Difference between revisions of "Guinea-Bissau" - New World Encyclopedia
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==History== | ==History== | ||
| − | Guinea-Bissau was once the kingdom of Gabù, part of the [[Mali Empire]]. | + | Guinea-Bissau was once the kingdom of Gabù, part of the [[Mali Empire]]. [[Portugal|Portuguese]] traders established permanent trading posts along the coast in the sixteenth century and encouraged raids of neighboring ethnic groups for slaves. Bijagos became notorious slave raiders. |
| + | ===Colonial era=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | After the end of the slave trade in the mid-nineteenth century, Bijagos maintained their independence until the 1930s. Manjaco and Papel were among the first people in the region to migrate to Cape Verdean and European pontas or concessions, to share-crop peanuts. They were active in the wild rubber trade in the early twentieth century, migrating to Senegal and Gambia. The end of the slave trade led to political collapse and chaos among the more politically centralized Moslem groups in the interior. As Moslem factions fought, they also raided the coast, leading to confrontations with European traders. the interior was not explored until the nineteenth century. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The nation began as a colony consisting of the mainland territory and the islands of Cape Verde. Not until the first decades of the twentieth century were the Portuguese able to control the territory. Until then, the Portuguese had ruled only the coastal enclaves and were the virtual hostages of their African hosts, who controlled food and water supplies. In 1913 the Portuguese, under Teixeira Pinto, allied themselves with Fula troops under Abdulai Injai and defeated all the coastal groups. Then the Portuguese exploited divisions among the Moslems to destroy Injai and his followers, becoming the sole power in the region. | ||
| + | |||
| + | During the Salazarist era, the Portuguese built roads, bridges, hospitals, and schools. At the beginning of the 1960s their rule was contested by African nationalists under the leadership of Amilcar Cabral. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Nationalism=== | ||
An armed rebellion beginning in 1956 by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) under the leadership of Amílcar Cabral gradually consolidated its hold on the country. Unlike other Portuguese anticolonial efforts, the PAIGC rapidly extended its military control over large portions of the country, aided by the jungle-like terrain and large quantities of arms from [[Cuba]], [[China]], the [[Soviet Union]], and other African countries. Cuba also agreed to supply artillery experts, doctors, and technicians. The PAIGC even managed to acquire a significant anti-aircraft capability to defend itself against aerial attack. By 1973, the PAIGC controlled most of the country. Independence was unilaterally declared on September 24, 1973, and was recognized by a 93-7 UN General Assembly vote in November 1973. Recognition became universal following the 1974 socialist-inspired military coup in Portugal. | An armed rebellion beginning in 1956 by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) under the leadership of Amílcar Cabral gradually consolidated its hold on the country. Unlike other Portuguese anticolonial efforts, the PAIGC rapidly extended its military control over large portions of the country, aided by the jungle-like terrain and large quantities of arms from [[Cuba]], [[China]], the [[Soviet Union]], and other African countries. Cuba also agreed to supply artillery experts, doctors, and technicians. The PAIGC even managed to acquire a significant anti-aircraft capability to defend itself against aerial attack. By 1973, the PAIGC controlled most of the country. Independence was unilaterally declared on September 24, 1973, and was recognized by a 93-7 UN General Assembly vote in November 1973. Recognition became universal following the 1974 socialist-inspired military coup in Portugal. | ||
Revision as of 00:24, 25 July 2007
| República da Guiné-Bissau Republic of Guinea-Bissau | |||||
| |||||
| Motto: "Unidade, Luta, Progresso" (Portuguese) "Unity, Struggle, Progress" | |||||
| Anthem: Esta é a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada (Portuguese) | |||||
 | |||||
| Capital | Bissau1 11°52′N 15°36′W | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Largest city | capital | ||||
| Official languages | Portuguese | ||||
| Government | Republic | ||||
| - President | João Bernardo Vieira | ||||
| - Prime Minister | Martinho Ndafa Kabi | ||||
| Independence | from Portugal | ||||
| - Declared | September 24 1973 | ||||
| - Recognised | September 10 1974 | ||||
| Area | |||||
| - Total | 36,125 km² (136th) 13,948 sq mi | ||||
| - Water (%) | 22.4 | ||||
| Population | |||||
| - July 2005 estimate | 1,586,000 | ||||
| - 2002 census | 1,345,479 | ||||
| - Density | 44/km² 114/sq mi | ||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2005 estimate | ||||
| - Total | $1.167 billion | ||||
| - Per capita | $736 | ||||
| HDI (2004) | .png){kind=icon} 0.349 (low)
| ||||
| Currency | CFA franc (XOF)
| ||||
| Time zone | GMT (UTC+0) | ||||
| Internet TLD | .gw | ||||
| Calling code | +245 | ||||
Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, is one of the smallest nations in continental Africa. Formerly the Portuguese colony of Portuguese Guinea, upon independence, the name of its capital, Bissau, was added to the country's official name in order to prevent confusion with the Republic of Guinea.
