Difference between revisions of "Orthoptera" - New World Encyclopedia

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Orthoptera

Patanga japonica

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Subclass:	Pterygota
Infraclass:	Neoptera
Superorder:	Exopterygota
Order:	Orthoptera Latreille, 1793

Suborders

Suborder Ensifera - crickets, katydids, and allies
Suborder Caelifera - grasshoppers, locusts

Orthoptera ("straight wings") is a widespread order of generally large- or medium-sized insects with incomplete metamorphosis (hemimetabolism), chewing/biting mouthparts, and two pairs of wings, held overlapping the abdomen at rest. The forewings are narrower than the hind wings and hardened at the base, and the hind wings are membranous and held folded fan-like under the forewings when at rest. This order includes the grasshoppers, crickets, katydids, and locusts.

Grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets are known for their singing, as well as having well-developed hindlimbs for jumping.

Orthopterans are commonly divided into two suborders: Caelifera (long-horned grasshoppers, including true grasshoppers and locusts) and Ensifera (short-horned grasshoppers, including crickets and katydids). Traditionally, the order had also included cockroaches, preying mantis, and walking sticks. Among other distinctions, the two suborders are generally recognized by the size of their antennaes, with Ensifera having shorter antennae.

Description

Orthopterans are found in most habitats where find insects, being absent only in oceans, polar regions, and extreme alpine environments (Grizmek et al. 2004). They generally are large to medium in size as far as insects go, with body lengths of less than 10 millimeters (0.4 inches) uncommon, and some exceeding 100 millimeters (2 inches) in length with a wingspan of 200 millimmeters or more. The smallest are below 2 millimeters.

All members of the suborder Ensifera are plant eaters and most members of Caelifera, but there are some carnivorous members of the long-horned grasshoppers.

Orthopterans have mandibulate mouthparts, large compound eyes, and antennae length that varies with species.

One of the characteristics most associated with orthopterans is the production of sound. Many, but not all, insects in this order produce sound, which is used for attraction of mates, defense of territory, and to warm of predators (Grizmek et al. 2004). The technique usually used is stridulation, involving rubbing one body part (wing, leg, abdomen) against another part. Katydids and crickets (Caelifera) rub specialized parts of wings against structures on other wings, while grasshoppers (Ensifera) produce sound by rubbing part of the hind femur against part of the wing (Grizmek et al. 2004).

This singing is typically a male phenomena, as females are typically silent. The calls are generally species specific and the information can be be code in terms of the frequency modulation (pitch changes) or time modulation (pitch changes, but temporal pattern changes) (Grizmek et al. 2004).

Most orthopterans are solitary insects, but gregarious tendences are common among many crickets, and swarming behavior is seen in locusts. Locusts are migratory members of short-horned grasshoppers of the family Acrididae. In response to certain cues, they shift in behavior from a solitary phase to a migratory phase. For example, the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) of Africa and Asia are normally solitary, but the spring rains trigger a behavior transformation that can result in single swarms larger than any other single congregation of organisms on Earth, ranging from 100,000 to 10 billion insects (Grzimek et al. 2004). One swarm in 1794 once spread over 5,000 square kilometers (almost 2,000 square miles) (Grzimek et al. 2004). Some members of the suborder Ensifera also produce huge swarms, such as the wingless katydid known as the North American Mormon cricket (Anabrus simplex), wose swams can be devastating to crops, and the Conehead kaytdids (Ruspolia spp.) of Africa (Grzimek et al. 2004).

Grasshoppers develop by incomplete metamorphosis, a process in which the larvae resembles the adults somewhat, as they have compound eyes, developed legs, and wing stubs visible on the outside, but the juvenile forms are smaller, lack fully developed reproductive organs, and, if the adult has wings, lack wings. In this mode of development, which involves gradual change, there are three distinct stages: the egg, nymph, and the adult stage, or imago. There is no pupal stage characteristic of complete metamorphosis. Through successive molts, the nymphs develop wings buds until their final molt into a mature adult with fully developed wings.

The number of molts varies between species; growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions.

