Difference between revisions of "Opossum" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Image:Opossum fur.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Opossum [[fur]] is quite soft, and was once commonly used in the bathtub as a sponge{{Fact|date=February 2007}}.]]
 
[[Image:Opossum fur.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Opossum [[fur]] is quite soft, and was once commonly used in the bathtub as a sponge{{Fact|date=February 2007}}.]]
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'''Opossum''' is the common name for various small- to medium-sized [[marsupial]]s comprising the [[mammal]]ian order '''Didelphimorphia''' and found in the [[Western Hemisphere]]. Opossums, of which there are more than 60 species, are characterized by a long, naked tail; a long, pointed snout; opposable thumbs in the hands and feet; and ears that are naked (Grzimek et al. 2004).  most are arboreal and nocturnal. They are found from southern Canada in North America to Argentina and Chile in South America. The Virginia opossum (''Didelphis virginiana''), the original animal named opossum, is the only marsupial native to North America north of [[Mexico]].  
+
'''Opossum''' is the common name for various small- to medium-sized [[marsupial]]s comprising the [[mammal]]ian order '''Didelphimorphia''' and found in the [[Western Hemisphere]]. Opossums, of which there are more than 60 species, are characterized by a long, naked tail; a long, pointed snout; opposable thumbs in the hands and feet; and ears that are naked (Grzimek et al. 2004).  most are arboreal and nocturnal. They are found from southern [[Canada]] in North America to [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]] in South America. The Virginia opossum (''Didelphis virginiana''), the original animal named opossum, is the only marsupial native to North America north of [[Mexico]].  
  
 +
A similar group of [[marsupial]] mammals native to [[Australia]], [[New Guinea]], [[Sulawesi]] and introduced to [[New Zealand]] are known by the common name of '''possum'''. The term possum also is used in North America as a diminutive for the Virginia opossum.
  
 
==Overview==
 
==Overview==
 +
While most [[mammal]]s are placentals, the opossum is a [[marsupial]], belonging to the order (or infraclass) Marsupialia. Unlike placental mammals (Placentalia), almost all marsupials lack the placenta that connects the mother with the developing fetus in the womb. Some marsupials have a rudimentary placenta that functions for only a short time, such as the bandicoot. Marsupial females typically have an external pouch in which the immature young are raised after birth until early infancy. The newborn typically crawl to this pouch after birth, and attach themselves to milk-secreting teats (nipples), and are nursed until they can survive outside the pouch. This time period in the pouch is similar to the later stages of a placental mammal's development in the womb.
  
−
'''Marsupials''' are non-placental [[mammal]]s belonging to the order (or infraclass) '''Marsupialia'''. Marsupial females  typically have an external pouch (called the ''marsupium'', from which the name 'Marsupial' derives) in which the immature young are raised after birth until early infancy. The newborn typically crawl to this pouch after birth, and attach themselves to milk-secreting teats (nipples), and are nursed until they can survive outside the pouch. This time period in the pouch is similar to the later stages of a placental mammal's development in the womb.  
+
Marsupials also differ from placental mammals in their reproductive traits. The female has two vaginas (the tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body). Both of the vaginas open externally through one orifice, but lead to different compartments within the [[uterus]]. Males usually have a two-pronged penis, which corresponds to the females' two vaginas. The penis only passes [[sperm]]. Marsupials have a cloaca (posterior opening that serves as the only such opening for the intestinal and urinary tracts) that is connected to a urogenital sac in both sexes. Waste is stored there before expulsion.  
  
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Well-known marsupials include [[kangaroo]]s, [[opossum]]s, [[bandicoot]]s, [[wombat]]s, and the flying phalanger. Marsupials are one of three groups of mammals, the others being [[monotreme]]s and placental Mammals. Most mammals (95%) are placentals, such as [[rodent]]s, [[bat]]s, [[dog]]s, [[horse]]s, [[primate]]s, and [[whale]]s. Many marsupials resemble familiar placental species, including the wombat resembling a groundhog; the glider, a flying squirrel; the marsupial mole, a placental mole; and the cuscus, a [[monkey]] (Mayr 2001, Towle 1989).  
+
Besides the opossum, well-known marsupials include [[kangaroo]]s, [[bandicoot]]s, and [[wombat]]s. Marsupials are native to Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania, and the Americas. Of the over 330 species of marsupials, most (over 200 species) are native to [[Australia]] and nearby islands to the north. They are the dominant mammals in Australia, which have almost no native placental mammals. However, there also are many extant (living) marsupial species in [[South America]], including the opossum.  
  
