Difference between revisions of "Unconscious mind" - New World Encyclopedia

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For the physiological state of "being unconscious", as when knocked-out or asleep, see unconsciousness.

In psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious refers to that part of mental functioning of which the subject makes himself unaware. The psychoanalytic unconscious is similar to but not precisely the same as the popular notion of the subconscious.

For psychoanalysis, the unconscious does not include all of what is simply not conscious - it does not include e.g. motor skills - but rather, only what is actively repressed from conscious thought.

As defined by Sigmund Freud, the psyche is composed of different levels of consciousness, often defined in three parts as

preconsciousness
the waking consciousness
and beneath both of these, the unconscious.

For Freud, the unconscious was a depository for socially unacceptable ideas, wishes or desires, traumatic memories, and painful emotions put out of mind by the mechanism of psychological repression. However, the contents did not necessarily have to be solely negative. In the psychoanalytic view, the unconscious is a force that can only be recognized by its effects - it expresses itself in the symptom.

At the present stage, there are still fundamental disagreements within psychology about the nature of the unconscious mind (if indeed it is considered to exist at all), whereas outside formal psychology a whole world of pop-psychological speculation has grown up in which the unconscious mind is held to have any number of properties and abilities, from animalistic and innocent, child-like aspects to savant-like, all-perceiving, mystical and occultic properties.

The psychoanlytic unconscious

Unconscious thoughts are not directly accessible to ordinary introspection, but it is capable of being "tapped" and "interpreted" by special methods and techniques such as random association, dream analysis, and verbal slips (commonly known as a Freudian slip), examined and conducted during psychoanalysis.

Freud's definition

Probably the most detailed and precise of the various notions of 'unconscious mind' - and the one which most people will immediately think of upon hearing the term - is that developed by Sigmund Freud and his followers, and which lies at the heart of psychoanalysis. It should be stressed, incidentally, that the popular term 'subconscious' is not a Freudian coinage and is never used in serious psychoanalytic writings.

Freud's concept was a more subtle and complex psychological theory than many. Consciousness, in Freud's topographical view (which was his first of several psychological models of the mind) was a relatively thin perceptual aspect of the mind, whereas the subconscious (frequently misused and confused with the unconscious) was that merely autonomic function of the brain. The unconscious was indeed considered by Freud throughout the evolution of his psychoanalytic theory a sentient force of will influenced by human drives and yet operating well below the perceptual conscious mind. Hidden, like the man behind the curtain in the "Wizard of Oz," the unconscious directs the thoughts and feelings of everyone, according to Freud. This unconscious mind is the primitive instinctual hangover we all suffer from and which we must overcome in a healthy way in order to become fully and normally developed, i.e., not neurotic or psychotic but merely unhappy (See Frank Sulloway's Freud, Biologist of the Mind, Basic Books, 1983).

In another of Freud's systematizations, the mind is divided into the conscious mind or Ego and two parts of the Unconscious: the Id or instincts and the Superego. Freud used the idea of the unconscious in order to explain certain kinds of neurotic behavior. (See psychoanalysis.)

Freud's theory of the unconscious was substantially transformed by some of his followers, among them Carl Jung and Jacques Lacan.

Jung's collective unconscious

Carl Jung developed the concept further. He divided the unconscious into two parts: the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. The first of these corresponds to Freud's idea of the subconscious, though unlike his mentor, Jung believed that the personal unconscious contained a valuable counter-balance to the conscious mind, as well as childish urges. As for the collective unconscious, which consists of archetypes, this is the common store of mental building blocks that makes up the psyche of all humans. Evidence for its existence is the universality of certain symbols that appear in the mythologies of nearly all peoples.

Lacan's linguistic unconscious

Jacques Lacan's psychoanalytic theory contends that the unconscious is structured like a language.

The unconscious, Lacan argued, was not a more primitive or archetypal part of the mind separate from the conscious, linguistic ego, but rather, a formation every bit as complex and linguistically sophisticated as consciousness itself. (Compare collective unconscious).

If the unconscious is structured like a language, Lacan argues, then the self is denied any point of reference to which to be 'restored' following trauma or 'identity crisis'. In this way, Lacan's thesis of the structurally dynamic unconscious is also a challenge to the ego psychology that Freud himself opposed.

