Difference between revisions of "Mount Holyoke College" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Category:Politics and social sciences]]
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[[Category:Education]]
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{{Infobox_University
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        |name            = Mount Holyoke College
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        |native_name    =
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        |latin_name      =
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        |image          = [[Image:Mhlogo.png |200px]]
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        |motto          =''That our daughters may be as corner stones, polished after the similitude of a palace'' - Psalms 144:12
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        |established    = Seminary, [[1837]]<br> Seminary and College, [[1888]]<br> College, [[1893]]
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        |type            =[[Private school|Private]] [[Women's colleges in the United States|women's college]]
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        |endowment      = $530 million (November 2006)<ref>{{cite journal | author= | authorlink=| title=Endowment Cultivates Great Teachers | journal=Supplement to the MHC Alumnae Quarterly | year=Spring 2007 | volume= | pages=26 }}</ref>
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        |staff          =
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        |faculty        =200
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        |president      =[[Joanne V. Creighton]]
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        |provost        =
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        |principal      =
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        |rector          =
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        |chancellor      =
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        |vice_chancellor =
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        |dean            =
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        |head_label      =
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        |head            =
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        |students        =2,100
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        |undergrad      =
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        |postgrad        =
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        |doctoral        =
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        |profess        =
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        |city            =[[South Hadley, Massachusetts|South Hadley]]
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        |state          =[[Western Massachusetts|MA]]
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        |country        =[[United States|USA]]
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        |campus          =2,000 acres (8&nbsp;km²), academic campus: 1000 acres (3.2 km²)
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        |free_label      =
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        |free            =
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        |colors          =
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        |colours        =
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        |mascot          =Lyon
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        |nickname        =[[Moho|MoHo]] or [[MHC]]
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        |affiliations    =
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        |footnotes      =
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        |website        =[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/ mtholyoke.edu]
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        |address        =50 College Street, South Hadley, Massachusetts, 01075
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        |telephone      = (413) 538-2000
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        |coor            =
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        |logo            =
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}}
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'''Mount Holyoke College''' is a [[liberal arts college|liberal arts]] [[Women's colleges in the United States|women's college]] in [[South Hadley, Massachusetts|South Hadley]], [[Massachusetts]]. Originally founded as ''Mount Holyoke Female Seminary'' on [[8 November]], [[1837]], it is the "first of the [[Seven Sisters (colleges)|Seven Sisters]]"<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/cic/about/index.shtml| title=About Mount Holyoke| publisher=mountholyoke.edu| date= | accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref> and is one of the oldest institutions of higher education for women in the [[United States]] (''see'': [[Timeline of women's colleges in the United States]]). In addition, according to the [[United States Department of Education]], "Mount Holyoke’s significance is that it became a model for a multitude of other women’s colleges throughout the country."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ed.gov/offices/OERI/PLLI/webreprt.html| title=Women's Colleges in the United States: History, Issues, and Challenges| publisher= [[United States Department of Education]]| date= | accessdate=2007-03-30}}</ref>
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Mount Holyoke is also part of the [[Pioneer Valley]]'s [[Five Colleges (Massachusetts)|Five Colleges]], along with [[Amherst College]], [[Smith College]], [[Hampshire College]], and the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]].
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==Overview==
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===General facts===
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Mount Holyoke has a student population of 2,100. Students come from "48 states and nearly 70 countries. One in three students is an [[international student|international citizen]] or [[African American]], [[Asian American]], [[Latino|Latina]], [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]], or [[multiracial]]. Thirty-three percent of incoming first-year students were in the top five percent of their high school classes".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/cic/about/facts.shtml| title=Facts| publisher=mtholyoke.edu| date= | accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref>
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Mount Holyoke is listed as one of thirty "Hidden Ivies" in Howard and Matthew Greene's ''[[Hidden Ivies: Thirty Colleges of Excellence]]''. It was ranked 24th among all [[United States|American]] [[liberal arts colleges]] by ''The [[U.S. News and World Report]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/t1libartco_brief.php| title=U.S. News and World Report 2007: Liberal Arts Colleges | publisher=usnews.com| date= | accessdate=2006-11-11}}</ref> It also regularly places on ''[[The Princeton Review|The Princeton Review's]]'' list of the "Ten Most Beautiful College Campuses in America," capturing first place in 1997<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/csj/970905/beautiful.html |title=Mount Holyoke Campus Named Nation's Most Beautiful |publisher=mtholyoke.edu|accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref> and ranking sixth in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.princetonreview.com/college/research/profiles/schoolsays.asp?category=1&listing=1023734&LTID=1&intbucketid= |title=Princeton Review's Best 361 Colleges 2007: Mount Holyoke College | publisher=princetonreview.com| date= | accessdate=2006-12-03}}</ref> In September 2006, it was ranked the sixth best American [[liberal arts college]] by ''[[The Washington Monthly]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.libarts.html| title=The Washington Monthly College Rankings: Liberal Arts Colleges | publisher=washingtonmonthly.com| date= | accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref>