−
Marsupials are native to Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania, and the Americas. There are over 330 species of marsupials, with most (over 200 species) native to [[Australia]] and nearby islands to the north. They are the dominant mammals in Australia, which have almost no native placental mammals. There are also many extant (living) marsupial species in [[South America]].
 
  
−
Unlike placental mammals (''Placentalia''), almost all marsupials lack the placenta that connects the mother with the developing fetus in the womb. Some marsupials have a rudimentary placenta that functions for only a short time, such as the bandicoot.
 
  
−
Marsupials differ from placental mammals in their reproductive traits. The female has two vaginas (the tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body). Both of the vaginas open externally through one orifice, but lead to different compartments within the [[uterus]]. Males usually have a two-pronged penis, which corresponds to the females' two vaginas. The penis only passes [[sperm]].
 
−
 
−
Marsupials have a cloaca (posterior opening that serves as the only such opening for the intestinal and urinary tracts) that is connected to a urogenital sac in both sexes. Waste is stored there before expulsion.
 
  
  
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The opossum was described as early as 1565 in the  published letter entitled "Carigueya, Seu Marsupiale Americanum Masculum. Or, The Anatomy of a Male Opossum: In a Letter to Dr Edward Tyson, from Mr William Cowper, Chirurgeon, and Fellow of the Royal Society, London. To Which are Premised Some Further Observations on the Opossum; And a New Division of Terrestrial Brute Animals, Particularly of Those That Have Their Feet Formed Like Hands. Where an Account is Given of Some Animals Not Yet Described", by Edward Tyson, M. D. Fellow of the College of Physicians and of the Royal Society.  The letter suggests even earlier descriptions.<ref>http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2372%28193208%2913%3A3%3C241%3ATPCAPM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0</ref>
 
The opossum was described as early as 1565 in the  published letter entitled "Carigueya, Seu Marsupiale Americanum Masculum. Or, The Anatomy of a Male Opossum: In a Letter to Dr Edward Tyson, from Mr William Cowper, Chirurgeon, and Fellow of the Royal Society, London. To Which are Premised Some Further Observations on the Opossum; And a New Division of Terrestrial Brute Animals, Particularly of Those That Have Their Feet Formed Like Hands. Where an Account is Given of Some Animals Not Yet Described", by Edward Tyson, M. D. Fellow of the College of Physicians and of the Royal Society.  The letter suggests even earlier descriptions.<ref>http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2372%28193208%2913%3A3%3C241%3ATPCAPM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0</ref>
 +
 +
'''possum''' is any of about 64 small to medium-sized [[arboreal]] [[marsupial]] [[species]] native to [[Australia]], [[New Guinea]], and [[Sulawesi]] (and introduced to [[New Zealand]]). The name derives from their resemblance to the [[opossum]]s of [[the Americas]] and, unlike most names applied to Australian fauna in the early years of [[History of Australia|European colonisation]], happens to be accurate: the [[opossum]]s of America are distant relatives. (The name is from [[Algonquian]] ''wapathemwa'', not [[Greek language|Greek]] or [[Latin]], so the plural is ''possums'', not ''possa''.) ''Possum'' is also used in North America as a diminutive for the [[Virginia Opossum]]. The possum's rank odour is due to its large musk glands located behind each ear.
 +
 +
Possums are small marsupials with brown or grey fur, ranging in size and weight from the length of a finger or 170 grams (6 ounces) ([[pygmy possum]]s and [[wrist-winged glider]]s), to the length of 120 centimetres (four feet) or 14.5 kilograms (32 pounds) (brushtails and ringtails). All possums are [[nocturnal]] and [[omnivorous]], hiding in a nest in a hollow tree during the day and coming out during the night to forage for food. They fill much the same role in the Australian ecosystem that [[squirrel]]s fill in the northern hemisphere and are broadly similar in appearance. 
  
