Johannesburg

Johannesburg
Johannesburg skyline with the Hillbrow Tower in the background
Flag Seal
Nickname: Joburg; Jozi; Egoli (City of Gold); Gauteng Maboneng (City of Lights); Joburg my Joburg, Joni; Africa's greatest City
Motto: Unity in Development
Location of Johannesburg Location of Johannesburg
Map of South Africa showing Johannesburg's location
Coordinates: 26°08′S 27°54′E
Country	South Africa
Province	Gauteng
Established	1886
Government
- Mayor	Amos Masondo
Area
- Total	1,644.96 km² (635.1 sq mi)
Elevation	1,753 m (5,751 ft)
Population (2007)
- Total	3,888,180
- Density	2,364/km² (6,122.7/sq mi)
Time zone	SAST (UTC+2)
Area code(s)	011
Website: www.joburg.org.za

Johannesburg (pronounced /jō-hān'ĭs-bûrg'/), the largest and most populous city in South Africa, is the provincial capital of Gauteng, the wealthiest province in South Africa, having the largest economy of any metropolitan region in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Founded in 1886, Johannesburg reflects a nearly 100 years of racial segregation. It is a city of contrasts, of glass and steel high-rise buildings next to shantytowns, of world-class universities among widespread illiteracy, of extreme wealth and poverty.

The city is one of the 40 largest metropolitan areas in the world, it is one of Africa's only two global cities, the other being Cairo according to the Globalization and World Cities group's 1999 inventory, which classified it as a gamma world city).

Johannesburg is the source of a large-scale gold and diamond trade, due to its location on the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills.

Gauteng (as a city) is growing rapidly, due to mass urbanisation that is a feature of many developing countries. According to the State of the Cities Report, the urban portion of Gauteng – comprised primarily of the cities of Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni (the East Rand) and Tshwane (greater Pretoria) – will be a polycentric urban region with a projected population of some 14.6 million people by 2015, making it one of the largest cities in the world.

Geography

Johannesburg as seen from the International Space Station.

File:Sandton home 01.jpg

Sandton, Gauteng, a suburb of Johannesburg

Johannesburg is located in the eastern plateau area of South Africa known as the Highveld, at an elevation of 5751 feet (1753 meters). The former CBD is located on the south side of the prominent ridge called the Witwatersrand (Afrikaans: White Water's Ridge). The Witwatersrand marks the watershed between the Limpopo and Vaal rivers, and the terrain falls to the north and south. The north and west of the city has undulating hills while the eastern parts are flatter.

The city enjoys a dry, sunny climate, with the exception of occasional late afternoon downpours in the summer months of October to April. Temperatures usually fairly mild thanks to the city's high altitude, with the average maximum daytime temperature in January of 79F (26C), dropping to an average maximum of around 61F (16C) in June. Winter is the sunniest time of the year, with cool days and cold nights. The temperature occasionally drops to below freezing at night, causing frost. Snow is rare. Mean annual precipitation is 28 inches (716mm).

Despite the relatively dry climate, Johannesburg has over 10 million trees. Many trees were planted in the northern areas of the city at the end of the 19th century, to provide wood for mining. The areas were developed by the gold and diamond mining entrepreneur (Randlord), Hermann Eckstein, a German immigrant, who called the forest estates Sachsenwald. The name was changed to Saxonwold, now the name of a suburb, during World War I. Early (white) residents who moved into the areas referred to as the Northern Suburbs, retained many of the original trees and planted new ones. A considerable number of trees were felled, to make way for the Northern Suburbs' residential and commercial redevelopment.

Air pollution is a significant environmental issue, especially in winter, when thermal inversions block air flow from the Indian Ocean. Pollution is worst in poor black townships on the outer ring of the city, where coal is used for fuel.

Johannesburg is a divided city, and its suburbs are the product of extensive urban sprawl. The poor mostly live in the southern suburbs, such as Soweto, a mostly black urban area constructed during the apartheid regime, or on the peripheries of the far north, as well as in the inner city.

