Warhol, Andy

From New World Encyclopedia
 
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[[Image:Helmut Newton- Andy Warhol.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Andy Warhol, photographed by [[Helmut Newton]]]]
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{{epname|Warhol, Andy}}
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[[Image:Popiersie Andy Warhol ssj 20060914.jpg|thumb|250px|Bust of Andy Warhol in Celebrity Alley in Kielce, [[Poland]].]]
  
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'''Andrew Warhola''',(August 6, 1928 — February 22, 1987), or '''Andy Warhol''' as he is known to the world, was an [[United States|American]] renaissance man. Known primarily for his innovative paintings and artistic achievements, Warhol made a name for himself in the world of [[avant-garde]] film, music, publishing, writing, and acting. He helped to found and define the cultural [[Pop art]] movement that hit America during the 1950s. He was controversial, revered, and always daring.
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'''Andrew Warhola,''' (August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987), or '''Andy Warhol''' as he is known to the world, was an [[United States|American]] [[renaissance man]]. Known primarily for his innovative paintings and artistic achievements, Warhol made a name for himself in the world of [[avant-garde]] film, music, publishing, writing, and acting. He helped to found and define the cultural [[Pop art]] movement that hit America during the 1950s. Though he is best remembered for his paintings of [[Campbell's soup]] cans, he also created hundreds of other works, including commercial advertisements and films. He was controversial, revered, and always daring.  
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{{toc}}
  
 
==Biography==  
 
==Biography==  
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'''Andrew Warhola''' was born to Andrej (Andrew) Warhola and Ulja (Julia) Justyna Zavacka on August 6, 1928. His parents were both [[Slovakian]] and the family lived in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania. He grew up in a very religious home, his family who were [[Ruthenian Catholic Church|Byzantine Catholic]], attended Mass often. When Warhol was in the third grade he contracted [[Chorea (disease)|St. Vitus' disease]] which is a disease that is thought to result from complications of [[Rheumatic fever|scarlet fever]]. Warhol suffered greatly from this disease, as it attacks the nervous system and causes involuntary movements of muscles. Warhol's appearance altered greatly and he would go his whole life with people looking at him and wondering what was wrong with him. Warhol's father, Andrej, worked in construction to support the family, but he died in an accident when Andy was just 13 years old.  
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'''Andrew Warhola''' was born to Andrej (Andrew) Warhola and Ulja (Julia) Justyna Zavacka on August 6, 1928. His parents were both [[Slovakia|Slovakian]] and the family lived in Pittsburgh, [[Pennsylvania]]. He grew up in a very religious home, his family was [[Ruthenian Catholic Church|Byzantine Catholic]] and attended [[Mass]] often. When Warhol was in the third grade he contracted [[Chorea (disease)|St. Vitus' disease]], which is thought to result from complications of [[Rheumatic fever|scarlet fever]]. Warhol suffered greatly from the attacks of this disease, which caused involuntary muscle movement, on his nervous system. Warhol's appearance altered greatly and he became very self conscious of his looks. Warhol's father, Andrej, worked in construction to support the family, but he died in an accident when Andy was just 13 years old.  
  
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Warhol was a creative and talented child, showing great ability as he grew. After high school he went to study [[commercial art]] at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] in Pittsburgh. He graduated in 1949,  and immediately moved to [[New York City]] where he worked hard to become a successful [[magazine]] illustrator. He created his own style of called "blotted ink" and soon became one of New York's most sought after illustrators, contributing to magazine's life ''Vogue'' and ''Harper's Bazaar''. He even began having art showings at the [[Bodley Gallery]] that showed, not only his illustrations, but other whimsical paintings of shoes that he was working on.  
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Warhol was a creative and talented child who showed artistic talent early on. After high school he went to study [[commercial art]] at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] in Pittsburgh. He graduated in 1949 and immediately moved to [[New York City]], where he became a successful [[magazine]] illustrator. He created his own style of art called "blotted ink" and soon became one of New York's most sought after illustrators, contributing to magazines like ''Vogue'' and ''Harper's Bazaar.'' In addition to commercial ads he also drew Christmas cards for Tiffany and Company, created book and album covers, and illustrated [[Amy Vanderbilt]]'s ''Complete Book of Etiquette.''
  
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[[Image:Warhol-Campbell Soup-1-screenprint-1968.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Campbell's Soup Can 1968]]
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His first exhibit was at the Hugo Gallery in 1952 and was titled, "Andy Warhol: Fifteen Drawings Based on the Writings of [[Truman Capote]]." From 1956 to 1959 his works were featured at the Bodley Gallery along with one show at the [[Museum of Modern Art]]. By 1962 he was doing shows in California.
  
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In the 1960s, Warhol moved into his new studio, which he named "The Factory" (as it used to be a factory). "The Factory" was lined with tinfoil and silver paint and was located in the heart of the city. Here he made things happen and he made people famous, dubbing them "Warhol Superstars", most famously among them was the rich heiress [[Edie Sedgwick]].
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In the 1960s, Warhol moved into a studio which he named "The Factory" (the building used to be a factory). The Factory was lined with tinfoil and silver paint and was located in the heart of the city. It was from here that he made his assault on the New York art scene. When he wasn't at the Factory he was hanging out at "Serendipity 3" or "Studio 54."
  
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Warhol's works, although very different from each other, did revolve around one main concept, that of [[Americana]] and American [[popular culture]]. His paintings were comprised of money, food, women's shoes, celebrities, newspaper clippings and everyday objects. His music, his writings, his films, all represented American culture and its values.  
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Warhol's works began to revolve around one main concept—[[Americana]] and American [[popular culture]]. His paintings were comprised of money, food, women's shoes, celebrities, newspaper clippings and everyday objects. His music, his writings, and his films all represented American culture and its values.
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===Shooting===
 
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Warhol's life would change forever on June 3, 1968, when [[Valerie Solanas]] shot Warhol in the chest. He suffered greatly from the wound for the rest of his life, having to wear a type of corset to support his back. Warhol became much more withdrawn after the shooting, controlling the ins and outs of the Factory much more closely.
 
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The woman, Solanas, was the founder, and incidentally the only member, of a "group" called the "Society for Cutting Up Men" (S.C.U.M.) and she wrote a short work called the [[S.C.U.M. Manifesto]]. It was obviously a piece of [[Radical feminism|radical feminist]] literature that was made famous by her shooting. It's followers are comprised of those who take the work seriously, and those who enjoy mocking it. Solanas was arrested the day after the shooting,(coincidentally, the day that Robert F. Kennedy was shot), and when she was asked about a motive, she simply said that "He had too much control over my life."
 
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===Death===
 
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In 1987, Andy Warhol was admitted into [[New York Hospital]] for a routine surgery for his [[gallbladder]]. He was released from the hospital, but died in his sleep on February 22, 1987 at 6:32 a.m. The cause was attributed to a sudden [[hear attack]]. On further investigation, the coroners found that Warhol's body was overloaded with several fluids from his surgery. He had not been monitored properly at the hospital, and his body became overloaded, contributing to his sudden death. Warhol's lawyers, upon hearing the news, sued the hospital for [[negligence]]. Warhol had put off his needed surgery because he had an acute fear of entering hospitals and being cared for by doctors.
 
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Warhol was buried back in his home of Pennsylvania. His grave is located at St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery in Bethel Park, just south of Pittsburgh. [[Yoko Ono]], among others, spoke at his funeral.
 
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Most of Warhol's possessions were auctioned off at [[Sotheby's]] over an extensive period of nine days and grossed over 20 million dollars. His estate was left to his remaining family, and was valued at far more.
 