The oldest opthopteran fossils trace to the Carboniferous period, most families of Ensifera appeared between early Jurassic and early Triassic period, while the oldest extant family of Caelifera appeared in middle Jurassic (Grizmek et al. 2004).

Types of Orthopterans

Among other characteristics, long-horned orthopterans are characterized by thread-like antennae that can exceed body length, while the short-horned grass

long-horend orthopters have characteristci trhed like antennae which exceed body length and can be several times body length, largely nocturnal, with well over 30 segemsnt in antenaae.

Locusts are grasshoppers that are characterized by behavior. They are defined as several species of short-horned grasshoppers of the family Acrididae that have solitary and gregarious (swarm) phases. They do not belong to a particular genus or subfamily, but are those species of grasshoppers that exhibit behavioral, morphological, and physiological changes from a solitary phase to a migratory phase (Grzimek et al. 2004).

Caelifera

The suborder Caelifera is classified into 8 superfamilies, 22 families, about 2,400 genera, and over 10,400 described species (Grzimek et al. 2004). Five of these are major families:

Acrididae (field grasshoppers and locusts)
Eumastacidae (monkey grasshoppers)
Tanaoceridae (tanaocerids)
Tetrigidae (grouse locusts, pygmy grasshoppers, and pygmy locusts)
Tridactylidae (pygmy mole crickets)

The largest superfamily is Acridoidea with over 7,200 described species in 1,600 genera. The largest family is Acrididae. The family is characterized by the short, thickened antennae and relatively unmodified anatomy. They are often visually more striking than other Caelifera, due to the adults' wings and legs, which are well developed and may be brightly colored. Auditory organs are on the abdomen, unlike on the forelegs of the family Tettigoniidae. The true grasshoppers produce sounds by rubbing their legs against the abdomen, and there may also be a visual display. The Acrididae includes the locusts, which can be serious economic pests.

The term grasshopper is an imprecisely defined common name. It generally is used in reference to members of both the orthopteran family Acrididae ("short-horned grasshoppers") of the suborder Caelifera and to members of the family Tettigoniidae ("long-horned grasshoppers") of the suborder Ensifera. It may also be used to refer only to the Acrididae ("true grasshoppers") or to the entire suborder Caelifera (Capinera et al. 2006). Members of Caelifera are also referred to as a group as short-horned grasshoppers, with members of Ensifera as long-horned grasshoppers (Grzimek et al. 2004).

Diurnal activity common in short-horned grasshoppers, with grasshoppers and locusts feeding and mating during the day, and molting and laying eggs at nigth, while reverse is true for katydids and cridckets, chosing noctural nactivity.

Swarming behaviro not restricted to Caelifera, but within the Ensifer certian katydid can produce huge swarms. from G., 5

Ensifera

suborder Ensifera (long-horned grasshopper suborder) is divided into 6 superfamilies, 21 families, 1,900 genera, and 11,000 described species (G). The largest superfamily is Tettigonioidea (katydids or bush-crickets) with over 1,000 genera and 7,000 known species (G). The sueprfamily Grylloidea (crickets) includes over 500 genera and 3,500 described species.

Members of Tettigoniidae are commonly known as bush crickets or katydids, and are closely related to the crickets, which are also members of Ensifera. Caelifera also includes the locusts, which is the name given to the migratory members of short-horned grasshoppers of the family Acrididae. Both Caelifera and Ensifera have mainly herbivorous insects, but there are a few carniverous species in Ensifera.

The Tettigoniidae (long-horned grasshoppers) are typified by antennae longer than the body, while the Acrididae (short-horned grasshoppers) have antennae shorter than the body.

Orthoptera as food

The Orthoptera are the only insects considered kosher in Judaism. Although the Bible may be read as stating that all Orthoptera are kosher except those, such as the mole cricket, that do not jump, halakhic authorities state that only four species known in Yemen are kosher.

Taxonomy note

Generally two suborders.

Some consider Orthopter only short-horned grasshoppers anand Gryllodea, an orderthat includes only longhorned grasshoppers, such as crickets and katydids.