Traditionally the northern and northwestern suburbs have been the centre for the wealthy, containing the high-end retail shops as well as several upper-class residential areas such as Hyde Park, Sandhurst, Northcliff and Houghton, where Nelson Mandela lives.

History

The farm where gold was discovered in 1886.

Johannesburg around 1890.

Boer guerrillas during the Second Boer War.

Jan Smuts, Prime Minister of South Africa.

The region surrounding Johannesburg was inhabited by Bushmen or San, who were hunter-gatherers and Stone Age people. By the 1200s, groups of Nthu people started moving southwards from central Africa and encroached on the indigenous San population.

White trekboers, who were semi-nomadic subsistence descendants of the predominantly Dutch settlers of Cape Town, started entering the area after 1860, seeking to escape the English, who controlled the cape since 1806, and seeking better pastures.

Gold discovered

Alluvial gold was discovered in 1853 in the Jukskei River north of Johannesburg by South African prospector Pieter Jacob Marais. Australian prospector George Harrison discovered gold at Langlaagte in 1886. Although he sold his claim and moved on, diggers flooded into the area, and discovered that there were richer gold reefs in the Witwatersrand.

The Zuid-Afrikaansche Republijk government sent Johannes Meyer, and Johannes Rissik, who both worked in land surveying and mapping, to inspect the goldfields and identify a city site. Although controversy surrounds the origin of the name, one theory is that the new settlement was named after them — the two men combined their common first name to which they added "burg", the archaic Afrikaans word for "village".

Johannesburg was a dusty settlement some 90km from the Transvaal Republic capital which was Pretoria. The town was much the same as any small prospecting settlement, but, as word spread, people flocked to the area from all other regions of the country, as well as from North America, the United Kingdom and Europe. The gold attracted destitute white rural Afrikaners, and blacks from all over Africa, worked in the mines on contract before returning home.

Babylon revived

Johannesburg had a population of 100,000 people by 1896. The predominantly male population made the city a boom town for liquor sales and prostitution, and attracted crime syndicates from New York and London, prompting a visiting journalist, in 1913, to write that “Ancient Ninevah and Babylon have been revived.”

The gold deposits were low-grade, required crushing and mixing with cyanide to produce gold, and the gold reef dipped further underground, eventually to a depth of up to two miles. The amount of capital required for the process meanth that soon the industry was controlled by half a dozen mining houses each controlled by a "randlord". As these randlords gained power, they became frustrated with what they perceived as weak, corrupt Boer government.

Meanwhile, the British Empire was running low on currency reserves, and some British officials eyed control of the Johannesburg gold fields. A coup attempt against the Transvaal government failed in 1895. In September 1899, the British government demanded the enfranchisement of all white British workers (uitlanders) there.

Boer War

This culminated in the South African War, fought from October 11, 1899, until May 31, 1902, between the British Empire and the two independent Boer republics of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic). British troops entered Johannesburg in June 1900. The Boers lost the war and control of the area was ceded to the British. The new overlords rescinded Boer tariffs and passed a law designed to force blacks to accept work at whatever wages whites were willing to pay. Later, to increase a pool of cheap labour, imperial officials imported more than 60,000 Chinese indentured labourers.

In 1904, blacks were forcibly relocated from the city centre to Klipspruit, 10 miles to the southwest, in a bid to deal with urban disorder by following the ideology of segregation. The 1911 Mines and Works Act enshrined a “job colour bar”.

The Natives (Urban Areas) Act of 1923, defined urban blacks as “temporary sojourners,” there to benefit the needs of the white population. This act enabled city authorities to relocate thousands of blacks from slums in the city to black townships. Police enacted pass and liquor raids to root out the “idle,” “disorderly,” or "superfluous".

Blacks protested by organising petitions and deputations. Protest escalated to strikes by African railway and municipal workers during World War I (1914-1918). The Transvaal Native Congress, a forerunner of the African National Congress, launched an anti-pass campaign. In 1920, 70,000 black mineworkers went on strike, to be forced underground to work at bayonet point.