 
==Use as food==
 
==Use as food==

Revision as of 23:41, 2 October 2007


For the Eastern Hemisphere marsupial, see possum.
Didelphimorphia[1]
Fossil range: Late Cretaceous - Recent
Virginia Opossum Didelphis virginiana
Virginia Opossum Didelphis virginiana
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Didelphimorphia
Gill, 1872
Family: Didelphidae
Gray, 1821
Genera

Several; see text

Opossum fur is quite soft, and was once commonly used in the bathtub as a sponge[citation needed].

Opossum is the common name for various small- to medium-sized marsupials comprising the mammalian order Didelphimorphia and found in the Western Hemisphere. Opossums, of which there are more than 60 species, are characterized by a long, naked tail; a long, pointed snout; opposable thumbs in the hands and feet; and ears that are naked (Grzimek et al. 2004). most are arboreal and nocturnal. They are found from southern Canada in North America to Argentina and Chile in South America. The Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), the original animal named opossum, is the only marsupial native to North America north of Mexico.

A similar group of marsupial mammals native to Australia, New Guinea, Sulawesi and introduced to New Zealand are known by the common name of possum. The term possum also is used in North America as a diminutive for the Virginia opossum.

Overview

While most mammals are placentals, the opossum is a marsupial, belonging to the order (or infraclass) Marsupialia. Unlike placental mammals (Placentalia), almost all marsupials lack the placenta that connects the mother with the developing fetus in the womb. Some marsupials have a rudimentary placenta that functions for only a short time, such as the bandicoot. Marsupial females typically have an external pouch in which the immature young are raised after birth until early infancy. The newborn typically crawl to this pouch after birth, and attach themselves to milk-secreting teats (nipples), and are nursed until they can survive outside the pouch. This time period in the pouch is similar to the later stages of a placental mammal's development in the womb.

Marsupials also differ from placental mammals in their reproductive traits. The female has two vaginas (the tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body). Both of the vaginas open externally through one orifice, but lead to different compartments within the uterus. Males usually have a two-pronged penis, which corresponds to the females' two vaginas. The penis only passes sperm. Marsupials have a cloaca (posterior opening that serves as the only such opening for the intestinal and urinary tracts) that is connected to a urogenital sac in both sexes. Waste is stored there before expulsion.

Besides the opossum, well-known marsupials include kangaroos, bandicoots, and wombats. Marsupials are native to Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania, and the Americas. Of the over 330 species of marsupials, most (over 200 species) are native to Australia and nearby islands to the north. They are the dominant mammals in Australia, which have almost no native placental mammals. However, there also are many extant (living) marsupial species in South America, including the opossum. 


is the order  of common opossums of the Western Hemisphere. Opossums probably diverged from the basic South American marsupials in the late Cretaceous or early Paleocene. A sister group is Paucituberculata (shrew opossums). They are commonly also called "possums," though that term is also applied to Australian fauna of the suborder Phalangeriformes. The Virginia Opossum is the original animal named "opossum". The word comes from Algonquian wapathemwa, not Greek or Latin, so the plural is opossums. Colloquially, the Virginia opossum is frequently called simply possum.

Didelphimorphs are small to medium-sized marsupials, about the size of a large house cat. They tend to be semi-arboreal omnivores, although there are many exceptions. Most members of this taxon have long snouts, a narrow braincase, and a prominent sagittal crest. The dental formula (one side of one jaw) includes five incisors (four on the lower jaw), one canine, three premolars and four tricuspid molars. By mammal standards, this is a very full jaw. The incisors are very small, the canines large.

Didelphimorphs have a plantigrade stance (feet flat on the ground) and the hind feet have an opposable digit with no claw. Like some primates, opossums have prehensile tails. The stomach is simple, with a small cecum. Opossum reproductive systems are extremely basic, with a reduced marsupium. This means that the young are born at a very early stage. The species are moderately sexually dimorphic with males usually being somewhat larger than females. The largest difference between the opossum and other sexually reproductive animals is the bifurcated penis of the male and bifurcated vagina of the female.

