Difference between revisions of "Westminster Abbey" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | '''The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster''', which is almost always referred to by its original name of '''Westminster Abbey''', is a mainly [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[Church (building)|church]], on the scale of a [[cathedral]] (and served as one from 1546 - 1556), in [[Westminster]], [[London]], just to the west of the [[Palace of Westminster]]. Neither a [[cathedral]] nor a [[parish]] church, Westminster Abbey is a church owned directly by the [[royal family | + | '''The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster''', which is almost always referred to by its original name of '''Westminster Abbey''', is a mainly [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[Church (building)|church]], on the scale of a [[cathedral]] (and served as one from 1546 - 1556), in [[Westminster]], [[London]], just to the west of the [[Palace of Westminster]]. Neither a [[cathedral]] nor a [[parish]] church, Westminster Abbey is a church owned directly by the [[royal family]]. |
| − | Located next to the [[Houses of Parliament]] in the Westminster neighborhood of [[London]], Westminster Abbey is a popular London [[tourist]] destination. With the oldest parts dating to the year 1050, the Abbey contains some of the most glorious medieval architecture in London. Due its connections to royalty, it was spared King Henry VIII's attack on monastic buildings during the Reformation. | + | Since the [[Christmas]] Day coronation of [[William the Conqueror]] in 1066, all English monarchs (except [[Lady Jane Grey]], [[Edward V]], and [[Edward VIII]], who did not have coronations) have been crowned in the abbey. The [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] is the traditional [[cleric]] in the [[coronation]] ceremony. [[St. Edward]]'s Chair, the [[throne]] on which British sovereigns are seated at the moment of coronation, is housed within the abbey. |
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| + | Located next to the [[Houses of Parliament]] in the Westminster neighborhood of [[London]], Westminster Abbey is a popular London [[tourist]] destination. With the oldest parts dating to the year 1050, the Abbey contains some of the most glorious medieval [[architecture]] in London. Due its connections to royalty, it was spared [[King Henry VIII]]'s attack on monastic buildings during the Reformation. | ||
Those interested in [[history]] will appreciate seeing the tombs of the [[Protestant]] [[Elizabeth I]] and [[Catholic]] [["Bloody" Mary]], along with the tombs of [[David Livingstone]] and [[Charles Darwin]]. In 1998, stone statues over the Great West Door were added, immortalizing 10 twentieth-century [[Christian]] [[martyr]]s, such as [[Deitrich Bonhoeffer]], [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]], and [[Oscar Romero]]. | Those interested in [[history]] will appreciate seeing the tombs of the [[Protestant]] [[Elizabeth I]] and [[Catholic]] [["Bloody" Mary]], along with the tombs of [[David Livingstone]] and [[Charles Darwin]]. In 1998, stone statues over the Great West Door were added, immortalizing 10 twentieth-century [[Christian]] [[martyr]]s, such as [[Deitrich Bonhoeffer]], [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]], and [[Oscar Romero]]. | ||
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===Puritan attack, tower construction=== | ===Puritan attack, tower construction=== | ||
| + | [[Image:Westminster Abbey C20th martyrs.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Christian [[martyr]]s from across the world statues above the Great West Door]] | ||
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During the turbulent 1640s, the abbey suffered damage when it was attacked by [[Puritan]] iconoclasts, but was again protected by its close ties to the state during the Commonwealth period. [[Oliver Cromwell]] was given an elaborate [[funeral]] there in 1658, only to be disinterred in January 1661 and posthumously hanged from a nearby gibbet. | During the turbulent 1640s, the abbey suffered damage when it was attacked by [[Puritan]] iconoclasts, but was again protected by its close ties to the state during the Commonwealth period. [[Oliver Cromwell]] was given an elaborate [[funeral]] there in 1658, only to be disinterred in January 1661 and posthumously hanged from a nearby gibbet. | ||
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===Center of learning=== | ===Center of learning=== | ||
| − | + | Until the nineteenth century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in England, after [[Oxford]] and [[Cambridge]] universities. It was here that the first third of the ''[[King James Bible Old Testament]]'' and the last half of the ''[[New Testament]]'' were translated. In the twentieth century, the ''[[New English Bible]]'' was compiled at the abbey. | |
| − | Until the | ||
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| − | ===Burials and Memorials=== | + | ===St. Edward's Shrine, Burials and Memorials=== |
[[Image:Westminster abbey night.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The Abbey at night, from Dean's Yard. Artificial light reveals the [[exoskeleton]] formed by [[flying buttress]]es]] | [[Image:Westminster abbey night.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The Abbey at night, from Dean's Yard. Artificial light reveals the [[exoskeleton]] formed by [[flying buttress]]es]] | ||
| − | [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] rebuilt the | + | [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] rebuilt the abbey in honor of the Royal Saint [[Edward the Confessor]] whose relics were placed in a [[shrine]] in the sanctuary. Henry III was interred nearby in a superb [[tomb|chest tomb]] with [[church monument|effigial monument]], as were many of the [[Plantagenet]] kings of England, their wives, and other relatives. Subsequently, most Kings and Queens of England were buried here, although [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] and [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] are buried at [[St. George's Chapel, Windsor|St George's Chapel]], [[Windsor Castle]], as are all monarchs and royals after [[George II of Great Britain|George II]]. |