Rand rebellion

Mineowners challenged white mineworkers in 1907, 1913, and 1922. The Rand Rebellion was an armed uprising of Afrikaans and English-speaking white miners in Witwatersrand, in March 1922, sparked off by the mining companies’ intensified exploitation of the miners. The workers took over the cities of Benoni and Brakpan, and the Johannesburg suburbs of Fordsburg and Jeppe. The young Communist Party of South Africa took an active part. Several Communists, including the strike leaders Fischer and Spendiff, were killed as the rebellion was quelled by state forces. The rebellion was eventually crushed by "considerable military firepower and at the cost of over 200 lives."

The South African manufacturing industry outstripped the country's mining and agricultural industries in the 1930s. This occurred especially in Johannesburg, and caused a big influx of blacks from the countryside seeking work.

White workers went to fight in World War II (1939-1945), leaving booming factories desperate for labour. Restrictions on black migration were lifted, and Johannesburg’s black population doubled to more than 400,000. Black migrants went into overcrowded townships or squatter camps. The squalid conditions bred disease and vice, but also sparked a new political consciousness and the emergence of the militant African National Congress Youth League, of which apprentice lawyer Nelson Mandela was a member. Black mineworkers went on strike in 1946.

Segregation

Segregation became the central issue of the 1948 election. Prime Minister Jan Smuts (1870-1950), of the United Party, argued that some permanent black urbanization was an inevitable, while the National Party of Daniel F. Malan (1874-1959) said that warned that whites were being “swamped” and advocated segregation under a policy called “apartheid.”

The National Party won, banned opposition parties, and during the next 46 years while it held power, introduced a series of laws, most notably the Group Areas Act of 1950, that specified where the races could live, work, or attend school. Pass laws were the main means of influx control — in 25 years, 10 million pass offenses were prosecuted in the state.

From 1960 to 1980, several hundred thousand blacks were forcibly relocated from Johannesburg, to remote ethnic “homelands”. During the 1960s, the South African economy grew nearly 6 percent each year, bringing unimagined prosperity to whites.

Soweto

Black discontent exploded in Johannesburg, on June 16, 1976, when South African police fired on a group of Soweto students protesting against plans to impose Afrikaans as a language of instruction in black schools. An uprising spread to 80 South African cities.

Johannesburg townships exploded again in 1984, when the National Party introduced limited franchise to Indians and coloureds while excluding the black majority. Unrest continued through the 1980s, accompanied by strikes. The African National Congress won South Africa's first democratic elections in 1994.

After the Group Areas Act was scrapped in the early 1990s, thousands of poor, mostly black, people, who had been forbidden to live in the city proper, moved into the city from surrounding black townships like Soweto. In addition, many immigrants from economically beleaguered and war torn African nations flooded into Johannesburg. Crime levels rose, and especially the rate of violent crime. Many inner city buildings were abandoned by landlords, especially in high-density areas. Many corporations and institutions to suburbs like Sandton. By the late 1990s, Johannesburg was rated as one of the most dangerous cities in the world.

Drastic measures have been taken to reduce crime in the city, including closed-circuit television on street corners. Crime levels in Johannesburg have dropped as the economy has stabilised and begun to grow. In an effort to prepare Johannesburg for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, local government has enlisted the help of former New York mayor Rudolph Giuliani to help bring down the crime rate, as the opening and closing matches of the tournament will be played in the city.

In 2008, the Johannesburg Metropolitan Council was implementing a large scale Inner City Revival project, leading to some business moving back to the inner city.

Government

The Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipal Offices in Braamfontein.

File:PonteTower.jpg

Ponte City Apartments in Johannesburg.

South Africa is a republic in which the president is both the chief of state and head of government, and is elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term. The bicameral Parliament consists of the National Assembly of 400 members, elected by popular vote under a system of proportional representation to serve five-year terms, and the National Council of Provinces of 90 seats, with 10 members elected by each of the nine provincial legislatures for five-year terms.

While Johannesburg does not form one of South Africa's three capital cities, it does house the Constitutional Court – South Africa's highest court. Cape Town is the legislative capital and seat of the National Parliament, Pretoria is the executive (administrative) and de facto national capital, and Bloemfontein, the judicial capital.