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===Religious beliefs===
 
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Despite the opinion most people in the world had of Warhol, few new of the good that he tried to do in his life. Andy Warhol was not a selfish man, he gave to those in need, his friends and family were always taken care of (some taking advantage of his kindness), but he was a shrewd businessman as well, and therefore, always kept his fortune growing. Warhol was a regular volunteer at various [[homeless shelter]]s in New York, spending more and more time there during holidays and busier times in the year.
 
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He felt that he was a deeply religious man, though most Christians despised Warhol, his art, and his actions, Andy Warhol's continuously went to confession, attended [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] as often as occasion would permit. In fact, the pastor of Warhol's Byzantine Rite Catholic church, Saint Vincent's, reported that Warhol visited the church almost daily. Religion became paramount in his later works, as they illustrated hidden religious themes and subject. And after his death,, several religious-themed writings and works were found in his study. Warhol never wanted to flaunt his religion or his participation in volunteer work. His brother described Andy as "really religious, but he didn't want people to know about that because [it was] private."  Despite the private nature of Warhol's faith, when John Richardson eulogized him, he depicted Warhol as devout, saying: "To my certain knowledge, he was responsible for at least one conversion. He took considerable pride in financing his nephew's studies for the priesthood."
 
  
 
==Works==
 
==Works==
 
===Paintings===
 
===Paintings===
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[[Image:Warhol-Marilyns.jpg|right|600px|thumb|Andy Warhol's iconic Marilyn Monroe]]
 
  
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Andy Warhol helped to define the [[Pop Art]] movement that wept the country. Tired of not being taken seriously for the "blotted ink" illustrations he had created for various magazines, Warhol decided to devote more energy to his artistic talents and become a true artist. This desire meant he would return to the art form of painting, something he had not done since high school.  
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[[Image:Jimmy Carter Andy Warhol 1977.jpg|thumb|250px|American president [[Jimmy Carter]] receiving a portrait from Andy Warhol at the [[White House]] in 1977.]]
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Andy Warhol helped to define the [[Pop Art]] movement that swept the United States. Tired of not being taken seriously for his "blotted ink" illustrations, Warhol decided to devote more energy to his artistic talents and become a "true artist." As a result he returned to painting, something he had not done since high school.  
  
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Warhol's greatest desire was to be different from other artists at the time. He wanted to find a truly unique outlet for his paintings, and do something that wasn't being done by anybody else. He turned to popular subjects that were already known to most people and portrayed them in what became characteristic Warhol style. With the help of Andy Warhol, [[Pop Art]] not only grew from its experimental form, it exploded, and truly became popular. With his innovations in the art movement, Warhol achieved what he had set out to accomplish, that of being taken seriously and of selling his paintings.
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Pop art was a new style of art that began in England in the mid-1950s and consisted of realistic renditions of popular, everyday items. Warhol took this new style and made it truly popular. Warhol began with [[Coke bottles]] and comic strips but this wasn't getting him the attention he felt he deserved. When a friend suggested that he paint the things that he loved, Warhol forged his way to fame with paintings of cans of [[Campbell Soup|Campbell's Soup]], which he ate for lunch practically every day. He created 32 canvases for each type of Campbell's soup. His exhibit of these paintings became a big hit in California. From then on Warhol only painted what he loved, including money, shoes, and celebrities.  
  
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Warhol began painting various [[cartoons]] and advertisements, hand painting them, making drips of paint on purpose to mirror the abstract expression art that was concurrently hitting the art scene. But, cartoons were not a distinguished enough subject. When Warhol's friends suggested that Warhol should paint the things that he loved, the never expected the sensation that resulted as Warhol began painting several different views of cans of [[Campbell Soup|Campbell's Soup]], which he ate for lunch practically every day. His first major [[Art exhibition|exhibition]] was a tremendous success. And after that, Warhol only painted that which he loved, including money and celebrities.  
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Now that he had found his particular niche for his subject matter, he began to experiment with new production processes. He began eliminating the artistic hand made process and began to use [[silk-screen|silk-screening]]. This technique uses a specially prepared section of silk as a stencil, allowing one silk-screen to create similar patterns multiple times.
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He then began making paintings of celebrities, most notably a large collection of paintings of [[Marilyn Monroe]]. Warhol would use this style for the rest of his life.  
  
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Now that he had found his particularly niche for his subject matter, he changed course to concentrated more on the production process of said matter. He began eliminating the artistic hand made process, and employed [[silk-screen|silk-screening]]. He added to this the method of tracing drawings from slide projections. To put it simply, Warhol went from being a [[painter]] to being a [[designer]] of paintings. Thus several silk-screens of one painting could be produced and sold to a greater amount of fans.
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====Shooting====
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Warhol's life took a dramatic turn on June 3, 1968, when [[Valerie Solanas]] shot him in the chest. The wound forced him to wear a type of corset to support his back for the rest of his life.  
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Solanas was the founder, and only member, of a "group" called the "Society for Cutting Up Men" (S.C.U.M.). She wrote a short work called the [[S.C.U.M. Manifesto]]. Solanas was arrested the day after the shooting,(coincidentally, the day that Robert F. Kennedy was shot), and when she was asked about a motive, she said, "He had too much control over my life."
  
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As Andy Warhol did what no other painter had done before, both with 'comic' (e.g., soup cans) and 'serious' (e.g., electric chairs) works of art. The interpretation of these works became paramount. Did he paint soup cans to show his love for his mother who fed him the soup? Did he paint them to symbolize the destruction of mass culture? Or did he paint them because he simply wanted to make money?
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Warhol became much more withdrawn after the shooting and was more careful about the company he kept, but his brush with death began a series of artistic meditations on celebrity obsession.
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For the next three decades he focused on portraits of [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Elizabeth Taylor]], [[Mick Jagger]], [[Dennis Hopper]], [[Mao Tse-Tung]], [[Sylvester Stallone]], and [[Michael Jackson]], along with many others. Warhol's statement about celebrity, "In the future, everyone will be famous for 15 minutes," is as famous as his paintings are.
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Warhol also grew to dislike the way the [[media]] trivialized important events in human life, especially tragedies, so he also did a series of bright colorful paintings, including "Red Car Crash," "Purple Jumping Man," and "Orange Disaster."  His art increasingly became commentary on American culture.
  
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As time went on, Warhol continued to break cultural boundaries with his art. Many people thought he crossed the line when he created [[redox|oxidation]] paintings (canvases that were prepared with copper paint and showed oxidated urine stains). But he also created a series of[[do-it-yourself]] paintings as well as a line of wallpaper with a cow motif. WArhol's[[Biographer]] Bob Colacello, provides some details on what came to be known as Andy's "piss paintings":
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===Religious themes===
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Warhol did many paintings that involved religious themes that apparently stemmed from his [[Byzantine]] [[Catholic]] upbringing. His Skill paintings, the prints based on Renaissance religious artwork, his Cross paintings, and his large series based on "The Last Supper" all indicate a spiritual side to the man popularly portrayed as a contributor to the American society's cultural decline of the 1960s.
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Though most Christians despised Warhol, his art, and his actions, the [[pastor]] of Warhol's Byzantine Rite Catholic Church, Saint Vincent's, reported that Warhol visited the church almost daily. Religion became paramount in his later works and after his death several religious-themed writings and works were found in his study. His brother described Andy as "really religious, but he didn't want people to know about that because [it was] private."  Despite the private nature of Warhol's faith, when art historian and [[Pablo Picasso]] scholar John Richardson eulogized him, he depicted Warhol as a devout man saying: "To my certain knowledge, he was responsible for at least one conversion. He took considerable pride in financing his nephew's studies for the priesthood."
  
