Difference between revisions of "Shoshone" - New World Encyclopedia

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Shoshone around their tipi, probably taken around 1890

"Shoshone Indians at Ft. Washakie, Wyoming Indian reservation. Chief Washakie (at left) extends his right arm." Some of the Shoshones are dancing as the soldiers look on, 1892.

The Shoshone are a Native American tribe with three large divisions: the Northern, the Western and the Eastern. The Northern concentrated in eastern Idaho, western Wyoming, and north-eastern Utah. The Eastern lived in Wyoming, northern Colorado and Montana. Conflict with the Blackfoot, Crow, Lakota, Cheyennes, and Arapahos pushed them south and westward after about 1750. The Western ranged from central Idaho, northwestern Utah, central Nevada, and in California about Death Valley and Panamint Valley. This group is sometimes called the Panamint. The Idaho groups of Western Shoshone were called Tukuaduka, or Sheep Eaters while the Nevada/Utah ones were called the Gosiute and the Toi Ticutta (cattail eaters).

The Shoshone lived in mainly New Mexico and Arizona. The estimated population of Northern and Western Shoshone was 4,500 in 1845. 3,650 Northern Shoshone and 1,201 Western Shoshone were counted in 1937 by the United States Office of Indian Affairs.

Sacagawea ((c. 1787 – December 20, 1812; was a Shoshone woman who accompanied the Corps of Discovery with Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in their exploration of the Western United States, traveling thousands of miles from North Dakota to the Pacific Ocean between 1804 and 1806. At the age of about thirteen, Sacagawea was taken as a wife by Toussaint Charbonneau, a French trapper living in the Hidatsa village, who had also taken another young Shoshone named Otter Woman as a wife.Charbonneau is said to have either purchased both wives from the Hidatsa, or to have won Sacagawea while gambling. Sacagawea was pregnant with her first child when the Corps of Discovery arrived near the Hidatsa villages to spend the winter of 1804-1805. Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark built Fort Mandan and interviewed several trappers who might be able to translate or guide the expedition further up the river in the springtime. They agreed to hire Charbonneau as an interpreter when they discovered his wife spoke the Shoshone language, as they knew they would need the help of the Shoshone tribes at the headwaters of the Missouri River.

In April, the expedition left Fort Mandan and headed up the Missouri River in pirogues, which had to be poled and sometimes pulled from the riverbanks. On May 14, 1805, Sacagawea rescued items that had fallen out of a capsized boat, including the journals and records that Lewis and Clark were keeping. The corps commanders, who praised her quick action on this occasion, would name the Sacagawea River in her honor on May 20.

By August 1805 the corps had located a Shoshone tribe and was attempting to trade for horses to cross the Rocky Mountains. Sacagawea was brought in to translate, and it was discovered the tribe's chief was her brother Cameahwait.

Clark's journal recorded the reunion:

"August 17 Saturday 1805 The Interpreter & Squar who were before me at Some distance danced for joyful sight, and She make signs to me that they were her nation [...] the meeting of those people was effecting, particular between Sah cah gar we ah and an Indian woman, who had been taken prisoner at the same time with her and who, had afterwards escaped from the Minnetares [Hidatsa] and rejoined her nation…"

Statue in Bismarck, ND

A statue of Sacagawea and baby Pomp appears on the grounds of the North Dakota State Capitol, and a replica of it represents North Dakota in the National Statuary Hall in the United States Capitol.

The Northern Shoshone fought conflicts with settlers in Idaho in the 1860s which included the Bear River Massacre and again in 1878 in the Bannock War. They fought with the U.S. Army in the 1876 Battle of the Rosebud against their traditional enemies, the Lakota and Cheyenne.

n 1911 a small group of Bannock under a leader named "Shoshone Mike" killed four ranchers in Washoe County, Nevada^[1]. A posse was formed, and on Feb 26, 1911, they caught up with the band, and eight of them were killed, along with one member of the posse, Ed Hogle^[2]. Three children and a woman who survived the battle were captured. The remains of some of the members of the band were repatriated from the Smithsonian Institution to the Fort Hall Idaho Shoshone-Bannock Tribe in 1994^[3]

In 1982, the Western Shoshone, who also invited "unrepresented tribes," made a declaration of sovereignty and began issuing its own passports as the Western Shoshone National Council.

Culture

Language

Shoshone is a Native American language spoken by the Shoshone people.

Shoshone speaking Native Americans occupy areas of Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Idaho and Montana. The number of people who speak Shoshone has been steadily dwindling over the last few decades, so there are only a few hundred people who speak the language fluently today, although a few thousand know it to one degree or another.

Shoshone is northernmost member of the large Uto-Aztecan language family, which includes over thirty languages whose speakers originally inhabited a vast territory stretching from the Salmon River in central Idaho down into northern and central Mexico. Shoshone belongs to the Numic subbranch of Uto-Aztecan. The word Numic comes from the cognate word in all Numic languages for "Person." For example, in Shoshone the word is "neme," in Panamint it is "nümü," and in Southern Paiute the word is "nuwuvi."

