Difference between revisions of "Moxa treatment" - New World Encyclopedia
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Moxibustion plays an important role in the traditional [[medicine|medical]] systems of [[China]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[Vietnam]], [[Tibet]], and [[Mongolia]]. The basic technique involves placing burning mugwort over the affected area on the body, particularly on an [[acupuncture]] point, and removing it before burning the skin (Kim 2001). Suppliers usually age the mugwort and grind it up to a fluff; practitioners burn the fluff or process it further into a stick or cone that may resemble a (non-smokable) [[cigar]]. They can use it indirectly, with [[acupuncture]] needles, or sometimes burn it on a patient's skin. | Moxibustion plays an important role in the traditional [[medicine|medical]] systems of [[China]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[Vietnam]], [[Tibet]], and [[Mongolia]]. The basic technique involves placing burning mugwort over the affected area on the body, particularly on an [[acupuncture]] point, and removing it before burning the skin (Kim 2001). Suppliers usually age the mugwort and grind it up to a fluff; practitioners burn the fluff or process it further into a stick or cone that may resemble a (non-smokable) [[cigar]]. They can use it indirectly, with [[acupuncture]] needles, or sometimes burn it on a patient's skin. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The Chinese character for acupuncture translated literally into "acupuncture-moxibustion" (Kim 2005). | ||
Moxibustion has been show to have success in ..... | Moxibustion has been show to have success in ..... | ||
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| − | '''Mugwort''' is a tall, [[herb|herbaceous]] [[plant]], '''''Artemisia vulgaris''''', that is native to temperate [[Europe]], [[Asia]], and northern [[Africa]], as well present in [[North America]]. It is also known as ''wild wormwood'', ''felon herb'', ''chrysanthemum weed'', and ''St. John's plant'' (not to be confused with [[St John's wort]]). It is called ''Mogusa'' or ''Yomogi'' in Japan. Mugwort is one of several species in the genus ''[[Artemisia (plant)|Artemisia]]'' with names containing mugwort. It is a very common plant growing on nitrogenous soils, like weedy and uncultivated areas, such as waste places and roadsides. | + | '''Mugwort''' is a tall, [[herb|herbaceous]] [[plant]], '''''Artemisia vulgaris''''', that is native to temperate [[Europe]], [[Asia]], and northern [[Africa]], as well present in [[North America]]. It is also known as ''common artemisia'', ''wild wormwood'', ''felon herb'', ''chrysanthemum weed'', and ''St. John's plant'' (not to be confused with [[St John's wort]]). It is called ''Mogusa'' or ''Yomogi'' in Japan. Mugwort is one of several species in the genus ''[[Artemisia (plant)|Artemisia]]'' with names containing mugwort. It is a very common plant growing on nitrogenous soils, like weedy and uncultivated areas, such as waste places and roadsides. |
| − | Mugwort is a | + | [[Image:Detail of mugwort mature leaf.jpg|left|thumbnail|A mugwort leaf with the pointed leaves characteristic of a mature plant]] |
| + | Mugwort grows about one to two meters in height (rarely 2.5 meters), with a woody root. The [[leaf|leaves]] are 5-20 centimeters long, dark green on top, pinnate, and light green with dense white [[tomentose]] hairs on the underside. They are alternately arranged long the erect, grooved stem, that is slightly hairy and may be tinged with a purple hue (Hanrahan 2001). The leaves have a pungent odor when crushed (Hanrahan 2001). The rather small flowers (5 millimeters long) are radially symmetrical with many yellow or dark red petals. The narrow and numerous capitula (flower heads) spread out in racemose [[panicles]]. It flowers from July to September, clustering in long spikes at the top of the plant in late summer (Hanrahan 2001). | ||
| − | + | Mugwort is a different species from wormwood (''Artemisia absinthium'', or absinth wormwood, although several species in the ''Artemisia'' genus have the common name of wormwood). Mugwort is distinguished from wormwood by the leaves being pale green or white on the underside and by the leaf segments being pointed, not blunt. | |
