Nomad
Communities of nomadic people move from place to place, rather than settling down in one location. Many cultures have been traditionally nomadic, but traditional nomadic behaviour is increasingly rare in industrialised countries. There are three kinds of nomads: hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads, and peripatetic nomads. Nomadic hunter-gatherers have by far the longest-lived subsistence method in human history, following seasonally available wild plants and game. Pastoralists raise herds and move with them so as not to deplete pasture beyond recovery in any one area. Peripatetic nomads are more common in industrialised nations travelling from place to place offering a trade wherever they go.
Nomadic lifestyle
In pastoralism, herds are followed as they move, to ensure food for the group. Also, this constant moving around helps to keep the land from being overused. Another kind of nomadism, called peripatetic nomadism, involves those who move from place to place, offering a specific trade. These types of nomadic groups are common in industrialized nations.
Attributes of nomads
the hunter gather type the pastoralists those peripatetic trader (gypsy/traveller) types.
History of nomadic peoples
The "History" seems to have only barbaric now extinct peoples! Perhaps we need an overview paragraph at the beginning that explains there were a bunch of those kind, who are gone now, and then there are a bunch of (more peaceful) types who continue to live much as they always have, as nomads.
Eurasian Avars
The Eurasian Avars were a nomadic people of Eurasia, supposedly of proto-Mongolian Turkic stock, who migrated from eastern Asia into central and eastern Europe in the 6th century. The Avar rule persisted over much of the Pannonian plain up to the early 9th century. Avars were driven westward when the Gokturks defeated the Hephthalites in the 550s and the 560s. They entered Europe in the sixth century and, having been bought off by the Eastern Emperor Justinian I, pushed north into Germany (as Attila the Hun had done a century before).
Finding the country unsuited to their nomadic lifestyle (and the Franks stern opponents), they turned their attention to the Pannonian plain, which was then being contested by two Germanic tribes, the Lombards and the Gepids. Siding with the Lombards, they destroyed the Gepids in 567 and established a state in the Danube River area. Their harassment soon (ca. 568) forced the Lombards into northern Italy, a migration that marked the last Germanic migration in the Migrations Period. By the early 9th century, internal discord and the external pressure started to undermine the Avar state. The Avars were finally liquidated during the 810s by the Franks under Charlemagne and the First Bulgarian Empire under Krum.
Hephthalites
The Hephthalites, also known as "White Huns," were an Indo-European and quite possibly an Eastern Iranian nomadic people who lived across western China, Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northwest India in the fourth through sixth centuries AD. They had no cities or system of writing, lived in felt tents, and practiced polyandry.
The term Hephthalite derives from Greek, supposedly a rendering of Hayathelite (from the term Haital = "Big/Powerful" in the dialect of Bukhara), the name used by Persian writers to refer to a 6th century empire on the northern and eastern periphery of their land. As a group they appear to be distinct from the Huns who ravaged Europe in the fourth century AD.
Wu Hu
Wu Hu (Chinese: 五胡; pinyin: Wǔ Hú; literally "Five Hu") is a collective term for various non-Chinese steppe tribes during the period from the Han Dynasty to the Northern Dynasties. These nomadic tribes originally resided outside China proper, but gradually migrated into Chinese areas during the years of turmoil between the Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms. These non-Chinese tribes, whom the Han had fought to a standstill, seized the opportunity afforded by the weakness of the central government to extend their settlement of pastoral lands into the fertile North China Plain.
The Rebellion of the Eight Kings during the Western Jin Dynasty triggered a large scale Wu Hu uprising from 304, which resulted in the sacking of the Chinese capitals at Luoyang (311) and Chang'an. The Xiongnu Kingdom of Han-Former Zhao captured and executed the last two Jin emperors as the Western Jin Dynasty collapsed in 317. Many Chinese fled to the south of Yangtze River as numerous tribesmen of the Wu Hu and remnants of the Jin wreaked havoc in the north. Fu Jiān temporarily unified the north but his brilliant achievement was destroyed after the Battle of Feishui. The Northern Wei Dynasty unified northern China again in 439 and ushered in the period of the Northern Dynasties.
The term Wu Hu was first used in Cui Hong's Shiliuguochunqiu, which recorded the history of the five tribes' ravaging Northern China from the early 4th century to the mid 5th century. Wu Hu means "five nomadic groups," hence the alternative "Five Hu." The most accepted composition of Wu Hu included five nomadic tribes: Xiōngnú (匈奴, sometimes identified with the Huns), Xiānbēi (鮮卑), Dī (氐), Qiāng (羌), and Jié (羯) although different groups of historians and historiographers have their own definitions.
