Difference between revisions of "Tool" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Image:Hammer2.jpg|right|thumb|A modern [[hammer]] is directly descended from ancient hand tools]]
 
[[Image:Hammer2.jpg|right|thumb|A modern [[hammer]] is directly descended from ancient hand tools]]
  
 
A '''tool''' or '''device''' is a piece of '''equipment''' which typically provides a [[mechanical advantage]] in accomplishing a physical task, or provides an ability that is not naturally available to the user of a tool. The most basic tools are [[simple machine]]s. For example, a [[crowbar (tool)|crowbar]] simply functions as a [[lever]]. The further out from the pivot point, the more force is transmitted along the lever. When particularly intended for domestic use, a tool is often called a '''utensil'''.
 
A '''tool''' or '''device''' is a piece of '''equipment''' which typically provides a [[mechanical advantage]] in accomplishing a physical task, or provides an ability that is not naturally available to the user of a tool. The most basic tools are [[simple machine]]s. For example, a [[crowbar (tool)|crowbar]] simply functions as a [[lever]]. The further out from the pivot point, the more force is transmitted along the lever. When particularly intended for domestic use, a tool is often called a '''utensil'''.
  
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[[philosophy|Philosopher]]s once thought that only [[human]]s used tools, and often defined humans as tool-using animals.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} But observation has confirmed that [[:Category:Tool-using species|multiple species can use tools]], including [[monkey]]s, [[apes]], several [[Corvidae|corvid]]s, [[sea otter]]s, and others. Later, philosophers thought that only humans had the ability to ''make'' tools, until [[zoologist]]s observed birds<ref>[http://users.ox.ac.uk/~kgroup/diameter_select.pdf Selection of tool diameter by New Caledonian crows ''Corvus moneduloides''], Jackie Chappell and Alex Kacelnik [[November 29]], [[2003]]</ref> and monkeys<ref>[http://williamcalvin.com/bk2/bk2ch3.htm The Throwing Madonna: Essays on the Brain], William H. Calvin</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/saf/1504/resources/transcript.htm Scientific American Frontiers, Program #1504 "Chimp Minds"] transcript PBS.org Airdate [[Feb 9]], [[2005]]</ref><ref>[http://www.rollinghillswildlife.com/animals/c/chimpanzee/ Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure: Chimpanzee]</ref> making tools. Now humans' unique relationship to tools is considered to be that we are the only species that uses tools to make ''other'' tools.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
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[[philosophy|Philosopher]]s once thought that only [[human]]s used tools, and often defined humans as tool-using animals.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} But observation has confirmed that [[:Category:Tool-using species|multiple species can use tools]], including [[monkey]]s, [[apes]], several [[Corvidae|corvid]]s, [[sea otter]]s, and others. Later, philosophers thought that only humans had the ability to ''make'' tools, until [[zoologist]]s observed birds<ref>[http://users.ox.ac.uk/~kgroup/diameter_select.pdf Selection of tool diameter by New Caledonian crows ''Corvus moneduloides''], Jackie Chappell and Alex Kacelnik November 29, 2003</ref> and monkeys<ref>[http://williamcalvin.com/bk2/bk2ch3.htm The Throwing Madonna: Essays on the Brain], William H. Calvin</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/saf/1504/resources/transcript.htm Scientific American Frontiers, Program #1504 "Chimp Minds"] transcript PBS.org Airdate [[Feb 9]], 2005</ref><ref>[http://www.rollinghillswildlife.com/animals/c/chimpanzee/ Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure: Chimpanzee]</ref> making tools. Now humans' unique relationship to tools is considered to be that we are the only species that uses tools to make ''other'' tools.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
  
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Most [[anthropology|anthropologists]] believe that the use of tools was an important step in the [[Human evolution|evolution of mankind]].<ref name=lilley>Sam Lilley, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Cj0EAAAAMAAJ&q=tools+history&dq=tools+history&pgis=1 Men, Machines and History: The Story of Tools and Machines in Relation to Social Progress]'', 1948 Cobbett Press.</ref> Humans evolved an [[opposable thumb]] - useful in holding tools - and increased dramatically in intelligence, which aided in the use of tools.<ref>[http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookHumEvol.html Primates and Their Adaptations, 2001], M.J. Farabee. Retrieved on [[November 6]], [[2006]].</ref>
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Most [[anthropology|anthropologists]] believe that the use of tools was an important step in the [[Human evolution|evolution of mankind]].<ref name=lilley>Sam Lilley, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Cj0EAAAAMAAJ&q=tools+history&dq=tools+history&pgis=1 Men, Machines and History: The Story of Tools and Machines in Relation to Social Progress]'', 1948 Cobbett Press.</ref> Humans evolved an [[opposable thumb]] - useful in holding tools - and increased dramatically in intelligence, which aided in the use of tools.<ref>[http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookHumEvol.html Primates and Their Adaptations, 2001], M.J. Farabee. Retrieved on November 6, 2006.</ref>
  
 
Some tools can also serve as [[weapons]], such as a [[hammer]] or a [[knife]]. Similarly, people can use weapons, such as [[explosive]]s, as tools.
 