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Mount Holyoke has been part of the [[Liberal arts college#SAT optional movement in the United States|SAT optional movement]] for undergraduate admission since 2001.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/sat/sat.shtml| title=Selected Articles Regarding MHC's SAT Optional Policy | publisher=mtholyoke.edu| date= | accessdate=2006-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/03/09/sat3_9| title=Not Missing the SAT | publisher=insidehighered.com| date=2005-09-03 | accessdate=2006-12-01}}</ref> It is a member of: the [[Pioneer Valley]]'s [[Five Colleges (Massachusetts)|Five Colleges]] Consortium, the [[Consortium of Liberal Arts Colleges]], the [[Annapolis Group]], and the [[Oberlin Group]]. It was a part of the [[The New College Plan]]. It is currently a part of [[The Consortium on Financing Higher Education]] and ''The [[Knowledge Corridor]]''.
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===Campus and student life===
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The 1,000-acre (3.2 km²) campus was designed and landscaped between 1896 and 1922 by the landscape architecture firm of [[Frederick Law Olmstead|Olmstead and Sons]].  Frederick Law Olmstead designed [[Central Park]] in New York City and Congress Park in Saratoga Springs, New York (among other notable outdoor projects). In addition to the [[Mount Holyoke College Botanic Garden]], the grounds feature two lakes, a waterfall, tennis courts, stables and woodland riding trails, all surrounding Skinner Green (the grassy lawn in the center of campus).  Skinner Green is framed by traditional ivy-covered, brownstone Neo-Gothic dormitories, Skinner Hall and the social hub, Blanchard Student Center. The campus is also home to the [[Mount Holyoke College Art Museum]] which is part of the [[Five College Museums/Historic Deerfield]] and the [[Museums10]].
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[[The Odyssey Bookshop]] (a fixture in [[South Hadley]] for over 40 years), resides directly across from the campus in the college-owned Village Commons, which contains a collection of locally owned shops and eateries. A little further away (and accessible by the five college bus) lie the towns of [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] and [[Northampton, Massachusetts|Northampton]]. The [[Hampshire Mall]] and [[Holyoke Mall]] also offer shopping and entertainment for students.  The [[Mount Holyoke|Mount Holyoke Range State Park]] is also close to the campus.
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''[http://www.themhnews.com/home/ The Mount Holyoke News]'' is the independent  [[student newspaper]] for Mount Holyoke College. It was founded in 1917.
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===Academics and athletics===
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{{Mount Holyoke College majors}}
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Mount Holyoke offers a number of special programs. It has a dual-degree program in [[engineering]] which allows students to earn a B.A. from Mount Holyoke and a B.S. from the [[California Institute of Technology]], the Thayer School of Engineering, [[Dartmouth College]], or [[University of Massachusetts Amherst|UMass]].  Students interested in [[Public Health]] can earn a B.A. from Mount Holyoke and an M.S. from the School of Public Health at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] the year after graduating from Mount Holyoke. It also offers the ''Frances Perkins Program'' for [[non-traditional students]] and has a number of programs for [[international student]]s, including exchange students from its sister school, [[Women's Christian College]] in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].
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In addition to classes at the college, Mount Holyoke students may also enroll in courses at [[Amherst College]], [[Hampshire College]], [[Smith College]], and [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] through the [[Five Colleges (Massachusetts)|Five Colleges]] Consortium.
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Mount Holyoke offers a number of [[college athletics]] programs and is a member of NERC (the [[College rowing (United States)|New England Rowing Conference]]) and of NEWMAC (the [[New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference]]). Mount Holyoke is also home to a professional golf course, ''The Orchards'', which served as host to the [[U.S. Women's Open Championship (golf)|U.S. Women's Open Championship]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite news | first=David| last=Shefter| url=http://www.uswomensopen.com/2004/press/course-ideal.html | title= Location Ideal For 2004 Women’s Open: Championship Course Was Built For A Woman, Owned By All-Female College| publisher=uswomensopen.com| date= | accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref>
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===Post-graduation fellowships, graduate schools, and jobs===
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Mount Holyoke counts among its alumnae recipients of the [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes]], [[Marshall Scholarship|Marshall]], Truman, [[Gates/Cambridge]], Churchill, Udall, Beineke, and Datatel Scholarships. It is a leader in producing [[Fulbright]] scholars.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/fulbright.shtml| title=Mount Holyoke Is among Top Fulbright Producers| publisher=mtholyoke.edu| date= | accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref> The most popular graduate schools attended by MHC alumnae are [[Harvard]], [[Yale University|Yale]], [[Columbia University|Columbia]], [[Tufts University|Tufts]], [[The University of Pennsylvania|Penn]], [[Stanford University|Stanford]], [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]], and [[Georgetown University|Georgetown]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/cic/about/aftermhc.shtml| title=Life after Mount Holyoke| publisher=mtholyoke.edu| date= | accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref> The firms that most frequently hire Mount Holyoke graduates are [[Goldman Sachs]], [[Fidelity Investments]], [[AmeriCorps]], National Economic Research Associates, [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]], the [[New York City Department of Education]], [[Boston University]], [[Credit Suisse First Boston]], and The Dana Farber Center Institute.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/directory/brief/drservices_2192_brief.php| title=Mount Holyoke College| publisher=usnews.com| date= | accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref>
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===Famous alumnae and faculty===
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:''See main article: [[List of Mount Holyoke College people]]''
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Famous alumnae include [[Emily Dickinson]], [[Wendy Wasserstein]], [[Suzan-Lori Parks]], [[Virginia Apgar]], [[Dari Alexander]], [[Elaine Chao]], [[Jean Picker Firstenberg]],and [[Frances Perkins]].