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| − | + | In 2005 the original ancient [[burial vault (tomb)|burial vault]] of [[Edward the Confessor]] was discovered, beneath the 1268 [[Cosmati]] mosaic pavement, in front of the High Altar. A series of royal vaults dating back to the thirteenth and fourtenth centuries was also discovered using [[ground-penetrating radar]]. | |
| − | + | [[Aristocrat]]s were buried inside chapels and monks and people associated with the [[abbey]] were buried in the Cloisters and other areas. One of these was [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], who was buried here as he had apartments in the Abbey where he was employed as master of the Kings Works. Other [[poet]]s were buried around Chaucer in what became known as [[Poets' Corner]], as well as memorials to [[William Shakespeare]], [[Charles Dickens]], and other giants of [[literature]]. | |
| − | + | Abbey musicians such as [[Henry Purcell]] were also buried in their place of work. Subsequently, it became an honor to be buried or memorialized here. The practice spread from aristocrats and poets to [general]]s, [[admiral]]s, [[politician]]s, [[scientist]]s, [[doctor]]s, etc. | |
| − | [[Westminster School]] and [[Westminster Abbey Choir School]] are also in the precincts of the Abbey. It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education, and [[Benedictine]] monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179 | + | ==Schools== |
| + | [[Westminster School]] and [[Westminster Abbey Choir School]] are also in the precincts of the Abbey. It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education, and [[Benedictine]] monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179. Westminster School may have been founded even earlier for children or novices, and the legendary [[Croyland Chronicle]] relates a story of eleventh-century King [[Edward the Confessor]]'s Queen [[Edith of Wessex|Editha]] chatting to a schoolboy in the cloisters, and sending him off to the Palace larder for a treat. | ||
== Organ == | == Organ == | ||
| − | The organ was built by [[Harrison & Harrison]] in 1937, with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the Coronation of [[King George VI]]. Some pipework from the previous five-manual Hill organ was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed in the late nineteenth century by [[John Loughborough Pearson]], were re-instated and | + | The abbey organ was built by [[Harrison & Harrison]] in 1937, with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the Coronation of [[King George VI]]. Some pipework from the previous five-manual Hill organ was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed in the late-nineteenth century by [[John Loughborough Pearson]], were re-instated and colored in 1959. |
[http://npor.emma.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/Rsearch.cgi?Fn=Rsearch&rec_index=N00646 Link to details of the organ on the National Pipe Organ Register.] | [http://npor.emma.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/Rsearch.cgi?Fn=Rsearch&rec_index=N00646 Link to details of the organ on the National Pipe Organ Register.] | ||
| + | ==Abbey organization== | ||
| + | The abbey is a [[collegiate church]] organized into the College of St Peter, which comprises the Dean and four residentiary Canons (one of whom is also [[Rector]] of [[St. Margaret's, Westminster|St Margaret's Church, Westminster]], and Speaker's Chaplain), and 17 other persons who are members ex officio, as well as 12 [[lay vicars]] and ten choristers. The 17 are the [[Receiver-General]] and [[Chapter Clerk]], the [[Registrar]], the [[Auditor]], the Legal Secretary, and the [[Clerk of the Works]] (the administrative officers). | ||
| + | Those more directly concerned with liturgical and ceremonial operations include the [[Precentor]], the Chaplain and [[Sacrist]], the Organist, and the (honorary) [[High Steward of Westminster Abbey|High Steward]] and [[High Bailiff of Westminster Abbey|High Bailiff]]. The abbey and its property are in the care of the Librarian, the Keeper of the Muniments, and the Surveyor of the Fabric. Lastly, the educational role of the abbey is reflected in the presence of the Headmaster of the Choir School, the Headmaster and Under Master of [[Westminster School]], and the Master of The [[Queen's Scholar]]s. | ||
| − | + | The abbey is governed by the Dean and Chapter established under the Elizabethan statute of 1560. This consists of the Dean and the four residentiary Canons. | |
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== Gallery == | == Gallery == | ||
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*Harvey, Barbara. ''Living and Dying in England 1100-1540: The Monastic Experience'', Clarendon Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0198204312 | *Harvey, Barbara. ''Living and Dying in England 1100-1540: The Monastic Experience'', Clarendon Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0198204312 | ||
*Knighton, C.S., & Mortimer, Richard.'' Westminster Abbey Reformed: 1540-1640'', Ashgate Publishing, 2003. ISBN 978-0754608608 | *Knighton, C.S., & Mortimer, Richard.'' Westminster Abbey Reformed: 1540-1640'', Ashgate Publishing, 2003. ISBN 978-0754608608 | ||
| − | *Hexham, Irving. ''The Christian Traveler's Guide to Great Britain'', Zondervan Publishing Company, 2001. ISBN 978-0310225522 | + | *Hexham, Irving. ''The Christian Traveler's Guide to Great Britain'', Zondervan Publishing Company, 2001. ISBN 978-0310225522 |
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
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[[Category:nations and places]] | [[Category:nations and places]] | ||
{{Credit|140316521}} | {{Credit|140316521}} | ||
Revision as of 22:57, 6 August 2007
| Westminster Palace, Westminster Abbey and Saint Margaret's Church* | |
|---|---|
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| |
| State Party |  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | i, ii, iv |
| Reference | 426 |
| Region** | Europe and North America |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1987 (11th Session) |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. ** Region as classified by UNESCO. | |
The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and served as one from 1546 - 1556), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. Neither a cathedral nor a parish church, Westminster Abbey is a church owned directly by the royal family.