| − | |||
| − | Chinese mugwort (''A. verlotiorum'') is often confused with | + | Chinese mugwort (''A. verlotiorum'') is often confused with mugwort (''A. vulgaris''). It has oblong reddish to brown capitula, its stems are green, and the leaves broader, lighter colored, and more dense on the stem. The plant has a stronger and more pleasant smell than that of mugwort. It flowers very late in the summer, but reproduces mainly by [[stolons]], thus forming thick groups. Chinese mugwort shares the same habitat as common mugwort and both are very common. |
| + | ===Uses other than moxibustion=== | ||
[[Image:Koeh-016.jpg|thumb|right|19th century illustration]] | [[Image:Koeh-016.jpg|thumb|right|19th century illustration]] | ||
The leaves and buds, best picked shortly before the plant flowers in July to September, were used as a bitter flavoring agent to season fat meat and fish. In [[Germany]], known as Beifuß, it is mainly used to season goose, especially the roast goose traditionally eaten for [[Christmas]]. Mugwort is also used in Korea and Japan to give festive [[rice cakes]] a greenish color. It is a common seasoning in Korean soups and pancakes. Known as a blood cleanser, it is believed to have different medicinal properties depending on the region it is collected. In the [[Middle Ages]] Mugwort was used as part of a herbal mixture called [[gruit]], used in the flavoring of [[beer]] before the widespread introduction of [[hop (plant)|hops]]. | The leaves and buds, best picked shortly before the plant flowers in July to September, were used as a bitter flavoring agent to season fat meat and fish. In [[Germany]], known as Beifuß, it is mainly used to season goose, especially the roast goose traditionally eaten for [[Christmas]]. Mugwort is also used in Korea and Japan to give festive [[rice cakes]] a greenish color. It is a common seasoning in Korean soups and pancakes. Known as a blood cleanser, it is believed to have different medicinal properties depending on the region it is collected. In the [[Middle Ages]] Mugwort was used as part of a herbal mixture called [[gruit]], used in the flavoring of [[beer]] before the widespread introduction of [[hop (plant)|hops]]. | ||
| − | However, | + | However, mugwort contains [[thujone]], which is toxic. Pregnant women, in particular, should avoid consuming large amounts of mugwort. |
In addition to consumption and being used in the pulverized and aged form in moxibustion, mugwort is also used medicinally in other ways. The plant contains ethereal oils (such as [[cineole]], or wormwood oil, and [[thujone]]), [[flavonoid]]s, [[terpene|triterpenes]], and [[coumarin]] derivatives. Chewing some leaves is believe to relieve fatigue and stimulate the [[nervous system]]. It was also used as an [[anthelminthic]], so it is sometimes confused with wormwood ([[Absinth Wormwood|''Artemisia absinthium'']]). | In addition to consumption and being used in the pulverized and aged form in moxibustion, mugwort is also used medicinally in other ways. The plant contains ethereal oils (such as [[cineole]], or wormwood oil, and [[thujone]]), [[flavonoid]]s, [[terpene|triterpenes]], and [[coumarin]] derivatives. Chewing some leaves is believe to relieve fatigue and stimulate the [[nervous system]]. It was also used as an [[anthelminthic]], so it is sometimes confused with wormwood ([[Absinth Wormwood|''Artemisia absinthium'']]). | ||
| − | In the Middle Ages, mugwort was used as a magical protective herb. Mugwort was used to repel insects, especially moths, from gardens. Mugwort has also been used from ancient times as a remedy against fatigue and to protect travelers against evil spirits and wild animals. Roman soldiers put mugwort in their sandals to protect their feet against fatigue. | + | Mugwort is considered a herbal ally for women, with benefit for regulating the [[menstruation|menstrual cycle]] and easing the transition to [[menopause]] (Hanrahan 2001). It acts as an emmenagogue—an agent that increases blood circulation to the pelvic area and the uterus—and is considered a useful remedy for painful or irregular menstruation and to promote labor (Hanrahan 2001). |
| + | |||