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Famous faculty include [[Joseph Brodsky]] (who won the Nobel Prize for Literature), [[Joseph Ellis]] (won Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award), [[Shirley Chisholm]],  [[James Baldwin (writer)|James Baldwin]]  ([[Five Colleges (Massachusetts)|Five Colleges faculty)]], [[Anita Desai]], [[John Irving]], [[Anthony Lake]] (former [[National Security Adviser]]), [[Cyrus Vance]] (former U.S. [[Secretary of State]]), and [[Bapsi Sidhwa]].
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==History==
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===Presidents and principals===
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''Mount Holyoke College (1893-Present)'':
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*1996-present: [[Joanne V. Creighton]], President
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*2002-2002: [[Beverly Daniel Tatum]], Acting President
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*1978-1995: [[Elizabeth Topham Kennan]] ’60, President
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*1969-1978: [[David Truman]], President
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*1968-1969: [[Meribeth E. Cameron]], Acting President
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*1957-1968: [[Richard Glenn Gettell]], President
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*1937-1957: [[Roswell G. Ham]], President
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*1900-1937: [[Mary Emma Woolley]], President
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*1890-1900: [[Elizabeth Storrs Mead]], President
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''Mount Holyoke College and Seminary (1888-1893)'':
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*1890-1900: [[Elizabeth Storrs Mead]], President
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*1889-1890: [[Louisa F. Cowles]] ’66, Acting President
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*1889-1889: [[Mary A. Brigham]], President Elect
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*1888-1889: [[Elizabeth Blanchard (educator)|Elizabeth Blanchard]] ’58, Acting President
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''Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (1837-1888)'':
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*1883-1888 [[Elizabeth Blanchard (educator)|Elizabeth Blanchard]] ’58, Principal
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*1872-1883: [[Julia E. Ward]] ’57, Principal; [[Elizabeth Blanchard (educator)|Elizabeth Blanchard]] ’58, Associate Principal
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*1867-1872: [[Helen M. French]] ’57, Principal
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*1865-1867: [[Sophia D. Stoddard]] ’41, Acting Principal
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*1850-1865: [[Mary W. Chapin]] ’43, Principal (1852-65); Acting Principal (1850-52)
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*1849-1850: [[Mary C. Whitman]] ’39, Principal; [[Sophia D. Stoddard]] 1841, Associate Principal
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*1837-1849: [[Mary Lyon]], Principal
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===Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (1837-1888)===
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Founded as ''Mount Holyoke Female Seminary'' on [[8 November]], [[1837]], it was named after [[Mount Holyoke]], a nearby peak on the Mt. Holyoke Range. The mountain itself was named after [[Elizur Holyoke]], who is also the (indirect) namesake for the city, [[Holyoke, Massachusetts]]. Its founder, [[Mary Lyon]], was an educational innovator who created a highly rigorous environment of higher education for women which was unusual for the early 19th century.  Lyon mandated a 16 hour day for students at ''Mount Holyoke Female Seminary,'' which began at 5 a.m. and ended at 9:15 p.m. In addition, "the books used by the students were the same as used at men's colleges".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/marylyon/life.html| title= Daily Life at Mount Holyoke| publisher=mtholyoke.edu| date= | accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref>. Lyon was also an innovator  in science education for women, requiring:
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:seven courses in the sciences and mathematics for graduation, a requirement unheard of at other female seminaries. She introduced women to "a new and unusual way" to learn science—laboratory experiments which they performed themselves. She organized field trips on which students collected rocks, plants, and specimens for lab work, and inspected geological formations and recently discovered dinosaur tracks.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/marylyon/science.html| title= Daily  Mary Lyon's Influence on Science Education for Women| publisher=mtholyoke.edu| date= | accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref>
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Lyon, an early believer in the importance of daily exercise for women, required her students to "walk one mile after breakfast. During New England's cold and snowy winters, she dropped the requirement to 45 minutes. Calisthenics—a form of exercises—were taught by teachers in unheated hallways until a storage area was cleared for a gymnasium. Domestic work often involved strenuous physical activity".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/marylyon/life.html| title= Daily Life at Mount Holyoke| publisher=mtholyoke.edu| date= | accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref>
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From its founding in 1837, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary "had no religious affiliation". However, "students were required to attend church services, chapel talks, prayer meetings, and Bible study groups. Twice a day teachers and students spent time in private devotions. Every dorm room had two large lighted closets to give roommates privacy during their devotions".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/marylyon/life.html |title= Daily Life at Mount Holyoke |publisher=mtholyoke.edu |accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref> Mount Holyoke Female Seminary was the sister school to [[Andover Theological Seminary|Andover Seminary]]. Some Andover graduates looked to marry students from the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary before becoming missionaries because the [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions]] (ABCFM) required its missionaries to be married before starting their missions. By [[1859]], there were more than 60 missionary alumnae; by [[1887]], the school's alumnae comprised one fifth of all female American missionaries for the ABCFM; and by the end of the century, 248 of its alumnae had entered the mission field.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Rebecca Golossanov | authorlink=| title=Did You Know? | journal=Christian History & Biography | year=Spring 2006 | volume=90 | pages=3-4 }}</ref>
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===Mount Holyoke, 1888-Present===
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Mount Holyoke Female Seminary received its collegiate charter in [[1888]] and became Mount Holyoke Seminary and College. It became Mount Holyoke College in [[1893]]. Mount Holyoke's chapter of [[Phi Beta Kappa#History|Phi Beta Kappa]] was established in [[1905]].  On February 28, 1987, a [[United States]] [[postage stamp]] featuring Mary Lyon was issued in honor of ''The Sesquicentennial'' (Mount Holyoke's 150th anniversary).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/%7Edalbino/fdcs/mlyon.html | title=  The Mary Lyon Stamp |publisher=mtholyoke.edu| date= | accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref>