Suborder Ensifera - crickets, katydids, and allies
- Superfamily Grylloidea
  - Gryllidae - true crickets
  - Gryllotalpidae - mole crickets
  - Mogoplistidae
  - Myrmecophilidae - ant crickets
- Superfamily Hagloidea
  - Prophalangopsidae
- Superfamily Rhaphidophoroidea
  - Rhaphidophoridae - camel crickets, cave crickets, cave wetas
- Superfamily Schizodactyloidea
  - Schizodactylidae - dune crickets
- Superfamily Stenopelmatoidea
  - Anostostomatidae - wetas, king crickets
  - Cooloolidae
  - Gryllacrididae - leaf-rolling crickets
  - Stenopelmatidae - Jerusalem crickets
- Superfamily Tettigonioidea
  - Tettigoniidae - katydids / bush crickets
Suborder Caelifera - grasshoppers, locusts
- Superfamily Acridoidea
  - Acrididae - grasshoppers, locusts
  - Arcypteridae
  - Catantopidae
  - Charilaidae
  - Chrotogonidae
  - Lathiceridae
  - Lentulidae
  - Pamphagidae - toad grasshoppers
  - Pneumoridae - bladder grasshoppers
  - Proscopiidae
  - Pyrgomorphidae - gaudy grasshoppers
- Superfamily Eumastacoidea
  - Chorotypidae
  - Episactidae
  - Eumastacidae
  - Euschmidtiidae
  - Mastacideidae
  - Morabidae
  - Proscopiidae
  - Thericleidae
- Superfamily Pneumoroidea
Pneumoridae
- Superfamily Pyrgomorphoidea
Pyrgomorphidae
- Superfamily Tanaoceroidea
Tanaoceridae
- Superfamily Tetrigoidea
  - Tetrigidae - grouse locusts
- Superfamily Tridactyloidea
  - Cylindrachetidae
  - Rhipipterygidae
  - Tridactylidae - pygmy mole crickets
- Superfamily Trigonopterygoidea
  - Trigonopterygidae
  - Xyronotidae

Note that the cricket suborder Ensifera will probably be given its own order soon, the Grylloptera. The Orthopterists' Society also recently (December 2005) decided upon a major change in the classificatory organization of the Ensifera.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Grzimek, B., D. G. Kleiman, V. Geist, and M. C. McDade. 2004. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Detroit: Thomson-Gale. ISBN 0787657883.
O'Toole, C. 2002. Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders. Buffalo, N.Y.: Firefly Books. ISBN 1552976122.