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''It has been suggested  that Warhol would just take images of things that were hip in his time and cover them in "Warhol gravy", but for Warhol there always was a personal relation between him and his subjects. For instance the Campbell's Soup did not only function as an illustration of commercial [[industry]] and advertisement, it was an [[intrinsic]] part of Warhol's life and memories. As a child his mother had given him this soup when he was sick, and Warhol loved it very much as an adult.''  
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Warhol did a series of explicitly religious images from the 1970s and 80s—a series of silk-screened crosses, as well as reworkings of well known religious paintings (like [[Leonardo DaVinci]]'s ''Annunciation,'' [[Paolo Uccello]]'s ''St. George and the Dragon,'' and [[Raphael]]'s ''Sistine Madonna''). In 1986 by Warhol was commissioned by Milanese art dealer Alexandre Iolas, whose gallery was situated across the street from the original, to do a series of paintings based on the ''Last Supper.'' This series grew to encompass more than one hundred paintings. Warhol's Last Suppers are based on a line drawing of the Leonardo painting which appeared in a nineteenth century encyclopedia.
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Warhol's painting career stands out as one whose subjects were [[philosophy|philosophical]] and [[metaphor|metaphorical]] in nature. He hated the way the media trivialized the most important events in human life, like tragedies, thus Warhol drew attention to these events with his bright color paintings, including "Red Car Crash", "Purple Jumping Man", "Orange Disaster". By turning common things like accidents, soup cans, and money into paintings, Warhol was somehow able to transform them from simple objects and given them societal meaning and value.
 
  
 
===Films===
 
===Films===
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From 1964 to 1968 Andy Warhol was consumed with writing and directing [[avante-garde]] films. Many of them were acute in subject and pornographic in nature, most of them too shocking for the common movie-goer. However, even with criticisms, he was able to create a decidedly "Warholian" style and bring it to the screen. Many of Warhol's films were unpopular, scandalous, and unsuccessful, but in 1966, one broke the mold, his film ''Chelsea Girls'' was a seminal work in the world of film. When Warhol fans went to see the film, they were amazed to see not one picture playing, but a split-screen showing two different captured images in tandem. Instead of one camera, Warhol used two [[16 mm film|16 mm]] cameras to capture two stories and played them simultaneously on screen. It worked because of the use of the sound, while one film was focused on with sound and narrative, the other film was silent, and vice-versa. It was a complex and new process, with incisive detail needed in the sound management of both films in the projection booth. This unique process inspired future films such as [[Mike Figgins]] ''Timecode/(film)|Timecode'', and even later with Fox's television series ''24''.
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From 1964 to 1968 Andy Warhol became consumed with writing and directing [[avante-garde]] films. Most of them were too shocking for the common movie-goer. Many of Warhol's films were unpopular, scandalous, and unsuccessful, but in 1966, his film, ''Chelsea Girls,'' became a seminal work in the world of film. Those who saw the film were amazed to see not one picture playing, but a split-screen showing two different captured images in tandem. Instead of one camera, Warhol used two [[16 mm film|16 mm]] cameras to capture two stories and played them simultaneously on screen. It worked because of the use of the sound, while one film was focused on with sound and narrative, the other film was silent, and vice-versa. It was a complex and new process, with incisive detail needed for the sound management of both films in the projection booth. This unique process inspired future films such as [[Mike Figgins]] ''Timecode'' and even Fox's television series ''24.''
  
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Warhol's desire to direct films came to a halt after he was shot in 1968. The highly reclusive Warhol left the company he had formed, [[The Factory|Factory]] to his assistant director [[Paul Morrissey]]. Once Morrissey was given full reign, he took the film productions in a different direction, creating films that still had an edge, but were much more relative to the mainstream public, and therefore more popular. Some of Morrissey's films include ''[[Flesh (film)|Flesh]]'', ''[[Trash (film)|Trash]]'', and ''[[Heat (1972 film)|Heat]]''. Although these films were labeled with Warhol's name, it became apparent that they were clearly Morrissey's projects. In fact, to help the success of the later films (which Morrissey believed had a greater chance of being successful) the distribution of all of Warhol's earlier, avante-garde films were put to an end by 1972. However, by 2005, many of Warhol's original films have again been made available through DVD distribution.
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Warhol's desire to direct films came to a halt after he was shot in 1968. The highly reclusive Warhol left the company he had formed, [[The Factory|Factory]], to his assistant director [[Paul Morrissey]]. Once Morrissey was given full reign he took the film productions in a different direction, creating films that still had an edge, but were much more relative to the mainstream public, and therefore more popular. Some of Morrissey's films include ''Flesh,'' ''Trash,'' and ''Heat.'' Although these films were labeled with Warhol's name they were clearly Morrissey's projects. In fact, to help the success of the later films, the distribution of all of Warhol's earlier, avante-garde films was stopped by 1972. In 2005 many of Warhol's original films became available through DVD distribution.
  
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===Filmography===
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====Filmography====
 
<!-- These have been reorganized chronologically from oldest to most recent —>
 
<!-- These have been reorganized chronologically from oldest to most recent —>
 
{| style="background-color: transparent; width:100%;"
 
{| style="background-color: transparent; width:100%;"
 
|- valign="top"
 
|- valign="top"
 
|
 
|
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* ''Blow Job (film)|Blow Job'' (1963)
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* ''Eat'' (1963)
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* ''Eat (film)|Eat'' (1963)
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* ''Haircut'' (1963)
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* ''Haircut (film)|Haircut'' (1963)
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* ''Kiss'' (1963)
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* ''Kiss (film, 1963)|Kiss'' (1963)
 
 
* ''Naomi's Birthday Party'' (1963)
 
* ''Naomi's Birthday Party'' (1963)
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* ''Sleep (film)|Sleep'' (1963)
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* ''Sleep'' (1963)
 
* ''13 Most Beautiful Women'' (1964)
 
* ''13 Most Beautiful Women'' (1964)
 
* ''Batman Dracula'' (1964)
 
* ''Batman Dracula'' (1964)
−
* ''Clockwork (film)|Clockwork'' (1964)
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* ''Clockwork'' (1964)
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* ''Couch (film, 1964)|Couch'' (1964)
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* ''Couch'' (1964)
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* ''Drunk (film)|Drunk'' (1964)
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* ''Drunk'' (1964)
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* ''Empire (1964 film)|Empire'' (1964)
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* ''Empire'' (1964)
 
* ''The End of Dawn'' (1964)
 
* ''The End of Dawn'' (1964)
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* ''Lips (film)|Lips'' (1964)
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* ''Lips'' (1964)
 
* ''Mario Banana I'' (1964)
 
* ''Mario Banana I'' (1964)
 
* ''Mario Banana II'' (1964)
 
* ''Mario Banana II'' (1964)
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* ''The Thirteen Most Beautiful Boys'' (1964)
 
* ''The Thirteen Most Beautiful Boys'' (1964)
  
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* ''Beauty No. 2|Beauty #2'' (1965)
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* ''Beauty No. 2'' (1965)
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* ''Bitch (film)|Bitch'' (1965)
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* ''Bitch'' (1965)
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* ''Camp (1965 film)|Camp'' (1965)
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* ''Camp'' (1965)
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* ''Harlot (film)|Harlot'' (1965)
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* ''Harlot'' (1965)
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* ''Horse (film)|Horse'' (1965)
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* ''Horse'' (1965)
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* ''Kitchen (film)|Kitchen'' (1965)
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* ''Kitchen'' (1965)
 
* ''The Life of Juanita Castro'' (1965)
 
* ''The Life of Juanita Castro'' (1965)
 
* ''My Hustler'' (1965)
 
* ''My Hustler'' (1965)
 
* ''Poor Little Rich Girl'' (1965)
 
* ''Poor Little Rich Girl'' (1965)
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* ''Restaurant (film)|Restaurant'' (1965)
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* ''Restaurant'' (1965)
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* ''Space (film)|Space'' (1965)
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* ''Space'' (1965)
 
* ''Taylor Mead's Ass'' (1965)
 
