Difference between revisions of "Waseda University" - New World Encyclopedia
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Ōkuma Shigenobu represented a political faction outside of the two major groups, Satsuma and Choshu ''(Meiji origaki)'', who dominated the Japanese government. In 1882, when the political establishment under [[Hirobumi Ito]] was supporting the adoption of a constitution modeled after the Prussian constitution, Ōkuma organized a new political party to promote a British-style constitution. ''Tokyo Senmon Gakko (College),'' founded the same year, embodied a spirit of opposition to the political establishment that has characterized it until the present. Waseda has served as a counterpart to the government-sponsored [[Tokyo University]] and [[Imperial University]]. Journalists, politicians and intellectuals who graduated from Waseda have often opposed the political establishment and represented a liberal point of view. During the build-up to militarism that preceded Japan's involvement in World War II, a number of Waseda graduates spoke out openly against the policies of the Tojo government. | Ōkuma Shigenobu represented a political faction outside of the two major groups, Satsuma and Choshu ''(Meiji origaki)'', who dominated the Japanese government. In 1882, when the political establishment under [[Hirobumi Ito]] was supporting the adoption of a constitution modeled after the Prussian constitution, Ōkuma organized a new political party to promote a British-style constitution. ''Tokyo Senmon Gakko (College),'' founded the same year, embodied a spirit of opposition to the political establishment that has characterized it until the present. Waseda has served as a counterpart to the government-sponsored [[Tokyo University]] and [[Imperial University]]. Journalists, politicians and intellectuals who graduated from Waseda have often opposed the political establishment and represented a liberal point of view. During the build-up to militarism that preceded Japan's involvement in World War II, a number of Waseda graduates spoke out openly against the policies of the Tojo government. | ||
| − | Waseda is known for its liberal climate symbolized by its motto ''Independence of Learning.'' A number of Japan's business and political leaders, including | + | Waseda is known for its liberal climate symbolized by its motto ''Independence of Learning.'' A number of Japan's business and political leaders, including six Prime Ministers, were educated at Waseda. |
== History & Development == | == History & Development == | ||
Revision as of 13:30, 14 October 2008
| Motto | 学問の独立 (Independence of Learning) |
|---|---|
| Established | 1882 |
| Type | Private |
| Endowment | N/A |
| Staff | N/A |
| President | Katsuhiko Shirai |
| Faculty | 2,038 full-time 3,847 part-time |
| Undergraduates | 45,757 |
| Postgraduates | 8,471 |
| Location | Shinjuku, Tokyo Japan () |
| Campus | Urban |
| Athletics | 43 varsity teams |
| Colors | Crimson |
| Mascot | Waseda Bear (official) |
| Affiliations | Universitas 21, APRU |
| Website | Waseda University |
Waseda University (早稲田大学, Waseda daigaku), often abbreviated to Sōdai(早大, Sōdai), is one of the top universities in Japan. Founded in 1882 by Okuma Shigenobu ( 大隈 重信), two-time Prime Minister of Japan, as Tokyo Senmon Gakko (College), the institution was renamed "Waseda University" in 1902. Waseda has an annual enrollment of approximately 47,500 undergraduate students per year and is a comprehensive university with two senior high schools and a School of Art and Architecture. Waseda has gained recognition in the fields of literature, political science, and business education and includes schools of political science and economics, law, literature, education, commerce, science and engineering, and social science. Waseda is known for its liberal climate symbolized by its motto Independence of Learning. Though Waseda receives some financing from the government and is subject to some government control, it is a private university and has often served as a counterpart to the government-supported Tokyo University and Imperial University.
Six postwar Prime Ministers have been Waseda alumni: Tanzan Ishibashi (1956–1957), Noboru Takeshita (1987–1989), Toshiki Kaifu (1989–1991), Keizo Obuchi (1998–2000), Yoshiro Mori (2000–2001), and Yasuo Fukuda (2007–2008). Waseda's literature program is particularly famous, and counts Haruki Murakami and Tawara Machi among its graduates. A number of corporate leaders are also Waseda graduates, including Masaru Ibuka, co-founder of Sony, Kenichi Ohmae, founder and ex-Senior Partner of McKinsey & Co Japan, Lee Kun-hee, chairman of Samsung, and Takeo Fukui, CEO of Honda.
Waseda University is a member of Universitas 21, an international network of 21 leading research-intensive universities.
