, but otherwise not income-generating assets such as resource rights. Some potlatch celebrations were locally centered, usually thrown by those lower in social status, while those high in the hierarchical social scheme would use the feasts in both a celebratory and diplomatic function, including neighboring tribal leaders. Some groups, such as the Kwakiutl, used the potlatch as an arena in which highly competitive contests of status took place. In some rare cases, goods were actually destroyed after being received.[2]
Potlatch and The Europeans
The conquest of America by the Europeans drastically changed the nature of the potlatch. The influx of manufactured trade goods, such as blankets and sheet copper, from explorers and settlers into the Pacific Northwest caused inflation in the potlatch in the late eighteenth and earlier nineteenth centuries, leading to an imbalance in the gifts given and received. Some people engaged in the ceremony purely to acquire the most material wealth, leading not only to a disintegration in the cultural value of the custom, but a basic breakdown in social relations and structure, causing violent and criminal acts among native groups.[3] Even though the settlers had, at first contact, found the potlatch interesting, their misunderstanding of the ritual and the negative effects their contact had on it caused such negative consequences that potlatching was made illegal in Canada in 1884 and in the United States in the late nineteenth century, largely at the urging of missionaries and government agents who considered it wasteful, unproductive and injurious to the practitioners.[4]
Despite the ban, potlatching continued in secret for decades. Numerous tribes petitioned the government to remove the law against a custom that they saw as no worse than Christmas, when friends were feasted and gifts were exchanged. As the potlatch became less of an issue in the twentieth century, the ban was dropped, in the United States in 1934 and in Canada in 1951.
Contemporary Potlatch
A tribe well known to still practice the potlatch today is the Kwakiutl (kwakwaka'wakw). The Kwakiutl have long been studied by ethnologists and anthropologists, particularly Franz Boas. When the ceremony died out in the beginning of the twentieth century, most of the cultural artifacts were preserved by scholars. These objects helped produce not only more in-depth scholarly work on these rituals, but also encouraged some scholars to actively seek to re-establish the ritual in the surviving tribe members. Consequently, the Kwakiutl once again began the practice.
Today, the potlatch is different from its original form, incorporating numerous other cultural rituals in a mosaic of preserved and modified culture specific to the Kwakiutl.
The Saik'uz (Stoney Creek) First Nation built a Potlatch House in the years 1995-1996 on the shore of Nulki Lake. The potlatch house is a big log building which can hold 200-250 people, big enough for holding weddings, dances, meetings, and education courses. The Potlatch house is more than building, as it serves important ceremonial purposes including governance, economy, social status, and other spiritual practices.
Notes
- ↑ Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; and Hilbert, VI, Lushootseed Dictionary. Seattle and London: University of Washington. 1994. ISBN 0295973234
- ↑ Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Gifting and Feasting in the Northwest Coastal Potlatch. Retrieved June 22, 2007.
- ↑ The Columbia Encyclopedia, Potlatch. Retrieved June 22, 2007.
- ↑ An Act further to amend "The Indian Act, 1880," S.C. 1884 (47 Vict.), c. 27, s. 3.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Adams, John W. The Gitksan Potlatch: Population Flux, Resource Ownership and Reciprocity. Toronto: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston of Canada. 1973.
- Barnett, Homer G. "The Nature of the Potlatch." American Anthropologist. vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 349-358. 1938.
- Beck, Mary Giraudo. Potlatch: Native Ceremony and Myth on the Northwest Coast. Alaska Northwest Books. 1993. ISBN 0882404407
- Beynon, William. Potlatch at Gitsegukla: William Beynon’s 1945 Field Notebooks. Vancouver: UBC. 2000.
- Boas, Franz. Kwakiutl Ethnography. University of Chicago. 1975. ISBN 0226062376
- Bracken, Christopher The Potlatch Papers: A Colonial Case History. Chicago: University of Chicago. 1997.
- Cole, Douglas, and Chaikin, Ira. An Iron Hand upon the People: The Law against the Potlatch on the Northwest Coast. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. 1990. ISBN 0295970502
- Dauenhauer, Nora Marks, and Dauenhauer, Richard, eds. “Haa Tuwanáagu Yís, for Healing Our Spirit: Tlingit Oratory.” Classics of Tlingit Oral Literature. vol. 2. Seattle: University of Washington. 1990.
- Emmons, George T., and Thornton, George. The Tlingit Indians. Seattle: University of Washington. 1991.
- Kan, Sergei. Symbolic Immortality: The Tlingit Potlatch of the Nineteenth Century. Washington: Smithsonian Books. 1989. ISBN 1-56098-309-4
- Masco, Joseph. "'It Is a Strict Law That Bids Us Dance': Cosmologies, Colonialism, Death and Ritual Authority in the Kwakwaka'wakw Potlatch, 1849-1922." Comparative Studies in Society and History. vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 41-75. 1995.
- Ogden, Peter Skene. "A Fur Trader." Traits of American Indian Life and Character. San Francisco: Grabhorn. 1933.
External links
All links retrieved November 30, 2022.
- University of Washington Libraries. Oliver S. Van Olinda Photographs.
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