Since the Christmas Day coronation of William the Conqueror in 1066, all English monarchs (except Lady Jane Grey, Edward V, and Edward VIII, who did not have coronations) have been crowned in the abbey. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the traditional cleric in the coronation ceremony. St. Edward's Chair, the throne on which British sovereigns are seated at the moment of coronation, is housed within the abbey.
Located next to the Houses of Parliament in the Westminster neighborhood of London, Westminster Abbey is a popular London tourist destination. With the oldest parts dating to the year 1050, the Abbey contains some of the most glorious medieval architecture in London. Due its connections to royalty, it was spared King Henry VIII's attack on monastic buildings during the Reformation.
Those interested in history will appreciate seeing the tombs of the Protestant Elizabeth I and Catholic "Bloody" Mary, along with the tombs of David Livingstone and Charles Darwin. In 1998, stone statues over the Great West Door were added, immortalizing 10 twentieth-century Christian martyrs, such as Deitrich Bonhoeffer, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Oscar Romero.
History
Origins
Tradition claims that a shrine was first built, where the Abbey is now located, in 616 on a site then known as Thorney Island. Legend has it that it was miraculously consecrated after a fisherman on the River Thames saw a vision of Saint Peter.
Even though the shrine's existence is not certain, the historic abbey was built by Edward the Confessor between 1045-1050 and consecrated on December 28, 1065. Its construction originated in Edward's breaking a vow to to go on a pilgrimage; the Pope suggested that he redeem himself by building an abbey.
The original abbey, in the Romanesque style that is called "Norman" in England, was built to house Benedictine monks. It was rebuilt in the English Gothic style with Benedictine planning between 1245-1517. The construction system was cut stone-bearing masonry. The intiial phase of the rebuilding was organized by Henry III, in Gothic style, as a shrine to honor Edward the Confessor and as a suitably regal setting for Henry's own tomb, under the highest Gothic nave in England.
Coronation throne
Located in the West Front of the abbey, the throne was largely finished by the architect Henry Yevele in the reign of King Richard II. Henry VII added a perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary in 1503 (known as the Henry VII Lady Chapel).
Since the coronations in 1066 of both King Harold and William the Conqueror, all English and British monarchs, except Lady Jane Grey, Edward V and Edward VIII, who did not have coronations and Henry III because Prince Louis of France had taken control of London, have been crowned in the abbey.
The Archbishop of Canterbury is the traditional cleric in the coronation ceremony. St Edward's Chair, the throne on which British sovereigns are seated at the moment of coronation, is housed within the abbey; from 1296 to 1996 the chair also housed the Stone of Scone upon which the kings of Scotland are crowned, but pending another coronation the stone is now kept in Scotland.
Abbey survives Dissolution
Due to its royal connections, the abbey was saved from destruction, unlike the fate of most other English abbeys, when it was claimed by Henry VIII during the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1534, and closed in 1540, becoming a cathedral until 1550. The expression "robbing Peter to pay Paul" may have come from this period when funds intended for the abbey, which was dedicated to St. Peter, was diverted to the treasury of St. Paul's Cathedral.
Queen Mary restored the abbey to the Benedictines, but they were again ejected under Queen Elizabeth I in 1559. In 1579, Elizabeth re-established Westminster as a "royal peculiar"—a church responsible directly to the sovereign, rather than to a diocesan bishop— and made it the Collegiate Church of St. Peter, i.e. a church with an attached chapter of canons, headed by a dean.
