Tasmania
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| Slogan or Nickname: The Apple Isle; Holiday Isle | |||||
| Motto(s): "Ubertas et Fidelitas" (Fertility and Faithfulness) | |||||
 Other Australian states and territories | |||||
| Capital | Hobart | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Government | Constitutional monarchy | ||||
| Governor | William Cox | ||||
| Premier | Paul Lennon (ALP) | ||||
| Federal representation | |||||
| - House seats | 5 | ||||
| - Senate seats | 12 | ||||
| Gross State Product (2004-05) | |||||
| - Product ($m) | $16,114 (7th) | ||||
| - Product per capita | $33,243/person (8th) | ||||
| Population (End of September 2006) | |||||
| - Population | 489,600 (6th) | ||||
| - Density | 7.16/km² (4th) 18.5 /sq mi | ||||
| Area | |||||
| - Total | 90,758 km² (7th) 35,042 sq mi | ||||
| - Land | 68,401 km² 26,410 sq mi | ||||
| - Water | 22,357 km² (24.63%) 8,632 sq mi | ||||
| Elevation | |||||
| - Highest | Mount Ossa +1,617 m AHD (5,305 ft) | ||||
| - Lowest | |||||
| Time zone | UTC+10 (+11 DST) | ||||
| Abbreviations | |||||
| - Postal | TAS | ||||
| - ISO 3166-2 | AU-TS | ||||
| Emblems | |||||
| - Flora | Tasmanian Blue Gum | ||||
| - Mineral | Crocoite | ||||
| Web site | www.tas.gov.au | ||||
Tasmania, an Australian state, is located 200 kilometres (125 mi) south of the eastern side of the continent, being separated from it by Bass Strait. The state of Tasmania includes the island of Tasmania, and other surrounding islands. Tasmania has a population of 484,700 (March 2005, ABS) and an area of 68,332 square kilometres (26,383 sq mi).
The distance from the northernmost point (Woolnorth Pt) to the southernmost one (South East Cape) is 364 kilometres (226 miles), the distance from the westernmost (West Pt) to the easternmost one (Eddystone Pt) is 306 kilometres (190 miles).
Tasmania promotes itself as the Natural State and the "Island of Rejuvenation"[1] owing to its large, and relatively unspoiled natural environment. Formally, almost 37% of Tasmania is in reserves, National Parks and World Heritage Sites. [2]
The state capital and largest city is Hobart, which encompasses the local government areas of City of Hobart, City of Glenorchy and City of Clarence. Other major population centres include Launceston in the north, and Devonport and Burnie in the northwest.
The subantarctic Macquarie Island is also under the administration of the state, as part of the Huon Valley Council local government area.
History
It is likely that humans arrived in Tasmania between 29,000 and 14,000 years ago.[citation needed] Tasmanian Aborigines lived farther southward than any other people at about 20,000 years ago. In caves in the southwestern part of the island images have been dated at about 14,000 years. Bass Strait as a land bridge appears to have been closed off about 12,000 to 13,000 years ago by rising sea levels at the end of the last ice age.[citation needed]
The first reported sighting of Tasmania by a European was on November 24 1642 by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman who named the island Anthoonij van Diemenslandt, after his sponsor, the Governor of the Dutch East Indies. The name was later shortened to Van Diemen's Land by the British.
The first European settlement was established as a penal colony by the British in 1803 at Risdon Cove and then moved to Hobart in 1804. The early settlers were mostly convicts and their military guards, with the task of developing agriculture and other industries. Numerous other convict-based settlements were made in Van Diemen's Land, including secondary prisons, such as the particularly harsh penal colonies at Port Arthur in the south-east and Macquarie Harbour on the West Coast.
Despite the penal settlements, Van Diemen's Land was also developed by free settlers, and their numbers grew faster. Launceston was established as Port Dalrymple by free settlers not long after the original settlement of Hobart, and the north of the state quickly developed as an agricultural centre.