Mission and reputation
Waseda University was founded in 1882 as Tokyo Senmon Gakko (College) by samurai scholar and Meiji-era politician Okuma Shigenobu( 大隈 重信), the 8th (30 June 1898 – 8 November 1898) and 17th (16 April 1914 – 9 October 1916) Prime Minister of Japan. Ōkuma was an early advocate of Western science and culture in Japan. As a youth, Ōkuma studied foreign languages, politics, and science under the Dutch missionary Guido Verbeck at the Yougakusho (School for Western Studies) in Nagasaki. Impressed by Verbeck's encyclopedic knowledge, Ōkuma realized the importance of a school to train future Japanese leaders.
Ōkuma Shigenobu represented a political faction outside of the two major groups, Satsuma and Choshu (Meiji origaki), who dominated the Japanese government. In 1882, when the political establishment under Hirobumi Ito was supporting the adoption of a constitution modeled after the Prussian constitution, Ōkuma organized a new political party to promote a British-style constitution. Tokyo Senmon Gakko (College), founded the same year, embodied a spirit of opposition to the political establishment that has characterized it until the present. Waseda has served as a counterpart to the government-sponsored Tokyo University and Imperial University. Journalists, politicians and intellectuals who graduated from Waseda have often opposed the political establishment and represented a liberal point of view. During the build-up to militarism that preceded Japan's involvement in World War II, a number of Waseda graduates spoke out openly against the policies of the Tojo government.
Waseda is known for its liberal climate symbolized by its motto Independence of Learning. A number of Japan's business and political leaders, including six Prime Ministers, were educated at Waseda.
History & Development
Under the old Japanese system of higher education, the school began as a college with three departments: Political Science and Economics, Law, and Physical Science. An English language course was established at the same time for the students of all the departments. [1] Three years later, the Department of Physical Science was closed because there were so few applicants.[2]; a Department of Science and Engineering was established in 1908.[3] A Department of Literature was established in 1890,[4]; a Department of Education in 1903, and a Department of Commerce in 1904.[5]
Much of the campus was destroyed in the firebombings of Tokyo during World War II, but the university was rebuilt and reopened by 1949. It has grown to become a comprehensive university with two senior high schools and a School of Art and Architecture.
Origin of the name "Waseda University"
Waseda University started its life as 'Tokyo Senmon Gakko (College)' on October 21, 1882. Before the name 'Waseda' was selected, it was known variously as 'Waseda Gakko' for the location of the founder's villa in Waseda village or 'Totsuka Gakko' for the school's location in Totsuka village respectively. Around 1892, people began to call it 'Waseda Gakko.' It was renamed 'Waseda University' on September 2, 1902, when it acquired the official status of a university.
The only square academic cap in the world
The founder of the university, Okuma Shigenobu wanted to create an academic cap so distinctive that any student wearing it would immediately be identified as being from Waseda University. The chief tailor of the Takashimaya Department Store (高島屋), Yahichiro, was commissioned to perform this task and produced a satisfactory design in just three days.
Each square cap is stamped on the inside with the student's name, the course he is attending, the school seal and the legend, "We confirm that this is a student of Waseda." The cap serves both as a form of identification and as a status symbol. The cap, with its gold-braided badge, is registered as a trademark.
125th anniversary
On October 21, 2007 Waseda University celebrated the 125th anniversary of its founding by Shigenobu Okuma. Okuma often spoke of the "125 years of life" theory, saying that a man could live a natural lifespan of 125 years if he took proper care of his health. According to physiologists, every animal has the capacity to live 5 times as long as its growth period. Since a man is said to require about 25 years to become fully mature, it follows that he can live up to 125 years of age. This theory was often referred to in the media at the time. Shigenobu Okuma organized his second cabinet at the age of 77 and lived to be 83 years old. He often remarked, "I wish I had understood this '125 years of life' theory 30 years earlier."
In commemorative events relating to Waseda University and Shigenobu Okuma, the number 125 is accorded special significance. The tower of Okuma Auditorium, completed on the University's 45th anniversary, is 125 shaku (approx. 38 meters) high. In 1963, events were held to mark the 125th anniversary of Okuma's birth.
Campuses
Waseda University's main campus is located in the Nishi-Waseda district of Shinjuku, though Waseda is generally associated with the Yamanote Line station, Takadanobaba Station. Apart from the main campus in Shinjuku, other campuses are located in Chuo and Nishitōkyō of Tokyo, Tokorozawa-shi and Honjo-shi of Saitama, and Kitakyushu-shi of Fukuoka Prefecture.