External links

Credits

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 | name = Orthoptera
 | image = Patanga_japonica.jpg
-| image_caption = ''[[Patanga japonica]]''
+| image_caption = ''[[Patanga japonica]]*''
 | image_width = 293px
 | regnum = [[Animal]]ia
 | phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
 | classis = [[Insect]]a
-| subclassis = [[Pterygota]]
+| subclassis = Pterygota
 | infraclassis = [[Neoptera]]
-| superordo = [[Exopterygota]]
+| superordo = Exopterygota
 | ordo = '''Orthoptera'''
-| ordo_authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1793
+| ordo_authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]]*, 1793
 | subdivision_ranks = Suborders
 | subdivision =
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 }}
-Orthoptera ("Straight Wings") is a widespread [[taxonomy#Scientific or biological classification|order]] of generally large- or medium-sized [[insect]]s with [[metamorphosis#Insect metamorphosis|incomplete metamorphosis]] (hemimetabolism), chewing/biting mouthparts, and two pairs of wings. This order includes the [[grasshopper]]s, [[cricket (insect)|cricket]]s, and [[locust]]s.
+Orthoptera ("straight wings") is a widespread [[taxonomy#Scientific or biological classification|order]] of generally large- or medium-sized [[insect]]s with [[metamorphosis#Insect metamorphosis|incomplete metamorphosis]] (hemimetabolism), chewing/biting mouthparts, and two pairs of wings, held overlapping the abdomen at rest. The forewings are narrower than the hind wings and hardened at the base, and the hind wings are membranous and held folded fan-like under the forewings when at rest. This order includes the [[grasshopper]]s, [[cricket (insect)|cricket]]s, [[katydid]]s, and [[locust]]s.
-Orthopterans have two pairs of wings; the forewings are narrower than the hind wings and hardened at the base. They are held overlapping the abdomen at rest. The hind wing is membranous and held folded fan-like under the forewings when at rest. Orthopterans have [[mandible|mandibulate]] mouthparts, large compound [[eye]]s, and [[antenna (biology)|antennae]] length varies with species.
+Grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets are known for their singing, as well as having well-developed hindlimbs for jumping.
-Grasshoppers, katydidds and crickets are known for thei raiblty to jump and for singing by males (Gw..
+Orthopterans are commonly divided into two suborders: '''Caelifera''' (long-horned grasshoppers, including true grasshoppers and locusts) and '''Ensifera''' (short-horned grasshoppers, including crickets and katydids). Traditionally, the order had also included [[cockroach]]es, [[preying mantis]], and walking sticks. Among other distinctions, the two suborders are generally recognized by the size of their antennaes, with Ensifera having shorter antennae.
-Many insects in this order produce [[sound]] (known as a "[[stridulation]]") by rubbing their wings against each other or their legs, the wings or legs containing rows of corrugated bumps. Their [[ear]]s, located in the front legs, are interconnected in such a way that they are able to locate each other by sound.
-'''Caelifera''' (long-horned grasshoppers, including true grasshoppers and locusts) and '''Ensifera''' (short-horned grasshoppers, including crickets and katydids) are currently the only two suborders in Orthoptera. Traditionally, the order had also included [[cockroach]]es, [[preying mantis]], and walking sticks.
+==Description==
-long-horend orthopters have characteristci trhed like antennae which exceed body length and can be several times body length, largely nocturnal, with well over 30 segemsnt in antenaae.
+Orthopterans are found in most habitats where find insects, being absent only in oceans, polar regions, and extreme alpine environments (Grizmek et al. 2004). They generally are large to medium in size as far as insects go, with body lengths of less than 10 millimeters (0.4 inches) uncommon, and some exceeding 100 millimeters (2 inches) in length with a wingspan of 200 millimmeters or more. The smallest are below 2 millimeters.
+All members of the suborder Ensifera are plant eaters and most members of Caelifera, but there are some carnivorous members of the long-horned grasshoppers.
-some of best examples of cryptic coloration, looking like leavesor other vegetation.
+Orthopterans have [[mandible|mandibulate]] mouthparts, large compound [[eye]]s, and [[antenna (biology)|antennae]] length that varies with species.
-==Characteristics==
+One of the characteristics most associated with orthopterans is the production of sound. Many, but not all, insects in this order produce sound, which is used for attraction of mates, defense of territory, and to warm of predators (Grizmek et al. 2004). The technique usually used is stridulation, involving rubbing one body part (wing, leg, abdomen) against another part. Katydids and crickets (Caelifera) rub specialized parts of wings against structures on other wings, while grasshoppers (Ensifera) produce sound by rubbing part of the hind femur against part of the wing (Grizmek et al. 2004).