Lacan's idea of how language is structured is largely taken from the structural linguistics of Ferdinand de Saussure and Roman Jakobson, based on the function of the signifier and signified in signifying chains. This may leave Lacan's entire model of mental functioning open to severe critique, since in mainstream linguistics, Saussurean models have largely been replaced by those of e.g. Noam Chomsky.

The starting point for the linguistic theory of the unconscious was a re-reading of Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams. There, Freud identifies two mechanisms at work in the formation of unconscious fantasies: condensation and displacement. Under Lacan's linguistic reading, condensation is identified with the linguistic trope of metonymy, and displacement with metaphor.

Controversy

Many modern philosophers and social scientists either dispute the concept of an unconscious, or argue that it is not something that can be scientifically investigated or discussed rationally. In the social sciences, this view was first brought forward by John Watson, considered to be the first American behaviourist. Among philosophers, Karl Popper was one of Freud's most notable contemporary opponents. Popper argued that Freud's theory of the unconscious was not falsifiable, and therefore not scientifical. However, critics of Popper have underlined that Popper's exclusion of psychoanalysis from the normal domain of science was a direct consequence of his specific definition of science as being constituted by what may be falsifiable. In other words, Popper defined science in terms which necessarily led to the exclusion of psychoanalysis. Thus, defining science in another way may lead to including psychoanalysis into this domain of knowledge.

Still, many, perhaps most, psychologists and cognitive scientists agree that many things of which we are not conscious happen in our mind(s).

John Watson criticizes the idea of an "unconscious mind," because he wanted scientists to focus on observable behaviors, seen from the outside, rather than on introspection. Karl Popper objected not so much to the idea that things happened in our minds that we are unconscious of; he objected to investigations of mind that were not falsifiable. If Freud could connect every imaginable experimental outcome with his theory of the unconscious mind, then no experiment can refute his theory.

The argument seems to be about how mind will be studied, not whether there is anything that happens unconsciously or not.

Pre-Freudian history of the idea

The idea originated in antiquity, and its more modern history is detailed in Henri F. Ellenberger's Discovery of the Unconscious (Basic Books, 1970).

Certain philosophers preceding Sigmund Freud, such as Leibniz, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche, developed ideas foreshadowing the modern idea of the unconscious. The new medical science of psychoanalysis established by Freud and his disciples popularized this and similar notions such as the role of the libido (sex drive) and the self-destructive urge of thanatos (death wish), and the famous Oedipus complex, wherein a son seeks to "kill" his father to make love to his own mother.

The term was popularized by Freud. He developed the idea that there were layers to human consciousness: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. He thought that certain psychic events take place "below the surface", or in the unconscious mind. A good example is dreaming, which Freud called the "royal road to the unconscious".

External links

cs:Nevědomí de:Unterbewusstsein et:Alateadvus es:Inconsciente fr:Inconscient is:Dulvitund he:תת מודע lt:Pasąmonė nl:Onderbewustzijn ja:無意識 pt:Inconsciente ru:Неосознанное fi:Tiedostamaton vi:Vô thức