During the apartheid era, Johannesburg was divided into 11 local authorities, seven of which were white and four black or coloured. The white authorities were 90 percent self-sufficient from property tax and other local taxes, and spent ZAR 600 ($US93) per person, while the black authorities were only 10 percent self-sufficient, spending R 100 ($US15) per person.

The first post-apartheid City Council was created in 1995. The council adopted the slogan "One City, One Taxpayer" in order to highlight its goal of addressing unequal tax revenue distribution. To this end, revenue from wealthy, traditionally white areas would help pay for services needed in poorer, black areas.

The City Council was divided into four regions, each with a substantially autonomous local regional authority that was to be overseen by a central metropolitan council. Furthermore, the municipal boundaries were expanded to include wealthy satellite towns like Sandton and Randburg, poorer neighbouring townships such as Soweto and Alexandra, and informal settlements like Orange Farm.

In 1999, Johannesburg appointed a city manager in order to reshape the city's ailing financial situation. The manager, together with the Municipal Council, drew up a blueprint called "Igoli 2002". This was a three-year plan that called upon the government to sell non-core assets, restructure certain utilities, and required that all others become self-sufficient. The plan took the city from near insolvency to an operating surplus of R 153 million ($US23.6-million).

Following the creation of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, Johannesburg was divided into 11 administrative regions (these regions did not correspond to the areas governed by the former local authorities). In 2006, the number of administrative regions was consolidated, from 11 to seven. The regions take on a role as contractors to the central government. The relationship is similar to that of the larger utilities and agencies, such as City Power, and is designed to maximise efficiency.

Each region is operationally responsible for the delivery of health care, housing, sports and recreation, libraries, social development, and other local community-based services. Each region has a People's Centre where any city-related transaction can be dealt with. Residents can lodge complaints, report service problems, and perform council-related business more quickly.

The mayor, chosen by the African National Congress's national executive office, takes ultimate responsibility for the city and leads a 10-person City Council.

The city management team implements decisions taken by the City Council and monitors the performance of the various branches of the city government. The group's head office is the Metro Centre Complex in Braamfontein, which is responsible for overall administration, financial control, supply of services, and collection of revenues. The fire department and ambulances, the metropolitan police and traffic control, museums, art galleries, and heritage sites are all controlled by separate departments within the central administration.

City councillors are either elected in one of Johannesburg's 109 electoral wards, or appointed by proportional representation from a party. The directly appointed councillors have more responsibilities, including setting up committees in their wards to raise local issues and liaising with local ratepayers' and residents' associations. The ward councillors liaise with city management through the regional directors in their areas.

Economy

File:Hilbrow Tower.jpg

Hillbrow Tower.

The skyline of Johannesburg's Central Business District as seen from the observatory of the Carlton Centre.

File:ConsolidatedBuilding.jpg

Image from the Central Business district of Johnnesburg

A full minibus taxi.

The M2 in the afternoon as it passes through the Central Business District.

Johannesburg is the economic and financial hub of South Africa, producing 16 percent of South Africa's gross domestic product, and accounts for 40 percent of Gauteng's economic activity. In a 2007 survey conducted by Mastercard, Johannesburg ranked 47 out of 50 top cities in the world as a worldwide centre of commerce (the only city in Africa)

Mining was the foundation of the Witwatersrand's economy, but its importance is gradually declining due to dwindling reserves and service and manufacturing industries have become more significant to the city's economy. While gold mining no longer takes place within the city limits, most mining companies still have their headquarters in Johannesburg.

The city's manufacturing industries extend across a range of areas and there is still a reliance on heavy industries including steel and cement plants. The service and other industries include banking, IT, real estate, transport, broadcast and print media, private health care, transport and a vibrant leisure and consumer retail market. Johannesburg has Africa's largest stock exchange, the JSE Securities Exchange although it has moved out of the central business district. Due to its commercial role, the city is the seat of the provincial government and the site of a number of government branch offices, as well as consular offices and other institutions.