- Waseda Campus: Shinjuku, Tokyo
Nishi-waseda Campus is renamed into Waseda Campus in 2008 Spring.
- Toyama Campus: Shinjuku, Tokyo
- Okubo Campus: Shinjuku, Tokyo
- Nihonbashi Campus: Chuo, Tokyo
- Higashifushimi Campus: Nishitōkyō, Tokyo
- Tokorozawa Campus: Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama-ken
- Honjo Campus: Honjo-shi, Saitama-ken
- Kitakyushu Campus: Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka-ken
The Okuma Auditorium
Soon after Shigenobu Okuma's death on 10 January, 1922, the planning of memorials dedicated to him commenced. The first decision was to construct a large auditorium, something Okuma had always dreamed of.
The 3-story main auditorium seats 1,435, and secondary auditorium located underground can accommodate 382 people. A 7-story clock tower, 125 shaku (approx 38 meters) high, stands to the left of the auditorium. The tower, at is associated with Okuma’s 'life of 125 years' theory. The bells at the top of the tower, manufactured by the MacLean Company in Baltimore, Maryland, were transported through the Panama Canal. It was the first time that four bells, large and small, had been used in Japan. The bells, which ring six times a day, produce the same harmony for the city of Waseda as Westminster Abbey does for London.
Oval-shaped transom windows on the roof of the auditorium represent the sun, moon and nine planets of our solar system, and symbolize the 'harmony of the universe', both inside and outside the Auditorium. Due to the Great Kanto Earthquake, the Auditorium was opened about five years behind schedule, on October 20, 1927.
In April, 1999, the Auditorium was designated as the first, and the Old Library the second, of the 'Tokyo Metropolitan Historic Buildings,' under the Tokyo Metropolitan Landscape Regulations, which aim to preserve buildings representative of Tokyo's history and culture. The Auditorium was designated as one of the Important Cultural Assets of Japan by the Ministry of Education in 2007.
Libraries and museums
The Waseda University Library, designed by Tachu Naito, Kenji Imai and Kin-ichi Kiriyama, was completed in 1925. This 5-story building, with a total area of 1,195 tubo (about 3,944 square meters), was used initially as the University Library. The reading room was housed in a separate 2-story building, and had a seating capacity of 500. One of the prominent libraries established at the end of the Taisho period (July 30, 1912 to December 25, 1926), it has remained a symbol of Waseda University, along with the Okuma Auditorium and the Theatre Museum.
The Old Library and the administration building were extended in 1934 and 1955 respectively. The Old Library relinquished its role after the New Central Library (located where the Abe Stadium used to be) was completed in 1990. It now serves as Sanae Takata Memorial Research Library, the University Archives, and Yaichi Aizu Museum. Sanae Takata Memorial Research Library, named after former President Sanae Takata, was launched in 1994. Historical and cultural materials on Waseda University are exhibited in the University Archives, where the Ōkuma Memorial Room showcases materials related to Shigenobu Ōkuma.
Yaichi Aizu Memorial Museum was founded in 1998.
In the front hall, visitors are greeted by the masterpiece "Meian" (1927). It is painted on the world's largest hand-made washi (Japanese paper), 4.45 meters in diameter and weighing about 12 kilograms, manufactured by Heisaburo Iwano, the founder of the Echizen paper works in Imadachi-cho, Fukui Prefecture. The masterpiece was donated by Taikan Yokoyama ( 横山大観) and Kanzan Shimomura ( 下村観山), two artists who represented the modern Japanese style of painting, whp painted it at the request fo President Sanae Takata.
The library possesses a unique collection which, unlike many of its counterparts, survived the Bombing of Tokyo in World War II and is an important resource in the study of pre-war Japanese history and literature.
In April, 1999, the Old Library was designated as one of the first of the "Tokyo Metropolitan Historic Buildings” along with the Okuma Auditorium.
The Waseda Theatre Museum, formally opened in 1928, functions as both a repository and exhibition space, housing nearly 37,000 items and 100,000 volumes. It fulfilled the desire of Professor Tsubouchi to build a museum dedicated to theatre arts, and commemorates his accomplishments, among them a 40-volume translation of the works of Shakespeare that Tsubouchi finished in 1928, the year of his 70th birthday. Modeled after the Fortune Theatre of London, the museum approximates it in both exterior construction and interior design.