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
-:''This article refers to the notion of an aspect of the psyche separate from but coexisting with 'consciousness'. This is not the same as the [[unconsciousness]] or state of "being unconscious", such as when a person is asleep.''
+''For the physiological state of "being unconscious", as when knocked-out or asleep, see [[unconsciousness]].''
-The notion of an '''unconscious''' or '''subconscious''' in psychology is considered to be the deepest level of consciousness, a part of which we are not directly aware, but still contains elements that affect conscious behavior. As defined by [[Sigmund Freud]], the [[psyche]] is composed of different levels of consciousness, often defined in three parts as the waking [[consciousness]], preconsciousness (which can be recalled with effort), and beneath both of these, the unconscious (which is beyond the reach of voluntary recall).
+In [[psychoanalytic theory]], the '''unconscious''' refers to that part of mental functioning of which the [[subject (philosophy)|subject]] makes himself unaware.  The psychoanalytic unconscious is similar to but not precisely the same as the popular notion of the [[subconscious]].
-For Freud, the unconscious was a depository for socially unacceptable ideas, wishes or desires, traumatic memories, and painful emotions. However, the contents did not necessarily have to be solely negative. In the psychoanalytic view, it is a force that can only be recognized by its effects. It cannot be altered by argument, negation or contradiction and doesn't respond to conscious logic.
+For psychoanalysis, the unconscious does not include all of what is simply not conscious - it does not include e.g. motor skills - but rather, only what is actively [[psychological repression|repressed]] from conscious thought.
-Many different ideas regarding an unconscious mind have been advanced through the ages. However, these ideas have differed widely, so much that one might easily sympathize with [[behaviourism]]'s decision to study only patterns of "stimulus and response" without engaging in speculation about conscious and unconscious mental states. At the present stage, there are still fundamental disagreements within psychology about the nature of the unconscious mind (if indeed it is considered to exist at all), whereas outside formal psychology a whole world of pop-psychological speculation has grown up in which the unconscious mind is held to have any number of properties and abilities, from animalistic and innocent, child-like aspects to [[savant]]-like, all-perceiving, [[mysticism|mystical]] and [[occult]]ic properties.
+As defined by [[Sigmund Freud]], the [[psyche]] is composed of different levels of consciousness, often defined in three parts as
+*preconsciousness
+*the waking [[consciousness]]
+*and beneath both of these, the unconscious.
-==Pre-Freudian history of the idea==
+For Freud, the unconscious was a depository for socially unacceptable ideas, wishes or desires, traumatic memories, and painful emotions put out of mind by the mechanism of [[psychological repression]]. However, the contents did not necessarily have to be solely negative. In the psychoanalytic view, the unconscious is a force that can only be recognized by its effects - it expresses itself in the [[symptom]].
-The idea originated in antiquity, and its more modern history is detailed in Henri F. Ellenberger's ''Discovery of the Unconscious'' (Basic Books, 1970).
-Certain philosophers preceding Sigmund Freud, such as [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]], and [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], developed ideas foreshadowing the modern idea of the subconscious. The new [[medical]] science of [[psychoanalysis]] established by Freud and his disciples popularized this and similar notions such as the role of the [[libido]] (sex drive) and the self-destructive urge of [[thanatos]] (death wish), and the famous [[Oedipus complex]], wherein a son seeks to "kill" his father to make love to his own mother.
+At the present stage, there are still fundamental disagreements within psychology about the nature of the unconscious mind (if indeed it is considered to exist at all), whereas outside formal psychology a whole world of pop-psychological speculation has grown up in which the unconscious mind is held to have any number of properties and abilities, from animalistic and innocent, child-like aspects to [[savant]]-like, all-perceiving, [[mysticism|mystical]] and [[occult]]ic properties.
-The term was popularized by Freud. He developed the idea that there were layers to human consciousness: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.  He thought that certain psychic events take place "below the surface", or in the unconscious mind. A good example is [[dreams|dreaming]], which Freud called the "royal road to the unconscious".
+==The psychoanlytic unconscious==
+Unconscious thoughts are not directly accessible to ordinary [[introspection]], but it is capable of being "tapped" and "interpreted" by special methods and techniques such as random association, dream analysis, and [[verbal]] slips (commonly known as a [[Freudian slip]]), examined and conducted during [[psychoanalysis]].
-==Freud's definition==
+===Freud's definition===