| + | In the Middle Ages, mugwort was used as a magical protective herb. Mugwort was used to repel insects, especially moths, from gardens. Mugwort has also been used from ancient times as a remedy against fatigue and to protect travelers against evil spirits and wild animals. Roman soldiers put mugwort in their sandals to protect their feet against fatigue. Mugwort was planted along roadside by the Romans so that a passerby could put it in his or her shoes to relieve aching feet (Hanrahan 2001). | ||
Much used in witchcraft, mugwort is said to be useful in inducing [[lucid dreaming]] and [[astral travel]]. Consumption of the plant, or a [[tincture]] thereof, prior to sleeping is said to increase the intensity of dreams, the level of control, and to aid in the recall of dreams upon waking. One common method of ingestion is to smoke the plant. | Much used in witchcraft, mugwort is said to be useful in inducing [[lucid dreaming]] and [[astral travel]]. Consumption of the plant, or a [[tincture]] thereof, prior to sleeping is said to increase the intensity of dreams, the level of control, and to aid in the recall of dreams upon waking. One common method of ingestion is to smoke the plant. | ||
== Terminology == | == Terminology == | ||
| − | The word "moxa" comes from [[Japanese language|Japanese]] ''mogusa'' (艾) (the ''u'' is not very strongly enunciated). ''Yomogi'' (蓬) also serves as a synonym for moxa in Japan. [[Chinese language|Chinese]] uses the same character as ''mogusa'', but pronounced differently: ''ài'', also called ''àiróng'' (艾絨)(meaning "[[velvet]] of ài"). | + | The root word "moxa" actually comes from the [[Japanese language|Japanese]] ''mogusa'' (艾) (the ''u'' is not very strongly enunciated). ''Yomogi'' (蓬) also serves as a synonym for moxa in Japan. [[Chinese language|Chinese]] uses the same character as ''mogusa'', but pronounced differently: ''ài'', also called ''àiróng'' (艾絨)(meaning "[[velvet]] of ài"). |
The [[Chinese character]] for moxa forms one half of the two making up the Chinese word that often gets translated as "[[acupuncture]]" zhēnjiǔ (鍼灸). | The [[Chinese character]] for moxa forms one half of the two making up the Chinese word that often gets translated as "[[acupuncture]]" zhēnjiǔ (鍼灸). | ||
| − | == | + | The term mugwort may come from the old English word ''moughte'', meaning "moth," or ''mucgwyrt'', meaning "midgewort," referring to the use of the plant to repel moths and other insects (Hanrahan 2001). The generic term, ''Artemisia'', comes from the Greek moon goddess Artemis, a patron of women, reflecting mugworts being considered a herbal ally for women (Hanrahan 2001). |
| + | |||
| + | == History, description, and benefits == | ||
| + | The practice of moxibustion appears to trace to more than 3,000 years ago, as during the Shang Dynasty in China, hieroglyphs of acupuncture and moxibustion were found on bones and tortoise shells (Kim 2005). Medical historians believe that moxibustion pre-dated acupuncture, and needling came to supplement moxa after the 2nd century B.C.E. | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
Practitioners use moxa to warm regions and [[acupuncture point]]s with the intention of stimulating [[circulatory system|circulation]] through the points and inducing a smoother flow of [[blood]] and [[qi]]. Research, for example at [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2603/is_0005/ai_2603000533 Mugwort (Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine by Clare Hanrahan)] has shown that mugwort acts as an [[emmenagogue]], meaning that it stimulates blood-flow in the [[pelvis|pelvic area]] and [[uterus]]. It is claimed that moxibustion militates against cold and dampness in the body and can serve to turn [[breech birth|breech babies]] <ref>http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0HKP/is_1_29/ai_73711259 American Journal of Chinese Medicine, Winter, 2001, Yoichi Kanakura, et al.</ref> | Practitioners use moxa to warm regions and [[acupuncture point]]s with the intention of stimulating [[circulatory system|circulation]] through the points and inducing a smoother flow of [[blood]] and [[qi]]. Research, for example at [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2603/is_0005/ai_2603000533 Mugwort (Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine by Clare Hanrahan)] has shown that mugwort acts as an [[emmenagogue]], meaning that it stimulates blood-flow in the [[pelvis|pelvic area]] and [[uterus]]. It is claimed that moxibustion militates against cold and dampness in the body and can serve to turn [[breech birth|breech babies]] <ref>http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0HKP/is_1_29/ai_73711259 American Journal of Chinese Medicine, Winter, 2001, Yoichi Kanakura, et al.</ref> | ||
| − | + | Different schools of acupuncture use moxa in varying degrees. For example a [[Five Element Acupuncture|5-element acupuncturist]] will use moxa directly on the skin, whilst a [[Traditional Chinese Medicine|TCM]]-style practitioner will use rolls of moxa and hold them over the point treated. It can also be burnt atop a fine slice of ginger root to prevent scarring.{{Fact|date=January 2007}} | |
Practitioners consider moxibustion to be especially effective in the treatment of chronic problems, "deficient conditions" (weakness), and [[gerontology]]. [[Pien Ch'iao|Bian Que]] (''fl.'' ''circa'' 500 B.C.E.), one of the most famous semi-legendary doctors of Chinese antiquity and the first specialist in moxibustion, discussed the benefits of moxa over acupuncture in his classic work. He asserted that moxa could add new energy to the body and could treat both excess and deficient conditions. On the other hand, he advised against the use of acupuncture in an already deficient (weak) patient, on the grounds that needle manipulation would leak too much [[energy]]. | Practitioners consider moxibustion to be especially effective in the treatment of chronic problems, "deficient conditions" (weakness), and [[gerontology]]. [[Pien Ch'iao|Bian Que]] (''fl.'' ''circa'' 500 B.C.E.), one of the most famous semi-legendary doctors of Chinese antiquity and the first specialist in moxibustion, discussed the benefits of moxa over acupuncture in his classic work. He asserted that moxa could add new energy to the body and could treat both excess and deficient conditions. On the other hand, he advised against the use of acupuncture in an already deficient (weak) patient, on the grounds that needle manipulation would leak too much [[energy]]. | ||
Revision as of 22:32, 17 December 2007
Moxibustion (Chinese: 灸; pinyin: jiǔ) or moxa treatment is an oriental medicine therapy involving the burning of moxa or mugwort herb (Artemisia vulgaris) close to the skin to treat diseases or produce analgesia (pain relief). Moxibustion may also utilize wormwood or other combustible and slow-burning substance. The purpose is to strengthen and stimulate the blood and qi (life energy) of the body.
Moxibustion plays an important role in the traditional medical systems of China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet, and Mongolia. The basic technique involves placing burning mugwort over the affected area on the body, particularly on an acupuncture point, and removing it before burning the skin (Kim 2001). Suppliers usually age the mugwort and grind it up to a fluff; practitioners burn the fluff or process it further into a stick or cone that may resemble a (non-smokable) cigar. They can use it indirectly, with acupuncture needles, or sometimes burn it on a patient's skin.
The Chinese character for acupuncture translated literally into "acupuncture-moxibustion" (Kim 2005).
Moxibustion has been show to have success in .....
Mugwort
| Mugwort | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | ||||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | ||||||||||||||
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| Artemisia vulgaris L. |
Mugwort is a tall, herbaceous plant, Artemisia vulgaris, that is native to temperate Europe, Asia, and northern Africa, as well present in North America. It is also known as common artemisia, wild wormwood, felon herb, chrysanthemum weed, and St. John's plant (not to be confused with St John's wort). It is called Mogusa or Yomogi in Japan. Mugwort is one of several species in the genus Artemisia with names containing mugwort. It is a very common plant growing on nitrogenous soils, like weedy and uncultivated areas, such as waste places and roadsides.