Puritan attack, tower construction
During the turbulent 1640s, the abbey suffered damage when it was attacked by Puritan iconoclasts, but was again protected by its close ties to the state during the Commonwealth period. Oliver Cromwell was given an elaborate funeral there in 1658, only to be disinterred in January 1661 and posthumously hanged from a nearby gibbet.
Under the guidance of architects Sir Christopher Wren and [[Nicholas Hawksmoor], the abbey's two western towers were built between 1722 and 1745, constructed from Portland stone to an early example of a Gothic Revival design. Further rebuilding and restoration occurred in the nineteenth century under Sir George Gilbert Scott.
Center of learning
Until the nineteenth century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in England, after Oxford and Cambridge universities. It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated. In the twentieth century, the New English Bible was compiled at the abbey.
St. Edward's Shrine, Burials and Memorials
Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honor of the Royal Saint Edward the Confessor whose relics were placed in a shrine in the sanctuary. Henry III was interred nearby in a superb chest tomb with effigial monument, as were many of the Plantagenet kings of England, their wives, and other relatives. Subsequently, most Kings and Queens of England were buried here, although Henry VIII and Charles I are buried at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, as are all monarchs and royals after George II.
In 2005 the original ancient burial vault of Edward the Confessor was discovered, beneath the 1268 Cosmati mosaic pavement, in front of the High Altar. A series of royal vaults dating back to the thirteenth and fourtenth centuries was also discovered using ground-penetrating radar.
Aristocrats were buried inside chapels and monks and people associated with the abbey were buried in the Cloisters and other areas. One of these was Geoffrey Chaucer, who was buried here as he had apartments in the Abbey where he was employed as master of the Kings Works. Other poets were buried around Chaucer in what became known as Poets' Corner, as well as memorials to William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, and other giants of literature.
Abbey musicians such as Henry Purcell were also buried in their place of work. Subsequently, it became an honor to be buried or memorialized here. The practice spread from aristocrats and poets to [general]]s, admirals, politicians, scientists, doctors, etc.
Schools
Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School are also in the precincts of the Abbey. It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education, and Benedictine monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179. Westminster School may have been founded even earlier for children or novices, and the legendary Croyland Chronicle relates a story of eleventh-century King Edward the Confessor's Queen Editha chatting to a schoolboy in the cloisters, and sending him off to the Palace larder for a treat.
Organ
The abbey organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the Coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous five-manual Hill organ was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed in the late-nineteenth century by John Loughborough Pearson, were re-instated and colored in 1959.
Link to details of the organ on the National Pipe Organ Register.
Abbey organization
The abbey is a collegiate church organized into the College of St Peter, which comprises the Dean and four residentiary Canons (one of whom is also Rector of St Margaret's Church, Westminster, and Speaker's Chaplain), and 17 other persons who are members ex officio, as well as 12 lay vicars and ten choristers. The 17 are the Receiver-General and Chapter Clerk, the Registrar, the Auditor, the Legal Secretary, and the Clerk of the Works (the administrative officers).
Those more directly concerned with liturgical and ceremonial operations include the Precentor, the Chaplain and Sacrist, the Organist, and the (honorary) High Steward and High Bailiff. The abbey and its property are in the care of the Librarian, the Keeper of the Muniments, and the Surveyor of the Fabric. Lastly, the educational role of the abbey is reflected in the presence of the Headmaster of the Choir School, the Headmaster and Under Master of Westminster School, and the Master of The Queen's Scholars.
The abbey is governed by the Dean and Chapter established under the Elizabethan statute of 1560. This consists of the Dean and the four residentiary Canons.
Gallery
Westminster Abbey, as seen from the west
Westminster Abbey's West Door in sunshine
The west front
The tomb of King Henry III in the Abbey. Henry was crowned king at the age of nine, reigning from 1216 to 1272.
Rear side view from the nearby London Eye
- Westa.jpg
Quicktime Virtual Reality Panorama of Westminster Abbey Daytime Quicktime Virtual Reality Panorama of Westminster Abbey.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Bradley, Simon, & Pevsner, Nikolaus. The Buildings of England-London 6: Westminster, Yale University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-300-09595-3
- Harvey, Barbara. Living and Dying in England 1100-1540: The Monastic Experience, Clarendon Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0198204312
- Knighton, C.S., & Mortimer, Richard. Westminster Abbey Reformed: 1540-1640, Ashgate Publishing, 2003. ISBN 978-0754608608
- Hexham, Irving. The Christian Traveler's Guide to Great Britain, Zondervan Publishing Company, 2001. ISBN 978-0310225522
External links
- Westminster Abbey
- Panorama of Westminster Abbey
- A history of the choristers and choir school of Westminster Abbbey
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