After later historians determined that more than five nomadic tribes took part, Wu Hu has become a collective term for all non-Chinese nomads residing in North China at the time. The time at which the ravages occurred is called The Period of Wu Hu (五胡時代) or the Wu Hu Chaos in China (五胡亂華, literally "Five Hú Wreak-havoc-on China"). States founded by Wu Hu were called the Sixteen Kingdoms.
Nomadic people in industrialized nations
Roma and Sinti
The Roma are an ethnic group who live primarily in Southern and Eastern Europe, Western Asia, Latin America, the southern part of the United States and the Middle East. The term "gypsy" is also used to refer to these people but it the word they use to describe themselves. It is often consider perjorative but has been adopted by some groups. "Gypsy" has also been misunderstood to mean a type of lifestyle, rather than the ethnic group that it actually describes.
The Roma, who are believed to have originated on the Indian subcontinent, have numbers today in the range of 8 to 10 million. The main religions that they practice are Christianity and Islam. There are four main divisions of Roma, based on territorial, cultural and dialectal differences.
Kalderash
The Kalderash are one of the largest groups within the Roma people. They were traditionally smiths and metal workers. Their name means "cauldron buider." Many gypsies living in Romania, have the surname "Caldararu" which means they or their ancestors belonged to this clan or "satra" as it is known in their language. They typically were bronze and gold workers. As their traditional crafts become less profitable, they are trying to find new ways of coping, and are facing difficulties assimilating, as education is not a priority within the culture.
Gitanos
The Gitanos (IPA /xitanos/ or /hitanos/) are a Roma people that live in Spain, Portugal, and southern France. Gitanos is a Spanish name, in southern France they are known as Gitans or more generally Tziganes (includes the other French Roma) and in Portugal they are known as Ciganos. Similarly to the English word gypsy, the name Gitano comes from Egiptiano (Egyptian), because in past centuries it was thought their origins were in the country of Egypt. Today, however, it is generally thought that their origin lies in the Punjab region of India.
After losing their original Romany language, they used Caló, a jargon with Spanish grammar and Romany vocabulary. "Caló" means "dark" in Caló and the Caló word for "Gitano" is calé, also "the dark ones." Caló is one of the influences of later Germanía and modern Spanish slang and criminal jargon. Vocally, The Gitano characterize the flamenco by giving precendence of emotion over text, with emotional outbursts and extended vowels. This is typical of Gypsy song in general. Also well known about them is that Gitanos are said to never use a whip on a horse, mule, or donkey. As a result, they have a reputation as excellent horse-trainers.
Pavee
Irish Travellers are a nomadic or itinerant people of Irish origin living in Ireland, Great Britain and the United States. They refer to themselves as The Pavee. An estimated 25,000 Travellers live in Ireland, 15,000 in Great Britain and 10,000 in the United States.
Irish Travellers are distinguished from the settled communities of the countries in which they live by their own language and customs. Shelta is the traditional language of Travellers but they also speak English with a distinct accent and mannerisms. The historical origins of Travellers as a group has been a subject of dispute. Some argue that the Irish Travellers are descended from another nomadic people called the Tarish. It was once widely believed that Travellers were descended from landowners who were made homeless in Oliver Cromwell's military campaign in Ireland, but evidence shows that they have dwelt in Ireland since at least the Middle Ages.
Several known groups in the United States include the Northern and Southern Travellers (each of which have their own subcategories) and the Western Travellers. The Traveller language (Shelta) is dying out and only the older Travellers still know the language completely.
Indigenous nomadic peoples
Examples of indigenous nomadic peoples are Pygmies of Southern Africa, Ababdeh of Egypt, Bahktiari of Iran, The Bedouin desert-dwellers, Innu of Quebec and Labrador, Kuchis (Kochai) of Afghanistan, Tuaregs of West Africa, Nenets of Russia, Moken of Thailand and Myanmar, the Sami of Northern Scandinavia and Russia, and the Bushmen of Southern Africa. Many Native Americans and Indigenous Australians were nomadic prior to Western contact, although they were not a pastoral people in that they did not systematically raise animals on whose products they depended.
Pygmies
In an anthropological context, a Pygmy is specifically a member of one of the hunter-gatherer people living in equatorial rainforests characterised by their short height (below 1.5 metres, or 4.5 feet, on average). Pygmies are found throughout central Africa, with smaller numbers in south-east Asia (see Negrito). Members of so-called Pygmy groups often consider the term derogatory, instead preferring to be called by the name of their ethnic group (e.g., Baka, Mbuti).