There is also a significant informal economy consisting of cash-only street traders and vendors. The level of this economic activity is difficult to track in official statistics and it supports a sector of the population including immigrants who are not in formal employment. The Witwatersrand urban complex is a major consumer of water in a dry region. Its continued economic and population growth has depended on schemes to divert water from other regions of South Africa and from the highlands of Lesotho, the biggest of which is the Lesotho Highlands Water Project, but additional sources will be needed early in the 21st century.

The city is home to several media groups which own a number of newspaper and magazine titles. The two main print media groups are Independent Newspapers and Naspers (Media24). The electronic media is also headquartered in the greater metropolitan region. Media ownership is relatively complicated with a number of cross shareholdings which have been rationalised in recent years resulting in the movement of some ownership into the hands of black shareholders. This has been accompanied by a growth in black editorship and journalism.

Johannesburg has not traditionally been known as a tourist destination, but the city is a transit point for connecting flights to Cape Town, Durban, and the Kruger National Park. Consequently, most international visitors to South Africa pass through Johannesburg at least once, which has led to the development of more attractions for tourists.

About 19 percent of economically active adults work in wholesale and retail sectors, 18 percent in financial, real estate and business services, 17 percent in community, social and personal services and 12 percent are in manufacturing. Only 0.7 percent work in mining.

Per capita GDP, rank

Johannesburg, much like Los Angeles, is a young and sprawling city geared towards private motorists, and lacks a convenient public transportation system. One of Africa's most famous "beltways" or ring roads/orbitals is the Johannesburg Ring Road. The road is composed of three freeways that converge on the city, forming an 80 kilometers (49.7 mi) loop around it.

Johannesburg is served by a bus fleet consisting of approximately 550 single and double-decker buses, plying 84 different routes in the city. Construction on a new Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system was under way in 2008. Johannesburg has two kinds of taxis, metered taxis, and minibus taxis, which are often of a poor standard in not only road-worthiness, but also in terms of driver quality.

Johannesburg's metro railway system connects central Johannesburg to Soweto, Pretoria, and most of the satellite towns along the Witwatersrand. The railways transport huge numbers of workers every day. However, the railway infrastructure was built in Johannesburg's infancy and covers only the older areas in the city's south. The Gautrain Rapid Rail, which was under construction in 2008, will consist of a number of underground stations, as well as above ground stations, and will run from Johannesburg's Park Station, through Rosebank, Sandton, Midrand and into Pretoria.

Johannesburg is served by O.R. Tambo International Airport, the largest and busiest airport in Africa and a gateway for international air travel to and from the rest of southern Africa. Other airports include Rand Airport, Grand Central Airport, and Lanseria.

Demographics

File:ZA Joburg language.gif

Geographical distribution of home languages in Johannesburg.

The University of the Witwatersrand. Braamfontein buildings are visible in the background.

The population of Johannesburg was 3,888,180 in 2007, while the population of the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area was almost eight million. Johannesburg's land area of 635 square miles (1645 square kilometers) is large when compared to other cities, resulting in a population density of 6123 per square mile (2364 per square kilometer). Johannesburg and Pretoria are beginning to act as one functional entity, connecting the province of Gauteng together and forming one Megacity of roughly 10 million people.

People who live in formal households number 1,006,930, of which 86 percent have a flush or chemical toilet, 91 percent have refuse removed by the municipality at least once a week, 81 percent have access to running water, and 80 percent use electricity as the main source of energy. About 22 percent of Johannesburg residents stay in informal dwellings, and 66 percent of households are headed by one person.

Black Africans account for 73 percent of the population, followed by whites at 16 percent, coloureds at 6 percent and Asians at 4 percent. About 42 percent of the population is under the age of 24, while 6 percent of the population is over 60 years of age. A substantial 37 percent of city residents are unemployed, of which 91 percent. Women comprise 43 percent of the working population.

The poor are mostly black, earn less than Rand 25,000 per annum. The wealthy are mostly white. Around 20 percent of the city lives in abject poverty in informal settlements that lack proper roads, electricity, or any other kind of direct municipal service.

Burglary accounted for 24 percent of Johannesburg crime between 1993 and 1997, according to the Johannesburg Victim Survey. Mugging and robbery made up 16.5 percent of reported incidents and assault 15.5 percent. Most assaults were serious, with 84 percent involving the use of a weapon.