* ''Taylor Mead's Ass'' (1965)
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* ''Vinyl (1965 film)|''Vinyl'''' (1965)
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* ''Vinyl'' (1965)
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* ''Screen Test (film)|Screen Test'' (1965)
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* ''Screen Test'' (1965)
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* ''Screen Test No. 2|Screen Test #2'' (1965)
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* ''Screen Test No. 2'' (1965)
 
|
 
|
 
* ''Ari and Mario'' (1966)
 
* ''Ari and Mario'' (1966)
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* ''Hedy (film)'' (1966)
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* ''Hedy'' (1966)
 
* ''Kiss the Boot'' (1966)
 
* ''Kiss the Boot'' (1966)
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* ''Milk (film)|Milk'' (1966)
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* ''Milk'' (1966)
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* ''Salvador Dalí (film)|Salvador Dalí'' (1966)
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* ''Salvador Dalí'' (1966)
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* ''Shower (film)|Shower]]'' (1966)
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* ''Shower'' (1966)
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* ''Sunset (Warhol film)|Sunset'' (1966)
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* ''Sunset'' (1966)
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* ''Superboy (film)|Superboy'' (1966)
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* ''Superboy (1966)
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* ''The Closet (1966 film)|The Closet'' (1966)
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* ''The Closet'' (1966)
 
* ''Chelsea Girls'' (1966)
 
* ''Chelsea Girls'' (1966)
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* ''The Beard (film)'' (1966)
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* ''The Beard'' (1966)
 
* ''More Milk, Yvette'' (1966)
 
* ''More Milk, Yvette'' (1966)
 
* ''Outer and Inner Space'' (1966)
 
* ''Outer and Inner Space'' (1966)
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* ''The Velvet Underground and Nico (film)|The Velvet Underground and Nico'' (1966)
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* ''The Velvet Underground and Nico'' (1966)
  
 
* ''The Andy Warhol Story'' (1967)
 
* ''The Andy Warhol Story'' (1967)
 
* ''Tiger Morse'' (1967)
 
* ''Tiger Morse'' (1967)
 
* ''Sucking Lukes Hairy Asshole'' (1967)
 
* ''Sucking Lukes Hairy Asshole'' (1967)
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* ''**** (film)|****'' (1967)
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* ''Imitation of Christ (1967)
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* ''Imitation of Christ (film)|The Imitation of Christ'' (1967)
 
 
* ''The Nude Restaurant'' (1967)
 
* ''The Nude Restaurant'' (1967)
 
* ''Bike Boy'' (1967)
 
* ''Bike Boy'' (1967)
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* ''Lonesome Cowboys'' (1969)
 
* ''Lonesome Cowboys'' (1969)
 
* ''L'Amour'' (1972)
 
* ''L'Amour'' (1972)
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* ''Flesh for Frankenstein'' (1973)<br><small>aka Andy Warhol's Frankenstein (USA)</small>
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* ''Flesh for Frankenstein'' (1973)<br/><small>aka Andy Warhol's Frankenstein (USA)</small>
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* ''Blood for Dracula'' (1974)<br><small>aka Andy Warhol's Dracula (USA)
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* ''Blood for Dracula'' (1974)<br/><small>aka Andy Warhol's Dracula (USA)
 
|}
 
|}
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====Films portraying Warhol====
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*[[Crispin Glover]] portrays Warhol in the 1991 film ''The Doors (film)|The Doors,'' directed by [[Oliver Stone]].
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*[[Julian Schnabel]]'s film ''Basquiat'' features [[David Bowie]] representing Warhol.
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*In [[Mary Harron]]'s 1996 film, ''I Shot Andy Warhol,'' the artist was portrayed by [[Jared Harris]].
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*[[Sean Gregory Sullivan]] depicted Warhol in the film ''54'' (1998).
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*[[Guy Pearce]] portrays the artist in the 2006 film ''Factory Girl.''
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*''Andy Warhol: A Documentary Film'' is the 2006 four-hour biographical movie by [[Ric Burns]]about Andy Warhol.
  
 
===Music===
 
===Music===
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[[Image:Velvet Underground and Nico.jpg|right|thumb|175px]]
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Warhol was also highly adept at designing record album covers and his talents in this area were in high demand. He designed the cover art for two albums by [[The Rolling Stones]], ''Sticky Fingers'' (1971) and ''Love you Live'' (1977). [[Mick Jagger]] was so impressed that he commissioned several portraits of himself in 1975.
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Warhol was highly adept designing album covers and his talents remained sought after for most of his career. He designed the cover art for two albums of [[The Rolling Stones]], ''Sticky Fingers'' (1971) and ''Love you Live'' (1977). [[Mick Jagger]] was so impressed that he commissioned several portraits of himself in 1975.
 
  
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Warhol was good friends with [[Bob Dylan]] and [[John Lennon]], designing Lennon's album ''Menlove Avenue'' (released posthumously). While at the same time, Warhol's production company produced [[music video]]s for two hits by [[the Cars]], ''Hello Again'' and ''Misfit''.
+
Warhol was friends with [[Bob Dylan]] and [[John Lennon]], designing Lennon's album ''Menlove Avenue'' (released posthumously). Warhol's production company produced [[music video]]s for two hits by [[the Cars]], ''Hello Again'' and ''Misfit.''  
  
−
Wanting to experience even more in the music industry, Warhol took the band [[Velvet Underground]] and made them one of his projects. Trying his had as a music producer for the band's first album ''The Velvet Underground and Nico'', his "producing" simply boiled down to the fact that he paid for the studio time it took to record the album. The team fell apart after the album's release, when [[Lou Reed]], the band leader, and Warhol disagreed about the band's future. Incidentally, Warhol designed the cover art for the album.  
+
Wanting to experience even more in the music industry, Warhol took the band [[Velvet Underground]] and made them one of his projects. Trying his hand as a music producer for the band's first album ''The Velvet Underground and Nico,'' his "producing" simply boiled down to the fact that he paid for the studio time it took to record the album. The team fell apart after the album's release, when [[Lou Reed]], the band leader, and Warhol disagreed about the band's future. Warhol designed the cover art for this album as well.  
  
−
Warhol's influence was felt by various artists of the [[New Wave music|new wave]]/[[punk rock]]
+
Warhol's influence was recognized by various artists of the [[New Wave music|new wave]]/[[punk rock]] era, including the band [[Devo]] and [[David Bowie]]—who's song, "Andy Warhol" appeared on his 1971 album, ''Hunky Dory.''
−
era, including the band [[Devo]] and [[David Bowie]]—who's song, "Andy WArhol" was composed for his 1971 album, ''Hunky Dory''.
 
−
 
 
−
[[Image:25 Cats.jpg|left|thumb|Cover of copy no. 18 of ''25 Cats Name (sic) Sam and One Blue Pussy'' by Andy Warhol given in 1954 to [[Edgar de Evia]] and [[Robert Denning]] when the author was a guest in their home in the [[Rhinelander Mansion]].]]
 
  
 
===Books and print===
 
===Books and print===
  
−
To add to his collection of accomplishments, Warhol also became a writer. He self-published a number of books about his life including:
+
[[Image:Andy Warhol and Tennessee Williams NYWTS.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Andy Warhol (left) and [[Tennessee Williams]] (right) talking on the S.S. ''France''. ''World Journal Tribune'' photo by [[James Kavallines]].]]
 +
To add to his collection of accomplishments Warhol also became a writer. He self-published a number of books about his life including:
  
−
*''25 Cats Name Sam and One Blue Pussy'' (1954)
+
* ''25 Cats Name Sam and One Blue Pussy'' (1954)
 
* ''Gold Book''
 
* ''Gold Book''
−
* ''Wild Rasberries''
+
* ''Wild Raspberries''
 
* ''Holy Cats''
 
* ''Holy Cats''
  
−
Warhol's first book, ''25 Cats'' was a very unique publication, Warhol was very specific about it's printing. There was a limited first edition printing of 190 hand colored copies on watermarked paper that used [[Seymour Berlin]]'s specialized blotted line technique for lithographs. Warhol never sold these editions, keeping them instead to use for gifts to friends and clients.
+
Warhol's first book, ''25 Cats'' was a very unique publication. There was a limited first edition printing of 190 hand-colored copies of this book on watermarked paper that used [[Seymour Berlin]]'s specialized blotted line technique for lithographs. Warhol never sold these editions, keeping them instead to use for gifts to friends and clients.
  