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==Traditions==
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Mount Holyoke has a number of popular traditions.
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===Readings and performances===
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The Intercollegiate Poetry Contest, '''The [[Kathryn Irene Glascock]]''' Awards, grants '''The [[Glascock Prize]]''' to the winner of this annual event (which has taken place at Mount Holyoke since 1924). The "invitation-only competition is sponsored by the English department at Mount Holyoke and counts many well-known poets, including [[Sylvia Plath]] and [[James Merrill]], among its past winners".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~vox/0506/0515/kudos.html| title=Kudos:Recognition for Dartmouth faculty, staff, and students| publisher=dartmouth.edu| date= | accessdate=2006-12-10}}</ref>
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'''The Faculty Show''' takes place once every four years, around [[01 April]] faculty members create a show which [[parodies]] themselves and their students.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/7373.shtml| title=Faculty Show 2006| publisher=Mount Holyoke College| date= | accessdate=}}</ref>  In addition, '''The Junior Show''' (also known as ''J-Show'') refers to a show created by Juniors (and a few professors) who parody life at Mount Holyoke. A common feature is a sketch mocking the president and dean of the college, along with well-known professors.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/6124.shtml| title=Junior Show 2006| publisher=Mount Holyoke College| date= | accessdate=}}</ref>
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===Annual events===
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A few events are geared towards initiating new students into Mount Hoyoke. '''Disorientation''' or "Dis-O," is the most closely guarded secret at Mount Holyoke. Generally, first-years are kept in the dark about it until it actually takes place. '''Big/Little Sister''' is a reference to the pairing of juniors and firsties (or first years) who are paired up to take part in organized—and unorganized—events together. Finally, '''Elfing''' refers to sophomores who secretly leave gifts for their chosen firsties or transfer students, usually during [[October]] of each year.
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'''Mountain Day'''  begins with the sound of ringing bells from Abbey Chapel on a beautiful autumn morning secretly chosen by the President of the College and all classes are canceled for the day and many students hike to the summit of nearby [[Mount Holyoke]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/csj/961004/mtday.html| title=  Heading for the Hills on Mountain Day: It's Been a Mount Holyoke Tradition Since 1838|publisher=mtholyoke.edu| date= | accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref>
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'''M&C's''' was originally called Milk & Crackers, but is now referred to as Milk & Cookies. <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/cic/campuslife/love-it.shtml?num=3| title= Traditions:M & Cs (milk and crackers)| publisher=mtholyoke.edu| date= | accessdate=2006-09-16}}</ref> It refers to a nightly snack provided by dormitory dining halls. M&Cs also refer to a popular student ''a cappella'' group, ''[[M&Cs (Milk and Cookies)]]'' <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/org/milkandcookies/about.html| title=Traditions: M&Cs A Capella}}</ref>
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===Convocation and commencement===
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'''Founder's Day''' refers to Seniors eating ice cream served to them by Trustees of the College at 6 AM near the grave of Founder [[Mary Lyon]]. Later during the same morning, [[convocation]] is held in Abbey Chapel; the medieval German ode to Academe, "Gaudeamus Igitur" is sung by berobed Seniors and Faculty during the procession.  Following convocation, Faculty line the path to Mary Lyon's grave.  Seniors walk through this throng, to the grave (to place a wreath).  As they pass by their professors, the Faculty members applaud the Seniors—thereby acknowledging them for the first time as scholars and colleagues.
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'''Canoe Sing''' is an event which takes place prior to [[commencement]] in which canoes are decorated with lanterns are paddled by seniors singing Mount Holyoke songs. They are joined by fellow graduating seniors on shore.
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'''The Laurel Parade''' takes place the day before [[commencement]]. Graduating seniors wear white and carry laurel garlands, in a parade to Mary Lyon's grave. They are escorted by approximately 3,000 alumnae, also in white, who thereby welcome them into the Alumnae Association. Once at Mary Lyon's grave, the garland is wound around the cast-iron fence, and the Mimi Farina song "Bread and Roses" is sung by all in attendance.  White is a tribute to those who fought for women's suffrage. <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/csj/051900/Laurel.html| title= 100 Years of Laurel and Other Commencement Customs| publisher=mtholyoke.edu| date= | accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref>
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====Commencement addresses====
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{{Dynamic list}}
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The list below is partially from [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/misc/albright/speakers.shtml this list of speakers, 1997-1987].
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{| class="wikitable"
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|-
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! Date !! Name !! Links
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|-
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| [[2007]] || [[Wendy Kopp]] || [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/newsfull.shtml?portal_id=2JGDhD~HryUDcnDQiDD~nhQU&node=5187646&full=1 Kopp Named MHC Commencement Speaker]
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|-
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| [[2006]] || [[Joyce Carol Oates]] || [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/newsfull.shtml?portal_id=2JGDeD2gGy_DLnnpODD~PhQ_&node=4334335&full=1 Joyce Carol Oates Commencement Speech]<br>[http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2006/05/28/joyce_carol_oates_to_graduates_we_do_love_our_students?mode=PF Boston Globe article]
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|-
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| [[2005]] ||  [[Nina Totenberg]] ||  [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/commencement_05/speakers.shtml Nina Totenberg Commencement Speech] 
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|-
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| [[2004]] ||  [[Kim Campbell]] || [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/commencement04/index.shtml Kim Campbell Commencement Speech] 
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|-
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| [[2003]] ||  [[Judy Blume]] || [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/commencement03.shtml Judy Blume Commencement Speech]  <br>[http://www.judyblume.com/holyoke.html Remarks from Judy Blume's official website]