In the early 1800s, almost all of the Tasmanian Aborigines were wiped out by the European settlers in a decade-long conflict known as the Black War.[citation needed]
Van Diemen's Land was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales, with its own judicial establishment and Legislative Council in 1825. As the settlement developed, the convict presence was seen as increasingly undesirable, and after vocal lobbying transportation of convicts from Great Britain ceased in 1853.[citation needed] Van Diemen's Land was renamed Tasmania (after Abel Tasman) in 1856 in order to remove the unsavoury connotations with crime associated with its former name. The last penal settlement in Tasmania at Port Arthur was closed in 1877. In 1901 Tasmania became a state in the newly federated Commonwealth of Australia.
Climate
Tasmania is located at latitude 42° South, longitude 147° East, right in the pathway of the notorious "Roaring Forties" wind that encircles the globe. The Tasmanian climate is extremely variable with high fluctuations in temperature and wind speed during the average week.
Summer lasts from December to February when the average maximum temperature is 21 °C (70 °F). Winter is from June to August with an average maximum temperature of 12 °C (54 °F).
Highest maximum temperature: 40.8 °C (105.4 °F), Hobart, 4 January 1976
Lowest minimum temperature: -13.0 °C (8.6 °F), Shannon, 30 June 1983 [1]
The annual rainfall varies from 626 millimeters (25 inches) in Hobart to 2,400 millimeters (94 inches) on the west coast. The prevailing weather pattern is from west to east and creates a rain shadow in the same direction. The weather on the east coast is nearly always warmer and drier than the rest of the state. Rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year. Tasmania's reputation in Australia for having above-average rainfall, however, differs with the true situation: several sections of inland Tasmania, together with Flinders Island, were declared drought-affected areas by the state government on 1 May 2007.
Tasmania has four distinct seasons. Summer is warm with sunny days and mild evenings. Thunderstorms are normal in early summer. The weather is more stable between the months of February and April, from mid summer to late autumn. Autumn provides the classical transition to winter with very cool to frosty nights and clear cool days with deciduous trees displaying autumn colours and losing leaves. Winter is characterised by sudden storms, shorter daylight hours and snow on the higher peaks (Mt Ossa 1,617 m / 5,300 ft the highest ).
All these factors contribute to the extremely diverse Tasmanian vegetation, from tall evergreen eucalypt forest, alpine heathlands and large areas of cool temperate rainforests and moorlands. Many flora species are unique to Tasmania, and some are related to species in South America and New Zealand through ancestors which grew on the super continent of Gondwana, 50 million years ago.
Government
The form of the government of Tasmania is prescribed in its Constitution, which dates from 1856, although it has been amended many times since then. Since 1901 Tasmania has been a state of the Commonwealth of Australia, and the Australian Constitution regulates its relationship with the Commonwealth, and prescribes which powers each level of government enjoys.
Politics
- List of Governors of Tasmania
- List of Premiers of Tasmania
- Local Government Areas of Tasmania
Tasmania has a number of relatively unspoilt, ecologically valuable regions. Proposals for local economic development have therefore been faced with strong requirements for environmental sensitivity, or outright opposition. In particular, proposals for hydroelectric power generation proved controversial in the late 20th century. In the 1970s, opposition to the construction of the Lake Pedder impoundment led to the formation of the world's first green party, the United Tasmania Group. In the early 1980s the state was again plunged into often bitter debate over the proposed Franklin River Dam. The anti-dam sentiment was shared by many Australians outside Tasmania, and proved a factor in the election of the Hawke Labor government in 1983, which halted construction of the dam. Since the 1980s the environmental focus has shifted to old growth logging, which has proved a highly divisive issue. The Tasmania Together process recommended an end to clear felling in high conservation old growth forests by January 2003.
