John XXIII

Giovanni XXIII, born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (November 25, 1881 – June 3, 1963), was elected as the 261st Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and monarch of Vatican City on October 28, 1958. He called the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) but did not live to see it to completion. Two months before his death, he completed his final encyclical, Pacem in Terris. He was beatified on September 3, 2000.

History

Early life

Angelo GiuseppeRoncalli was born on November 25, 1881, in Sotto il Monte, a small town in the Province of Bergamo, Italy. He was the son of Giovanni Battista Roncalli and his wife Marianna Giulia Mazzolla. The fourth in a family of 13, his family worked as sharecroppers. His humble roots were a striking contrast to his predecessor, Pope Pius XII, Eugenio Pacelli, who came from an ancient aristocratic family, long connected to the Papacy. In 1904, Roncalli was ordained a priest in the Roman Church of Santa Maria in Monte Santo.

In 1905, Giacomo Radini-Tedeschi, the new bishop of Bergamo, appointed Roncalli as his secretary. Roncalli worked for Radini-Tedeschi until the bishop's death in 1914. During this period Roncalli was also a teacher in the diocesan seminary.

During World War I, Roncalli was drafted into the Royal Italian Army as a sergeant, serving in the medical corps and as a chaplain. In 1921, Pope Benedict appointed him as the Italian president of the Society for the Propagation of the Faith. In 1925, Pope Pius XI appointed him as Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria, also naming him for consecration as titular bishop of Areopolis. He chose as his episcopal motto Obedientia et Pax ("Obedience and Peace"), which became his guiding motto.

In 1935, he was made Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece. Roncalli used this office to help the Jewish underground in saving thousands of refugees in Europe. This lead some to consider him to be a Righteous Gentile. In 1944, during World War II, Pope Pius XII named him Apostolic Nuncio to Paris, France.

In 1953, he was named the Patriarch of Venice, and, accordingly, raised to the rank of Cardinal.

Election as pope

The 1958 papal conclave which elected Roncalli as pope was later surrounded by conspiracy. It had been claimed that a conservative cardinal, Giuseppe Cardinal Siri, was the conclave's first choice for pope, but was forced amid threats of pogroms against Roman Catholics in the Eastern Bloc to decline the papal tiara. Supporters of this theory maintained that Siri was informed that his election would lead to anti-Catholic pogroms in the Eastern Bloc. They claim that rather than endanger the lives of Catholics in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and elsewhere, Siri announced non accepto (I do not accept). The claim is accepted only by some sedevacantist and conclavist groups. Others believed that Siri was still validly pope, and as such had the papal graces and protection of the Holy Ghost, while John did not. Allegedly, Siri had even chosen a name, "Gregory XVII". He was preparing to appear at the balcony, but was threatened somehow and forced aside, leaving the cardinals free to elect Roncalli as pope This lead to modifications by the Second Vatican Council. Such speculations can neither be proved nor disproved, as papal conclaves are held under the strictest secrecy, with violations punishable by excommunication.

The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) allegedly claimed that Siri had indeed been elected on the third ballot of the 1958 papal conclave. The white smoke used to indicate a pope had been chosen, in this case, proved to be confusing. This led Pope John Paul II to decree the use of ringing bells in addition to the smoke after a papal election.

Papacy

Following the death of Pope Pius XII in 1958, Roncalli had arrived in the Vatican with a return train ticket to Venice. It was to his own great surprise that he was elected Pope. Many had considered Archbishop Montini the Archbishop of Milan, to be a possible candidate. He was from one of the most ancient and prominent Episcopal Sees in Italy but had not yet been created a cardinal, as a result, he was not present at the 1958 conclave. Most of the cardinals abided by the established precedent of voting only for a member of the College of Cardinals, in spite of the affirmation of the Canon law, which states that any celibate Catholic male could be chosen. After the long pontificate of Pope Pius XII, the cardinals chose an elderly man whom, they presumed would only be a short-term or "stop-gap" pope. (In Pope John XXIII's first consistory, or Papal Council, Montini was raised to the rank of cardinal, and was eventually elected as John's successor, Pope Paul VI.) [1]