Didelphimorphs are opportunistic omnivores with a very broad range of diet. Their unspecialized biology, flexible diet and reproductive strategy make them successful colonizers and survivors in unsettled times. Originally native to the eastern United States, the Virginia Opossum was intentionally introduced into the west during the Great Depression, probably as a source of food. Its range has been expanding steadily northwards, thanks in part to more plentiful, man-made sources of fresh water, increased shelter due to urban encroachment, and milder winters. Its range has extended into Ontario, Canada, and it has been found farther north than Toronto.

Opossums are usually nomadic, staying in one area as long as food and water are easily available. Though they will temporarily occupy abandoned burrows, they do not dig or put much effort into building their own. They favor dark, secure areas, below ground or above.

When threatened or harmed, they will "play possum", mimicking the appearance and smell of a sick or dead animal. The lips are drawn back, teeth are bared, saliva foams around the mouth, and a foul-smelling fluid is secreted from the anal glands. The physiological response is involuntary, rather than a conscious act. Their stiff, curled form can be prodded, turned over, and even carried away. Many injured opossums have been killed by well-meaning people who find a catatonic animal and assume the worst. The best thing to do upon finding an injured or apparently dead opossum is to leave it in a quiet place with a clear exit path. In minutes or hours, the animal will regain consciousness and escape quietly on its own.

Adult opossums do not hang from trees by their tails, though babies may dangle temporarily. Their prehensile tails are not strong enough to support a mature adult's weight, though they often serve as a brace and a fifth limb when climbing. There are also confirmed accounts of the tail being used as a grip to carry bunches of leaves or bedding materials to the nest. A mother will sometimes carry her young upon her back, where they will cling tightly even when she is running across the ground or climbing.

Opossums have a remarkably robust immune system, and show partial or total immunity to the venom of rattlesnakes, cottonmouths, and other pit vipers.[2][3] Thanks to their lower blood temperature, rabies is almost unknown in opossums.[4]

The opossum lifespan is unusually short for a mammal of its size, usually only 2 to 4 years. Senescence is rapid.[5]

The opossum was described as early as 1565 in the published letter entitled "Carigueya, Seu Marsupiale Americanum Masculum. Or, The Anatomy of a Male Opossum: In a Letter to Dr Edward Tyson, from Mr William Cowper, Chirurgeon, and Fellow of the Royal Society, London. To Which are Premised Some Further Observations on the Opossum; And a New Division of Terrestrial Brute Animals, Particularly of Those That Have Their Feet Formed Like Hands. Where an Account is Given of Some Animals Not Yet Described", by Edward Tyson, M. D. Fellow of the College of Physicians and of the Royal Society. The letter suggests even earlier descriptions.[6]

possum is any of about 64 small to medium-sized arboreal marsupial species native to Australia, New Guinea, and Sulawesi (and introduced to New Zealand). The name derives from their resemblance to the opossums of the Americas and, unlike most names applied to Australian fauna in the early years of European colonisation, happens to be accurate: the opossums of America are distant relatives. (The name is from Algonquian wapathemwa, not Greek or Latin, so the plural is possums, not possa.) Possum is also used in North America as a diminutive for the Virginia Opossum. The possum's rank odour is due to its large musk glands located behind each ear.

Possums are small marsupials with brown or grey fur, ranging in size and weight from the length of a finger or 170 grams (6 ounces) (pygmy possums and wrist-winged gliders), to the length of 120 centimetres (four feet) or 14.5 kilograms (32 pounds) (brushtails and ringtails). All possums are nocturnal and omnivorous, hiding in a nest in a hollow tree during the day and coming out during the night to forage for food. They fill much the same role in the Australian ecosystem that squirrels fill in the northern hemisphere and are broadly similar in appearance.