 
Later Warhol "wrote" several books that were commercially printed.
 
Later Warhol "wrote" several books that were commercially printed.
−
* ''[[A, a novel]]'' (1968, ISBN 0-8021-3553-6) is a literal transcription - (including all of the spelling errors and explanation of background noises) of Warhol's interactions with several of his close friends, among them [[Ondine (actor)|Ondine]], as they went about their parties, had conversations, and relaxed at the Factory.  
+
* ''A:A novel'' (1968, ISBN 0-8021-3553-6) is a literal transcription - (including all of the spelling errors and explanation of background noises) of Warhol's interactions with several of his close friends, among them [[Ondine]], as they went about their parties, had conversations, and relaxed at the Factory.  
  
−
* ''[[The Philosophy of Andy Warhol; from A to B and back again]]'' (1975, ISBN 0-15-671720-4) Pat Hackett recorded her daily phone conversations with Warhol (with his approval) and transcribed the conversations the two had, as well as recordings Warhol made himself of various conversations he had with other people, including [[Brigid Berlin]] (also known as Brigid Polk) and former ''Interview'' magazine editor [[Bob Colacello]].
+
* ''The Philosophy of Andy Warhol; from A to B and back again.'' (1975, ISBN 0-15-671720-4) Pat Hackett recorded her daily phone conversations with Warhol (with his approval) and transcribed the conversations, as well as recordings Warhol made himself of various conversations he had with other people, including [[Brigid Berlin]] (also known as Brigid Polk) and former ''Interview'' magazine editor [[Bob Colacello]].
  
−
* ''[[Popism: The Warhol Sixties]]'' (1980, ISBN 0-15-672960-1), the book was written jointly by Warhol and [[Pat Hackett]]as a unique retrospective view and interpretation of the sixties and the prominent role of Pop Art throughout the decade.
+
* ''Popism: The Warhol Sixties'' (1980, ISBN 0-15-672960-1), the book was written jointly by Warhol and [[Pat Hackett]] as a unique retrospective view and interpretation of the sixties and the prominent role of Pop Art throughout the decade.
  
−
* ''[[The Andy Warhol Diaries]]'' (1989, ISBN 0-446-39138-7, edited by Pat Hackett) was also comprised of Hackett's transcriptions of conversations with Warhol, who had started a "diary" of sorts to help him keep track of his expenditures, but it branched out to include his personal thoughts and observations.  
+
* ''The Andy Warhol Diaries'' (1989, ISBN 0-446-39138-7, edited by Pat Hackett) was also comprised of Hackett's transcriptions of conversations with Warhol, who had started a "diary" of sorts to help him keep track of his expenditures, but it branched out to include his personal thoughts and observations.
 +
 
 +
Warhol created the fashion magazine ''Interview,'' still in publication. It's signature cover title is comprised of a loopy script that is either one of Warhol's creations, or that of his mother, Julia Warhola, who often did text work for his early commercial pieces.
 +
 
 +
==Death==
 +
In 1987 Andy Warhol was admitted to New York Hospital for  routine surgery for his [[gallbladder]]. He was released from the hospital, but died in his sleep on February 22, 1987 at 6:32 a.m. The cause was attributed to a sudden [[heart attack]]. On further investigation, the coroners found that Warhol's body was flooded with several fluids. His I.V. had not been monitored properly at the hospital, and his body became overloaded, contributing to his sudden death. Warhol's lawyers, upon hearing the news, sued the hospital for [[negligence]]. Ironically, Warhol had put off his needed surgery because he had an acute fear of entering hospitals and being cared for by doctors.
 +
 
 +
Warhol was buried back in his home of Pennsylvania. His grave is located at St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery in Bethel Park, just south of Pittsburgh. [[Yoko Ono]], among others, spoke at his funeral.  
  
−
Warhol created the fashion magazine ''[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]'' and the magazine is still in publication. It's signature cover title is comprised of a loopy script that is either one of Warhol's creations, or that of his mother is, Julia Warhola, who often did text work for his early commercial pieces.
+
Most of Warhol's possessions were auctioned off at [[Sotheby's]] over an extensive period of nine days and grossed over 20 million dollars. His estate was left to his remaining family, and was valued at far more.
  
 
===Museums===
 
===Museums===
−
The [[Andy Warhol Museum]] is located in that artist hometown of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is known as being the largest American art museum dedicated to a single artist. It houses more than 12,000 works by Andy Warhol.
+
The [[Andy Warhol Museum]] is located in the artist's hometown of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is known as being the largest American art museum dedicated to a single artist. It houses more than 12,000 works by Andy Warhol.
−
 
 
−
Another notable museum is the Warhol Family Museum of Modern Art, founded by John Warhol, Andy's brother, and the Warhol Foundation in New York in 1992. The museum is in [[Medzilaborce]], [[Slovakia]], located 15 kilometers away from the village of Mikova (where Andy's parent's were born). The museum houses several original paintings that were donated by the Andy Warhol Foundation in New York, as well as personal items donated by Warhol's relatives.
 
  
−
==Films portraying Warhol==
+
Another notable museum is the Warhol Family Museum of Modern Art, founded by John Warhol, Andy's brother, and the Warhol Foundation in New York in 1992. The museum is in [[Medzilaborce]], [[Slovakia]], located 15km away from the village of Mikova (where Andy's parent's were born). The museum houses several original paintings that were donated by the Andy Warhol Foundation in New York, as well as personal items donated by Warhol's relatives.
−
*[[Crispin Glover]] portray's Warhol in the 1991 film ''The Doors (film)|The Doors'', directed by [[Oliver Stone]].
 
−
*[[Julian Schnabel]]'s film ''Basquiat'' features [[David Bowie]] representing Warhol.
 
−
*In 1996, [[Mary Harron]]'s film ''I Shot Andy Warhol'' the artist was portrayed by the actor [[Jared Harris]].
 
−
*[[Sean Gregory Sullivan]] depicted Warhol in the film ''[[54 (film)|54]]'' (1998).
 
−
*[[Guy Pearce]] portrays the artist in the 2006 film ''Factory Girl''.
 
−
*''Andy Warhol: A Documentary Film'' is the 2006 four-hour biographical movie by Ric Burns about Andy Warhol.
 
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
Line 183: Line 178:
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
* {{cite book | first = Callie | last = Angell | title = Andy Warhol Screen Tests: The Films of Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonne, Volume One (Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonnee) | location = New York | publisher = Henry Abrams | year = 2006 ISBN 10-0810955393}}  
+
* {{cite book | first = Callie | last = Angell | title = Andy Warhol Screen Tests: The Films of Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonne, Volume One (Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonnee) | location = New York | publisher = Henry Abrams | year = 2006 }} ISBN 0810955393
−
* Jennifer Doyle, Jonathan Flatley, and [[José Esteban Muñoz]] eds. (1996).  ''Pop Out: Queer Warhol.'' Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 10-082231732X  
+
* {{cite book | first = Victor | last = Bockris | title = Warhol: The Biography | location = New York | publisher = Da Capo Press | year = 1997}} ISBN 030681272X
−
* {{cite book | first = Fred Lawrence | last = Guiles | title = Loner at the Ball: The Life of Andy Warhol | location = New York | publisher = Bantam | year = 1989 ISBN 10-0593015401}}
+
* {{cite book | first = Bob | last = Colacello | title = Holy Terror: Andy Warhol Close Up | location = New York | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1990}} ISBN 0815410085
−
* {{cite book | first = Wayne | last = Koestenbaum | authorlink = Wayne Koestenbaum | title = Andy Warhol | location = New York | publisher = Penguin | year = 2003}}
+
* {{cite book | first = Jane | last = Daggett Dillenberger | title = The Religious Art of Andy Warhol | location = New York | publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group | year = 2001 }} ISBN 082641334X
−
* {{cite book | first = Richard | last = Meyer | title = Outlaw Representation | locaiton = New York | publisher = Beacon | year = 2003}}
+
* Doyle,Jennifer, Jonathan Flatley, and José Esteban Muñoz, eds. (1996).  ''Pop Out: Queer Warhol.'' Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 082231732X  
−
* {{cite book | first = Steven | last = Watson | title = Factory Made: Warhol and the Sixties | location = New York | publisher = Pantheon | year = 2003 | url = http://www.factorymade.org/}}
+
* {{cite book | first = Fred Lawrence | last = Guiles | title = Loner at the Ball: The Life of Andy Warhol | location = New York | publisher = Bantam | year = 1989 }} ISBN 0593015401
−
* {{cite book | first = Victor | last = Bockris | title = Warhol: The Biography | location = New York | publisher = Da Capo Press | year = 1997}}
+
* {{cite book | first = Wayne | last = Koestenbaum | authorlink = Wayne Koestenbaum | title = Andy Warhol | location = New York | publisher = Penguin | year = 2003 }} ISBN 0670030007
−
* {{cite book | first = Bob | last = Colacello | title = Holy Terror: Andy Warhol Close Up | location = New York | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1990}}
+
* {{cite book | first = Richard | last = Meyer | title = Outlaw Representation | location = New York | publisher = Beacon | year = 2003 }} ISBN 0807079359
−
* {{cite book | first = Jane | last = Daggett Dillenberger | title = The Religious Art of Andy Warhol | location = New York | publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group | year = 2001}}
+
* {{cite book | first = Steven | last = Watson | title = Factory Made: Warhol and the Sixties | location = New York | publisher = Pantheon | year = 2003 | url = http://www.factorymade.org/ }} ISBN 0679423729
−
* {{cite book | first = John | last = Yau|authorlink = John Yau |title = In the Realm of Appearances: The Art of Andy Warhol|location = | publisher =  | year = 1993}}
+
* {{cite book | first = John | last = Yau|authorlink = John Yau |title = In the Realm of Appearances: The Art of Andy Warhol|location = | publisher =  | year = 1993 }} ISBN 0880012986
−
 
 
−
==See also==
 
−
* [[Andy Warhol Art Authentication Board]]
 
−
* [[Painting the Century 101 Portrait Masterpieces 1900-2000]]
 
−
* [[Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh#Andy Warhol Museum|Andy Warhol Gallery]] largest single artist gallery in the world.  Part of the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh.
 
−
* [[Andy Warhol Bridge]] in Pittsburgh.
 
−
* [[Bodley Gallery]]
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
{{wikiquote}}
+
All links retrieved July 27, 2023.  
−
{{commons|Andy Warhol}}
 
−
 
 
−
* [http://www.visite-virtuelle-france.com/perso/andy_warhol/andy_warhol.htm Virtual visit] in Mus�e d'Art Contemporain de Lyon.
 
−
* [http://www.warholfoundation.org/ Warhol Foundation] in New York, New York.
 
−
* [http://www.warhol.org/ The Andy Warhol Museum] in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania
 
−
* [http://www.region.sk/warhol/ Warhol Family Museum] in [[Medzilaborce]], [[Slovakia]]
 
−
* [http://www.artquotes.net/masters/warhol-andy.htm Andy Warhol Profile] Includes a biography, selection of images, famous quotes, and links to the artist.
 
−
* [http://x-traonline.org/vol5_1/warhol_responses.html Two short articles about Warhol's 2002 museum retrospective from the art magazine "X-TRA"]
 
−
* [http://www.artfacts.net/index.php/pageType/artistInfo/artist/328 Actual exhibitions with Andy Warhol on Artfacts] ''Andy Warhol's works are still widely at present in various shows and permanent collections in museums or galleries throughout the world.''
 
−
* [http://www.geocities.com/joopbersee/andy3.html Andy Warhol Poetry Tribute]
 
−
* [http://www.the3graces.info/random_warhol.htm http://www.the3graces.info] A warholesque biography of Andy Warhol.
 
−
* [http://www.accuracyproject.org/cbe-Warhol,Andy.html Internet Accuracy Project - Andy Warhol]
 
−
* [http://www.malarze.walhalla.pl/galeria.php5?art=70 Art Gallery - Andy Warhol]
 
−
* [http://www.gagosian.com/artists/andy-warhol/ Andy Warhol] at Gagosian Gallery
 
−
* [http://www.warhol.org/tc21 Time Capsules: the Andy Warhol collection]
 
−
* [http://www.geocities.com/trevormidgley/Warhol.html ''"WARHOL - The Musical"''] by Steve Clayton & Trevor Midgley
 
−
* [http://www.mypopart.com Create Your Own Andy Warhol]
 
−
* [http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?criteria=O%3AAD%3AE%3A6246&page_number=1&template_id=6&sort_order=1 Andy Warhol at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)]
 
−
* [http://dandutton.com/andy/index.html Daniel Dutton's tribute to Andy Warhol features an art collecting goat.]
 
−
* [http://www.warholstars.org/art/artchron.html Andy Warhol art chronology]
 
−
 
 
−
===Listening===
 
−
* [http://www.studio360.org/americanicons/episodes/2005/12/08 "Warhol, Soup Cans, Cowboys"] (''Studio 360'' radio program, December 10, 2005)
 
  
−
{{CMUArtsPittsburgh}}
+
* [http://www.warholfoundation.org The Andy Warhol Foundation].
 +
* [http://www.warhol.org/ The Andy Warhol Museum].
  
−
{{Persondata
 
−
|NAME=Warhol, Andy
 
−
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Andrew Warhola
 
−
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[United States|American]] [[artist]], [[avant-garde]] [[filmmaker]], writer and social figure
 
−
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[August 6]], [[1928]]
 
−
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
 
−
|DATE OF DEATH=[[February 22]], [[1987]]
 
−
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[New York City]]
 
−
}}
 
  
 +
[[category:Artists]]
 
[[Category:Biography]]
 
[[Category:Biography]]
 
[[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
 
[[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
  
 
{{credit|93412086}}
 
{{credit|93412086}}

Latest revision as of 18:00, 27 July 2023

Bust of Andy Warhol in Celebrity Alley in Kielce, Poland.

Andrew Warhola, (August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987), or Andy Warhol as he is known to the world, was an American renaissance man. Known primarily for his innovative paintings and artistic achievements, Warhol made a name for himself in the world of avant-garde film, music, publishing, writing, and acting. He helped to found and define the cultural Pop art movement that hit America during the 1950s. Though he is best remembered for his paintings of Campbell's soup cans, he also created hundreds of other works, including commercial advertisements and films. He was controversial, revered, and always daring.

Biography

Andrew Warhola was born to Andrej (Andrew) Warhola and Ulja (Julia) Justyna Zavacka on August 6, 1928. His parents were both Slovakian and the family lived in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He grew up in a very religious home, his family was Byzantine Catholic and attended Mass often. When Warhol was in the third grade he contracted St. Vitus' disease, which is thought to result from complications of scarlet fever. Warhol suffered greatly from the attacks of this disease, which caused involuntary muscle movement, on his nervous system. Warhol's appearance altered greatly and he became very self conscious of his looks. Warhol's father, Andrej, worked in construction to support the family, but he died in an accident when Andy was just 13 years old.