Guinea-Bissau is one of the world's poorest countries, with more than two-thirds of its population living below the poverty line. The economy depends mainly on agriculture and fishing, and cashew nuts are its major exports. A long period of political instability has resulted in depressed economic activity and deteriorating social conditions.
Geography
Guinea-Bissau is bordered by Senegal to the north, Guinea to the south and east, and the Atlantic Ocean to its west. At 13,945 sq mi. (36,120 km²), it is nearly identical in size to Taiwan and somewhat larger than the U.S. state of Maryland. The Bijagos Archipelago extends out to sea.
The terrain is generally flat and nearly at sea level, although there are hills in the southeastern region; its highest point is 984 feet (300 m). Wide tidal estuaries surrounded by mangrove swamps penetrate forty miles into the interior, where coastal rainforest gives way to sparsely wooded savanna in the north.
Its monsoon-like rainy season alternates with periods of hot, dry harmattan winds blowing from the Sahara Desert. December and January are the driest, coolest months. March to May are the hottest months, with daytime temperatures reaching 93°F (34°C) and humidity levels very high. The rainy season lasts from June to October. Daily temperatures rarely dip below 86°F (30°C) throughout the year.
The most important rivers include the Cacheu, Mansoa, Geba, and Corubal.
Parts of Guinea-Bissau are rich in wildlife, including several species of antelope, buffalo, monkeys, and snakes.
History
Guinea-Bissau was once the kingdom of Gabù, part of the Mali Empire. Portuguese traders established permanent trading posts along the coast in the sixteenth century and encouraged raids of neighboring ethnic groups for slaves. Bijagos became notorious slave raiders.
Colonial era
After the end of the slave trade in the mid-nineteenth century, Bijagos maintained their independence until the 1930s. Manjaco and Papel were among the first people in the region to migrate to Cape Verdean and European pontas or concessions, to share-crop peanuts. They were active in the wild rubber trade in the early twentieth century, migrating to Senegal and Gambia. The end of the slave trade led to political collapse and chaos among the more politically centralized Moslem groups in the interior. As Moslem factions fought, they also raided the coast, leading to confrontations with European traders. the interior was not explored until the nineteenth century.
The nation began as a colony consisting of the mainland territory and the islands of Cape Verde. Not until the first decades of the twentieth century were the Portuguese able to control the territory. Until then, the Portuguese had ruled only the coastal enclaves and were the virtual hostages of their African hosts, who controlled food and water supplies. In 1913 the Portuguese, under Teixeira Pinto, allied themselves with Fula troops under Abdulai Injai and defeated all the coastal groups. Then the Portuguese exploited divisions among the Moslems to destroy Injai and his followers, becoming the sole power in the region.
During the Salazarist era, the Portuguese built roads, bridges, hospitals, and schools. At the beginning of the 1960s their rule was contested by African nationalists under the leadership of Amilcar Cabral.
Nationalism
An armed rebellion beginning in 1956 by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) under the leadership of Amílcar Cabral gradually consolidated its hold on the country. Unlike other Portuguese anticolonial efforts, the PAIGC rapidly extended its military control over large portions of the country, aided by the jungle-like terrain and large quantities of arms from Cuba, China, the Soviet Union, and other African countries. Cuba also agreed to supply artillery experts, doctors, and technicians. The PAIGC even managed to acquire a significant anti-aircraft capability to defend itself against aerial attack. By 1973, the PAIGC controlled most of the country. Independence was unilaterally declared on September 24, 1973, and was recognized by a 93-7 UN General Assembly vote in November 1973. Recognition became universal following the 1974 socialist-inspired military coup in Portugal.
Guinea-Bissua was controlled by a revolutionary council until 1984. The first multiparty elections were not held until 1994, but an army uprising in 1998 led to the president being ousted and the Guinea-Bissau civil war. When elections were held in 2000, Kumba Ialá was elected president.
In September 2003, a coup took place in which the military arrested Ialá on the charge of being "unable to solve the problems." After being delayed several times, legislative elections were held in March 2004. A mutiny of military factions in October 2004 resulted in the death of the head of the armed forces and caused widespread unrest.