Some tools can also serve as [[weapons]], such as a [[hammer]] or a [[knife]]. Similarly, people can use weapons, such as [[explosive]]s, as tools.
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=== Tool substitution ===
 
=== Tool substitution ===
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Often, by design or coincidence, a tool may share key functional attributes with one or more other tools. In this case, some tools can substitute for other tools, either as a make-shift solution or as a matter of practical efficiency. "One tool does it all" is a motto of some importance for workers who cannot practically carry every specialized tool to the location of every work task. Tool substitution may be divided broadly into two classes: substitution "by-design", or "multi-purpose" use, and substitution as make-shift. In many cases, the designed secondary functions of tools are not widely known. As an example of the former, many wood-cutting [[hand saws]] integrate a [[carpenter's square]] by incorporating a specially shaped handle which allows 90° and 45° angles to be marked by aligning the appropriate part of the handle with an edge and scribing along the back edge of the saw. The latter is illustrated by the saying "All tools can be used as hammers." Nearly all tools can be repurposed to function as a hammer, even though very few tools are intentionally designed for it.
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Often, by design or coincidence, a tool may share key functional attributes with one or more other tools. In this case, some tools can substitute for other tools, either as a make-shift solution or as a matter of practical efficiency. "One tool does it all" is a motto of some importance for workers who cannot practically carry every specialized tool to the location of every work task. Tool substitution may be divided broadly into two classes: substitution "by-design," or "multi-purpose" use, and substitution as make-shift. In many cases, the designed secondary functions of tools are not widely known. As an example of the former, many wood-cutting [[hand saws]] integrate a [[carpenter's square]] by incorporating a specially shaped handle which allows 90° and 45° angles to be marked by aligning the appropriate part of the handle with an edge and scribing along the back edge of the saw. The latter is illustrated by the saying "All tools can be used as hammers." Nearly all tools can be re-purposed to function as a hammer, even though very few tools are intentionally designed for it.
  
 
==== Multi-use tools ====
 
==== Multi-use tools ====
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{{main | History of technology}}
 
{{main | History of technology}}
  
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Evidence of stone tool manufacture and use dates from the start of the [[Stone Age]], though it is possible that earlier tools of less durable material have not survived. The earliest tools were made by now-extinct hominid species preceding [[homo sapiens]]<ref>[[Olduwan#The tool users]]</ref>. The transition from stone to metal tools roughly coincided with the development of agriculture around the 4th millennium BC <ref>[[Bronze Age]]</ref>.
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Evidence of stone tool manufacture and use dates from the start of the [[Stone Age]], though it is possible that earlier tools of less durable material have not survived. The earliest tools were made by now-extinct hominid species preceding [[homo sapiens]]<ref>[[Olduwan#The tool users]]</ref>. The transition from stone to metal tools roughly coincided with the development of agriculture around the 4th millennium B.C.E. <ref>[[Bronze Age]]</ref>.
  
 
[[Mechanics|Mechanical]] devices experienced a major expansion in their use in the [[Middle Ages]] with the systematic employment of new energy sources: water ([[waterwheel]]s) and wind ([[windmill]]s).
 
[[Mechanics|Mechanical]] devices experienced a major expansion in their use in the [[Middle Ages]] with the systematic employment of new energy sources: water ([[waterwheel]]s) and wind ([[windmill]]s).
  
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[[Machine tool]]s occasioned a surge in producing new tools in the [[industrial revolution]]. Advocates of [[nanotechnology]] expect a similar surge as tools become microscopic in size.<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/2004/01/28/cx_dw_0129pollnanotechmidas04_xyz.html Nanotechnology: Big Potential In Tiny Particles], David Whelan. Retrieved on [[November 6]], [[2006]]</ref><ref>[http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/archives/2004/03/will_this_tiny.html?t=archive Will this Tiny Science Usher in the Next Industrial Revolution?], Katrina C. Arabe. Retrieved on [[November 6]], [[2006]]</ref>
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[[Machine tool]]s occasioned a surge in producing new tools in the [[industrial revolution]]. Advocates of [[nanotechnology]] expect a similar surge as tools become microscopic in size.<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/2004/01/28/cx_dw_0129pollnanotechmidas04_xyz.html Nanotechnology: Big Potential In Tiny Particles], David Whelan. Retrieved on November 6, 2006</ref><ref>[http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/archives/2004/03/will_this_tiny.html?t=archive Will this Tiny Science Usher in the Next Industrial Revolution?], Katrina C. Arabe. Retrieved on November 6, 2006</ref>
  
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==
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* [[:Category:Tool-using species]]
 
* [[:Category:Tool-using species]]
  
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== Notes ==
 
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{{Types of tools}}
 
{{Types of tools}}
  
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Revision as of 02:06, 26 November 2007

A modern hammer is directly descended from ancient hand tools

A tool or device is a piece of equipment which typically provides a mechanical advantage in accomplishing a physical task, or provides an ability that is not naturally available to the user of a tool. The most basic tools are simple machines. For example, a crowbar simply functions as a lever. The further out from the pivot point, the more force is transmitted along the lever. When particularly intended for domestic use, a tool is often called a utensil.