Tasmanian politics is often characterised as being overly concerned with personality and parochialism. These factors may be due to the relative smallness of the Tasmanian electorate, as well as historical claims of Launceston being the "northern capital". From 1803 until the proclamation of Van Diemen's Land in 1823, the island had been split into two dependencies of New South Wales, with Hobart and Launceston the administrative centres.
In the Commonwealth Parliament, Tasmania is well represented in the Senate, where seats are not proportional to population. Between 1975 and 2005, Tasmanian independent senator Brian Harradine often held the balance of power. As a result he was able to gain the passage of legislation that, although often matching his conservative religious views, was also very financially rewarding for the state. Harradine successfully defended his seat in six consecutive senate elections and did not stand for re-election at the 2004 federal election. His term ended in June 2005.
Tasmania's House of Assembly and local government elections use a system of multi-seat proportional representation known as Hare-Clark.
In the 2002 state election, the Labor Party held 14 of the 25 available seats. The Liberal Party saw their percentage of the vote decrease dramatically, claiming only 7 seats. The Greens won four seats, with over 18% of the vote, the highest proportion of any Green party in any parliament in the world.
On 23 February 2004, the Premier Jim Bacon announced his retirement, due to being diagnosed with lung cancer from smoking. In his last months he opened a vigorous anti-smoking campaign which included many restrictions of where individuals could smoke, such as pubs. He died four months later.
Bacon was succeeded by Paul Lennon, who, after leading the state for two years, went on to win the 2006 state election in his own right.
Economy
Tasmania's erratic economy was first experienced by colonists in the early 1800s. The reasons have been many and varied over the years. More recently the reasons have been attributed to: lack of federal infrastructure highway, lack of a gold rush, lack of open immigration initiatives, lack of population, decline in the wool and mineral economies, lack of early colonial initiatives, or lack of foreign investment. For the length of the history of Tasmania there has been a continuing exodus of youth to mainland Australia in order to seek employment opportunities.
Traditionally Tasmania's main industries have been: mining, including copper, zinc, tin, and iron; agriculture; forestry; and tourism. Significantly in the 1940s and 1950s there had been a notion of 'Hydro-Industrialisation' embodied in the state by Hydro Tasmania. These all have had varying fortunes over the last century and more, involved in ebbs and flows of population moving in and away dependent upon the specific requirements of the dominant industries of the time.
There had been a decline in manufacturing during the 1990s, leading to a drain of some of the island's trained and experienced working population to mainland Australia. The major urban centres such as Melbourne and Sydney are popular destinations.
The state has a large number of food exporting sectors, including but not limited to seafood (for example, Atlantic salmon, abalone and crayfish).[citation needed]
Since 2001, Tasmania has experienced a positive turnaround. Favourable economic conditions throughout Australia, cheaper air fares and three new Spirit of Tasmania ferries have all contributed to what is now a booming tourism industry.
Today, a significant number of employed Tasmanians work for the government. Other major employers include the Federal Group, owner of several hotels and Tasmania's two casinos, and Gunns Limited, the state's biggest forestry company. In the late 1990s, many national companies based their call centres in the state after obtaining cheap access to broad-band fibre-optic connections.[citation needed]
Apparently the state's housing market was undervalued in the early part of 2000, and a large boom in the national housing market finally made Tasmanian housing prices rise dramatically. This has in part been attributed to increased levels of interstate[3] and overseas migration. A shortage of rental accommodation has caused problems for many of Tasmania's low income earners.
Small business is a large part of the community life and it is believed by many that the business environment in Tasmania is not an easy one to survive in. However there have been many success stories, such as International Catamarans, Moorilla Estate and Tassal.
Transport
The fastest and cheapest method of travel across Bass Strait is by air. The main carriers are Qantas and its subsidiary JetStar, and Virgin Blue, which fly direct routes to Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, and Adelaide. Major airports include Hobart International Airport and Launceston Airport; the smaller airports, Burnie (Wynyard) and Devonport, are serviced by Regional Express, which generally fly only to Melbourne and the Bass Strait islands.