Pygmy is a general term, with several groups from different regions receiving the classification. These include the African pygmies, pygmies of the Republic of Congo, the Baka who inhabit the rain forests of Cameroon, northern Congo, northern Gabon, and the southwestern Central African Republic. The Mbuti are also in Congo and the Asian Negrito inhabit the Phillipines, Malay Peninsula and the Andaman islands.
Ababdeh
The Ababdeh are nomads living in the area between the Nile and the Red Sea, in the vicinity of Aswan in Egypt. This name refers to several such African tribes.
Some of them penetrated into Upper Egypt, where they earned a subsistence by the transportation of merchandise on their camels. They traded chiefly in senna, and in charcoal made of the acacia wood. Burckhardt regarded them as Arabs; Carl Ritter conjectured that they are descended from the people known, under the Roman emperors, as Blemmeyes; but Rüppell was of the opinion that they are a branch of the Ethiopean ethnic group established at Meroë. In their manner and customs (as of 1851), they were similar to the Bedouins.
Bakhtiari
The Bakhtiari (or Bakhtiyari) are a group of southwestern Iranian people.
A small percentage of Bakhtiari are still nomadic pastoralists, migrating between summer quarters (yaylāq, ييلاق) and winter quarters (qishlāq, قشلاق). Bakhtiaris speak Luri. Numerical estimates of their total population widely vary. In Khuzestan, Bakhtiari tribes are primarily concentrated in the eastern part of the province.
Bakhtiaris primarily inhabit the provinces of Lorestan, Khuzestan, Chahar Mahaal and Bakhtiari, and Isfahan. In Iranian mythology, the Bakhtiari consider themselves to be descendants of Fereydun, a legendary hero from the Persian national epic, Shahnameh.
Many significant Iranian politicians and dignitaries are of Bakhtiari origin.
The Bedouin
The Bedouin, whose name means desert-dweller, are nomadic pastoralists living in the Sahara, Sinai, and the eastern coast of the Arabian desert. The term applies mainly to Arabs but occasionally to non-Arab groups such as the Beja of the African Coast of the Red Sea. Bedouin populations are increasingly giving up their nomadic lifestyles and moving closer towards the cities in the Middle East region. This is mostly because of environmental conditions, such as droughts and a loss of grazing ranges. The government has also had a desire to move these people into settlements in order to better assist them with things like education and healthcare.
Culturally, the Bedouin divide themselves into related tribes. For this reason, it is often difficult to determine the actual number of Bedouin living today. There are many tribes, who have spread themselves across the Middle East and it is also hard to count the living population because of the Bedouin that having chosen to become acculterated to the rest of society.
Innu
The Innu (which means 'human being' in Montagnais) are the indigenous inhabitants of an area they refer to as Nitassinan, which comprises most of what Canadians refer to as eastern Québec and Labrador, Canada. Their population in 2003 includes about 18,000 persons, of which 15,000 live in Québec. They are known to have lived on these lands as hunter-gatherers for several thousand years, living in tents made of animal skins. Their subsistance activities were historically centered on hunting and trapping caribou, moose, deer and small game. Their language, Montagnais or Innu-aimun, is spoken throughout Nitassinan, with certain dialect differences. Innu-aimun is related to the language spoken by the Cree of the James Bay region of Québec and Ontario.
The Innu people are frequently sub-divided into two groups, the Montagnais who live along the north shore of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, in Québec, and the less numerous Naskapi ["inland people" in Innu-aimun] who live farther north. The Innu themselves recognize several distinctions (e.g. Mushuau Innut, Maskuanu Innut, Uashau Innut) based on different regional affiliations and various dialects of the Innu language.
Kuchis (Kochai)
Kuchis are a tribe of Pashtun nomads in Afghanistan. They represent an estimated six million of Afghanistan's 25 million people. The group is singled out by the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan as one of the largest vulnerable populations in the country. Their name means nomad in the Afghan Dari language. The cause of the large numbers of displaced Kuchis is multi-facted: environmental conditions and cultural shifts and conflicts are the key players. There are some 200,000 displaced Kuchis living in Afghanistan and a similar number seeking shelter in Pakistan.