Shoshone is an agglutinative language, in which words, especially verbs, tend to be quite complex with several morphemes strung together. Shoshone speaking tribes consist of a loose affiliation of clans and groups. Each tribe occupies a specific area of land.

History

Reservations

Rabbit-Tail

Wind River Reservation, population 2,650 Eastern Shoshone, 2,268,008 acres (9,178 km²) of reservation in Wyoming are shared with the Northern Arapaho

Lemhi Indian Reservation (1875–1907) in Idaho, Lemhi Shoshoni, removed to Fort Hall Reservation
Duck Valley Indian Reservation, southern Idaho/northern Nevada, Western Shoshone
Ely Shoshone Indian Reservation in Ely, Nevada, 111 acres (0.45 km²), 500 members
Fallon Reservation and Colony, Fallon Paiute-Shoshone tribe, near Fallon, Nevada, 8,200 acres (33 km²), 991 members, Western Shoshone and Paiute
Goshute Indian Reservation, 111,000 acres (449 km²) in Nevada and Utah, Western Shoshone
Skull Valley Indian Reservation, 18,000 acres (73 km²) in Utah, Western Shoshone
Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation, Nevada and Oregon, Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe
Reno-Sparks Indian Colony, Nevada, 1988 acres (8 km²), total 481 member of Shoshone, Paiute, and Washoe bands
Duckwater Indian Reservation, located in Duckwater, Nevada, approximately 75 miles from Ely.
Nevada Shoshone Indian Reservation, near Carson City, Nevada, 211 members

Fort Hall Indian Reservation

File:DSCN6304 forthallreservationelevator e.jpg

Grain elevator on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation

Fort Hall Indian Reservation, 544,000 acres (2,201 km²) in Idaho, Lemhi and Northern Shoshone with the Bannock Indians, a Paiute band with which they have merged.

The Fort Hall Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation of the Shoshoni and Bannock people in the U.S. state of Idaho. It is located in southeastern Idaho on the Snake River Plain north of Pocatello, and comprises 2,110.514 km² (814.874 sq mi) of land area in four counties: Bingham, Power, Bannock, and Caribou counties. Founded in 1863, it is named for Fort Hall, a trading post that was an important stop along the Oregon Trail and California Trail in the middle 19th century. The ruins of the fort are located on the reservation. The community of Fort Hall, along Interstate 15, is the largest population center on the reservation. The total population of the reservation was 5,762 at the 2000 census.

The reservation was established by an agreement between the United States and the Shoshone and Bannock tribes in the wake of the Bear River Massacre, in which the United States Army under Colonel Patrick Edward Connor slaughtered over 200 Native Americans in present-day southeastern Idaho. The massacre was the culmination of a long struggle between the Shoshoni and U.S settlers, which included numerous attacks by both sides. The Shoshoni, led by Chief Pocatello, were motivated to attack emigrant parties in part because of the despoliation of natural resources in the region by the increasing tide of settlers. The Mormons, led by Brigham Young, had subsequently pursued a policy of reconciliation with the Shoshoni, but the arrival of the U.S. Army into the Utah Territory in 1858 led to a full-scale conflict between the U.S. and the Shoshoni. Connor led his troops from Fort Douglas in January 1863 in order to "chastise" the Shoshoni. Pocatello was able to receive advance warning of Connor's advance and led his people out of harm's way. He subsequently sued for peace and agreed to relocate his people to the newly-established reservation along the Snake River. The U.S. government agreed to supply the Shoshoni annually with 5,000 dollars in goods.

File:DSCN6307 forthallidahohouses e.jpg

Houses in the town of Fort Hall

File:Bandera Shoshone-Bannock.png

Reservation flag

The reservation, located on the open plains, was not especially amenable to agriculture, and the U.S. government did not always fulfill its obligation of payment of goods. In the years following their relocation, the Shoshoni suffered from disease and hunger. Hoping to relieve his people's suffering, Pocatello led them to a missionary farm in the Utah Territory to receive mass baptism and conversion to Mormonism. Although the Shoshoni received baptism, the local population of settlers agitated for their removal. In response, the U.S. Army forced the Shoshoni back onto the reservation.

The main agriculture on the reservation today is the cultivation of wheat and potatoes. The reservation has recently become the site of a casino, The Fort Hall Casino, operated by the Shoshone-Bannock tribes along Interstate 15, exit 80, north of Pocatello.

Notes

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Fort Hall Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Idaho United States Census Bureau

External links

Credits

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History of "Shoshone"

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[1] America's Last Indian Battle

[2] Ed Hogle memorial

[3] ttp://www.nmnh.si.edu/anthro/repatriation/reports/regional/great_basin/nevada_w.htm

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 In 1982, the Western Shoshone, who also invited "unrepresented tribes," made a declaration of [[sovereignty]] and began issuing its own [[passport]]s as the Western Shoshone National Council.
-==Language==
+==Culture==
+===Language===
 '''Shoshone''' is a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] language spoken by the Shoshone people.
-Shoshone speaking Native Americans occupy areas of [[Wyoming]], [[Utah]], [[Nevada]], [[Idaho]] and [[Montana]]. The number of people who speak Shoshone has been steadily dwindling over the last few decades, so there are only a few hundred people who speak the language fluently today, although a few thousand know it to one degree or another.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
+Shoshone speaking Native Americans occupy areas of [[Wyoming]], [[Utah]], [[Nevada]], [[Idaho]] and [[Montana]]. The number of people who speak Shoshone has been steadily dwindling over the last few decades, so there are only a few hundred people who speak the language fluently today, although a few thousand know it to one degree or another.
 Shoshone is northernmost member of the large [[Uto-Aztecan]] language family, which includes over thirty languages whose speakers originally inhabited a vast territory stretching from the [[Salmon River]] in central Idaho down into northern and central [[Mexico]]. Shoshone belongs to the [[Numic languages|Numic]] subbranch of Uto-Aztecan. The word Numic comes from the cognate word in all Numic languages for "Person." For example, in Shoshone the word is "neme," in Panamint it is "nümü," and in Southern Paiute the word is "nuwuvi."
 Shoshone is an agglutinative language, in which words, especially verbs, tend to be quite complex with several [[morpheme]]s strung together.
 Shoshone speaking tribes consist of a loose affiliation of clans and groups. Each tribe occupies a specific area of land.
+==History ==
-==Reservations==
+===Reservations===
 [[Image:Rabbit-Tail.jpg|thumb|right|Rabbit-Tail]]
 *[[Wind River Reservation]], population 2,650 Eastern Shoshone, 2,268,008 acres (9,178 km²) of reservation in [[Wyoming]] are shared with the Northern [[Arapaho]]
@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 *[[Nevada Shoshone Indian Reservation]], near Carson City, Nevada, 211 members
-===Fort Hall Indian Reservation===
+====Fort Hall Indian Reservation====
 [[Image:DSCN6304 forthallreservationelevator e.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Grain elevator on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation]]
 *[[Fort Hall Indian Reservation]], 544,000 acres (2,201 km²) in [[Idaho]], Lemhi and Northern Shoshone with the [[Bannock Indians]], a [[Paiute]] band with which they have merged.
 The '''Fort Hall Indian Reservation''' is an [[Indian reservation]] of the [[Shoshoni]] and [[Bannock (tribe)|Bannock]] people in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Idaho]]. It is located in southeastern Idaho on the [[Snake River Plain]] north of [[Pocatello, Idaho|Pocatello]], and comprises 2,110.514 km² (814.874 sq mi) of land area in four counties: [[Bingham County, Idaho|Bingham]], [[Power County, Idaho|Power]], [[Bannock County, Idaho|Bannock]], and [[Caribou County, Idaho|Caribou]] counties. Founded in 1863, it is named for [[Fort Hall]], a trading post that was an important stop along the [[Oregon Trail]] and [[California Trail]] in the middle [[19th century]]. The ruins of the fort are located on the reservation. The community of [[Fort Hall, Idaho|Fort Hall]], along [[Interstate 15]], is the largest population center on the reservation. The total population of the reservation was 5,762 at the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 census]].
 The reservation was established by an agreement between the United States and the Shoshone and Bannock tribes in the wake of the [[Bear River Massacre]], in which the [[United States Army]] under Colonel [[Patrick Edward Connor]] slaughtered over 200 [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] in present-day southeastern Idaho.  The massacre was the culmination of a long struggle between the Shoshoni and U.S settlers, which included numerous attacks by both sides. The Shoshoni, led by [[Pocatello (Shoshoni chief)|Chief Pocatello]], were motivated to attack emigrant parties in part because of the despoliation of natural resources in the region by the increasing tide of settlers. The [[Mormon]]s, led by [[Brigham Young]], had subsequently pursued a policy of reconciliation with the Shoshoni, but the arrival of the U.S. Army into the [[Utah Territory]] in 1858 led to a full-scale conflict between the U.S. and the Shoshoni.  Connor led his troops from [[Fort Douglas (Utah)|Fort Douglas]] in January 1863 in order to "chastise" the Shoshoni. Pocatello was able to receive advance warning of Connor's advance and led his people out of harm's way. He subsequently sued for peace and agreed to relocate his people to the newly-established reservation along the [[Snake River]]. The U.S. government agreed to supply the Shoshoni annually with 5,000 dollars in goods.
@@ Line 72: / Line 71: @@
 The main agriculture on the reservation today is the cultivation of [[wheat]] and [[potato]]es. The reservation has recently become the site of a [[casino]], The Fort Hall Casino, operated by the Shoshone-Bannock tribes along Interstate 15, exit 80, north of Pocatello.
 ==Notes==