The domestic sea route is serviced by Bass Strait passenger/vehicle ferries operated by the Tasmanian Government-owned TT-Line (Tasmania). From 1986 the Abel Tasman made six weekly overnight crossings between Devonport and Melbourne. It was replaced by the Spirit of Tasmania in 1993, which performed the same route and schedule. The most recent change was the 2002 replacement of the Spirit by two Superfast ferries - Spirit of Tasmania I and Spirit of Tasmania II — which brought the number of weekly overnight crossings up to fourteen, plus additional daylight crossings in peak times. In January 2004 a third ship, the slightly smaller Spirit of Tasmania III, started the Devonport to Sydney route. This service was axed by the Tasmanian Government in June 2006 quoting low passenger numbers. Two container ships owned by Toll Shipping also make daily crossings between Burnie and Melbourne. The port of Hobart also serves as a host to visiting cruise ships and before the September 11, 2001 attacks was a regular port of call for United States Navy ships returning home from the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf.
The state is also home to International Catamarans, a manufacturer of very high-speed aluminium vessels (commonly known as SeaCat) that regularly broke records when they were first launched. The state Government tried using them on the Bass Strait run, but eventually the decision was made to discontinue the run due to concerns over viability and the suitability of the vessels for the extreme weather conditions sometimes experienced in Bass Strait.
Tasmania, Hobart in particular, serves as Australia's chief sea link to Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, with the Australian Antarctic Division located in Kingston. Hobart is also the home port of the French ship l'Astrolabe which makes regular supply runs to the French Southern Territories near and in Antarctica.
Hobart also has the second deepest natural port in the world, second to only Rio de Janeiro in Brazil.
Within the state, the primary form of transport is by road. Since the 1980s, many of the state's highways have undergone regular upgrades. These include the Hobart Southern Outlet, Launceston Southern Outlet, Bass Highway reconstruction, and the Huon Highway.
Rail transport in Tasmania consists of narrow gauge lines to all four major population centres and to mining or forestry operations on the west coast and in the northwest. Services are operated by TasRail, a Pacific National subsidiary. Regular passenger train services in the state ceased in 1977; the only trains are for freight, and there are tourist trains in specific areas. In 2005 there were concerns that the rail service was in so much trouble that it might stop for everything but cement haulage.
The West Coast Wilderness Railway is a good example of a recently rebuilt tourism-specific railway (2002).
Culture
Cuisine
During colonial times typical English cuisine would have been standard in most areas of Tasmania. The arrival of immigrants and changing cultural patterns has meant Tasmania now has a wide range of restaurants. Scattered across Tasmania are a number of vineyards and Tasmanian beer brands such as Boags and Cascade are known and sold on the mainland. King Island off the north-western coast of Tasmania has a reputation for boutique cheeses and dairy products.
Events
- List of Events in Tasmania
In order to foster tourism, the state government encourages or supports several different annual events in and around the island. The best known of these would be the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, starting on Boxing Day in Sydney and usually arriving at Constitution Dock in Hobart around three to four days later, during the Taste of Tasmania an annual food and wine festival.
Other events include the road rally Targa Tasmania which attracts world-class rally drivers and is staged all over the state, over five days. Rural or regional events include Agfest is a three-day agricultural show held at Carrick (just west of Launceston) in early May, and the Royal Hobart Show and Royal Launceston Show, both held in October of each year. Music events held in Tasmania include the Falls Festival at Marion Bay (a Victoria event now held in both Victoria and Tasmania on New Year's Eve), and the Southern Roots Festival held in Hobart each Easter. A recent addition to the state has been the 10 Days on the Island arts festival; however, it has drawn criticism from environmental groups for its acceptance of sponsorship from forestry company Gunns.
Literature
Tasmania has a relatively small but growing literary culture. Notable titles include For the Term of His Natural Life by Marcus Clarke, The sound of one hand clapping by Richard Flanagan and Out of Ireland by Christopher Koch. The ‘Tasmanian genre’ of fiction includes children’s books such as Tiger Tale by Marion and Steve Isham.