Athletics
The rivalry between Waseda and Keio University ( 慶應義塾大学) is highlighted by the Sōkeisen in the Tokyo Big6 Baseball League. The baseball series held twice a year, in the spring and autumn, at Meiji-Jingu Stadium, is considered one of the most important competitions by both student bodies. The Waseda University Baseball Club has the highest percentage of wins in the Big6 league, but has 37 league championships, making it second to Hosei University ( 法政大学).
Waseda University football team won the Emperor's Cup, in 1964 and 1967.
Waseda University Rugby Football Club currently is the reigning university rugby union champion in Japan, reaching the university championships 28 times, and winning 14 times. Its two biggest rivals are Keio University and Meiji University（明治大学）.
Notable alumni
Prime Ministers
- Tanzan Ishibashi (1956–1957)
- Noboru Takeshita (1987–1989)
- Toshiki Kaifu (1989–1991)
- Keizo Obuchi (1998–2000)
- Yoshiro Mori (2000–2001)
- Yasuo Fukuda (2007–2008)
Business Leaders
- Takeo Fukui, CEO of Honda
- Soichiro Fukutake, president of Benesse
- Masaru Ibuka, co-founder of Sony, recipient of the Order of Culture
- Nobuyuki Idei, ex-CEO of Sony
- Michael Kogan, founder of Taito Corporation
- Lee Byung-chul, Founder of Samsung
- Lee Kun-hee, ex-chairman of Samsung
- Kenichi Ohmae, founder and ex-Senior Partner of McKinsey & Co's Japan office
- Isao Okawa, ex-chairman of Sega
- Park Tae-joon, Founder and Chairman of Pohang Iron & Steels Corp, POSCO
- Masamitsu Sakurai, Chairman of Ricoh, Chairman of Japan Association of Corporate Executives
- Mikio Sasaki, chairman of Mitsubishi
- Shin Kyuk-Ho, founder and Chairman of Lotte Group
- Yoshiaki Tsutsumi, founder of Seibu Railway
- Hiroshi Yamauchi, President of Nintendo
- Tadashi Yanai, CEO of Fast Retailing-Uniqlo
- Rei Nagai (Investment Banker)
Academics
- Koji Aikyo, law professor at Nagoya University
- Hitoshi Arai, mathematician, professor at University of Tokyo
- Kanichi Asakawa, historian, professor at Yale University
- Shin Chiba, professor of political science at International Christian University
- Hidenori Fujita, educational sociologist, former professor at University of Tokyo, currently professor at International Christian University
- Toshio Fukuda, scholar of robotics, professor at Nagoya University
- Hideo Furuido, scholar of theatre arts, professor at University of Tokyo
- Tatsuro Hanada, sociologist of media, professor at University of Tokyo, currently professor at Waseda
- Kazuomi Hirakawa, geographer, professor at Hokkaido University
- Takehiko Kamo, professor of political science at Waseda University and University of Tokyo
- Kang Sang-jung, scholar of history of political thought, professor at University of Tokyo
- Heita Kawakatsu, scholar of economic history, professor at International Research Center for Japanese Studies, President of Shizuoka University of Art and Culture
- Hideo Kuroda, historian, professor emeritus at University of Tokyo
- Tien-Min Li (Chinese political historian)
- Ichiro Masaki, director of the Intelligent Transportation Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Masako Mitamura, scholar of Japanese literature, The Tale of Genji expert, professor at Ferris University
- Tsunetsugu Muraoka (1884–1946), scholar of history of Japanese philosophy, professor at Tohoku University
- Masahiro Nei, professor of history of economic thought at Kyoto University
- Yoshio Nishi, professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University, IEEE Robert N. Noyce Medal recipient in 2002
- Toyohiro Nishimoto, archaeologist, professor at National Museum of Japanese History
- Ikujiro Nonaka, scholar of management, Knowledge Management theorist, co-author of The Knowledge-Creating Company, visiting professor at University of California, Berkeley
- Tetsuo Owada, historian, professor at Shizuoka University
- Shojiro Sakaguchi, law scholar, professor at Hitotsubashi University
- Minoru Sekishita, professor of economics at Ritsumeikan University