In June 2005, presidential elections were held for the first time since the coup that deposed Ialá. Ialá returned as a candidate, claiming to be the legitimate president, but the election was won by former president João Bernardo Vieira, who had been deposed in the 1998 coup. Vieira, a candidate for one faction of the PAIGC, defeated Malam Bacai Sanha in a runoff election. Sanha initially refused to concede, charging that the elections were fraudulent in two constituencies, including the capital Bissau.
Despite reports that there had been an influx of arms in the weeks leading up to the election and reports of some 'disturbances during campaigning' - including attacks on the presidential palace and the Interior Ministry by as-yet-unidentified gunmen - European monitors described the election as "calm and organized." [1]
Politics
Guinea-Bissau is a republic. In the past, the government has been highly centralized and multiparty governance has been in effect since mid-1991. The president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government. At the legislative level, there is a unicameral National People's Assembly made up of 100 members. They are popularly elected from multi-member constituencies to serve a four-year term. At the judicial level, there is a Supreme Court, which consists of nine justices appointed by the president. They serve at the pleasure of the president.
João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira became president of Guinea-Bissau in 2005, returning to power only six years after being ousted from office during a civil war. Previously, he held power for nineteen years after taking power in 1980 in a bloodless coup. In that action, he toppled the government of Luís Cabral.
Politics
Guinea-Bissau is a multiparty republic. Since its 1974 independence from Portugal, Guinea-Bissau has experienced much political, social, and military upheaval. A 2003 coup attempt upset the already tenuous situation in the nation. The election of João Bernardo Vieira as president marked the path back to constitutional government.
The government works to respect the civil and human rights of its citizens. However, dire economic and social conditions hinder stability in the region.
The government uses suppression of political opposition and purging of political dissidents to maintain its control. The police are known to use violent means when dispersing otherwise peaceful demonstrations. Human rights activists are often arrested and beaten due to the work they are trying to promote.
The abuse of children, including child labor, continues to be a problem in the region. Child trafficking is also an issue.
Administrative divisions
Guinea-Bissau is divided into eight regions and one autonomous sector. These in turn are subdivided into thirty-seven sectors.
Economy
Guinea-Bissau gained its independence from Portugal in 1974 after a protracted liberation war that brought tremendous damages to the country’s economic infrastructure. The civil war that took place in 1998 and 1999 and a military coup in September 2003 again disrupted economic activity, leaving a substantial part of the economic and social infrastructure in ruins and intensifying the already widespread poverty. Following the parliamentary elections in March 2004 and presidential elections in July 2005, the country is trying to recover from the long period of instability despite a still-fragile political situation.
Guinea-Bissau is one of the world's poorest countries, with more than two-thirds of its population living below the poverty line. The economy depends mainly on agriculture and fishing, and cashew nuts are its major exports. A long period of political instability has resulted in depressed economic activity, deteriorating social conditions, and increased macroeconomic imbalances. The key challenges for the country in the period ahead will be to restore fiscal discipline, rebuild public administration, improve the climate for private investment, and promote economic diversification.
Demographics
The population of Guinea-Bissau is ethnically diverse and has many distinct languages, customs, and social structures. Nearly 99 percent of Guineans are black and can be divided into the following three categories: Fula and the Mandinka-speaking people, who comprise the largest portion of the population and are concentrated in the north and northeast; the Balanta and Papel people, who live in the southern coastal regions; and the Manjaco and Mancanha, who occupy the central and northern coastal areas. Most of the remaining 1 percent are mestiços of mixed Portuguese and black descent, including a Cape Verdean minority. Pure Portuguese comprise only a very small portion of Guinea-Bissauans. This deficit was directly caused by the exodus of Portuguese settlers that took place after Guinea-Bissau gained independence. The country also has a Chinese minority, including Macanese people of mixed Portuguese and Chinese blood from Macau.
Malaria and tuberculosis are rampant. Infant mortality rates are high and life expectancy is generally low because Western medicine is available only intermittently. Most residents seek out local healers, go to diviners, and make offerings at shrines. Life expectancy for the total population is 47.18 years (males 45.37 years and females 49.04 years). The AIDS rate is 10 percent (2003 est.)
Language
Only 14 percent of the population speaks the official language, Portuguese; another 44 percent of the population speaks Kriol, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speaks native African languages. Pure-blooded Portuguese and mestiços speak one of the African languages and Kriol as second languages. French is also learned in schools, as the country is a member of La Francophonie.
