Nautilus

Nautilus
Nautilus pompilius
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Cephalopoda Subclass: Nautiloidea Order: Nautilida Suborder: Nautilina Agassiz, 1847 Family: Nautilidae Blainville, 1825
Genera
Allonautilus Nautilus

Nautilus (from Greek nautilos, "sailor') is the common name of any marine creatures of the cephalopod family Nautilidae, the sole family of the suborder Nautilina.

It comprises 6 very similar species in 2 genera, the type of which is the genus Nautilus. Though it more specifically refers to the species Nautilus pompilius, the name chambered nautilus is also used for any species of the Nautilidae.

Note: The class Cephalopoda contains two extant (living) subclasses. In the Coleoidea, the mollusk shell has been internalized or is absent; this subclass includes the octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish. In the Nautiloidea, the shell remains; this subclass includes the nautilus. The Subclass Nautiloidea refers to all cephalopods except ammonoids (ammonites) and coleoids (octopus, squid, cuttlefish, extinct belemites.

• • Order Nautilida: nautilus and its fossil relatives
    • Suborder Nautlina
      • Family Nautilidae

Note: Cephalopods are soft-bodied and generally without a hard covering. Only Nautilus has an external shell, although female argonauts have a shell-like egg case (Vecchione 2006).

Cephalopods have one pair of gills, with the exception of Nautilus, which has two pairs (Vecchione 2006).

Having survived relatively unchanged for millions of years, nautiluses represent the only living members of the subclass Nautiloidea, and are often considered to be "living fossils."

The name "Nautilus" originally referred to the Argonauta, otherwise known as paper nautiluses, because they allegedly use their two disk-bearing arms as sails (cf. Aristotle Historia Animalium 622b). They are also called paper nautiluses, by analogy with chambered nautiluses and referring to the paper-thin eggcase that females secrete. This structure lacks the gas-filled chambers present in chambered nautilus shells and is not a true cephalopod shell, but rather an evolutionary innovation unique to the genus Argonauta.

Description

The nautilus is similar in general form to other cephalopods, with a prominent head and tentacles. Nautiluses typically have more tentacles than other cephalopods, up to ninety. These tentacles are arranged into two circles and, unlike the tentacles of other cephalopods, they have no suckers, are undifferentiated and retractable. The radula is wide and distinctively has nine teeth. There are two pairs of gills.

Nautilus pompilius is the largest species in the genus. One form from western Australia may reach 268 mm in diameter. However, the majority of other nautiluses never exceed 20 cm. Nautilus macromphalus is the smallest species, usually measuring only 16 cm.

The shell

Nautilus shells: N. macromphalus (left), A. scrobiculatus (centre), N. pompilius (right)

Nautiluses are the sole cephalopods whose bony structure of the body is externalized as a shell. The animal can withdraw completely into its shell, closing the opening with a leathery hood formed from two specially folded tentacles. The shell is coiled, calcareous, mother-of-pearl-lined and pressure resistant (imploding at a depth of about 800 m). The nautilus shell is composed of 2 layers: the outer layer is a matte white, while the inner layer is a striking white with iridescence. The innermost portion of the shell is pearlescent, blue-gray. The osmena pearl, contrarily to its name, is not a pearl, but a jewelry product derived from this part of the shell.

The shell is internally divided into chambers, the chambered section being called the phragmocone. The phragmocone is divided into camerae by septa, all of which are pierced in the middle by a duct, the siphuncle. As the nautilus matures its body moves forward, sealing the camerae behind it with a new septum. The last fully open chamber, also the largest one, is used as the living chamber. The number of camerae increases from around four at the moment of hatching to thirty or more in adults.

The shell coloration also keeps the animal cryptic in the water. When seen from the top, the shell is darker in color and marked with irregular stripes, which makes it blend into the darkness of the water below. On the contrary, the underside is almost completely white, making the animal indistinguishable from brighter waters near the ocean surface. This mode of camouflage is named countershading.

The nautilus shell presents one of the finest natural examples of a logarithmic spiral. (It is sometimes incorrectly claimed to be a golden spiral as well.)