Warhol was a creative and talented child who showed artistic talent early on. After high school he went to study commercial art at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. He graduated in 1949 and immediately moved to New York City, where he became a successful magazine illustrator. He created his own style of art called "blotted ink" and soon became one of New York's most sought after illustrators, contributing to magazines like Vogue and Harper's Bazaar. In addition to commercial ads he also drew Christmas cards for Tiffany and Company, created book and album covers, and illustrated Amy Vanderbilt's Complete Book of Etiquette.

His first exhibit was at the Hugo Gallery in 1952 and was titled, "Andy Warhol: Fifteen Drawings Based on the Writings of Truman Capote." From 1956 to 1959 his works were featured at the Bodley Gallery along with one show at the Museum of Modern Art. By 1962 he was doing shows in California.

In the 1960s, Warhol moved into a studio which he named "The Factory" (the building used to be a factory). The Factory was lined with tinfoil and silver paint and was located in the heart of the city. It was from here that he made his assault on the New York art scene. When he wasn't at the Factory he was hanging out at "Serendipity 3" or "Studio 54."

Warhol's works began to revolve around one main concept—Americana and American popular culture. His paintings were comprised of money, food, women's shoes, celebrities, newspaper clippings and everyday objects. His music, his writings, and his films all represented American culture and its values.

Works

Paintings

American president Jimmy Carter receiving a portrait from Andy Warhol at the White House in 1977.

Andy Warhol helped to define the Pop Art movement that swept the United States. Tired of not being taken seriously for his "blotted ink" illustrations, Warhol decided to devote more energy to his artistic talents and become a "true artist." As a result he returned to painting, something he had not done since high school.

Pop art was a new style of art that began in England in the mid-1950s and consisted of realistic renditions of popular, everyday items. Warhol took this new style and made it truly popular. Warhol began with Coke bottles and comic strips but this wasn't getting him the attention he felt he deserved. When a friend suggested that he paint the things that he loved, Warhol forged his way to fame with paintings of cans of Campbell's Soup, which he ate for lunch practically every day. He created 32 canvases for each type of Campbell's soup. His exhibit of these paintings became a big hit in California. From then on Warhol only painted what he loved, including money, shoes, and celebrities.

Now that he had found his particular niche for his subject matter, he began to experiment with new production processes. He began eliminating the artistic hand made process and began to use silk-screening. This technique uses a specially prepared section of silk as a stencil, allowing one silk-screen to create similar patterns multiple times. He then began making paintings of celebrities, most notably a large collection of paintings of Marilyn Monroe. Warhol would use this style for the rest of his life.

Shooting

Warhol's life took a dramatic turn on June 3, 1968, when Valerie Solanas shot him in the chest. The wound forced him to wear a type of corset to support his back for the rest of his life.

Solanas was the founder, and only member, of a "group" called the "Society for Cutting Up Men" (S.C.U.M.). She wrote a short work called the S.C.U.M. Manifesto. Solanas was arrested the day after the shooting,(coincidentally, the day that Robert F. Kennedy was shot), and when she was asked about a motive, she said, "He had too much control over my life."

Warhol became much more withdrawn after the shooting and was more careful about the company he kept, but his brush with death began a series of artistic meditations on celebrity obsession. For the next three decades he focused on portraits of Jacqueline Kennedy, Elizabeth Taylor, Mick Jagger, Dennis Hopper, Mao Tse-Tung, Sylvester Stallone, and Michael Jackson, along with many others. Warhol's statement about celebrity, "In the future, everyone will be famous for 15 minutes," is as famous as his paintings are.

Warhol also grew to dislike the way the media trivialized important events in human life, especially tragedies, so he also did a series of bright colorful paintings, including "Red Car Crash," "Purple Jumping Man," and "Orange Disaster." His art increasingly became commentary on American culture.

Religious themes

Warhol did many paintings that involved religious themes that apparently stemmed from his Byzantine Catholic upbringing. His Skill paintings, the prints based on Renaissance religious artwork, his Cross paintings, and his large series based on "The Last Supper" all indicate a spiritual side to the man popularly portrayed as a contributor to the American society's cultural decline of the 1960s.

Though most Christians despised Warhol, his art, and his actions, the pastor of Warhol's Byzantine Rite Catholic Church, Saint Vincent's, reported that Warhol visited the church almost daily. Religion became paramount in his later works and after his death several religious-themed writings and works were found in his study. His brother described Andy as "really religious, but he didn't want people to know about that because [it was] private." Despite the private nature of Warhol's faith, when art historian and Pablo Picasso scholar John Richardson eulogized him, he depicted Warhol as a devout man saying: "To my certain knowledge, he was responsible for at least one conversion. He took considerable pride in financing his nephew's studies for the priesthood."

Warhol did a series of explicitly religious images from the 1970s and 80s—a series of silk-screened crosses, as well as reworkings of well known religious paintings (like Leonardo DaVinci's Annunciation, Paolo Uccello's St. George and the Dragon, and Raphael's Sistine Madonna). In 1986 by Warhol was commissioned by Milanese art dealer Alexandre Iolas, whose gallery was situated across the street from the original, to do a series of paintings based on the Last Supper. This series grew to encompass more than one hundred paintings. Warhol's Last Suppers are based on a line drawing of the Leonardo painting which appeared in a nineteenth century encyclopedia.

Films

From 1964 to 1968 Andy Warhol became consumed with writing and directing avante-garde films. Most of them were too shocking for the common movie-goer. Many of Warhol's films were unpopular, scandalous, and unsuccessful, but in 1966, his film, Chelsea Girls, became a seminal work in the world of film. Those who saw the film were amazed to see not one picture playing, but a split-screen showing two different captured images in tandem. Instead of one camera, Warhol used two 16 mm cameras to capture two stories and played them simultaneously on screen. It worked because of the use of the sound, while one film was focused on with sound and narrative, the other film was silent, and vice-versa. It was a complex and new process, with incisive detail needed for the sound management of both films in the projection booth. This unique process inspired future films such as Mike Figgins Timecode and even Fox's television series 24.

Warhol's desire to direct films came to a halt after he was shot in 1968. The highly reclusive Warhol left the company he had formed, Factory, to his assistant director Paul Morrissey. Once Morrissey was given full reign he took the film productions in a different direction, creating films that still had an edge, but were much more relative to the mainstream public, and therefore more popular. Some of Morrissey's films include Flesh, Trash, and Heat. Although these films were labeled with Warhol's name they were clearly Morrissey's projects. In fact, to help the success of the later films, the distribution of all of Warhol's earlier, avante-garde films was stopped by 1972. In 2005 many of Warhol's original films became available through DVD distribution.