Use as food

The opossum was a favorite game animal in the United States, and in particular the southern regions which have a large body of recipes and folklore relating to the opossum. Opossum was once widely consumed in the United States where available as evidenced by recipes in older editions of The Joy of Cooking. In Dominica and Trinidad opossum or "manicou" is popular and can only be hunted during certain times of the year due to over-hunting; the meat is traditionally prepared by smoking then stewing. The meat is light and fine grained and the musk glands must be removed as part of preparation. The meat can be used in place of rabbit and chicken in recipes. The cousin of the opossum, the possum, found in Australia and New Zealand is consumed in a similar manner. (Davidson, 1999)

Historically, hunters in the Caribbean would place a barrel with fresh or rotten fruit to attract opossums who would feed on the fruit or insects. Cubans growing up in the mid-twentieth century tell of brushing the maggots out of the mouths of "manicou" caught in this manner to prepare them for consumption. It is said also that the gaminess of the meat causes gas.[citation needed]

In Mexico, opossums are known as "tlacuache" or "tlaquatzin". Their tails are eaten as a folk remedy to improve fertility (most likely because they have many babies that they store in their pouch).

Opossum oil (Possum grease) is high in essential fatty acids and has been used as a chest rub and a carrier for arthritis remedies given as topical salves.

Classification

  • Family Didelphidae[1]
    • Subfamily Caluromyinae
      • Genus Caluromys
        • Subgenus Mallodelphys
          • Derby's Woolly Opossum, Caluromys derbianus
          • Brown-eared Woolly Opossum, Caluromys lanatus
        • Subgenus Caluromys
          • Bare-tailed Woolly Opossum, Caluromys philander
      • Genus Caluromysiops
        • Black-shouldered Opossum, Caluromysiops irrupta
      • Genus Glironia
        • Bushy-tailed Opossum, Glironia venusta
    • Subfamily Didelphinae
      • Genus Chacodelphys
        • Chacoan Pygmy Opossum (Chacodelphys formosa)
      • Genus Chironectes
        • Yapok or Water Opossum (Chironectes minimus)
      • Genus Cryptonanus
        • Agricola's Gracile Opossum (Cryptonanus agricolai)
        • Chacoan Gracile Opossum (Cryptonanus chacoensis)
        • Bolivian Gracile Opossum (Cryptonanus guahybae)
        • Red-bellied Gracile Opossum (Cryptonanus ignitus)
        • Rio Grande do Sul Gracile Opossum (Cryptonanus unduaviensis)
      • Genus Didelphis
        Skull of a Virginia Opossum, D. virginiana
        • White-eared Opossum (Didelphis albiventris)
        • Big-eared Opossum (Didelphis aurita)
        • Guianan White-eared Opossum (Didelphis imperfecta)
        • Common Opossum (Didelphis marsupialis)
        • Andean White-eared Opossum (Didelphis pernigra)
        • Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana)
      • Genus Gracilinanus
        • Aceramarca Gracile Opossum (Gracilinanus aceramarcae)
        • Agile Gracile Opossum (Gracilinanus agilis)
        • Wood Sprite Gracile Opossum (Gracilinanus dryas)
        • Emilia's Gracile Opossum (Gracilinanus emilae)
        • Northern Gracile Opossum (Gracilinanus marica)
        • Brazilian Gracile Opossum (Gracilinanus microtarsus)
      • Genus Hyladelphys
        • Kalinowski's Mouse Opossum (Hyladelphys kalinowskii)
      • Genus Lestodelphys
        • Patagonian Opossum (Lestodelphys halli)
      • Genus Lutreolina
        • Lutrine or Thick-tailed Opossum (Lutreolina crassicaudata)
      • Genus Marmosa
        • Heavy-browed Mouse Opossum (Marmosa andersoni)
        • Rufous Mouse Opossum (Marmosa lepida)
        • Mexican Mouse Opossum (Marmosa mexicana)
        • Linnaeus's Mouse Opossum (Marmosa murina)
        • Quechuan Mouse Opossum (Marmosa quichua)
        • Robinson's Mouse Opossum (Marmosa robinsoni)
        • Red Mouse Opossum (Marmosa rubra)
        • Tyleria Mouse Opossum (Marmosa tyleriana)
        • Guajira Mouse Opossum (Marmosa xerophila)
      • Genus Marmosops
        • Bishop's Slender Opossum (Marmosops bishopi)
        • Narrow-headed Slender Opossum (Marmosops cracens)
        • Marmosops creightoni
        • Dorothys' Slender Opossum (Marmosops dorothea)
        • Dusky Slender Opossum (Marmosops fuscatus)
        • Handley's Slender Opossum (Marmosops handleyi)