• 

  A nautilus shell when viewed from above

• 

  The same shell viewed from underneath

• 

  Hemishell showing the camerae in a logarithmic spiral

Buoyancy and movement

In order to swim, the nautilus draws water into and out of the living chamber with the hyponome, which makes use of jet propulsion. When water is inside the chamber, the siphuncle extracts salt from it and diffuses it into the blood. When water is pumped out, the animal adjusts its buoyancy with the gas contained in the chamber. Buoyancy can be controlled by the osmotical pumping of gas and fluid into or from the camerae along the siphuncles. The control of buoyancy in this manner limits the nautilus; they cannot operate under extreme hydrostatic pressures.

The animal can also crawl on land or on the seabed.

In the wild, nautiluses usually inhabit depths of about 300 m, rising to around 100 m at night for feeding, mating and egg laying. The shell of the nautilus cannot withstand depths greater than approximately 800 m.

Nautilus tentacles

Diet and sensory system

Nautiluses are predators and feed mainly on shrimp, small fish and crustaceans, which are captured by the tentacles. However, due to the very little energy they devote to swimming, they need only eat once a month. Unlike other cephalopods, they do not have good vision; their eye structure is highly developed but lacks a solid lens. They have a simple "pinhole" lens through which water can pass. Instead of vision, the animal is thought to use olfaction as the primary sensory means during foraging, locating or identifying potential mates.

Reproduction and lifespan

Nautiluses are sexually dimorphic and reproduce by laying eggs. Attached to rocks in shallow waters, the eggs take twelve months to develop before hatching out at around 30 mm long. Females spawn once per year and regenerate their gonads, making nautiluses the only cephalopods to present iteroparity or polycyclic spawning. The lifespan of nautiluses is about 20 years, which is exceptionally long for a cephalopod.

Natural history

Cephalopods appeared 500 million years ago during the late Cambrian and were dominant and diverse during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. Tommotia, a basal cephalopod, had squid-like tentacles but also a snail-like foot it used to move across the seabed. Early cephalopods were at the top of the food chain.

The ancient (cohort Belemnoidea) and modern (cohort Neocoleoidea) coleoids, as well as the ammonoids, all seemed to have diverged from the external shelled nautiloid during the middle Paleozoic Era, between 450 and 300 million years ago. While Nautiloid was dominant in the Paleozoic, ammonites were dominant during the Mesozoic.

Fossil records indicate that nautiluses have not evolved much during the last 500 million years, and nautiloids were much more extensive and varied 200 million years ago. Many were initially straight-shelled, as in the extinct genus Lituites. They developed in the Cambrian period and became a significant sea predator in the Ordovician period. Certain species reached over 2.5 meters in size. The other cephalopod subclass, Coleoidea, diverged from the Nautilidae long ago and the nautilus has remained relatively unchanged since. Extinct relatives of the nautilus include ammonites, such as the baculites and goniatites.

Classification

Overview of placement within Cephalopoda

CLASS CEPHALOPODA

• Subclass Nautiloidea: all cephalopods except ammonoids and coleoids
  • (Order Plectronocerida): the ancestral cephalopods from the Cambrian Period
  • (Order Ellesmerocerida): include the ancestors of all later cephalopods
  • (Order Endocerida)
  • (Order Actinocerida)
  • (Order Discosorida)
  • (Order Pseudorthocerida)
  • (Order Tarphycerida)
  • (Order Oncocerida)
  • (Order Orthocerida)
  • (Order Ascocerida)
  • (Order Bactritida): include the ancestors of ammonoids and coleoids
  • Order Nautilida: nautilus and its fossil relatives
    • Suborder Nautlina
      • Family Nautilidae
• Subclass Ammonoidea): extinct ammonites and kin
• Subclass Coleoidea (octopus, squid, cuttlefish, extinct belemites)

Genus Nautilus

The genus Nautilus contains six extant species and several extinct species.