Mugwort grows about one to two meters in height (rarely 2.5 meters), with a woody root. The leaves are 5-20 centimeters long, dark green on top, pinnate, and light green with dense white tomentose hairs on the underside. They are alternately arranged long the erect, grooved stem, that is slightly hairy and may be tinged with a purple hue (Hanrahan 2001). The leaves have a pungent odor when crushed (Hanrahan 2001). The rather small flowers (5 millimeters long) are radially symmetrical with many yellow or dark red petals. The narrow and numerous capitula (flower heads) spread out in racemose panicles. It flowers from July to September, clustering in long spikes at the top of the plant in late summer (Hanrahan 2001).
Mugwort is a different species from wormwood (Artemisia absinthium, or absinth wormwood, although several species in the Artemisia genus have the common name of wormwood). Mugwort is distinguished from wormwood by the leaves being pale green or white on the underside and by the leaf segments being pointed, not blunt.
Chinese mugwort (A. verlotiorum) is often confused with mugwort (A. vulgaris). It has oblong reddish to brown capitula, its stems are green, and the leaves broader, lighter colored, and more dense on the stem. The plant has a stronger and more pleasant smell than that of mugwort. It flowers very late in the summer, but reproduces mainly by stolons, thus forming thick groups. Chinese mugwort shares the same habitat as common mugwort and both are very common.
Uses other than moxibustion
The leaves and buds, best picked shortly before the plant flowers in July to September, were used as a bitter flavoring agent to season fat meat and fish. In Germany, known as Beifuß, it is mainly used to season goose, especially the roast goose traditionally eaten for Christmas. Mugwort is also used in Korea and Japan to give festive rice cakes a greenish color. It is a common seasoning in Korean soups and pancakes. Known as a blood cleanser, it is believed to have different medicinal properties depending on the region it is collected. In the Middle Ages Mugwort was used as part of a herbal mixture called gruit, used in the flavoring of beer before the widespread introduction of hops.
However, mugwort contains thujone, which is toxic. Pregnant women, in particular, should avoid consuming large amounts of mugwort.
In addition to consumption and being used in the pulverized and aged form in moxibustion, mugwort is also used medicinally in other ways. The plant contains ethereal oils (such as cineole, or wormwood oil, and thujone), flavonoids, triterpenes, and coumarin derivatives. Chewing some leaves is believe to relieve fatigue and stimulate the nervous system. It was also used as an anthelminthic, so it is sometimes confused with wormwood (Artemisia absinthium).
Mugwort is considered a herbal ally for women, with benefit for regulating the menstrual cycle and easing the transition to menopause (Hanrahan 2001). It acts as an emmenagogue—an agent that increases blood circulation to the pelvic area and the uterus—and is considered a useful remedy for painful or irregular menstruation and to promote labor (Hanrahan 2001).
In the Middle Ages, mugwort was used as a magical protective herb. Mugwort was used to repel insects, especially moths, from gardens. Mugwort has also been used from ancient times as a remedy against fatigue and to protect travelers against evil spirits and wild animals. Roman soldiers put mugwort in their sandals to protect their feet against fatigue. Mugwort was planted along roadside by the Romans so that a passerby could put it in his or her shoes to relieve aching feet (Hanrahan 2001).
Much used in witchcraft, mugwort is said to be useful in inducing lucid dreaming and astral travel. Consumption of the plant, or a tincture thereof, prior to sleeping is said to increase the intensity of dreams, the level of control, and to aid in the recall of dreams upon waking. One common method of ingestion is to smoke the plant.
Terminology
The root word "moxa" actually comes from the Japanese mogusa (艾) (the u is not very strongly enunciated). Yomogi (蓬) also serves as a synonym for moxa in Japan. Chinese uses the same character as mogusa, but pronounced differently: ài, also called àiróng (艾絨)(meaning "velvet of ài").
The Chinese character for moxa forms one half of the two making up the Chinese word that often gets translated as "acupuncture" zhēnjiǔ (鍼灸).
The term mugwort may come from the old English word moughte, meaning "moth," or mucgwyrt, meaning "midgewort," referring to the use of the plant to repel moths and other insects (Hanrahan 2001). The generic term, Artemisia, comes from the Greek moon goddess Artemis, a patron of women, reflecting mugworts being considered a herbal ally for women (Hanrahan 2001).