Music
There is, in Tasmania, a varied musical scene, ranging from the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra whose home is the Federation Concert Hall, to a substantial number of small bands, orchestras, string quintets, saxophone ensembles and individual artists who perform at a variety of venues around the state. Apart from the Classical musical season and regular gigs across the state by a number of local and interstate groups two of the highlights of the musical year would be the Falls Festival held during the summer holidays and the Carols by Candlelight held in the weeks prior to Christmas.
Sport
The dominant sports in Tasmania are cricket and Australian rules football. The Tasmanian Tigers cricket team, which plays home games at Bellerive Oval on the eastern shore of the Derwent River, Hobart, represents the state in limited overs and first-class cricket competitions. Tasmania has produced two international cricket stars, David Boon and current Australian captain Ricky Ponting. However, in the last few years Tasmanian cricketing quality has increased with them winning the ING One Day Cup in 2004-05 for the first time in 10 years, and the Pura Cup for the first time in 2006-07.
Despite Australian rules football's huge popularity in the state, Tasmania does not have a team in the Australian Football League. They do have a team (the Tasmanian Devils) in the VFL (Victorian league), and a team in the national league is a popular topic among supporters as well as the state government (one of the potential sponsors of such a team). Some AFL teams play scheduled games at Aurora Stadium (at York Park in Launceston). These teams include the Hawthorn Football Club, who substitute their home games in Melbourne for games at Aurora Stadium to create extra revenue. They generally play 3-4 games a year in the state and the club entered in to a sponsorship agreement with the Tasmanian government, to start in the 2007 season.
Previously, St. Kilda played a few matches here last year, including the infamous match against Fremantle which was controversially drawn after the umpires failed to hear the siren. The AFL continues to consider expanding into Tasmania.
In basketball, the state has not been represented in the National Basketball League since the demise of the Hobart Devils in 1996; however, strong representation from the state can be found in the South East Australian Basketball League. Two men's teams: The Oasis Hobart Chargers, and the Northwest Tasmania Thunder are joined in the women's SEABL by the Launceston Tornadoes and the Women's NW Tasmania Thunder also.
Tasmania's small population and low sponsorship potential results in the state not being represented in national football (soccer) (see Football (soccer) in Tasmania) and netball leagues.
Prominent Tasmanians
- List of Prominent Tasmanians
Tasmania has produced a number of significant people. These include: the actor Errol Flynn, Baywatch actor Jaason Simmons, Dancer and Choreographer Graeme Murphy, Composer Peter Sculthorpe, Crown Princess Mary of Denmark (Mary Donaldson), World Champion Woodchopper David Foster, Australian cricket personalities Ricky Ponting and David Boon Motor Racing Australian Touring car/V8 Supercar John Bowe (1995 champion) Marcos Ambrose (2003-4 champion) Marcos now races in Nascar Busch Series.
Indigenous animals
Thylacine
The island of Tasmania was home to the Thylacine, a marsupial which resembled a wild dog. Known colloquially as the Tasmanian Tiger for the distinctive striping across its back, it became extinct in mainland Australia much earlier because of competition by the dingo, introduced in prehistoric times. Owing to persecution by farmers, government-funded bounty hunters and, in the final years, collectors for overseas museums, it also appears to have been exterminated in Tasmania. The last known animal died in captivity in 1936. Many alleged sightings have been recorded, none of them confirmed.
Tasmanian Devil
The Tasmanian Devil is a carnivorous marsupial found exclusively on the island of Tasmania. The size of a small dog but stocky and muscular, the Tasmanian Devil is characterised by its black fur with white patches. It has a loud and disturbing screech-like growl, possesses a vicious temperament and is predominantly a scavenger. The Devil survived European settlement and was considered widespread and common throughout Tasmania until recently.