- Ryusaku Tsunoda (1877–1964), lecturer of Japanese studies at Columbia University
- Ginzo Uchida (1872–1919), scholar of economic history, professor at Kyoto University
- Ungku Abdul Aziz Ungku Abdul Hamid (Leading Malaysian Academician)
- Saburo Yamada (1869–1965), scholar of private international law, professor at University of Tokyo
- Sakuji Yoshimura (Egyptologist) the president of Cyber University
Authors
- Edogawa Rampo
- Haruki Murakami, novelist, translator, writer, recipient of Franz Kafka Prize
- Ichirō Ōkouchi
- Kitahara Hakushu
- Kunikida Doppo
- Hiroyuki Yoshino
- Lee Hoesung
- Taku Miki, poet, novelist, translator
- Manabu Miyazaki
- Masuji Ibuse
- Yoko Ogawa, novelist
- Ototake Hirotada (sports writer)
- Shuji Terayama
- Taneda Santoka
- Yoko Tawada
- Tawara Machi
- Yajima Teruo
- Yokomitsu Riichi
- Risa Wataya
Sports
- Norichika Aoki (baseball)
- Shizuka Arakawa (figure skater, 2006 Winter Olympics gold medalist)
- Rena Inoue (pairs figure skater)
- Kunishige Kamamoto (football player)
- Katsuyuki Kiyomiya (rugby player and coach)
- Yukari Nakano (figure skater)
- Hajime Itoi (Olympic swimmer)
- Shigeyuki Nishio (tennis)
- Mikio Oda (athletics, Japan's first Olympic gold medalist)
- Kenji Ogiwara (Nordic combined, 1992/1994 Winter Olympics gold medalist)
- Yoriko Okamoto (taekwondo, 2000 Sydney Olympics bronze medalist)
- Michito Sakaki (Australian rules football)
- Jiro Sato (tennis)
- Takuma Sato (Formula One driver)
- Hiroaki Shukuzawa (rugby player and coach)
- Fumie Suguri (figure skater)
- Kisshomaru Ueshiba (martial artist)
- Toshihiko Seko (marathon runner)
- Shinichi Takeuchi (baseball)
- Takashi Toritani (baseball)
- Tsuyoshi Wada (baseball)
- Yoko Zetterlund (volleyball)
- Mitsusuke Harada (martial artist, Head of KDS)
- Tsutomu Ohshima (Chief Instructor of Shotokan Karate of America)
- Ai Fukuhara (table tennis)
- Kenji Tomiki (judo and aikido, founder shodokan aikido)
- Yūki Saito (baseball)
- Ōnishiki Uichirō (sumo, 26th yokozuna)
Performing arts
- Sharon Au (Singapore actress, comedian and television presenter)
- Naohito Fujiki (actor)
- Yasuharu Hasebe (film director)
- Mitsuhiro Hidaka (singer)
- Ryoko Hirosue (actress)
- Shohei Imamura, film director, winner of two Palme d'Or awards at the Cannes Film Festival
- Jyongri (Korean singer)
- Demon Kogure (singer, sumo commentator)
- Yoshio Kojima (comedian)
- Tetsuya Komuro (musician)
- Hirokazu Koreeda (film director)
- Tatsumi Kumashiro (film director)
- LaSalle Ishii (comedian)
- Matsumoto Kōshirō IX (Kabuki actor)
- Keisuke Minami (stage actor, model)
- Tetsuya Murakami (musician, member of The Gospellers)
- Shigeru Muroi (actress)
- Yuichi Nakamaru (actor, singer (member of KAT-TUN), currently attending)
- Kazumasa Oda (musician, former member of Off Course)
- Kyosen Ōhashi (TV host and writer)
- Saeko (actress)
- Masato Sakai (actor)
- Yuji Sakai (musician, member of The Gospellers)
- Sunplaza Nakano (musician)
- Tamori (comedian and television presenter)
- Yuya Tegoshi (actor, singer (member of NEWS), currently attending)
- Shinya Ueda (comedian, member of Cream Stew)
- Yutaka Yasuoka (musician, member of The Gospellers)
- Sayuri Yoshinaga (actress)
Diplomats
- Chiune Sugihara
- Katsuhiko Oku - rugby player and diplomat, promoted posthumously to ambassador
Politics
- Mikio Aoki
- Fumio Kishida
- Yohei Kono
- Li Dazhao
- Fukushiro Nukaga
- Masahide Ota
- Hiroshige Seko
- Mosaburo Suzuki
- Tsutomu Takebe
- Makiko Tanaka
- Kisaburo Tokai
- Kiyomi Tsujimoto
- Kozo Watanabe
- Yoshimi Watanabe
- Taku Yamasaki
- Yuji Yamamoto
Others
- Nancy Andrew (translator, junior year, 1967–1968)
- Yuji Horii (video game designer)
- Tensai Okamura (director)
- Thomas P. Logan (businessman-venture capitalist, 1982–84)
- Tomonobu Itagaki (video game designer, School of Law, 1985-92)
- Megumi Mizusawa (manga artist)
(* attended but did not graduate)
Notable faculty
Professors who are also Waseda alumni are listed in italics.