• Genus Allonautilus
  • Allonautilus perforatus
  • Allonautilus scrobiculatus
• Genus Nautilus
  • Nautilus belauensis
  • †Nautilus clarkanus
  • †Nautilus cookanum
  • Nautilus macromphalus
  • Nautilus pompilius (type)
    • Nautilus pompilius pompilius
    • Nautilus pompilius suluensis
  • †Nautilus praepompilius
  • Nautilus stenomphalus

Dubious or uncertain taxa

Binomial name and author citation	Current systematic status	Type locality	Type repository
Nautilus alumnus Iredale, 1944	Species dubium [fide Saunders (1987:49)]	Queensland, Australia	Not designated [fide Saunders (1987:49)]
Nautilus ambiguus Sowerby, 1848	Species dubium [fide Saunders (1987:48)]	Not designated	Unresolved
Nautilus beccarii Linne, 1758	Non-cephalopod; Foraminifera [fide Frizzell and Keen (1949:106)]
Nautilus calcar Linne, 1758	?Non-cephalopod; Foraminifera Lenticulina	Adriatic Sea	Unresolved; Linnean Society of London?
Nautilus crispus Linne, 1758	Undetermined	Mediterranean Sea	Unresolved; Linnean Society of London?
Nautilus crista Linne, 1758	Non-cephalopod; Turbo [fide Dodge (1953:14)]
Nautilus fascia Linne, 1758	Undetermined	Adriatic Sea	Unresolved; Linnean Society of London?
Nautilus granum Linne, 1758	Undetermined	Mediterranean Sea	Unresolved; Linnean Society of London?
Nautilus lacustris Lightfoot, 1786	Non-cephalopod; Helix [fide Dillwyn (1817:339)]
Nautilus legumen Linne, 1758	Undetermined	Adriatic Sea	Unresolved; Linnean Society of London?
Nautilus micrombilicatus Joubin, 1888	Nomen nudum
Nautilus obliquus Linne, 1758	Undetermined	Adriatic Sea	Unresolved; Linnean Society of London?
Nautilus pompilius marginalis Willey, 1896	Species dubium [fide Saunders (1987:50)]	New Guinea	Unresolved
Nautilus pompilius moretoni Willey, 1896	Species dubium [fide Saunders (1987:49)]	New Guinea	Unresolved
Nautilus pompilius perforatus Willey, 1896	Species dubium [fide Saunders (1987:49)]	New Guinea	Unresolved
Nautilus radicula Linne, 1758	?Non-cephalopod; Foraminifera Nodosaria	Adriatic Sea	Unresolved; Linnean Society of London?
Nautilus raphanistrum Linne, 1758	Undetermined	Mediterranean Sea	Unresolved; Linnean Society of London?
Nautilus raphanus Linne, 1758	Undetermined	Adriatic Sea	Unresolved; Linnean Society of London?
Nautilus semi-lituus Linne, 1758	Undetermined	Liburni, Adriatic Sea	Unresolved; Linnean Society of London?
Nautilus sipunculus Linne, 1758	Undetermined	"freto Siculo"	Unresolved; Linnean Society of London?
Nautilus texturatus Gould, 1857	Nomen nudum
Octopodia nautilus Schneider, 1784	Rejected specific name [fide Opinion 233, ICZN (1954:278)]

Distribution

Nautiluses are only found in the Indo-Pacific, from 30° N to 30° S latitude and 90° to 185° W longitude. They inhabit the deep slopes of coral reefs.

See also

The nautilus shell features prominently in the official emblem of New Caledonia.

• Coelacanth - another living fossil
• The Chambered Nautilus, a poem of Oliver Wendell Holmes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Sweeney, M.J. 2002. Taxa Associated with the Family Nautilidae Blainville, 1825. Tree of Life web project.
• Ward, P.D. 1988. In Search of Nautilus. Simon and Schuster.

External links

Template:CephBase Family

• Nautilidae discussion forum at TONMO.com
• Waikïkï Aquarium: Marine Life Profile: Chambered Nautilus
• A molecular and karyological approach to the taxonomy of Nautilus

Credits

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