 Probably the most detailed and precise of the various notions of 'unconscious mind' - and the one which most people will immediately think of upon hearing the term - is that developed by Sigmund Freud and his followers, and which lies at the heart of psychoanalysis. It should be stressed, incidentally, that the popular term 'subconscious' is not a [[Freudian]] coinage and is never used in serious psychoanalytic writings.
 Freud's concept was a more subtle and complex psychological theory than many. Consciousness, in Freud's topographical view (which was his first of several psychological models of the mind) was a relatively thin perceptual aspect of the mind, whereas the subconscious (frequently misused and confused with the unconscious) was that merely autonomic function of the brain. The unconscious was indeed considered by Freud throughout the evolution of his psychoanalytic theory a sentient force of will influenced by human drives and yet operating well below the perceptual conscious mind. Hidden, like the man behind the curtain in the "Wizard of Oz," the unconscious directs the thoughts and feelings of everyone, according to Freud. This unconscious mind is the primitive instinctual hangover we all suffer from and which we must overcome in a healthy way in order to become fully and normally developed, i.e., not [[neurosis|neurotic]] or [[psychosis|psychotic]] but merely unhappy (See Frank Sulloway's ''Freud, Biologist of the Mind'', Basic Books, 1983).
-In another of Freud's systematizations, the mind is divided into the conscious mind or [[Ego]] and two parts of the Unconscious: the [[Ego, Superego and Id|Id]] or [[Instinct|instincts]] and the [[Superego]]. Freud used the idea of the unconscious in order to explain certain kinds of neurotic behavior. (See [[psychoanalysis]].)
+In another of Freud's systematizations, the mind is divided into the conscious mind or [[Ego]] and two parts of the Unconscious: the [[Ego, Superego and Id|Id]] or [[instinct]]s and the [[Superego]]. Freud used the idea of the unconscious in order to explain certain kinds of neurotic behavior. (See [[psychoanalysis]].)
-[[Carl Jung]] developed the concept further. He divided the unconscious into two parts: the personal unconscious and the [[collective unconscious]]. The first of these corresponds to Freud's idea of the subconscious, though unlike his mentor, Jung believed that the personal unconscious contained a valuable counter-balance to the conscious mind, as well as childish urges. As for the collective unconscious, which consists of [[archetypes]], this is the common store of mental building blocks that makes up the psyche of all humans. Evidence for its existence is the universality of certain symbols that appear in the mythologies of nearly all peoples.
+Freud's theory of the unconscious was substantially transformed by some of his followers, among them [[Carl Jung]] and [[Jacques Lacan]].
-==Controversy==
+===Jung's [[collective unconscious]]===
-Many modern philosophers and social scientists either dispute the concept of an unconscious, or argue that it is not something that can be scientifically investigated or discussed rationally. In the social sciences, this view was first brought forward by [[John B. Watson|John Watson]], considered to be the first American behaviourist. Among philosophers, [[Karl Popper]] was one of Freud's most notable contemporary opponents. Popper argued that Freud's theory of the unconscious was not [[Falsifiability|falsifiable]], and therefore not scientifical. However, critics of Popper have underlined that Popper's exclusion of psychoanalysis from the normal domain of science was a direct consequence of his specific definition of science as being constituted by what may be falsifiable. In other words, Popper defined science in terms which necessarily led to the exclusion of psychoanalysis. Thus, defining science in another way may lead to including psychoanalysis into this domain of [[knowledge]].
+[[Carl Jung]] developed the concept further. He divided the unconscious into two parts: the personal unconscious and the [[collective unconscious]]. The first of these corresponds to Freud's idea of the subconscious, though unlike his mentor, Jung believed that the personal unconscious contained a valuable counter-balance to the conscious mind, as well as childish urges. As for the collective unconscious, which consists of [[archetypes]], this is the common store of mental building blocks that makes up the psyche of all humans. Evidence for its existence is the universality of certain symbols that appear in the mythologies of nearly all peoples.
-Still, many, perhaps most, psychologists and cognitive scientists agree that many things of which we are not conscious happen in our mind(s).
+===Lacan's linguistic unconscious===
+[[Jacques Lacan]]'s [[psychoanalytic theory]] contends that the unconscious is structured like a language.
-John Watson criticizes the idea of an "unconscious mind," because he wanted scientists to focus on observable behaviors, seen from the outside, rather than on introspection. Karl Popper objected not so much to the idea that things happened in our minds that we are unconscious of; he objected to investigations of mind that were not falsifiable. If Freud could connect every imaginable experimental outcome with his theory of the unconscious mind, then no experiment can refute his theory.
+The unconscious, Lacan argued, was not a more primitive or archetypal part of the mind separate from the conscious, linguistic ego, but rather, a formation every bit as complex and linguistically sophisticated as consciousness itself.   (Compare [[collective unconscious]]).