-Orthopterans develop by '''incomplete metamorphosis'''. Most orthopterans lay their [[egg (biology)|eggs]] in the ground or on vegetation. The eggs hatch and the young [[Nymph (biology)|nymphs]] resemble adults but lack wings and at this stage are often called ''hoppers''. Through successive [[ecdysis|moults]] the nymphs develop wings buds until their final moult into a mature adult with fully developed wings.
+This singing is typically a male phenomena, as females are typically silent. The calls are generally species specific and the information can be be code in terms of the frequency modulation (pitch changes) or time modulation (pitch changes, but temporal pattern changes) (Grizmek et al. 2004).
-Grasshoppers develop by [[metamorphosis#Insect metamorphosis|incomplete metamorphosis]], a process in which the larvae resembles the adults somewhat, as they have compound [[eye]]s, developed legs and wing stubs visible on the outside, but the juvenile forms are smaller and, if the adult has wings, lack wings. In this mode of development, which involves gradual change, there are three distinct stages: the egg, nymph, and the adult stage, or imago. There is no pupal stage characteristic of complete [[metamorphosis]].
+Most orthopterans are solitary insects, but gregarious tendences are common among many crickets, and swarming behavior is seen in locusts.  Locusts are migratory members of short-horned grasshoppers of the family Acrididae. In response to certain cues, they shift in behavior from a solitary phase to a migratory phase. For example, the desert locust (''Schistocerca gregaria'') of [[Africa]] and [[Asia]] are normally solitary, but the spring rains trigger a behavior transformation that can result in single swarms larger than any other single congregation of organisms on Earth, ranging from 100,000 to 10 billion insects (Grzimek et al. 2004). One swarm in 1794 once spread over 5,000 square kilometers (almost 2,000 square miles) (Grzimek et al. 2004). Some members of the suborder Ensifera also produce huge swarms, such as the wingless katydid known as the North American Mormon cricket (''Anabrus simplex''), wose swams can be devastating to crops, and the Conehead kaytdids (''Ruspolia spp.'') of Africa (Grzimek et al. 2004).
-Most orthopterans lay their [[egg (biology)|eggs]] in the ground or on vegetation. The eggs hatch and the young nymphs resemble adults but lack wings and at this stage are often called ''hoppers''. Through successive [[ecdysis|molts]] the nymphs develop wings buds until their final molt into a mature adult with fully developed wings.
+Grasshoppers develop by [[metamorphosis#Insect metamorphosis|incomplete metamorphosis]], a process in which the larvae resembles the adults somewhat, as they have compound [[eye]]s, developed legs, and wing stubs visible on the outside, but the juvenile forms are smaller, lack fully developed reproductive organs, and, if the adult has wings, lack wings. In this mode of development, which involves gradual change, there are three distinct stages: the egg, nymph, and the adult stage, or imago. There is no pupal stage characteristic of complete [[metamorphosis]]. Through successive [[ecdysis|molts]], the nymphs develop wings buds until their final molt into a mature adult with fully developed wings.
 The number of molts varies between species; growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions.
+The oldest opthopteran fossils trace to the [[Carboniferous]] period, most families of Ensifera appeared between early [[Jurassic]] and early [[Triassic]] period, while the oldest extant family of Caelifera appeared in middle Jurassic (Grizmek et al. 2004).
-The number of moults varies between species; growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions.
-large to medium sized insects, with body lengths of leass than 10mm (0.4 inches) uncommon, and some exceed 50 mm (2 incehs) in length, with some with bodies over 100 mm long and wingspan of 200mm or more.The smallest are below 2mm.
-oldest fossils from Carboniferous period (G) and most families of Ensifera pappareaed between early Jurassic and early Triassic period, while oldest extant family of Cealifera appeared in middle Jurassic.
+==Types of Orthopterans==
-Foud nearly all over the world in most habitats where find insects, absetn only in oceans, plar regions, and extreme alpine regions (g).
+Among other characteristics, long-horned orthopterans are characterized by thread-like antennae that can exceed body length, while the short-horned grass
-some of most voracious pests.
+long-horend orthopters have characteristci trhed like antennae which exceed body length and can be several times body length, largely nocturnal, with well over 30 segemsnt in antenaae.
-mostly plant eaters, but some of the Ensifera are carnivorous.
-==Caelifera==
+Locusts are grasshoppers that are characterized by behavior. They are defined as several species of short-horned grasshoppers of the family [[Acrididae]] that have solitary and gregarious (swarm) phases. They do not belong to a particular genus or subfamily, but are those [[species]] of grasshoppers that exhibit behavioral, morphological, and physiological changes from a solitary phase to a migratory phase (Grzimek et al. 2004).
-===Types===
+===Caelifera===
 The suborder Caelifera is classified into 8 superfamilies, 22 families, about 2,400 [[genus|genera]], and over 10,400 described species (Grzimek et al. 2004). Five of these are major families: