Difference between revisions of "MARC standards" - New World Encyclopedia

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'''MARC''' is an acronym, used in the field of [[library science]], that stands for '''MA'''chine-'''R'''eadable [[cataloging|'''C'''ataloging]]. The '''MARC standards''' consist of the MARC formats, which are standards for the [[representation]] and [[communication]] of bibliographic and related information in machine-readable form, and related documentation. It defines a [[Bibliography|bibliographic]] [[data]] format that was developed by [[Henriette Avram]] at the [[Library of Congress]] beginning in the 1960s. It provides the [[Communications protocol|protocol]] by which [[computers]] exchange, use, and interpret bibliographic information. Its [[data element]]s make up the foundation of most [[library catalog]]s used today.
 
'''MARC''' is an acronym, used in the field of [[library science]], that stands for '''MA'''chine-'''R'''eadable [[cataloging|'''C'''ataloging]]. The '''MARC standards''' consist of the MARC formats, which are standards for the [[representation]] and [[communication]] of bibliographic and related information in machine-readable form, and related documentation. It defines a [[Bibliography|bibliographic]] [[data]] format that was developed by [[Henriette Avram]] at the [[Library of Congress]] beginning in the 1960s. It provides the [[Communications protocol|protocol]] by which [[computers]] exchange, use, and interpret bibliographic information. Its [[data element]]s make up the foundation of most [[library catalog]]s used today.
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{{toc}}
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The future of the MARC formats is a matter of some debate in the worldwide library science community. On the one hand, the storage formats are quite complex and are based on outdated [[technology]]. On the other, there is no alternative bibliographic format with an equivalent degree of [[granularity]]. The [[huge]] user base, billions of records in tens of thousands of individual libraries (including over 50,000,000 belonging to the [[OCLC|OCLC consortium]] alone), also creates [[inertia]].
  
−
The future of the MARC formats is a matter of some debate in the worldwide library science community. On the one hand, the storage formats are quite complex and are based on outdated technology. On the other, there is no alternative bibliographic format with an equivalent degree of [[granularity]]. The [[huge]] user base, billions of records in tens of thousands of individual libraries (including over 50,000,000 belonging to the [[OCLC|OCLC consortium]] alone), also creates [[inertia]].  
+
==Elements of MARC records==
 +
The record structure of MARC is an implementation of [[ISO 2709]], also known as ANSI/NISO Z39.2.<ref name=marc>MARBI, [http://www.loc.gov/marc/96principl.html "MARC 21 Formats,"] page 1, Library of Congress (1996). Retrieved June 20, 2008.</ref> MARC records are composed of three elements: the record structure, the content designation, and the data content of the record. The record structure implements national and international standards (e.g., Z39.2, ISO2709). The content designation is "the codes and conventions established to identify explicitly and characterize ... data elements within a [[record (computer science)|record]]"<ref name=marc/> and support their manipulation. The content of data elements in MARC records is defined by standards outside the formats such as AACR2, L.C. Subject Headings, and MeSH.<ref name=marc/>
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===AACR2===
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'''AACR2''' stands for the '''Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition'''. It is published jointly by the [[American Library Association]], the [[Canadian Library Association]], and the [[Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals]] (in the UK). AACR2 is designed for use in the construction of [[library catalog|catalogues]] and other lists in general [[library|libraries]] of all sizes. The rules cover the description of, and provide access points for, all library materials commonly collected at the present time.
 +
 
 +
===Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH)===
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The '''''Library of Congress Subject Headings''''' ('''LCSH''') comprise a [[thesaurus]] (in the [[information technology]] sense) of subject headings, maintained by the United States [[Library of Congress]], for use in bibliographic records. LC Subject Headings are an integral part of [[bibliographic control]], which is the function by which libraries collect, organize and disseminate documents. LCSHs are applied to every item within a library’s collection, and facilitate a user’s access to items in the catalogue that pertain to similar subject matter.
 +
 
 +
===Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)===
 +
'''Medical Subject Headings''' ('''MeSH''') is a [[controlled vocabulary]] (or [[metadata (computing)|metadata]] system) for the purpose of [[index (publishing)|indexing]] journal articles and books in the life sciences. Created and updated by the [[United States National Library of Medicine]] (NLM), it is used by the [[MEDLINE]]/[[PubMed]] article database and by NLM's catalog of book holdings. MeSH can be browsed and downloaded free of charge on the Internet. The yearly printed version was discontinued in 2007.
  
 
==MARC formats==
 
==MARC formats==
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 +
MARC formats consist of five components (for a detailed explanation with examples, see, for example, [http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/bib-man/factfile/cataloguing-formats/marc21/ MARC21, Bibliographic Management, Factfile], UKONL, University of Bath. Retrieved June 20, 2008.):
  
 
*Authority records: MARC authority records provide information about individual names, subjects, and [[uniform]] titles. An authority record establishes an authorized form of each heading, with references as appropriate from other forms of the heading.  
 
*Authority records: MARC authority records provide information about individual names, subjects, and [[uniform]] titles. An authority record establishes an authorized form of each heading, with references as appropriate from other forms of the heading.  
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*Holdings records: MARC holdings records provide copy-specific information on a library resource (call number, shelf location, volumes held, and so forth).
 
*Holdings records: MARC holdings records provide copy-specific information on a library resource (call number, shelf location, volumes held, and so forth).
  
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==Elements of Marc records==
 
−
The record structure of MARC is an implementation of [[ISO 2709]], also known as ANSI/NISO Z39.2.<ref>MARBI, "MARC 21 Formats." page 1. L.O.C.1996 http://www.loc.gov/marc/96principl.html</ref> MARC records are composed of three elements:  the record structure, the content designation, and the data content of the record. The record structure implements national and international standards (e.g., Z39.2, ISO2709). The content designation is "the codes and conventions established to identify explicitly and characterize ... data elements within a [[record (computer science)|record]]"<ref>Ibid.</ref> and support their manipulation. The content of data elements in MARC records is defined by standards outside the formats such as [[AACR2]], [[LCSH|L.C. Subject Headings]], and [[MeSH]].<ref>Ibid.</ref>
 
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===AACR2===
 
−
'''AACR2''' stands for the '''Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition'''. It is published jointly by the [[American Library Association]], the [[Canadian Library Association]], and the [[Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals]] (in the UK). AACR2 is designed for use in the construction of [[library catalog|catalogues]] and other lists in general [[library|libraries]] of all sizes. The rules cover the description of, and the provision of access points for, all library materials commonly collected at the present time.
 
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===Library of Congress Subject Headnings===
 
−
The  '''''Library of Congress Subject Headings''''' ('''LCSH''') comprise a [[thesaurus]] (in the [[information technology]] sense) of subject headings, maintained by the United States [[Library of Congress]], for use in bibliographic records. LC Subject Headings are an integral part of [[bibliographic control]], which is the function by which libraries collect, organize and disseminate documents. LCSHs are applied to every item within a library’s collection, and facilitate a user’s access to items in the catalogue that pertain to similar subject matter.
 
−
 
−
===Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)===
 
−
'''Medical Subject Headings''' ('''MeSH''') is a huge [[controlled vocabulary]] (or [[metadata (computing)|metadata]] system) for the purpose of [[index (publishing)|indexing]] journal articles and books in the life sciences. Created and updated by the [[United States National Library of Medicine]] (NLM), it is used by the [[MEDLINE]]/[[PubMed]] article database and by NLM's catalog of book holdings. MeSH can be browsed and downloaded free of charge on the Internet. The yearly printed version was discontinued in 2007.
 
 
==MARC 21==
 
==MARC 21==
−
MARC 21 is a result of the combination of the United States and Canadian MARC formats (USMARC and CAN/MARC). MARC21 is based on the [[American National Standards Institute|ANSI]] standard Z39.2, which allows users of different software products to communicate with each other and to exchange data.<ref>Taylor, Arlene G. ''The Organization of Information'', page 77. Libraries Unlimited, 2004</ref> MARC 21 was designed to redefine the original MARC record format for the 21st century and to make it more accessible to the international community. MARC 21 has formats for the following five types of data: Bibliographic Format, Authority Format, Holdings Format, Community Format, and Classification Data Format.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Currently MARC 21 has been implemented successfully by The British Library, the European Institutions and the major library institutions in the United States, and [[Canada]].
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MARC 21 is a result of the combination of the United States and Canadian MARC formats (USMARC and CAN/MARC). MARC21 is based on the [[American National Standards Institute|ANSI]] standard Z39.2, which allows users of different software products to communicate with each other and to exchange data.<ref name=taylor>Arlene G. Taylor, ''The Organization of Information'', page 77, Libraries Unlimited (2004).</ref> MARC 21 was designed to redefine the original MARC record format for the twenty-first century and to make it more accessible to the international community. MARC 21 has formats for the following five types of data: Bibliographic Format, Authority Format, Holdings Format, Community Format, and Classification Data Format.<ref name=taylor/> Currently MARC 21 has been implemented successfully by The British Library, the European Institutions and the major library institutions in the United States, and [[Canada]].
  
 
MARC 21 allows the use of two character sets, either MARC-8 or [[Unicode]] encoded
 
MARC 21 allows the use of two character sets, either MARC-8 or [[Unicode]] encoded
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* MARC 21: the "harmonization" of USMARC and CAN/MARC; it is maintained by the Network Development and MARC Standards Office of the Library of Congress.
 
* MARC 21: the "harmonization" of USMARC and CAN/MARC; it is maintained by the Network Development and MARC Standards Office of the Library of Congress.
−
* AUSMARC: national MARC of [[Australia]], published by the [[National Library of Australia]] in 1973; USMARC adopted in 1991
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* AUSMARC: national MARC of [[Australia]], published by the [[National Library of Australia]] in 1973; USMARC adopted in 1991.
 
* BIBSYS-MARC: used by all Norwegian University Libraries, the National Library, all college libraries, and a number of research libraries.
 
* BIBSYS-MARC: used by all Norwegian University Libraries, the National Library, all college libraries, and a number of research libraries.
 
* NORMARC: national MARC of [[Norway]], based on MARC21
 
* NORMARC: national MARC of [[Norway]], based on MARC21
Line 47: Line 52:
 
* MARCBN: national MARC of Poland, based on MARC21
 
* MARCBN: national MARC of Poland, based on MARC21
  
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MARC 21 is not a new format. The original American version of MARC became known as '''USMARC''' in the 1980s; there was also a separate Canadian version with minor differences called CAN/MARC. After making minor changes to both formats, the USMARC and CAN/MARC specifications were merged in 1997 to create MARC 21, the name intended to reflect the 21st century. The [[British Library]] has announced that it will no longer develop the UKMARC standard it had maintained since 1975 and will instead adopt MARC 21.
+
MARC 21 is not a new format. The original American version of MARC became known as '''USMARC''' in the 1980s; there was also a separate Canadian version with minor differences called CAN/MARC. After making minor changes to both formats, the USMARC and CAN/MARC specifications were merged in 1997 to create MARC 21, the name intended to reflect the twenty-first century. The [[British Library]] has announced that it will no longer develop the UKMARC standard it had maintained since 1975 and will instead adopt MARC 21.
  
 
In [[Germany]] a non-MARC format called MAB (Maschinelles Austauschformat für Bibliotheken) is used.
 
In [[Germany]] a non-MARC format called MAB (Maschinelles Austauschformat für Bibliotheken) is used.
  
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==
−
* [[Cataloging]]
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* [[Library catalog]]
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* [[metadata]]
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* [[Metadata]]
−
* [[MARCXML]]
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* [[Library classification]]
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* [[Z39.50]]
+
 
−
* [[ISO 2709]]
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==Notes==
−
* [[Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules]]
+
<references/>
−
* [[LCSH]]
+
==References==
−
* [[Henriette Avram]]
+
*Byrne, Deborah J. ''MARC Manual: Understanding and Using MARC Records.'' Englewood, Colo: Libraries Unlimited, 1991. ISBN 0872878139 ISBN 9780872878136
−
* MARC-8, an [[Character encoding|encoding system]] predating [[Unicode]]. A MARC record may be in either MARC-8 or [[UTF-8]], as indicated by the encoding marker. See the [[Library of Congress|Library of Congress's]] explanation [http://www.loc.gov/marc/specifications/speccharmarc8.html | CHARACTER SETS AND ENCODING OPTIONS: Part 2 MARC-8 Encoding Environment].
+
*Crawford, Walt. ''MARC for Library Use: Understanding Integrated USMARC.'' [Professional librarian series]. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1989. ISBN 0816118876 ISBN 9780816118878 ISBN 0816118892 ISBN 9780816118892
 +
*Fritz, Deborah A., and Richard J. Fritz. ''MARC21 for Everyone: A Practical Guide.'' Chicago: American Library Association, 2003. ISBN 083890842X ISBN 9780838908426
 +
*Furrie, Betty. ''Understanding MARC Bibliographic: Machine-Readable Cataloging.'' Washington, DC: Cataloging Distribution Service, Library of Congress, in collaboration with the Follett Software Company, 2003. ISBN 0844410810 ISBN 9780844410814
 +
*Library of Congress, Library and Archives Canada, British Library, and National Library of Canada. ''MARC 21 Format for Holdings Data: Including Guidelines for Content Designation.'' Washington: Library of Congress, Cataloging Distribution Service, 2000. ISBN 9780844410005
 +
*MARBI, [http://www.loc.gov/marc/96principl.html "MARC 21 Formats"] Library of Congress. 1996. Retrieved June 20, 2008.
 +
*Taylor, Arlene G. ''The Organization of Information.'' Library and information science text series. Westport, Conn: Libraries Unlimited, 2004. ISBN 1563089769 ISBN 9781563089763 ISBN 1563089696 ISBN 9781563089695
  