        • Tschudi's Slender Opossum (Marmosops impavidus)
        • Gray Slender Opossum (Marmosops incanus)
        • Panama Slender Opossum (Marmosops invictus)
        • Junin Slender Opossum (Marmosops juninensis)
        • Neblina Slender Opossum (Marmosops neblina)
        • White-bellied Slender Opossum (Marmosops noctivagus)
        • Delicate Slender Opossum (Marmosops parvidens)
        • Brazilian Slender Opossum (Marmosops paulensis)
        • Pinheiro's Slender Opossum (Marmosops pinheiroi)
      • Genus Metachirus
        • Brown Four-eyed Opossum (Metachirus myosuros)
      • Genus Micoureus
        • Alston's Mouse Opossum (Micoureus alstoni)
        • White-bellied Woolly Mouse Opossum (Micoureus constantiae)
        • Woolly Mouse Opossum (Micoureus demerarae)
        • Tate's Woolly Mouse Opossum (Micoureus paraguayanus)
        • Little Woolly Mouse Opossum (Micoureus phaeus)
        • Bare-tailed Woolly Mouse Opossum (Micoureus regina)
      • Genus Monodelphis
        • Sepia Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis adusta)
        • Northern Three-striped Opossum (Monodelphis americana)
        • Northern Red-sided Opossum (Monodelphis brevicaudata)
        • Yellow-sided Opossum (Monodelphis dimidiata)
        • Gray Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis domestica)
        • Emilia's Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis emiliae)
        • Amazonian Red-sided Opossum (Monodelphis glirina)
        • Ihering's Three-striped Opossum (Monodelphis iheringi)
        • Pygmy Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis kunsi)
        • Marajó Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis maraxina)
        • Osgood's Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis osgoodi)
        • Hooded Red-sided Opossum (Monodelphis palliolata)
        • Monodelphis reigi
        • Peruvian Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis ronaldi)
        • Chestnut-striped Opossum (Monodelphis rubida)
        • Long-nosed Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis scalops)
        • Southern Red-sided Opossum (Monodelphis sorex)
        • Southern Three-striped Opossum (Monodelphis theresa)
        • Red Three-striped Opossum (Monodelphis umbristriata)
        • One-striped Opossum (Monodelphis unistriata)
      • Genus Philander
        • Anderson's Four-eyed Opossum (Philander andersoni)
        • Philander deltae
        • Southeastern Four-eyed Opossum (Philander frenatus)
        • McIlhenny's Four-eyed Opossum (Philander mcilhennyi)
        • Philander mondolfii
        • Gray Four-eyed Opossum (Philander opossum)
      • Genus Thylamys
        • Cinderella Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum (Thylamys cinderella)
        • Elegant Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum (Thylamys elegans)
        • Karimi's Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum (Thylamys karimii)
        • Paraguayan Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum (Thylamys macrurus)
        • White-bellied Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum (Thylamys pallidior)
        • Common Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum (Thylamys pusillus)
        • Argentine Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum (Thylamys sponsorius)
        • Tate's Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum (Thylamys tatei)
        • Dwarf Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum (Thylamys velutinus)
        • Buff-bellied Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum (Thylamys venustus)
      • Genus Tlacuatzin
        • Gray Mouse Opossum (Tlacuatzin canescens)

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 A. Gardner, "Order *," pages 3-18 in D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd edition. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005). ISBN 0801882214.
  2. ↑ http://www.wildliferescueleague.org/report/opossum.html
  3. ↑ http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0104-79301999000100005&script=sci_arttext
  4. ↑ http://www.opossumsocietyus.org/frequently_asked_questions.htm#Do%20opossums%20carry%20rabies?
  5. ↑ http://www.opossum.org/facts.htm
  6. ↑ http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2372%28193208%2913%3A3%3C241%3ATPCAPM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0

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