Regarding languages, 34 percent of Johannesburg residents speak Nguni languages at home, 26 percent speak Sotho languages, 19 percent speak English, and 8 percent speak Afrikaans.

Regarding religion, 53 percent belong to mainstream Christian churches, 24 percent are not affiliated with any organized religion, 14 percent are members of African Independent Churches, 3 percent are Muslim, 1 percent are Jewish and 1 percent are Hindu.

Johannesburg has a well-developed higher education system of both private and public universities. Johannesburg is served by the public universities the University of the Witwatersrand, famous as a centre of resistance to apartheid, earning it the nickname "Moscow on the Hill", and the University of Johannesburg.

About 14 percent have higher education (University or Technical school), 29 percent of adults have graduated from high school, 15 percent have primary education, and 7 percent are illiterate.

Of Interest

Busy side street off Beyers Naudé Drive in Cresta, Gauteng.

File:N1rainysouthbound.jpg

A rainy drive on the N1.

Ellis Park Stadium, the location of the 1995 Rugby World Cup.

Recent additions have centred around history museums, such as the Apartheid Museum and the Hector Pieterson Museum. Gold Reef City, a large amusement park to the south of the Central Business District, is also a large draw for tourists in the city. The Johannesburg Zoo is also one of the largest in South Africa.

The city also has several art museums, such as the Johannesburg Art Gallery, which featured South African and European landscape and figurative paintings. The Museum Africa covers the history of the city of Johannesburg, as well as housing a large collection of rock art. The Market Theatre complex attained notoriety in the 1970s and 1980s by staging anti-apartheid plays, and has now become a centre for modern South African playwriting.

There is also a large industry around visiting former townships, such as Soweto and Alexandra. Most visitors to Soweto go to see the Mandela Museum, which is located in the former home of Nelson Mandela.

The Cradle of Humankind UNESCO World Heritage Site is 25 kilometers (16 mi) to the northwest of the city. The Sterkfontein fossil site is famous for being the world's richest hominid site and produced the first adult Australopithecus africanus and the first near-complete skeleton of an early Australopithecine.

Johannesburg's most popular sports by participation are association football, cricket, rugby union, and running.

Kwaito is the musical genre from Johannesburg that is considered to be the post-struggle (post-apartheid) music of choice by South African youth. In it, lyrics are typically repeated over the rhythms and beats of House music.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Beavon, Keith Sidney Orrock. 2004. Johannesburg: the making and shaping of the city. Imagined South Africa. Pretoria: University of South Africa Press. ISBN 9781868883035
• Cartwright, Alan Patrick. 1965. The corner house: the early history of Johannesburg. Cape Town: Purnell. OCLC 3742920
• Lange, Lis. 2003. White, poor, and angry: white working class families in Johannesburg. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate. ISBN 9780754609155
• Meiring, Hannes, G.-M. Van der Waal, Wilhelm Grütter, and Anna Jonker. 1986. Early Johannesburg, its buildings and its people. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau. ISBN 9780798114561
• Nuttall, Sarah, and J.-A. Mbembé. 2004. Johannesburg: the elusive metropolis. Public culture, v. 16, no. 3. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822366102
• Rosenthal, Eric. 1970. Gold! Gold! Gold! The Johannesburg gold rush. [New York]: Macmillan. ISBN 0-949937-64-9
• Van Onselen, Charles, and Charles Van Onselen. 2001. New Babylon, new Nineveh: everyday life on the Witwatersrand, 1886-1914. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers. ISBN 9781868421114
• Encyclopaedia Britannica Johannesburg Retrieved August 17, 2008.

External links

• City of Johannesburg Retrieved August 17, 2008.
• Gauteng Provincial Government Retrieved August 17, 2008.
• Mail & Guardian online Retrieved August 17, 2008.
• Economist.com City Guide Retrieved August 17, 2008.
• Gauteng Tourism Authority Retrieved August 17, 2008.
• Joburg Happenings Retrieved August 17, 2008.

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