In the 1970s, the Kuchis practiced seasonal migration, with their sheep, goats and camels they spent summer in the highlands and winter in the lower elevations. Around this time, the government offered land to the Kuchis in Northern Afghanistan. This was the territory of mostly Uzbeks and Tajiks. Some Kuchis accepted and became farmers and semi-nomadic herders. This relocation, however, was not entirely pleasant. Many of the Uzbeks and the Tajiks resented the Kuchis for encroaching on their land. In addition to this cultural confrontation, the war with the Soviet Union in the 1980s and the civil war among the mujahaadin factions in the 1990s caused upheaval for the Kuchis. Many could no longer sustain their nomadic lifestyles. Additionally, severe droughts from 1998-2002 have made it nearly impossible for the Kuchis to live as they once did.
Tuaregs
The Tuareg are a Berber ethnic group or nation. This name is one that has been applied to them and the meaning of it is disputed. They have various names for themselves: Kel Tamasheq, Kel Tamajaq ("Speakers of Tamasheq") and Imouhar, Imuhagh, Imazaghan or Imashaghen ("The Free people"). The Tuareg are found mostly in West Africa, but they were once nomads throughout the Sahara. Their population is between 100,000 and 3.5 million and they are predominately Muslim.
The Tuareg are descendents of ancient Saharan peoples described by Herodotus. For over two millennnia, the Tuareg operated the trans-Saharan caravan trade connecting the great cities on the southern edge of the Sahara to the northern (Mediterranean) coast of Africa. Camels were introduced to the Tuareg about two thousand years ago from camel-herding Arabs. Following the independence of African countries in the 1960s, Tuareg territory was artificially divided into modern nations: Niger, Mali, Algeria, Libya and Burkina Faso. Since 1995 and 1996 agreements, major fighting between the Tuareg resistance and government security forces has ceased. But in 2004, sporadic fighting continued In Niger between government forces and groups struggling to obtain Tuareg independence.
Nenets
The Nenets are a group of nomads who are indigenous to Russia. They speak their own language, Nenets, and a recent census reveals that their are 41, 302 in the Russian Federation. Two groups of the Nenets are split based on econcomy; the Forest Nenets or Khandeyar and the Tundra Nenets, who live farther to the north. There are also the Kominized Nenets, who are believed to have emerged as a result of intermarriages between Nenets and the Izhma tribe of the Komi peoples. The Nenets are a part of a larger group encompassing three other groups, the Enets people, Selkup people and the Nganasan people.
After the Russian Revolution, their culture suffered due to Soviet collectivisation policy. The government of the Soviet Union tried to force the nomad Samoyeds to settle down, and most of them became assimilated. They were forced to settle on permanent farms and their children were educated in state boarding schools, leading to an erosion of their cultural heritage. Environmental damage due to the industrialisation of their land and overgrazing of the tundra migration routes in some regions (Yamal Peninsula) have further endangered their way of life.
Moken
The Moken (sometimes called "Sea Gypsies," Thai: มอแกน; also called Salone or Salong) are an ethnic group with about 2,000 to 3,000 members who maintain a nomadic, sea-based culture. Their Malayo-Polynesian language is originally from Malaya and likely immigrated to the Myanmar and Thailand areas from China 4,000 years ago. The group is unrelated to the Gypsy culture of Eurasia.
Their knowledge of the sea enables them to live off its organisms by using simple tools such as nets and spears to forage for food. What is not consumed is dried atop their boats, then used for trade at local markets for other necessities. During the monsoon season, they build additional boats while occupying temporary huts.
The Burmese and Thai governments have made attempts at assimilating the people into their own culture, but these efforts have failed. The Thai Moken have permanently settled in villages located on two islands: Phuket and Phi Phi. Many of the Burmese Moken are still nomadic people who roam the sea most of their lives in small hand-crafted wooden boats called Kabang, which serve not just as transporation, but also as kitchen, bedroom, living area. Unfortunately much of their traditional life, built on the premise of life as outsiders, is under threat and appears to be diminishing.
Those islands received much media attention in 2005 during the Southeast Asia Tsunami, where hundreds of thousands of lives were lost in the disaster.
The Moken's knowledge of the sea managed to spare all but one of their lives - one of an elderly, handicapped man. However, their settlements and about one-fifth of their boats were destroyed.
Sami
The Sami are indigenous to an area called Sapmi, which encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and the Kola Peninsula of Russia. The Sami, who speak a language of the same name, are one of the largest indigenous groups in Europe. The Sami were traditionally hunters, fishers and reindeer herders and farmers. Only a minority of Sami still have this occupations today, with almost none of the Sami living in a natural economy nor having a nomadic lifestyle. The population is thought to be about 85,000.