Pope John XXIII's personal warmth, good humour and kindness captured the world's affections in a way his predecessor, for all his great learning and personal holiness, had failed to do. While Pius would look slightly away and up from the camera whenever his photograph was taken, John would look directly at the camera and smile. He undertook the first official acts of a pope away from Vatican territory since 1870 on December 25, 1958, when he visited children suffering from polio at the Bambin Gesù hospital. He then went on to visit Santo Spirito Hospital. The next day he visited Rome's Regina Coeli prison, where he told the prisoners: "You could not come to me, so I came to you." These acts created a sensation, and he wrote in his diary:

... great astonishment in the Roman, Italian and international press. I was hemmed in on all sides: authorities, photographers, prisoners, wardens ... [Peter Hebblethwaite, Pope John XXIII: Shepherd of the Modern World, Image Books (1987) p. 303]

Far from being a mere "stop gap" Pope, to great excitement John called an ecumenical council in which the bishops, and others entitled to vote, are convoked from the whole world to bind all Christians.[2] This was called less than ninety years after the controversial First Vatican Council. Pope Paul VI remarked to a friend that "this holy old boy doesn't realize what a hornet's nest he's stirring up". From the Second Vatican Council (colloquially known as Vatican II), came changes that reshaped the face of Catholicism: a comprehensively revised Christian Liturgy, a stronger emphasis on ecumenism and a new approach to the world.

He met the Most Rev. Geoffrey Francis Fisher, the Archbishop of Canterbury, for about an hour in the Vatican on December 2, 1960. It was the first time in over 400 years, since the excommunication of Elizabeth I of England, that the Archbishop of Canterbury had met with the Pope.

Pope John XXIII excommunicated Fidel Castro on January 3, 1962 in line with a 1949 decree by Pope Pius XII forbidding Catholics from supporting communist governments.

Death

Pope John XXIII was first diagnosed with stomach cancer on September 23, 1962. The diagnosis, which was kept from the public, came after nearly eight years of occasional stomach hemorrhages. These bouts with illness reduced the pontiff's appearances. Looking pale and drawn during events, he gave a hint to his ultimate fate in April 1963, when he said to visitors, "That which happens to all men perhaps will happen soon to the Pope who speaks to you today."

On May 11, 1963, the Italian president Antonio Segni awarded Pope John XXIII the very prestiguos Balzan Prize for his engagement for peace. It was the Pope's last public appearance.

On May 25, 1963, the Pope suffered another hemorrhage and required blood transfusions, but peritonitis soon set in, resulting in his death on June 3 at the age of 81. He was buried on June 6, ending a reign of four years, seven months and six days.

On December 6, 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson posthumously awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian award, in recognition of the good relationship between Pope John and the United States.

Pope John and papal ceremonial

Pope John XXIII was the last pope to use full papal ceremonial, much of which was abolished subsequently after Vatican II. His papal coronation ran for the traditional five hours. Pope Paul VI opted for a shorter ceremony while later popes declined to be crowned. However, as with his predecessor Pope Pius XII, he chose to have the coronation itself take place on the balcony of St. Peter's in view of the crowds assembled in St. Peter's Square.

As images (right) show, unlike other popes who tended to just wear one papal tiara, John, much to the delight of photographers, wore a number of tiaras from the papal collection. On formal occasions, such as giving the Urbi et Orbi blessing he wore the traditional 1877 Palatine tiara he had been crowned with. However, on other occasions he wore the lighter and more comfortable 1922 tiara of Pope Pius XI, which he used so often that it became strongly associated with him.

As with most other popes in the previous two decades, he was to be given an expensive silver papal tiara by the people of Bergamo. Pope John XXIII asked the makers to halve the number of jewels with which they planned to decorate it and give the financial saving to the poor. Thus, his tiara was the lightest in the papal collection at 2 lb (900 grams. It was given to him eventually, in 1959. None of the tiaras associated with Pope John have been worn by later popes.

Traditional Pontifical High Masses and most papal ceremonial, including the flabelli (ceremonial fans made of ostrich feathers) and the Palatine Guard, and the saluting of the pope on his arrival at Mass in St. Peter's Basilica by the playing of trumpets, were abolished by Pope Paul VI in phases during his reign. While maintaining the traditional papal ceremonial, Pope John continued his predecessor's policy of a gradual reform to the Roman liturgy, the last such reform of that rite before the major reform of the liturgy after Vatican II.

Pope John was also the last pope to date to have his Requiem Mass celebrated within St. Peter's Basilica, amid traditional papal pomp. His successor, Pope Paul VI abolished the traditional papal funeral and had his funeral as a simple concelebrated Mass in St. Peter's Square.

