Berthe Morisot
Berthe Morisot (January 14, 1841 – March 2, 1895) was a painter and a printmaker, and the first woman member of the circle of painters in Paris who became known as the Impressionists. She and American-born Mary Cassatt were the most famous women impressionist painters. They are considered by many to be the most important women painters of the later nineteenth century.
In 1864, she exhibited for the first time in the highly esteemed Salon de Paris. Sponsored by the government, and judged by academicians, the Salon was the official, annual exhibition of the Académie des beaux-arts in Paris. Her work was selected for exhibition in six subsequent Salons[1] until, in 1874, she joined the "rejected" Impressionists in the first of their own exhibitions, which was founded by Cézanne, Degas, Monet, Morisot, Pissarro, Renoir, and Sisley. It was held at the studio of the photographer, Nadar, (Gaspard-Félix Tournachon). It was from this "alternative" showing of art that criticism caused the style to be called mere "impressionism" by journalist Louis Leroy writing in the satirical magazine Le Charivari in 1874. This ultimately led to the entire movement being called "Impressionism." The artists themselves embraced this title as it described their desire to convey the visual impressions of how light played on objects and color.
Biography
Morisot was the granddaughter of the Rococo painter, Jean-Honoré Fragonard. He had been one of the most prolific Rococo painters of the ancien régime, whose handling of color and expressive, confident brushwork influenced later painters. Berthe was born in Bourges, Cher, France into a successful bourgeois family. Both she and her sister Edma Morisot chose to become painters, receiving instruction in drawing and painting. Once Berthe settled on pursuing art, her family did not impede her career.
After dedicting herself to painting at an early age, she exhibited a seriousness that many women at the time were not able to achieve. By age 20, she met and befriended artist Camille Corot, under whose tutelage see work from 1862 to 1868.
The older artist instructed Berthe and her sister in painting and introduced them to other artists and teachers. Under Corot's influence, Morisot took up the plein air method of working. As art students, Berthe and Edma worked closely together until Edma married, had children, and no longer had time to paint so intensely as Berthe. Letters between them show a loving and cordial relationship, underscored by Berthe's regret at the distance between them and about Edma's withdrawal from painting. Edma wholeheartedly supported Berthe's continued work and the families of the two sisters always remained close.
In 1868 she had met Édouard Manet, who influenced her work greatly, his style (emphasizing the use of color, texture and hue, and minimizing the traditional subject matter), liberated her approach, and she in return stimulated his interest in "plein air" painting, or painting completely in the outdoors.
Manet and impressionism
Morisot's first appearance at the influential Salon de Paris came at the age of 23 in 1864, with the acceptance of two landscape paintings. She continued to exhibit regularly in the Salon, to generally favorable reviews, until 1873, the year before the first Impressionist exhibition.
Meanwhile, in 1868, she became acquainted with Édouard Manet. He took a special interest in Morisot, as is evident from his warm portrayal of her in several paintings, including a striking portrait study of Morisot in a black veil, while in mourning for her father's death. (See image at top of this article.) Correspondence between them shows affection. He once gave her an easel as a Christmas present. He also interfered in one of her Salon submissions when he was engaged to transport it. Manet mistook one of Morisot's self-criticisms as an invitation to add his corrections, which he did, much to Morisot's dismay.
Although traditionally Manet has been related as the master and Morisot as the follower, there is evidence that their relationship was a reciprocating one. Turner, (2000, p. 319.) Morisot had developed her own distinctive artistic style. Records of paintings show Manet's approval and appreciation of certain stylistic and compositional decisions that Morisot originated. He incorporated some of these characteristics into his own work. She encouraged him to adopt the impressionistic "high-keyed palate" and to abandon the use of black and grays. Her own compositions used bright-hued colors, free of the grays and blacks of contemporary painters.
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It was Morisot who convinced Manet to attempt plein air painting, which she had been practicing since having been introduced to it by Corot. She also drew Manet into the circle of painters who soon became known as the Impressionists. In 1874, Morisot married Manet's brother, Eugene, and they had one daughter, Julie.
As a doctrinaire Impressionist as well as a member of the haute bourgeoisie, Morisot painted what she experienced on a daily basis. Her paintings reflect the ninteenth century cultural restrictions of her class and gender. She avoided urban and street scenes as well as the nude figure. Like her fellow female Impressionist, Mary Cassatt, she focused on domestic life and portraits in which she could use family and personal friends as models. Paintings like The Cradle, 1872, in which she depicted current trends for nursery furniture, reflect her sensitivity to fashion and advertising, both of which would have been apparent to her female audience.
Morisot's Paintings
Morisot's work was delicate and had a subtle use of color, never using black or grays in shadow but often exhibiting an emerald glow with specks and dabs of reflected light, producing an immediate sense of color caught in the flicker of light upon the surface of the subject matter but not focusing on the subject matter itself.
Her works include not only landscapes, portraits, garden settings, and boating scenes, but also subjects portraying the comfort and intimacy of family and domestic life, as did her colleagues, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Mary Cassatt. Though she was not successful commercially during her life time, she outsold Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Alfred Sisley.
Her work includes:
- Un Village, 1895, (Le Village de Maurecourt), pastel.
- Study: At the Water's Edge, 1864. One of her few early paintings.
- Portrait of Edma Pontillion, 1869, (Young Woman Seated at a Window), the artist's sister at a window.
- Marine, 1869, (The Harbor at Larient), oil.
- La Lecture, 1869-70, (Reading: The mother and sister, Edma, of the artist), oil.
- On the Balcony, 1871-1872.
- Le Berceau, 1872, (cradle), oil.
- Cashe-cashe, 1873, (Hide and Seek), the models are Berthe's sister Edma, and Edma's daughter Jeanne.
- Portrait de Mademoiselle MT, 1873, (Young girl with a Parrot), pastel.
- Butterfly Hunt, 1874, Edma and her children.
- In a Park, 1974, (On the Grass), Edma and her children.
- Eugéne Manet on the Isle of Wight, 1875.
- Figure of a woman, 1875-76, (Before the Theater).
- The Pscyhé, 1876, (The Cheval Glass).
- Portrait of Marcel Gobillard, 1880, (Little Boy in Gray), the artist's nephew.
- Peasant Hanging out the Washing, 1881, oil.
- Little Girl with a Doll, 1884.
- The Bath, 1885-86,(Girl Arranging Her Hair), the model is Isabelle Lambert.
- Little Girl Reading, 1888, the model is Jeanne Bonnet.
- Juliet Manet et son Levrier Laerte, 1893.
- Juliet Reveuse, 1894, (Julie Daydreaming), the model is her daughter.
Berthe Morisot died aged 54, on March 2, 1895 in Paris and was interred in the Cimetière de Passy.
See also
- Women artists
Notes
- ↑ Denvir, 2000, pp. 29-79.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Denvir, B., The Chronicle of Impressionism: An Intimate Diary of the Lives and World of the Great Artists. London: Thames & Hudson, 2000. ISBN 978-0500282144
- Turner, J. (2000). From Monet to Cézanne: late 19th-century French artists. Grove Art. New York: St Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-22971-2
- Adler, Kathleen, Berthe Morisot. Phaidon Press; Reprint edition, 1995. ISBN 978-0714834795
- Higonnet, Anne, Berthe Morisot. University of California Press; New Ed edition, 1995. ISBN 978-0520201569
- Encyclopedia Britannica online, britannica.com. Retrieved April 7, 2007.
External links
- Berthe Morisot at the WebMuseum
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