-The argument seems to be about ''how'' mind will be studied, not whether there is anything that happens unconsciously or not.
+If the unconscious is structured like a language, Lacan argues, then the self is denied any point of reference to which to be 'restored' following trauma or 'identity crisis'. In this way, Lacan's thesis of the structurally dynamic unconscious is also a challenge to the [[ego psychology]] that [[Freud]] himself opposed.
-==Terminology==
+Lacan's idea of how language is structured is largely taken from the [[structural linguistics]] of [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] and [[Roman Jakobson]], based on the function of the [[signifier]] and [[signified]] in [[signifying chain]]s.  This may leave Lacan's entire model of mental functioning open to severe critique, since in mainstream linguistics, Saussurean models have largely been replaced by those of e.g. [[Noam Chomsky]].
-Somewhat related to the unconscious are nonconscious psychic events.  The term nonconscious seems to be used in various ways. Some appear to use the term to avoid the somewhat value-laden term "unconscious" or "subconscious", but basically for the same purpose. Others use it to refer to events that can only be observed indirectly (e.g. certain acts of short-term [[memory]]), and still others use it to point to events such as [[brain]] activity controlled mostly by the [[autonomic nervous system]] (e.g. emotional reactions to certain [[olfaction|smells]]). Not surprisingly, there are no sharply delineated conventions for distinguishing exactly between the nonconscious and the unconscious — partly because they interact with each other, and partly because, as is so often the case, psychologists are unable to agree on the definitions.
-A distinction needs to be made between "The Unconscious" (or the unconscious mind or subconscious), which are concepts in psychoanalysis and related fields, and unconscious or nonconscious events in the mind, which are of great interest in [[cognition]] and [[perception]].  There are connections and similarities between the two but it would be quite wrong to use these two concepts interchangeably.
+The starting point for the linguistic theory of the unconscious was a re-reading of Freud's ''[[The Interpretation of Dreams]]''.  There, Freud identifies two mechanisms at work in the formation of unconscious fantasies: condensation and displacement.  Under Lacan's linguistic reading, condensation is identified with the linguistic trope of [[metonymy]], and displacement with [[metaphor]].
-==Unconscious mental processes==
+==Controversy==
-(Note: The next section does confuse the two but has not been removed because of the interesting examples that it gives)
-''The unconscious is arguably not the most intuitive idea, so why bother with it? What's the evidence? What might the unconscious explain?''
+Many modern philosophers and social scientists either dispute the concept of an unconscious, or argue that it is not something that can be scientifically investigated or discussed rationally. In the social sciences, this view was first brought forward by [[John B. Watson|John Watson]], considered to be the first American behaviourist. Among philosophers, [[Karl Popper]] was one of Freud's most notable contemporary opponents. Popper argued that Freud's theory of the unconscious was not [[Falsifiability|falsifiable]], and therefore not scientifical. However, critics of Popper have underlined that Popper's exclusion of psychoanalysis from the normal domain of science was a direct consequence of his specific definition of science as being constituted by what may be falsifiable. In other words, Popper defined science in terms which necessarily led to the exclusion of psychoanalysis. Thus, defining science in another way may lead to including psychoanalysis into this domain of [[knowledge]].
-* The fact that most [[Human anatomy|bodily processes]] are not consciously controlled e.g. [[breathing]], [[blood circulation]], blinking
+Still, many, perhaps most, psychologists and cognitive scientists agree that many things of which we are not conscious happen in our mind(s).
-* The fact that something - not the conscious mind - creates the dreams that we wander around in at night
-* The mind spontaneously moving from one idea or recollection to another
-** [[Creativity|Creative]] ideas that do not appear to come from conscious thinking
-** Waking up in the morning with an insight or solution to a problem
-** All [[memory]] is unconscious. The act of remembering something means bringing the information stored outside our conscious mind into awareness.
-** The fact that we forget certain things but later spontaneously [[Recollection|recall]] them
-** [[Intuition]]
-* That we learn certain skills so that they become largely automatic eg driving a car, playing a sport
-** The fact that we can run downstairs without thinking where each foot falls.
-* The instincts, such as self-preservation and sex, originate on an unconscious level
-* The origin of all the bodily urges, such as hunger and thirst, lies outside the conscious mind
-* Physical reflexes
-* [[Subliminal message|Subliminal]] perception. It is known that only a very tiny proportion of our bodily stimuli actually reach consciousness. Otherwise we would be swamped by billions of stimuli.
-* Perception - a baby is not born able to recognise shapes but has to build up what is called perceptual stability during the first six months of life.