Anti-popes are not official Popes and therefore cannot take on the regnal name. The legend of a pope John between John XIV and John XV, and the antipapacy of John XVI, is why there is so much confusion of the numbering of Popes John. Thus the sequence of Johns is now two off. This misnumbering happened about 800 years prior to Pope John XXIII's reign.

Criticism

Sedevacantist and Conclavist groups on the right of the Catholic Church have been some of Pope John's most outspoken critics. Some groups have even made unsubstantiated claims that John was a Freemason. This allegedly could not be valid since Catholics are prohibited from joining Freemasonry under pain of excommunication. Nevertheless, on that basis, one group, the U.S. Washington State-based "true Catholic Church", elected its only priest as pope in 1998. They claimed that there had been no valid pope since Pope Pius XII died in 1958.

Some also make the claim that John's choice of his regnal name marked him as an antipope. The name John had lain unused since Antipope John XXIII used it in the 14th century. Other Popes however, have similarly used names taken by anti-popes, for example Benedict XIV.

Many who subscribe to the teachings of Our Lady of Fatima also believe that Pope John deliberately withheld secret prophetic information revealed by an apparition of the Virgin Mary. This concerns the discovery of Pope John's diary.[3] On January 3,1960, Pope John XXIII writes, "Christ comes to me again. I yearn to tell my fellow Christians of these miraculous appearances, but I am advised to keep quiet until the time is right. I cannot help but think I could perhaps head off some of the trouble that looms for us all, but Christ tells me that misery must take place for the master plan to succeed." [www.v-j-enterprises.com/pope.html] These predictions, include a tumultuous future until the return of Jesus Christ in New York in 2000. [4]

Legacy

Solemn Pontifical High Mass Celebrated by Pope John XXIII in St. Peter's Basilica in the early 1960s

Known affectionately as "Good Pope John" and "the most loved Pope in history" by many people. In 2000, John was declared "Blessed" by Pope John Paul II, the penultimate step on the road to sainthood. His being honored with Beautification, assures with certainty that he lived a life of heroic virtue, and has been proven to be extraordinarily holy. He and Pope Pius IX, were the first popes since Pope Pius X to receive this honor. [http://www.sosj.org.au/mary/r_beatification.html. Following his beatification, his body was moved from its original burial place in the grottoes below St Peter's Basilica, to the altar of St. Jerome where it was displayed for the veneration of the faithful.

At the time, the body was observed to be extremely well-preserved—a condition which the Church ascribes to the lack of oxygen in his sealed triple coffin rather than to any miraculous event (although it was certainly seen as such by many of the faithful). When John was moved, the original vault — which was above the floor — was removed. A new vault was built beneath the ground, and Pope John Paul II was later buried in this vault.

Pope John XXIII is honored by many Protestant organizations as a Christian reformer. Both Anglican and Lutheran Christian denominations, commemorate John XXIII as a "renewer of the church." Even the fiercely anti-Catholic Belfast City Council flew the flag over city hall at half-mast in his honour after his death.

From his early teens, he maintained a diary of spiritual reflections that was subsequently published as Journal of a Soul. The collection of writings charts Roncalli's efforts as a young man to "grow in holiness" and continue after his election to the Papacy. It remains widely read.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Peter Hebblethwaite & Margaret Hebblethwaite, John XXIII: Pope of the Century (Continuum International, 2000) ISBN 0-8264-4995-6
• Malachi Martin, The Keys of this Blood (New York, NY: Touchstone, 1991)
• Pope John XXIII, Journal of a Soul (trans. D White, 1965) ISBN 0-225-66895-5
• Paul L. Williams, The Vatican Exposed (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2003) ISBN 1-59102-065-4

External links

• Vatican biography
• Official Homepage of the Birthplace House of the Blessed Pope John XXIII
• John XXIII was embalmed; Vatican denies he is subject of miracle of incorruptibility
• Advocating John XXIII as Righteous Among the Nations
• Monument to John XXIII
• Homily by Pope John Paul II from Pope John XXIII beatification mass
• Pope John XXIII: text with concordances and frequency list

Preceded by: Carlo Agostini	Patriarch of Venice 1953 - 1958	Succeeded by: Giovanni Cardinal Urbani
Preceded by: Pius XII	Pope of the Catholic Church 1958 - 1963	Succeeded by: Paul VI

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

• John XXIII  ^history

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

• History of "John XXIII"

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.