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|-
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| [[2002]] ||  [[Queen Noor of Jordan]] || [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/oped/QueenNoor.shtml Queen Noor of Jordan Commencement Speech] 
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|-
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| [[2001]] || [[Suzan-Lori Parks]] ’85 || [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/oped/loriparks.shtml Suzan-Lori Parks Commencement Speech] 
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|-
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| [[2000]] || [[Mary Patterson McPherson]] || [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/oped/commencement.shtml Mary Patterson McPherson Commencement Speech] 
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|-
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| [[1999]] || [[Anna Quindlen]] ||  [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/oped/Quindlen.shtml Anna Quindlen Commencement Speech] 
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|-
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| [[1998]] ||  [[Johnnetta B. Cole]] || [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/press/releases/speech/drcole.shtml Johnnetta B. Cole Commencement Speech] 
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|-
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| [[1997]] || [[Madeleine Albright]] || [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/misc/albright/speech.shtml Madeleine Albright Commencement Speech] 
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|-
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| [[1996]] || [[Donna Shalala]] ||  [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/csj/960607/commen.html Donna Shalala Commencement Speech] 
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|-
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| [[1995]] || [[Ann Richards]] ||  [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/csj/950605/richards.html Ann Richards Commencement Speech] 
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|-
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| [[1994]] ||  [[Nita Lowey]] ’59 || 
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|-
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| [[1993]] || [[Judith Kurland]] ’67 || 
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|-
 +
| [[1992]] || [[Pat Schroeder]]  || 
 +
|-
 +
| [[1991]] || [[Evelyn Fox Keller]] ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[1990]] || [[Wendy Wasserstein]] ’71 || 
 +
|-
 +
| [[1989]] || [[Glenn Close]] ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[1988]] || [[Joseph Brodsky]] || 
 +
|-
 +
| [[1987]] || [[Maya Angelou]] ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[1976]] || [[Lillian Hellman]] ||[http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/research/fa/hellman.folderlist.html Lillian Hellman papers with draft of Mount Holyoke commencement speech]
 +
|}
 +
 +
==Mount Holyoke in theater, film, and popular culture==
 +
Mount Holyoke is referenced in works of theater, film, and popular culture. [[Pulitzer Prize]] - winning playwright [[Wendy Wasserstein]]'s [[1977]] play, ''[[Uncommon Women and Others]]'', is based upon Wasserstein's experiences at Mount Holyoke of the early [[1970s]]. The play explores the lives of the fictional characters Carter, Holly, Kate, Leilah, Rita, Muffet, Samantha, and  Susie.
 +
 +
Two well-known films referenced Mount Holyoke of the [[1960s]]. The protagonist of the [[1987]] film ''[[Dirty Dancing]]'', Frances "Baby" Houseman (Grey) was named after Mount Holyoke graduate [[Frances Perkins]]. "Baby" is the socially conscious member of her family, who is planning to attend Mount Holyoke in the fall of [[1963]] to study economics and then to enter the [[Peace Corps]]. The [[1978]] film, ''[[National Lampoon's Animal House]]'' satirizes a common practice up until the mid-[[1970s]], when women attending [[Seven Sisters (colleges)|Seven Sister colleges]] were connected with or to students at [[Ivy League]] schools. The film, which takes place in [[1962]], shows fraternity brothers from Delta house of the fictional [[Faber College#Fictional colleges and universities|Faber College]] (based on [[Dartmouth College]]) taking a road trip to the fictional [[Faber College#Fictional colleges and universities|Emily Dickinson College]] (either Mount Holyoke College or [[Smith College]]).<ref>{{cite interview| last=Landis| first=John| subjectlink=John Landis| interviewer=Soledad O'Brien| url=http://cnnstudentnews.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0308/29/se.09.html| date=2003-08-29| program=Live from the Headlines| callsign=CNN}}</ref>
 +
 +
One of the most famous references to Mount Holyoke College in [[United States|American]] [[popular culture]] occurred in an episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'': "The Seven Sisters were immortalized in popular culture in a [[I'm Spelling as Fast as I Can|2003 episode]] of ''[[The Simpsons]].'' Having won local and state spelling bees, [[Lisa Simpson]] advances to the national finals. However, the moderator, concerned about the contest’s low television ratings, offers Lisa free tuition ('and a hot plate') at the Seven Sisters college of her choice if she will allow a more popular contestant (who happens to be a boy) to win. Lisa refuses, but has a dream in which students from each of the Seven Sisters appear to her."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/cic/about/12812.shtml| last=| first=| title=Seven Sisters| publisher=Mount Holyoke College| date=}}</ref>
 +
 +
===Additional fictional alumnae===
 +
Additional characters in popular culture include ''Donna'', from the television series,  ''[[Judging Amy]]'', ''Judy Maxwell'', from the film,  ''[[What's Up, Doc? (1972 film)|What's Up, Doc?]]'', ''Brooke'', from ''[[The L Word]]'', Season 4, and ''Catherine'', the serial bride in the [[film noir]] release, ''[[Black Widow (1987 film)]].''
 +
 +
==See also==
 +
*[[List of Mount Holyoke College people]]
 +
 +
==References==
 +
* Harwarth, Irene B.  "[http://www.ed.gov/pubs/WomensColleges/index.html A Closer Look at Women's Colleges]." National Institute on Postsecondary Education, Libraries, and Lifelong Learning, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education, 1999.
 +
*---, Mindi Maline and Elizabeth DeBra. "[http://www.ed.gov/offices/OERI/PLLI/webreprt.html Women's Colleges in the United States: History, Issues, and Challenges]: Executive Summary." [[U.S. Department of Education]] National Institute on Postsecondary Education, Libraries, and Lifelong Learning.
 +
* [[Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz|Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz]].  ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0870238698&id=Z3qWLyDZ8PsC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=xMmu_yuuHV&dq=alma+mater&sig=N7RcPpZKbQvPM1m5ohSuIcu_KxU#PPP1,M1 Alma Mater: Design and Experience in the Women's Colleges from Their Nineteenth-Century Beginnings to the 1930s],'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993 (2nd edition).
 +
 +
===Footnotes===
 +
<div class="references-small">
 +
<references/>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
==External links==
 +
*[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~dalbino/ A Postcard Collection of Mount Holyoke College]
 +
*[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/cic/tour/ Mount Holyoke College Tour]
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
{{Credits|Mount_Holyoke_College|133785188|}}