Only 42.4 percent of the adult population is literate (males 58.1 percent and females 27.4 percent).
Religion
Most people are farmers with traditional religious beliefs (animism); 45 percent are Muslim, principally the Fula and Mandinka peoples. Less than 8 percent are Christian, most of whom are Roman Catholic.
The coastal groups believe that ancestor spirits exercise power over their living descendants, and those spirits are recognized in household shrines at which periodic offerings are made. In every village, there are dozens of shrines to tutelary or guardian spirits. These spirits are recognized at public ceremonies in which food and alcohol offerings are made and animals are sacrificed. Such spirits are thought to protect the community against misfortune. Individuals visit the shrines to request personal favors. Certain shrines have gained a trans-ethnic reputation for reliability and power. Guineans abroad continue to return to those shrines and send money to pay for sacrifices and ceremonies. The most elaborate and expensive life cycle rituals are associated with death, burial, and the enshrinement of ancestors.
Culture
There are no landless poor, but with economic liberalization and attempts to generate an export income, so-called empty lands have been granted to members of the government. Known as pontas, these concessions are enlarged extensions of earlier colonial practices. Ponta owners provide materials to local farmers who grow cash crops in exchange for a share of the profits or for wages.
All the ethnic groups are organized in fairly large kin groups known as clans or lineages. Most kin groups tend to be patrilineal and patrilocal, although there are also large categories of matrilineal kin who share rights to land and to local religious and political offices.
High infant mortality rates result from a lack of modern health services.
Education at the primary school level is almost universal.
In urban centers, women work alongside men in the government. Urban men who are not employed by the government drive taxis, work in local factories, and are employed as laborers, sailors, and dock workers. Urban women do domestic work and trade in the markets. In the villages, children herd livestock, and young people work collectively to weed or prepare fields. Women do most domestic tasks. In some regions, women perform agricultural tasks that once were done by their husbands.
Rural Mandinga and Fula and the peoples of the coastal ethnic groups continue to practice arranged marriage in which a brideprice or groom service is given. However, young people can make matches on their own. Interethnic marriage rates are low but increasing. Men marry later than do women. Polygamy is accepted. Widows often remarry the husband's brother, thereby remaining in the same domestic household group.
Music
The music of Guinea-Bissau is usually associated with the polyrhythmic gumbe genre, the country's primary musical export. However, civil unrest and a small size have combined over the years to keep gumbe and other genres out of mainstream audiences, even in generally syncretist African countries.
The calabash is the primary musical instrument of Guinea-Bissau, and is used in extremely swift and rhythmically complex dance music. Lyrics are almost always in Guinea-Bissau Creole, a Portuguese-based creole language, and are often humorous and topical, revolving around current events and controversies, especially AIDS.
The word gumbe is sometimes used generically, to refer to any music of the country, although it most specifically refers to a unique style that fuses about ten of the country's folk music traditions. Tina and tinga are other popular genres, while extent folk traditions include ceremonial music used in funerals, initiations and other rituals, as well as Balanta brosca and kussundé, Mandinga djambadon and the kundere sound of the Bijagos islands.
Cuisine
Rice, a staple among the coastal peoples, has become a prestige food that is imported to feed the urban population. Millet is a staple crop in the interior. Both are supplemented with a variety of locally produced sauces that combine palm oil or peanuts, tomatoes, and onions with fish.
Matriarchy
In the Bolama archipelago, a matriarchal or at least matrilineal social system has survived to the present day[2], although it is currently being eroded by globalization and Christian missionary influence.
In this system, women choose husbands who are compelled to marry them, and religious affairs are controlled by a female priesthood.
Independence Day, celebrated on 24 September, is the major national holiday.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Richard Andrew Lobban, Jr. and Peter Karibe Mendy, Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, third ed. (Scarecrow Press, 1997) ISBN 0-8108-3226-7 Includes extensive bibliography
- Culture of Guinea-Bissau. [3]
External links
News
- allAfrica - Guinea Bissau news headline links
Overviews
Directories
- Open Directory Project - Guinea Bissau directory category
- Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: Guinea-Bissau directory category
- The Index on Africa - Guinea-Bissau directory category
- University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center: Guinea-Bissau directory category
- Yahoo! - Guinea-Bissau directory category
Other links
- Map of Guinea-Bissau
- United States consular information sheet/travel advisory for Guinea-Bissau
- (Portuguese) Devaneios Desintéricos - Oil in Guinea Bissau?
- [4]
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