Filmography

  • Eat (1963)
  • Haircut (1963)
  • Kiss (1963)
  • Naomi's Birthday Party (1963)
  • Sleep (1963)
  • 13 Most Beautiful Women (1964)
  • Batman Dracula (1964)
  • Clockwork (1964)
  • Couch (1964)
  • Drunk (1964)
  • Empire (1964)
  • The End of Dawn (1964)
  • Lips (1964)
  • Mario Banana I (1964)
  • Mario Banana II (1964)
  • Messy Lives (1964)
  • Naomi and Rufus Kiss (1964)
  • Tarzan and Jane Regained... Sort of (1964)
  • The Thirteen Most Beautiful Boys (1964)
  • Beauty No. 2 (1965)
  • Bitch (1965)
  • Camp (1965)
  • Harlot (1965)
  • Horse (1965)
  • Kitchen (1965)
  • The Life of Juanita Castro (1965)
  • My Hustler (1965)
  • Poor Little Rich Girl (1965)
  • Restaurant (1965)
  • Space (1965)
  • Taylor Mead's Ass (1965)
  • Vinyl (1965)
  • Screen Test (1965)
  • Screen Test No. 2 (1965)
  • Ari and Mario (1966)
  • Hedy (1966)
  • Kiss the Boot (1966)
  • Milk (1966)
  • Salvador Dalí (1966)
  • Shower (1966)
  • Sunset (1966)
  • Superboy (1966)
  • The Closet (1966)
  • Chelsea Girls (1966)
  • The Beard (1966)
  • More Milk, Yvette (1966)
  • Outer and Inner Space (1966)
  • The Velvet Underground and Nico (1966)
  • The Andy Warhol Story (1967)
  • Tiger Morse (1967)
  • Sucking Lukes Hairy Asshole (1967)
  • Imitation of Christ (1967)
  • The Nude Restaurant (1967)
  • Bike Boy (1967)
  • I, a Man (1967)
  • San Diego Surf (1968)
  • The Loves of Ondine (1968)
  • Blue Movie (1969)
  • Lonesome Cowboys (1969)
  • L'Amour (1972)
  • Flesh for Frankenstein (1973)
    aka Andy Warhol's Frankenstein (USA)
  • Blood for Dracula (1974)
    aka Andy Warhol's Dracula (USA)

Films portraying Warhol

  • Crispin Glover portrays Warhol in the 1991 film The Doors (film)|The Doors, directed by Oliver Stone.
  • Julian Schnabel's film Basquiat features David Bowie representing Warhol.
  • In Mary Harron's 1996 film, I Shot Andy Warhol, the artist was portrayed by Jared Harris.
  • Sean Gregory Sullivan depicted Warhol in the film 54 (1998).
  • Guy Pearce portrays the artist in the 2006 film Factory Girl.
  • Andy Warhol: A Documentary Film is the 2006 four-hour biographical movie by Ric Burnsabout Andy Warhol.

Music

Warhol was also highly adept at designing record album covers and his talents in this area were in high demand. He designed the cover art for two albums by The Rolling Stones, Sticky Fingers (1971) and Love you Live (1977). Mick Jagger was so impressed that he commissioned several portraits of himself in 1975.

Warhol was friends with Bob Dylan and John Lennon, designing Lennon's album Menlove Avenue (released posthumously). Warhol's production company produced music videos for two hits by the Cars, Hello Again and Misfit.

Wanting to experience even more in the music industry, Warhol took the band Velvet Underground and made them one of his projects. Trying his hand as a music producer for the band's first album The Velvet Underground and Nico, his "producing" simply boiled down to the fact that he paid for the studio time it took to record the album. The team fell apart after the album's release, when Lou Reed, the band leader, and Warhol disagreed about the band's future. Warhol designed the cover art for this album as well.

Warhol's influence was recognized by various artists of the new wave/punk rock era, including the band Devo and David Bowie—who's song, "Andy Warhol" appeared on his 1971 album, Hunky Dory.

Books and print

Andy Warhol (left) and Tennessee Williams (right) talking on the S.S. France. World Journal Tribune photo by James Kavallines.

To add to his collection of accomplishments Warhol also became a writer. He self-published a number of books about his life including:

  • 25 Cats Name Sam and One Blue Pussy (1954)
  • Gold Book
  • Wild Raspberries
  • Holy Cats

Warhol's first book, 25 Cats was a very unique publication. There was a limited first edition printing of 190 hand-colored copies of this book on watermarked paper that used Seymour Berlin's specialized blotted line technique for lithographs. Warhol never sold these editions, keeping them instead to use for gifts to friends and clients.

Later Warhol "wrote" several books that were commercially printed.

  • A:A novel (1968, ISBN 0-8021-3553-6) is a literal transcription - (including all of the spelling errors and explanation of background noises) of Warhol's interactions with several of his close friends, among them Ondine, as they went about their parties, had conversations, and relaxed at the Factory.
  • The Philosophy of Andy Warhol; from A to B and back again. (1975, ISBN 0-15-671720-4) Pat Hackett recorded her daily phone conversations with Warhol (with his approval) and transcribed the conversations, as well as recordings Warhol made himself of various conversations he had with other people, including Brigid Berlin (also known as Brigid Polk) and former Interview magazine editor Bob Colacello.
  • Popism: The Warhol Sixties (1980, ISBN 0-15-672960-1), the book was written jointly by Warhol and Pat Hackett as a unique retrospective view and interpretation of the sixties and the prominent role of Pop Art throughout the decade.
  • The Andy Warhol Diaries (1989, ISBN 0-446-39138-7, edited by Pat Hackett) was also comprised of Hackett's transcriptions of conversations with Warhol, who had started a "diary" of sorts to help him keep track of his expenditures, but it branched out to include his personal thoughts and observations.

Warhol created the fashion magazine Interview, still in publication. It's signature cover title is comprised of a loopy script that is either one of Warhol's creations, or that of his mother, Julia Warhola, who often did text work for his early commercial pieces.

Death

In 1987 Andy Warhol was admitted to New York Hospital for routine surgery for his gallbladder. He was released from the hospital, but died in his sleep on February 22, 1987 at 6:32 a.m. The cause was attributed to a sudden heart attack. On further investigation, the coroners found that Warhol's body was flooded with several fluids. His I.V. had not been monitored properly at the hospital, and his body became overloaded, contributing to his sudden death. Warhol's lawyers, upon hearing the news, sued the hospital for negligence. Ironically, Warhol had put off his needed surgery because he had an acute fear of entering hospitals and being cared for by doctors.

Warhol was buried back in his home of Pennsylvania. His grave is located at St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery in Bethel Park, just south of Pittsburgh. Yoko Ono, among others, spoke at his funeral.

Most of Warhol's possessions were auctioned off at Sotheby's over an extensive period of nine days and grossed over 20 million dollars. His estate was left to his remaining family, and was valued at far more.

Museums

The Andy Warhol Museum is located in the artist's hometown of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is known as being the largest American art museum dedicated to a single artist. It houses more than 12,000 works by Andy Warhol.

Another notable museum is the Warhol Family Museum of Modern Art, founded by John Warhol, Andy's brother, and the Warhol Foundation in New York in 1992. The museum is in Medzilaborce, Slovakia, located 15km away from the village of Mikova (where Andy's parent's were born). The museum houses several original paintings that were donated by the Andy Warhol Foundation in New York, as well as personal items donated by Warhol's relatives.

Notes

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Angell, Callie (2006). Andy Warhol Screen Tests: The Films of Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonne, Volume One (Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonnee). New York: Henry Abrams.  ISBN 0810955393
  • Bockris, Victor (1997). Warhol: The Biography. New York: Da Capo Press.  ISBN 030681272X
  • Colacello, Bob (1990). Holy Terror: Andy Warhol Close Up. New York: HarperCollins.  ISBN 0815410085
  • Daggett Dillenberger, Jane (2001). The Religious Art of Andy Warhol. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group.  ISBN 082641334X
  • Doyle,Jennifer, Jonathan Flatley, and José Esteban Muñoz, eds. (1996). Pop Out: Queer Warhol. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 082231732X
  • Guiles, Fred Lawrence (1989). Loner at the Ball: The Life of Andy Warhol. New York: Bantam.  ISBN 0593015401
  • Koestenbaum, Wayne (2003). Andy Warhol. New York: Penguin.  ISBN 0670030007
  • Meyer, Richard (2003). Outlaw Representation. New York: Beacon.  ISBN 0807079359
  • Watson, Steven (2003). Factory Made: Warhol and the Sixties. New York: Pantheon.  ISBN 0679423729
  • Yau, John (1993). In the Realm of Appearances: The Art of Andy Warhol.  ISBN 0880012986

External links

All links retrieved July 27, 2023.

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