Revision as of 02:24, 30 May 2007


Mount Holyoke College

200px

Motto That our daughters may be as corner stones, polished after the similitude of a palace - Psalms 144:12
Established Seminary, 1837
Seminary and College, 1888
College, 1893
Type Private women's college
Endowment $530 million (November 2006)[1]
President Joanne V. Creighton
Faculty 200
Students 2,100
Location South Hadley, MA USA
Address 50 College Street, South Hadley, Massachusetts, 01075
Telephone (413) 538-2000
Campus 2,000 acres (8 km²), academic campus: 1000 acres (3.2 km²)
Nickname MoHo or MHC
Mascot Lyon
Website mtholyoke.edu

Mount Holyoke College is a liberal arts women's college in South Hadley, Massachusetts. Originally founded as Mount Holyoke Female Seminary on 8 November, 1837, it is the "first of the Seven Sisters"[2] and is one of the oldest institutions of higher education for women in the United States (see: Timeline of women's colleges in the United States). In addition, according to the United States Department of Education, "Mount Holyoke’s significance is that it became a model for a multitude of other women’s colleges throughout the country."[3]

Mount Holyoke is also part of the Pioneer Valley's Five Colleges, along with Amherst College, Smith College, Hampshire College, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Overview

General facts

Mount Holyoke has a student population of 2,100. Students come from "48 states and nearly 70 countries. One in three students is an international citizen or African American, Asian American, Latina, Native American, or multiracial. Thirty-three percent of incoming first-year students were in the top five percent of their high school classes".[4]

Mount Holyoke is listed as one of thirty "Hidden Ivies" in Howard and Matthew Greene's Hidden Ivies: Thirty Colleges of Excellence. It was ranked 24th among all American liberal arts colleges by The U.S. News and World Report.[5] It also regularly places on The Princeton Review's list of the "Ten Most Beautiful College Campuses in America," capturing first place in 1997[6] and ranking sixth in 2007.[7] In September 2006, it was ranked the sixth best American liberal arts college by The Washington Monthly.[8]

Mount Holyoke has been part of the SAT optional movement for undergraduate admission since 2001.[9][10] It is a member of: the Pioneer Valley's Five Colleges Consortium, the Consortium of Liberal Arts Colleges, the Annapolis Group, and the Oberlin Group. It was a part of the The New College Plan. It is currently a part of The Consortium on Financing Higher Education and The Knowledge Corridor.

Campus and student life

The 1,000-acre (3.2 km²) campus was designed and landscaped between 1896 and 1922 by the landscape architecture firm of Olmstead and Sons. Frederick Law Olmstead designed Central Park in New York City and Congress Park in Saratoga Springs, New York (among other notable outdoor projects). In addition to the Mount Holyoke College Botanic Garden, the grounds feature two lakes, a waterfall, tennis courts, stables and woodland riding trails, all surrounding Skinner Green (the grassy lawn in the center of campus). Skinner Green is framed by traditional ivy-covered, brownstone Neo-Gothic dormitories, Skinner Hall and the social hub, Blanchard Student Center. The campus is also home to the Mount Holyoke College Art Museum which is part of the Five College Museums/Historic Deerfield and the Museums10.

The Odyssey Bookshop (a fixture in South Hadley for over 40 years), resides directly across from the campus in the college-owned Village Commons, which contains a collection of locally owned shops and eateries. A little further away (and accessible by the five college bus) lie the towns of Amherst and Northampton. The Hampshire Mall and Holyoke Mall also offer shopping and entertainment for students. The Mount Holyoke Range State Park is also close to the campus.

The Mount Holyoke News is the independent student newspaper for Mount Holyoke College. It was founded in 1917.

Academics and athletics

Template:Mount Holyoke College majors


Mount Holyoke offers a number of special programs. It has a dual-degree program in engineering which allows students to earn a B.A. from Mount Holyoke and a B.S. from the California Institute of Technology, the Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, or UMass. Students interested in Public Health can earn a B.A. from Mount Holyoke and an M.S. from the School of Public Health at the University of Massachusetts Amherst the year after graduating from Mount Holyoke. It also offers the Frances Perkins Program for non-traditional students and has a number of programs for international students, including exchange students from its sister school, Women's Christian College in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

In addition to classes at the college, Mount Holyoke students may also enroll in courses at Amherst College, Hampshire College, Smith College, and University of Massachusetts Amherst through the Five Colleges Consortium.

Mount Holyoke offers a number of college athletics programs and is a member of NERC (the New England Rowing Conference) and of NEWMAC (the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference). Mount Holyoke is also home to a professional golf course, The Orchards, which served as host to the U.S. Women's Open Championship in 2004.[11]

Post-graduation fellowships, graduate schools, and jobs

Mount Holyoke counts among its alumnae recipients of the Rhodes, Marshall, Truman, Gates/Cambridge, Churchill, Udall, Beineke, and Datatel Scholarships. It is a leader in producing Fulbright scholars.[12] The most popular graduate schools attended by MHC alumnae are Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Tufts, Penn, Stanford, Berkeley, and Georgetown.[13] The firms that most frequently hire Mount Holyoke graduates are Goldman Sachs, Fidelity Investments, AmeriCorps, National Economic Research Associates, Brigham and Women's Hospital, the New York City Department of Education, Boston University, Credit Suisse First Boston, and The Dana Farber Center Institute.[14]

Famous alumnae and faculty

See main article: List of Mount Holyoke College people

Famous alumnae include Emily Dickinson, Wendy Wasserstein, Suzan-Lori Parks, Virginia Apgar, Dari Alexander, Elaine Chao, Jean Picker Firstenberg,and Frances Perkins.

Famous faculty include Joseph Brodsky (who won the Nobel Prize for Literature), Joseph Ellis (won Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award), Shirley Chisholm, James Baldwin (Five Colleges faculty), Anita Desai, John Irving, Anthony Lake (former National Security Adviser), Cyrus Vance (former U.S. Secretary of State), and Bapsi Sidhwa.

History

Presidents and principals

Mount Holyoke College (1893-Present):

  • 1996-present: Joanne V. Creighton, President
  • 2002-2002: Beverly Daniel Tatum, Acting President
  • 1978-1995: Elizabeth Topham Kennan ’60, President
  • 1969-1978: David Truman, President
  • 1968-1969: Meribeth E. Cameron, Acting President
  • 1957-1968: Richard Glenn Gettell, President
  • 1937-1957: Roswell G. Ham, President
  • 1900-1937: Mary Emma Woolley, President
  • 1890-1900: Elizabeth Storrs Mead, President

Mount Holyoke College and Seminary (1888-1893):

  • 1890-1900: Elizabeth Storrs Mead, President
  • 1889-1890: Louisa F. Cowles ’66, Acting President
  • 1889-1889: Mary A. Brigham, President Elect
  • 1888-1889: Elizabeth Blanchard ’58, Acting President

Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (1837-1888):

  • 1883-1888 Elizabeth Blanchard ’58, Principal
  • 1872-1883: Julia E. Ward ’57, Principal; Elizabeth Blanchard ’58, Associate Principal
  • 1867-1872: Helen M. French ’57, Principal
  • 1865-1867: Sophia D. Stoddard ’41, Acting Principal
  • 1850-1865: Mary W. Chapin ’43, Principal (1852-65); Acting Principal (1850-52)
  • 1849-1850: Mary C. Whitman ’39, Principal; Sophia D. Stoddard 1841, Associate Principal
  • 1837-1849: Mary Lyon, Principal

Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (1837-1888)

Founded as Mount Holyoke Female Seminary on 8 November, 1837, it was named after Mount Holyoke, a nearby peak on the Mt. Holyoke Range. The mountain itself was named after Elizur Holyoke, who is also the (indirect) namesake for the city, Holyoke, Massachusetts. Its founder, Mary Lyon, was an educational innovator who created a highly rigorous environment of higher education for women which was unusual for the early 19th century. Lyon mandated a 16 hour day for students at Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, which began at 5 a.m. and ended at 9:15 p.m. In addition, "the books used by the students were the same as used at men's colleges".[15]. Lyon was also an innovator in science education for women, requiring:

seven courses in the sciences and mathematics for graduation, a requirement unheard of at other female seminaries. She introduced women to "a new and unusual way" to learn science—laboratory experiments which they performed themselves. She organized field trips on which students collected rocks, plants, and specimens for lab work, and inspected geological formations and recently discovered dinosaur tracks.[16]

Lyon, an early believer in the importance of daily exercise for women, required her students to "walk one mile after breakfast. During New England's cold and snowy winters, she dropped the requirement to 45 minutes. Calisthenics—a form of exercises—were taught by teachers in unheated hallways until a storage area was cleared for a gymnasium. Domestic work often involved strenuous physical activity".[17]

From its founding in 1837, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary "had no religious affiliation". However, "students were required to attend church services, chapel talks, prayer meetings, and Bible study groups. Twice a day teachers and students spent time in private devotions. Every dorm room had two large lighted closets to give roommates privacy during their devotions".[18] Mount Holyoke Female Seminary was the sister school to Andover Seminary. Some Andover graduates looked to marry students from the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary before becoming missionaries because the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) required its missionaries to be married before starting their missions. By 1859, there were more than 60 missionary alumnae; by 1887, the school's alumnae comprised one fifth of all female American missionaries for the ABCFM; and by the end of the century, 248 of its alumnae had entered the mission field.[19]

Mount Holyoke, 1888-Present

Mount Holyoke Female Seminary received its collegiate charter in 1888 and became Mount Holyoke Seminary and College. It became Mount Holyoke College in 1893. Mount Holyoke's chapter of Phi Beta Kappa was established in 1905. On February 28, 1987, a United States postage stamp featuring Mary Lyon was issued in honor of The Sesquicentennial (Mount Holyoke's 150th anniversary).[20]

Traditions

Mount Holyoke has a number of popular traditions.

Readings and performances

The Intercollegiate Poetry Contest, The Kathryn Irene Glascock Awards, grants The Glascock Prize to the winner of this annual event (which has taken place at Mount Holyoke since 1924). The "invitation-only competition is sponsored by the English department at Mount Holyoke and counts many well-known poets, including Sylvia Plath and James Merrill, among its past winners".[21]

The Faculty Show takes place once every four years, around 01 April faculty members create a show which parodies themselves and their students.[22] In addition, The Junior Show (also known as J-Show) refers to a show created by Juniors (and a few professors) who parody life at Mount Holyoke. A common feature is a sketch mocking the president and dean of the college, along with well-known professors.[23]

Annual events

A few events are geared towards initiating new students into Mount Hoyoke. Disorientation or "Dis-O," is the most closely guarded secret at Mount Holyoke. Generally, first-years are kept in the dark about it until it actually takes place. Big/Little Sister is a reference to the pairing of juniors and firsties (or first years) who are paired up to take part in organized—and unorganized—events together. Finally, Elfing refers to sophomores who secretly leave gifts for their chosen firsties or transfer students, usually during October of each year.

Mountain Day begins with the sound of ringing bells from Abbey Chapel on a beautiful autumn morning secretly chosen by the President of the College and all classes are canceled for the day and many students hike to the summit of nearby Mount Holyoke.[24]

M&C's was originally called Milk & Crackers, but is now referred to as Milk & Cookies. [25] It refers to a nightly snack provided by dormitory dining halls. M&Cs also refer to a popular student a cappella group, M&Cs (Milk and Cookies) [26]

Convocation and commencement

Founder's Day refers to Seniors eating ice cream served to them by Trustees of the College at 6 AM near the grave of Founder Mary Lyon. Later during the same morning, convocation is held in Abbey Chapel; the medieval German ode to Academe, "Gaudeamus Igitur" is sung by berobed Seniors and Faculty during the procession. Following convocation, Faculty line the path to Mary Lyon's grave. Seniors walk through this throng, to the grave (to place a wreath). As they pass by their professors, the Faculty members applaud the Seniors—thereby acknowledging them for the first time as scholars and colleagues.

Canoe Sing is an event which takes place prior to commencement in which canoes are decorated with lanterns are paddled by seniors singing Mount Holyoke songs. They are joined by fellow graduating seniors on shore.

The Laurel Parade takes place the day before commencement. Graduating seniors wear white and carry laurel garlands, in a parade to Mary Lyon's grave. They are escorted by approximately 3,000 alumnae, also in white, who thereby welcome them into the Alumnae Association. Once at Mary Lyon's grave, the garland is wound around the cast-iron fence, and the Mimi Farina song "Bread and Roses" is sung by all in attendance. White is a tribute to those who fought for women's suffrage. [27]

Commencement addresses

Template:Dynamic list

The list below is partially from this list of speakers, 1997-1987.