History, description, and benefits
The practice of moxibustion appears to trace to more than 3,000 years ago, as during the Shang Dynasty in China, hieroglyphs of acupuncture and moxibustion were found on bones and tortoise shells (Kim 2005). Medical historians believe that moxibustion pre-dated acupuncture, and needling came to supplement moxa after the 2nd century B.C.E.
Practitioners use moxa to warm regions and acupuncture points with the intention of stimulating circulation through the points and inducing a smoother flow of blood and qi. Research, for example at Mugwort (Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine by Clare Hanrahan) has shown that mugwort acts as an emmenagogue, meaning that it stimulates blood-flow in the pelvic area and uterus. It is claimed that moxibustion militates against cold and dampness in the body and can serve to turn breech babies [1]
Different schools of acupuncture use moxa in varying degrees. For example a 5-element acupuncturist will use moxa directly on the skin, whilst a TCM-style practitioner will use rolls of moxa and hold them over the point treated. It can also be burnt atop a fine slice of ginger root to prevent scarring.[citation needed]
Practitioners consider moxibustion to be especially effective in the treatment of chronic problems, "deficient conditions" (weakness), and gerontology. Bian Que (fl. circa 500 B.C.E.), one of the most famous semi-legendary doctors of Chinese antiquity and the first specialist in moxibustion, discussed the benefits of moxa over acupuncture in his classic work. He asserted that moxa could add new energy to the body and could treat both excess and deficient conditions. On the other hand, he advised against the use of acupuncture in an already deficient (weak) patient, on the grounds that needle manipulation would leak too much energy.
A huge classical work, Gao Huang Shu (膏肓俞), specialises solely in treatment indications for moxa on a single point (穴).
Note that Taoists use scarring moxibustion along with Chinese medical astrology for longevity.
Practitioners may use acupuncture needles made of various materials in combination with moxa, depending on the direction of qi flow they wish to stimulate.
The British RCT yielded results that indicate that moxibustion of mugwort was indeed effective at increasing the cephalic positioning of fetuses who were in a breech position before the intervention. Since it also causes uterine contractions, it has been used to cause abortion. It also plays a role in Asian traditional medicine as a method of correcting breech presentation. This method is termed moxibustion. A study of 260 Chinese women at 33 weeks of pregnancy demonstrated cephalic version within two weeks in 75% of fetuses carried by patients who were treated with moxibustion, as opposed to 48% in the control group.[2] It has also been shown that acupuncture plus moxibustion slows fetal heart rates while increasing fetal movement.[3] Two recent studies of Italian patients produced conflicting results. In the first, involving 226 patients, there was cephalic presentation at delivery in 54% of women treated between 33 and 35 weeks with acupuncture and moxibustion, vs. 37% in the control group.[4] The second was terminated prematurely because of numerous treatment interruptions.[5]
Parallel uses of mugwort
In North and South America, indigenous peoples regard mugwort as a sacred plant of divination and spiritual healing, as well as a panacea. Mugwort amongst other herbs were often bound into smudge sticks. Europeans placed sprigs of mugwort under pillows to provoke dreams; and the herb had associations with the practice of magic in Anglo-Saxon times.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0HKP/is_1_29/ai_73711259 American Journal of Chinese Medicine, Winter, 2001, Yoichi Kanakura, et al.
- ↑ Cardini, F., and W. X. Huang. JAMA 280(18): 1580-1584, November 1998
- ↑ Neri, I., et al. Journal of the Society for Gynecological Investigation 9(3): 158-162, May-June 2002
- ↑ Neri, I., et al. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 15(4): 247-252
- ↑ Cardini, F., et al. BJOG 112(6): 743-747, June 2005
See also
- Traditional Chinese medicine
- Traditional Japanese medicine (Kampo)
- Traditional Korean medicine
- Traditional Tibetan medicine
- Traditional Mongolian medicine
External links
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