- Yaichi Aizu, poet, scholar of ancient Chinese and Japanese art, and namesake of Aizu Museum
- Tameyuki Amano, economics scholar and educator
- Yasunobu Fujiwara, scholar of political science
- Lafcadio Hearn, novelist, literary scholar, professor of English literature
- Smimasa Idditti (Sumimasa Idichi ), professor of English
- Kenji Imai, architect
- Tokio Kimura, historian
- Kunitake Kume, historian
- Tachu Naito, architect
- Naoyoshi Nakamura, historian
- Haruo Nishihara, law professor, former President
- Takayasu Okushima, law professor, former President
- Hajime Ōnishi, philosopher
- Ikuo Ōyama, scholar of political science
- Yaso Saijo, poet
- Masasada Shiozawa, scholar of economics, former President
- Paul Snowden, Dean, School of International Liberal Studies
- Sanae Takata, scholar of political science, former President
- Ōdō Tanaka, philosopher
- Shoyo Tsubouchi, playwright, critic, translator, educator, professor of English literature, and namesake of Tsubouchi Memorial Theater Museum
- Sokichi Tsuda, historian, recipient of the Order of Culture
- Kazutami Ukita, scholar of political science
- Yoshio Yamanouchi, translator, scholar of French literature
- Akira Yonekura, law professor
- Takamasa Yoshizaka, architect
Principals, De facto Presidents (1907–1923), and Presidents
Principals
- Hidemaro Ōkuma, 1882–1886
- Hisoka Maejima, 1886–1890
- Kazuo Hatoyama, 1890–1907
De facto Presidents (1907–1923)
- Sanae Takata, 1907–1915
- Tameyuki Amano, 1915–1917
- Yoshiro Hiranuma, 1918–1921
- Masasada Shiozawa, 1921–1923
Presidents
- Shigenobu Ōkuma [6], 1907–1922
- Masasada Shiozawa, 1923
- Sanae Takata, 1923–1931
- Hodumi Tanaka, 1931–1944
- Tomio Nakano, 1944–1946
- Koichi Shimada, 1946–1954
- Nobumoto Ōhama, 1954–1966
- Kenichi Abe, 1966–1968
- Tsunesaburo Tokikoyama, 1968–1970
- Sukenaga Murai, 1970–1978
- Tsukasa Shimizu, 1978–1982
- Haruo Nishihara, 1982–1990
- Chūmaru Koyama, 1990–1994
- Takayasu Okushima, 1994–2002
- Katsuhiko Shirai, 2002–present
Trustees
- Ryuhoku Narushima, poet, journalist, and one of the first trustees of Waseda
- Azusa Ono (1852–1886), law scholar and one of the first trustees of Waseda
See also
|
Waseda University Portal |
Notes
- ↑ Tokio Kimura, Waga Waseda: Okuma Shigenobu to sono kengaku seishin, Tokyo, Kobunsha, 1997. pp. 74, 123
- ↑ Kimura, pp. 74, 122
- ↑ *(Japanese) Takayasu Okushima; and Naoyoshi Nakamura, eds. Tōmonno gunzo, Tokyo, Waseda daigaku shuppanbu, 1992. p.42
- ↑ Okushima and Nakamura (eds.), p.25
- ↑ Okushima and Nakamura (eds.), p.37
- ↑ as an honorary post
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Kimura, Tokio. Waga Waseda: Okuma Shigenobu to sono kengaku seishin, Tokyo, Kobunsha, 1997. (Japanese) ISBN 4770409591
- Kiyomiya, Katsuyuki. translated into English by Ian Ruxton. ULTIMATE CRUSH: Waseda University Rugby, Leadership and Building the Strongest Winning Team in Japan (September 2006). ISBN 978-1-4303-0321-3 (The original was a book by Mr. Kiyomiya published in Japanese in February 2006 entitled Kyukyoku no Shori:Ultimate Crush ISBN 4-06-213271-0 ).
- Okushima, Takayasu.; and Nakamura, Naoyoshi., eds. Tōmonno gunzo, Tokyo, Waseda daigaku shuppanbu, 1992. (Japanese)
External links
- Waseda University Homepage Retrieved October 11, 2008.
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