However, in the 19th century Norwegian authorities put the Sami culture under pressure in order to make the Norwegian language and culture universal. A strong economical development of the north also took place, giving Norwegian culture and language status. On the Swedish and Finnish side, the authorities were much less militant in their efforts, however, a strong economical development of the north lead to a weakening of status and economy for the Sami. The strongest pressure took place from around 1900 to 1940, when Norway invested considerable money and effort to wipe out Sami culture. Notably, anyone who wanted to buy or lease state lands for agriculture in Finnmark, had to prove knowledge of Norwegian language. This also ultimately caused the dislocation in the 1920s, that strengthed the gap between local Sami groups, something still present today, and sometimes bears the character of an internal Sami ethnic conflict.
In August of 1986, the national anthem (Sámi soga lávlla) and flag (Sami flag) of the Sami people was created. In 1989, the first Sami parliament in Norway was elected. In 2005, the Finnmark Law was passed in the Norwegian parliament. This law gives the Sami parliament and the Finnmark Provincial council a joint responsibility of administering the land areas previously considered state property. These areas, 98% of the provincial area, that have always been used primarily by the Sami, now belong officially to the people of the province, Sami or Norwegian, and not the Norwegian state.
Bushmen
The Bushmen, also known as the Khwe Khoe, Basarwa, San or the !Kung are nomadic peoples of South Africa. It is believed that they have lived in South Africa for 22,000 or more years. Their population is estimated at 82,000. They are traditional hunters and gatherers with a unique language consisting of click consonants.
During the 1970s, with their land increasing being encroached and taken by the government for game reserves and cattle ranches, many gave in and abandoned their wandering lifestyle. They instead raised loaned cattle in semipermanent villages. Recently, since the mid 1990s, the Botswana central government has been trying to push the Bushmen from the Central Kalahari Game Reserve, even though the national constitution guarantees the Bushmen this land interminably.
Nomads in the 21st Century
It would be nice to have a concluding section, something like "Nomads in the Twentyfirst Century." Can mention that in the 20th century nomadism declined due to so much industrializatin, systematic agriculture, and governments who basically don't like nomads wandering around! Of course, a bunch did pretty badly (the Roma for sure) during the 2nd World War too.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Further reading
- Sadr, Karim. The Development of Nomadism in Ancient Northeast Africa, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991. ISBN 0812230663
- Cowan, Gregory. Nomadology in Architecture: Ephemerality, Movement and Collaboration University of Adelaide 2002 (available: [1])
- Grousset, René. L'Empire des Steppes (1939)
- Deleuze, Gilles and Guattari, Félix, A Thousand Plateaus (1980)
External links
- Moken: Sea Gypsies @ National Geographic (Subscription Required)
- Moken: Sea Gypsies @ National Geographic (Tsunami Extra)
- Phuket Magazine: The Moken - Traditional Sea Gypsies
- ProjectMaje.org - Burma "Sea Gypsies" Compendium
- Mergui Archipelago Project
- Ethnologue report for Moken
- Official website of the Innu Nation of Labrador.
- Official website of the Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach, Québec
- "Portail Innu," Québec
- Website of the Tshikapisk Foundation (a non profit Innu organization focussing on social and cultural renewal)
- Virtual Museum of Canada - Tipatshimuna: Innu stories from the land
- Canada's Tibet: The Killing of the Innu, a report from Survival International (PDF file) (A study of Innu communities of Labrador)
- Distinctions between "Naskapi," "Montagnais" and "Innu"
- Montagnais Indians (Quebec) - Article in the Catholic Encyclopedia
- CBC Digital Archives - Davis Inlet: Innu community in crisis
- Irish Travellers' Movement.
- Pavee Point Travellers Centre
- Traveller Visibility Group or TVG
- Bibliography of Irish Travellers sources—University of Liverpool
- Irish Medical Journal article Traveller Health: A National Strategy 2002-2005
- Francie Barrett boxing profile
- Official site for movie - Pavee Lackeen: The Traveller Girl
- The Travellers: Ireland’s Ethnic Minority
- Interview with local expert on Dale Farm
- Travellers' Rest: Fact And Fiction About Irish Travellers in the U.S.A.
- Nan: The Life of an Irish Travelling Woman, by Sharon Gmelch, 1991.
- The Irish Tinkers: The Urbanization of an Itinerant People, by George Gmelch, 1997, 2nd ed. 1985.
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