-* The [[Psychology|mental reaction]] of responding to a [[stimulus]] is not conscious but a pattern that is part of our conditioning eg our response to music
-* [[Hypnosis]] and trance (Note: the existence of hypnosis as an altered state is controversial; see the article for more).
-* Psychological processes such as denial, introjection and [[psychological projection]]
-* Our own [[motivation]] tends to be something we are not consciously [[Awareness|aware]] of, a good example of which is falling in love.
-* With perhaps a few exceptions, nearly all our emotions are caused without our being aware of why at the time, though we may analyse them later
-* We speak our native tongue without looking for words or consciously constructing grammatical phrases - this is done for us on an unconscious level
-* Since without memory both thinking and learning would be impossible, the importance of the unconscious is far greater than may appear.
+John Watson criticizes the idea of an "unconscious mind," because he wanted scientists to focus on observable behaviors, seen from the outside, rather than on introspection. Karl Popper objected not so much to the idea that things happened in our minds that we are unconscious of; he objected to investigations of mind that were not falsifiable. If Freud could connect every imaginable experimental outcome with his theory of the unconscious mind, then no experiment can refute his theory.
-==Questions about Unconscious mind==
+The argument seems to be about ''how'' mind will be studied, not whether there is anything that happens unconsciously or not.
-The '''subconscious''' is not directly accessible to ordinary [[introspection]], but it is capable of being "tapped" and "interpreted" by special methods and techniques such as random association, dream analysis, and [[verbal]] slips (commonly known as a [[Freudian slip]]), examined and conducted during [[psychotherapy]]. Thoughts, feelings and urges that are [[Psychological repression|repressed]] are all present in the subconscious mind and "issues" need to be "worked out" with professionals skilled in the field of [[mental health]] and [[mental illness]].
+==Pre-Freudian history of the idea==
+The idea originated in antiquity, and its more modern history is detailed in Henri F. Ellenberger's ''Discovery of the Unconscious'' (Basic Books, 1970).
-Is the unconscious altogether inaccessible, or is it just hard to access? As some of the above examples indicate, material is constantly moving from the conscious mind to the unconscious and vice versa. The conscious mind only holds a small amount of information at any given time. In many cases information - especially easily accessible memories - can be called into awareness at will.
+Certain philosophers preceding Sigmund Freud, such as [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]], and [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], developed ideas foreshadowing the modern idea of the unconscious. The new [[medical]] science of [[psychoanalysis]] established by Freud and his disciples popularized this and similar notions such as the role of the [[libido]] (sex drive) and the self-destructive urge of [[thanatos]] (death wish), and the famous [[Oedipus complex]], wherein a son seeks to "kill" his father to make love to his own mother.
-Some [[parapsychology|psychics]] also believe that the unconscious mind possesses a kind of "hidden energy"  or "potential" that can realize dreams and thoughts, with minimal conscious effort or action from the individual. Some also believe that the subconscious has an "influencing power" in shaping one's destiny. All such claims, however have so far failed to stand up to scientific scrutiny.
+The term was popularized by Freud. He developed the idea that there were layers to human consciousness: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.  He thought that certain psychic events take place "below the surface", or in the unconscious mind. A good example is [[dreams|dreaming]], which Freud called the "royal road to the unconscious".
-==Application of unconscious==
+==See also==
-Knowledge of the unconscious has been exploited by [[marketing]] strategists employed by corporations to either play on hidden fears and secret desires buried in the common subconscious. Teams of psychologists are hired to do [[market research]] and understand [[Consumer behaviour]] in order to use [[subliminal message]]s in [[advertising]] campaigns.
+* [[Carl Jung]]'s concept of a [[collective unconscious]]
+* [[Jacques Lacan]]'s assertion that "the unconscious is structured like a language".
+* [[consciousness]]
+* [[mind's eye]]
+* [[transpersonal psychology]]
+* [[Unconscious communication]]
+* [[Psychology of religion]]
 ==External links==
-*[[Donald Hebb|Hebbian]] [http://cogprints.org/1652/00/hebb.html Unconscious]
+*[[Donald Olding Hebb|Hebbian]] [http://cogprints.org/1652/00/hebb.html Unconscious]
 *[http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~kihlstrm/rediscovery.htm The Rediscovery of the Unconscious]
 *[http://cogprints.org/2130/00/dennett-chalmers.htm Unfelt Feelings]
+[[Category:Unconscious| ]]
+[[Category:Freudian psychology]]
+[[Category:Jungian psychology]]
+[[cs:Nevědomí]]
+[[de:Unterbewusstsein]]
+[[et:Alateadvus]]
+[[es:Inconsciente]]
+[[fr:Inconscient]]
+[[is:Dulvitund]]
+[[he:תת מודע]]
+[[lt:Pasąmonė]]
+[[nl:Onderbewustzijn]]
+[[ja:無意識]]
+[[pt:Inconsciente]]
+[[ru:Неосознанное]]
+[[fi:Tiedostamaton]]
+[[vi:Vô thức]]
-{{Credit1|Unconscious_mind|39758032|}}
+{{credit1|49134387}}