Date Name Links
2007 Wendy Kopp Kopp Named MHC Commencement Speaker
2006 Joyce Carol Oates Joyce Carol Oates Commencement Speech
Boston Globe article
2005 Nina Totenberg Nina Totenberg Commencement Speech
2004 Kim Campbell Kim Campbell Commencement Speech
2003 Judy Blume Judy Blume Commencement Speech
Remarks from Judy Blume's official website
2002 Queen Noor of Jordan Queen Noor of Jordan Commencement Speech
2001 Suzan-Lori Parks ’85 Suzan-Lori Parks Commencement Speech
2000 Mary Patterson McPherson Mary Patterson McPherson Commencement Speech
1999 Anna Quindlen Anna Quindlen Commencement Speech
1998 Johnnetta B. Cole Johnnetta B. Cole Commencement Speech
1997 Madeleine Albright Madeleine Albright Commencement Speech
1996 Donna Shalala Donna Shalala Commencement Speech
1995 Ann Richards Ann Richards Commencement Speech
1994 Nita Lowey ’59
1993 Judith Kurland ’67
1992 Pat Schroeder
1991 Evelyn Fox Keller
1990 Wendy Wasserstein ’71
1989 Glenn Close
1988 Joseph Brodsky
1987 Maya Angelou
1976 Lillian Hellman Lillian Hellman papers with draft of Mount Holyoke commencement speech

Mount Holyoke in theater, film, and popular culture

Mount Holyoke is referenced in works of theater, film, and popular culture. Pulitzer Prize - winning playwright Wendy Wasserstein's 1977 play, Uncommon Women and Others, is based upon Wasserstein's experiences at Mount Holyoke of the early 1970s. The play explores the lives of the fictional characters Carter, Holly, Kate, Leilah, Rita, Muffet, Samantha, and Susie.

Two well-known films referenced Mount Holyoke of the 1960s. The protagonist of the 1987 film Dirty Dancing, Frances "Baby" Houseman (Grey) was named after Mount Holyoke graduate Frances Perkins. "Baby" is the socially conscious member of her family, who is planning to attend Mount Holyoke in the fall of 1963 to study economics and then to enter the Peace Corps. The 1978 film, National Lampoon's Animal House satirizes a common practice up until the mid-1970s, when women attending Seven Sister colleges were connected with or to students at Ivy League schools. The film, which takes place in 1962, shows fraternity brothers from Delta house of the fictional Faber College (based on Dartmouth College) taking a road trip to the fictional Emily Dickinson College (either Mount Holyoke College or Smith College).[28]

One of the most famous references to Mount Holyoke College in American popular culture occurred in an episode of The Simpsons: "The Seven Sisters were immortalized in popular culture in a 2003 episode of The Simpsons. Having won local and state spelling bees, Lisa Simpson advances to the national finals. However, the moderator, concerned about the contest’s low television ratings, offers Lisa free tuition ('and a hot plate') at the Seven Sisters college of her choice if she will allow a more popular contestant (who happens to be a boy) to win. Lisa refuses, but has a dream in which students from each of the Seven Sisters appear to her."[29]

Additional fictional alumnae

Additional characters in popular culture include Donna, from the television series, Judging Amy, Judy Maxwell, from the film, What's Up, Doc?, Brooke, from The L Word, Season 4, and Catherine, the serial bride in the film noir release, Black Widow (1987 film).

See also

  • List of Mount Holyoke College people

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Footnotes

  1. ↑ (Spring 2007) Endowment Cultivates Great Teachers. Supplement to the MHC Alumnae Quarterly: 26.
  2. ↑ "About Mount Holyoke", mountholyoke.edu. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  3. ↑ "Women's Colleges in the United States: History, Issues, and Challenges", United States Department of Education. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
  4. ↑ "Facts", mtholyoke.edu. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  5. ↑ "U.S. News and World Report 2007: Liberal Arts Colleges", usnews.com. Retrieved 2006-11-11.
  6. ↑ "Mount Holyoke Campus Named Nation's Most Beautiful", mtholyoke.edu. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  7. ↑ "Princeton Review's Best 361 Colleges 2007: Mount Holyoke College", princetonreview.com. Retrieved 2006-12-03.
  8. ↑ "The Washington Monthly College Rankings: Liberal Arts Colleges", washingtonmonthly.com. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  9. ↑ "Selected Articles Regarding MHC's SAT Optional Policy", mtholyoke.edu. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
  10. ↑ "Not Missing the SAT", insidehighered.com, 2005-09-03. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
  11. ↑ Shefter, David, "Location Ideal For 2004 Women’s Open: Championship Course Was Built For A Woman, Owned By All-Female College", uswomensopen.com. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  12. ↑ "Mount Holyoke Is among Top Fulbright Producers", mtholyoke.edu. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  13. ↑ "Life after Mount Holyoke", mtholyoke.edu. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  14. ↑ "Mount Holyoke College", usnews.com. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  15. ↑ "Daily Life at Mount Holyoke", mtholyoke.edu. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  16. ↑ "Daily Mary Lyon's Influence on Science Education for Women", mtholyoke.edu. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  17. ↑ "Daily Life at Mount Holyoke", mtholyoke.edu. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  18. ↑ "Daily Life at Mount Holyoke", mtholyoke.edu. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  19. ↑ Rebecca Golossanov (Spring 2006). Did You Know?. Christian History & Biography 90: 3-4.
  20. ↑ "The Mary Lyon Stamp", mtholyoke.edu. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  21. ↑ "Kudos:Recognition for Dartmouth faculty, staff, and students", dartmouth.edu. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
  22. ↑ "Faculty Show 2006", Mount Holyoke College.
  23. ↑ "Junior Show 2006", Mount Holyoke College.
  24. ↑ "Heading for the Hills on Mountain Day: It's Been a Mount Holyoke Tradition Since 1838", mtholyoke.edu. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  25. ↑ "Traditions:M & Cs (milk and crackers)", mtholyoke.edu. Retrieved 2006-09-16.
  26. ↑ "Traditions: M&Cs A Capella".
  27. ↑ "100 Years of Laurel and Other Commencement Customs", mtholyoke.edu. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  28. ↑ Landis, John. Interview with Soledad O'Brien. Live from the Headlines. CNN. 2003-08-29. (Transcript).
  29. ↑ Seven Sisters. Mount Holyoke College.

External links


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