 
== External links ==
 
== External links ==
 +
All links retrieved November 5, 2022.
 +
 
* [http://www.loc.gov/marc/umb/ Understanding MARC Bibliographic Machine Readable Cataloging], a good introduction
 
* [http://www.loc.gov/marc/umb/ Understanding MARC Bibliographic Machine Readable Cataloging], a good introduction
 
* [http://authorities.loc.gov/help/disphlp1.htm MARC authority records]  
 
* [http://authorities.loc.gov/help/disphlp1.htm MARC authority records]  
Line 70: Line 82:
 
* [http://www.loc.gov/marc/ndmso.html Network Development and MARC Standards Office]
 
* [http://www.loc.gov/marc/ndmso.html Network Development and MARC Standards Office]
 
* [http://www.loc.gov/marc/specifications/specchartables.html MARC 21 Character Sets]
 
* [http://www.loc.gov/marc/specifications/specchartables.html MARC 21 Character Sets]
−
* [http://groups-beta.google.com/group/bit.listserv.museum-l/browse_thread/thread/8680c4b3775db899/7d101d8d1681ac0b?q=MARC+bibliographic+holdings+authority&rnum=19#7d101d8d1681ac0b Usenet post about MARC]
 
−
* [http://chopac.org/cgi-bin/tools/az2marc.pl Amazon to MARC Converter]
 
−
* [http://www.d-nb.de/standardisierung/formate/mab.htm MAB information, Deutsche Nationalbibliothek]
 
 
* [http://www.loc.gov/marc/marctools.html Tools For MARC Records]
 
* [http://www.loc.gov/marc/marctools.html Tools For MARC Records]
−
* [https://www.dkagencies.com/result.aspx?From=1023&To=1343 MARC Records with Books From India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan ]
 
−
* [http://www.niso.org/kst/reports/standards?step=2&gid=&project_key=fb7a107043228a342cb704973825aca7bc6ae58d | NISO/ANSI Z39.2]
 
−
* [http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=7675|ISO 2709:1996]
 
−
==Notes==
 
−
<references/>
 
  
−
[[Category:Bibliography file formats]]
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[[Category:Library and information science]]
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[[Category:Library cataloging and classification]]
 
−
[[Category:Library of Congress]]
 
  
 
{{credits|MARC_standards|219473991|AACR2|202800824|Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings|218159393|Medical_Subject_Headings|208102840}}
 
{{credits|MARC_standards|219473991|AACR2|202800824|Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings|218159393|Medical_Subject_Headings|208102840}}

Latest revision as of 04:45, 5 November 2022

MARC is an acronym, used in the field of library science, that stands for MAchine-Readable Cataloging. The MARC standards consist of the MARC formats, which are standards for the representation and communication of bibliographic and related information in machine-readable form, and related documentation. It defines a bibliographic data format that was developed by Henriette Avram at the Library of Congress beginning in the 1960s. It provides the protocol by which computers exchange, use, and interpret bibliographic information. Its data elements make up the foundation of most library catalogs used today.

The future of the MARC formats is a matter of some debate in the worldwide library science community. On the one hand, the storage formats are quite complex and are based on outdated technology. On the other, there is no alternative bibliographic format with an equivalent degree of granularity. The huge user base, billions of records in tens of thousands of individual libraries (including over 50,000,000 belonging to the OCLC consortium alone), also creates inertia.

Elements of MARC records

The record structure of MARC is an implementation of ISO 2709, also known as ANSI/NISO Z39.2.[1] MARC records are composed of three elements: the record structure, the content designation, and the data content of the record. The record structure implements national and international standards (e.g., Z39.2, ISO2709). The content designation is "the codes and conventions established to identify explicitly and characterize ... data elements within a record"[1] and support their manipulation. The content of data elements in MARC records is defined by standards outside the formats such as AACR2, L.C. Subject Headings, and MeSH.[1]

AACR2

AACR2 stands for the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition. It is published jointly by the American Library Association, the Canadian Library Association, and the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (in the UK). AACR2 is designed for use in the construction of catalogues and other lists in general libraries of all sizes. The rules cover the description of, and provide access points for, all library materials commonly collected at the present time.

Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH)

The Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) comprise a thesaurus (in the information technology sense) of subject headings, maintained by the United States Library of Congress, for use in bibliographic records. LC Subject Headings are an integral part of bibliographic control, which is the function by which libraries collect, organize and disseminate documents. LCSHs are applied to every item within a library’s collection, and facilitate a user’s access to items in the catalogue that pertain to similar subject matter.

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. Created and updated by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), it is used by the MEDLINE/PubMed article database and by NLM's catalog of book holdings. MeSH can be browsed and downloaded free of charge on the Internet. The yearly printed version was discontinued in 2007.

MARC formats

MARC formats consist of five components (for a detailed explanation with examples, see, for example, MARC21, Bibliographic Management, Factfile, UKONL, University of Bath. Retrieved June 20, 2008.):

  • Authority records: MARC authority records provide information about individual names, subjects, and uniform titles. An authority record establishes an authorized form of each heading, with references as appropriate from other forms of the heading.
  • Bibliographic records: MARC bibliographic records describe the intellectual and physical characteristics of bibliographic resources (books, sound recordings, video recordings, and so forth).
  • Classification records: MARC records containing classification data. For example, the Library of Congress Classification has been encoded using the MARC 21 Classification format.
  • Community Information records: MARC records describing a service providing agency.
  • Holdings records: MARC holdings records provide copy-specific information on a library resource (call number, shelf location, volumes held, and so forth).

MARC 21

MARC 21 is a result of the combination of the United States and Canadian MARC formats (USMARC and CAN/MARC). MARC21 is based on the ANSI standard Z39.2, which allows users of different software products to communicate with each other and to exchange data.[2] MARC 21 was designed to redefine the original MARC record format for the twenty-first century and to make it more accessible to the international community. MARC 21 has formats for the following five types of data: Bibliographic Format, Authority Format, Holdings Format, Community Format, and Classification Data Format.[2] Currently MARC 21 has been implemented successfully by The British Library, the European Institutions and the major library institutions in the United States, and Canada.

MARC 21 allows the use of two character sets, either MARC-8 or Unicode encoded as UTF-8. MARC-8 is based on ISO 2022 and allows the use of Hebrew, Cyrillic, Arabic, Greek, and East Asian scripts. MARC 21 in unicode (UTF-8) format allow all the languages including South Asian languages. Samples of MARC 21 record in Utf can be downloaded from the website of D.K. Agencies Pvt Ltd.

MARC variants

There are many national and international variants of MARC, including

  • MARC 21: the "harmonization" of USMARC and CAN/MARC; it is maintained by the Network Development and MARC Standards Office of the Library of Congress.
  • AUSMARC: national MARC of Australia, published by the National Library of Australia in 1973; USMARC adopted in 1991.
  • BIBSYS-MARC: used by all Norwegian University Libraries, the National Library, all college libraries, and a number of research libraries.
  • NORMARC: national MARC of Norway, based on MARC21
  • danMARC2: national MARC of Denmark, based on MARC21
  • INTERMARC: MARC used by Bibliothèque nationale de France
  • UNIMARC: created by IFLA in 1977, it is the official MARC in France, Italy, Russia, Portugal, Greece and other countries.
  • CMARC: national MARC of the Republic of China, based on UNIMARC
  • KORMARC: national MARC of South Korea, KS X 6006
  • MARCBN: national MARC of Poland, based on MARC21

MARC 21 is not a new format. The original American version of MARC became known as USMARC in the 1980s; there was also a separate Canadian version with minor differences called CAN/MARC. After making minor changes to both formats, the USMARC and CAN/MARC specifications were merged in 1997 to create MARC 21, the name intended to reflect the twenty-first century. The British Library has announced that it will no longer develop the UKMARC standard it had maintained since 1975 and will instead adopt MARC 21.

In Germany a non-MARC format called MAB (Maschinelles Austauschformat für Bibliotheken) is used.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 MARBI, "MARC 21 Formats," page 1, Library of Congress (1996). Retrieved June 20, 2008.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Arlene G. Taylor, The Organization of Information, page 77, Libraries Unlimited (2004).

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

External links

All links retrieved November 5, 2022.

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