Like a lot of the wildlife, fast vehicles on the roads are a problem for Tasmanian Devils, which are often killed while feeding on other road-killed animals such as wallabies.
As of 2005 the Tasmanian Devil population has been reduced by up to 80% in parts of Tasmania by the devil facial tumour disease, which is gradually spreading throughout the island. It is believed the majority have starved when the tumours have spread to their mouths and that the tumours are spread by fighting between devils over carcasses they feed on – typically, fighting devils will bite one another's faces. There is no known cure for the disease, and intensive research is underway to determine its cause. There is also a captive breeding program being undertaken by the Tasmanian government to establish a disease-free, genetically-diverse population of Tasmanian Devils outside Tasmania.
Birds
Many birds of the Australian mainland and Southern Ocean are also found in Tasmania. Tasmania has 12 endemic bird species:
- 4 honeyeaters (family Meliphagidae) - the Yellow Wattlebird (world's largest honeyeater) and the Yellow-throated, Black-headed and Strong-billed Honeyeaters
- 3 Australo-Papuan warblers (family Acanthizidae) - the Tasmanian Thornbill, the Scrubtit and the Tasmanian Scrubwren
- 1 pardalote (family Pardalotidae) - the endangered Forty-spotted Pardalote
- 1 old-world flycatcher (family Muscicapidae) - the Dusky Robin
- 1 corvid (family Artamidae) - the Black Currawong
- 1 parrot (family Psittacidae) - the Green Rosella
- 1 rail (family Rallidae) - the Tasmanian Native-hen, Australia's only flightless land bird other than the giant ratites (Emu and Southern Cassowary).
The endemic Tasmanian Emu was exterminated in the mid-1800s. The Tasmanian Wedge-tailed Eagle is a threatened endemic subspecies.
Frogs
Tasmania is home to 11 species of frogs. Three of these are only found in Tasmania, the Tasmanian Tree Frog (Litoria burrowsae), the Tasmanian Froglet (Crinia tasmaniensis) and the only recently discovered Moss Froglet (Bryobatrachus nimbus). Of the 11 species that inhabit Tasmania all are native to Australia. Tasmania is home to the largest breeding population of Growling Grass Frogs (Litoria raniformis), a vulnerable species, which has declined over much of its range.
Places in Tasmania
- See also Geography of Tasmania.
View of Hobart foreshore with Mt Wellington in the background
Dove Lake and Cradle Mountain, Central Tasmanian Highlands
- Bay-of-Fires-014.jpg
Bay of Fires, East Coast of Tasmania
A small island just off the shore of Bruny Island, South East of Tasmania
Honeymoon Bay, Freycinet National Park, East Coast of Tasmania
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Islands:
Lakes:
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Significant bridges:
Beaches:
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Main highways:
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Rivers:
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Mountains:
Regions:
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See also: List of Australian islands, lakes, bridges, highways, rivers, mountains and regions.
See also
- Protected areas of Tasmania
- University of Tasmania
- List of schools in Tasmania
- Domestic partnership in Tasmania
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ Tasmania - Island of Rejuvenation. Retrieved 2006-12-15.
- ↑ Complete National Parks and Reserves Listings. Parks and Wildlife Service (2006-11-10). Retrieved 2006-11-30.
- ↑ ABC Television News (Tasmania), 7 p.m. Friday, 27/1/06
Further reading
- Alexander, Alison (editor) (2005)The Companion to Tasmanian HistoryCentre for Tasmanian Historical Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart. ISBN 186295223X.
- Robson, L.L. (1983) A history of Tasmania. Volume 1. Van Diemen's Land from the earliest times to 1855Melbourne, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195543645.
- Robson, L.L. (1991) A history of Tasmania. Volume II. Colony and state from 1856 to the 1980s Melbourne, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195530314.
External links
- Where is Tasmania? web page
- Tasmania Online - the main State Government website
- Discover Tasmania - official tourism website
- NASA Satellite image of Tasmania
- Another detailed map
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