Philosophers once thought that only humans used tools, and often defined humans as tool-using animals.[citation needed] But observation has confirmed that multiple species can use tools, including monkeys, apes, several corvids, sea otters, and others. Later, philosophers thought that only humans had the ability to make tools, until zoologists observed birds[1] and monkeys[2][3][4] making tools. Now humans' unique relationship to tools is considered to be that we are the only species that uses tools to make other tools.[citation needed]

Most anthropologists believe that the use of tools was an important step in the evolution of mankind.[5] Humans evolved an opposable thumb - useful in holding tools - and increased dramatically in intelligence, which aided in the use of tools.[6]

Some tools can also serve as weapons, such as a hammer or a knife. Similarly, people can use weapons, such as explosives, as tools.

Functions of tools

Many tools or groups of tools serve to perform one or more of a set of basic operations, such as:

  • Cutting (knife, scythe, sickle, etc...)
  • Concentrating force (hammer, maul, screwdriver, whip, writing implements, etc...)
  • Guiding (set square, straightedge, etc...)
  • Protecting
  • Seizing and holding (pliers, glove, wrench, etc...)

Tool substitution

Often, by design or coincidence, a tool may share key functional attributes with one or more other tools. In this case, some tools can substitute for other tools, either as a make-shift solution or as a matter of practical efficiency. "One tool does it all" is a motto of some importance for workers who cannot practically carry every specialized tool to the location of every work task. Tool substitution may be divided broadly into two classes: substitution "by-design," or "multi-purpose" use, and substitution as make-shift. In many cases, the designed secondary functions of tools are not widely known. As an example of the former, many wood-cutting hand saws integrate a carpenter's square by incorporating a specially shaped handle which allows 90° and 45° angles to be marked by aligning the appropriate part of the handle with an edge and scribing along the back edge of the saw. The latter is illustrated by the saying "All tools can be used as hammers." Nearly all tools can be re-purposed to function as a hammer, even though very few tools are intentionally designed for it.

Multi-use tools

  • A Multitool is a hand tool that incorporates several tools into a single, portable device.
  • Lineman's pliers incorporate a gripper and cutter, and are often used secondarily as a hammer.
  • Hand saws often incorporate the functionality of the carpenter's square in the right-angle between the blade's dull edge and the saw's handle.

History

Evidence of stone tool manufacture and use dates from the start of the Stone Age, though it is possible that earlier tools of less durable material have not survived. The earliest tools were made by now-extinct hominid species preceding homo sapiens[7]. The transition from stone to metal tools roughly coincided with the development of agriculture around the 4th millennium B.C.E. [8].

Mechanical devices experienced a major expansion in their use in the Middle Ages with the systematic employment of new energy sources: water (waterwheels) and wind (windmills).

Machine tools occasioned a surge in producing new tools in the industrial revolution. Advocates of nanotechnology expect a similar surge as tools become microscopic in size.[9][10]

See also

Commons-logo.svg
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
  • Device paradigm
  • Toolmaker
  • Toolbank
  • Category:Tool-using species

Notes

  1. ↑ Selection of tool diameter by New Caledonian crows Corvus moneduloides, Jackie Chappell and Alex Kacelnik November 29, 2003
  2. ↑ The Throwing Madonna: Essays on the Brain, William H. Calvin
  3. ↑ Scientific American Frontiers, Program #1504 "Chimp Minds" transcript PBS.org Airdate Feb 9, 2005
  4. ↑ Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure: Chimpanzee
  5. ↑ Sam Lilley, Men, Machines and History: The Story of Tools and Machines in Relation to Social Progress, 1948 Cobbett Press.
  6. ↑ Primates and Their Adaptations, 2001, M.J. Farabee. Retrieved on November 6, 2006.
  7. ↑ Olduwan#The tool users
  8. ↑ Bronze Age
  9. ↑ Nanotechnology: Big Potential In Tiny Particles, David Whelan. Retrieved on November 6, 2006
  10. ↑ Will this Tiny Science Usher in the Next Industrial Revolution?, Katrina C. Arabe. Retrieved on November 6, 2006
 Types of tools
Cutting tools - Adze | Axe | Bolt cutters | Ceramic tile cutter | Chainsaw | Machete | Kukri | Saw | Knife | Broach | Endmill | Reamer | Drill bit | Tool bit | Countersink | Front teeth | Milling cutter | Razor blade |Scalpel | Scissors | Blade | Fingernail | Switchblade | Water jet cutter
Garden tools - Cultivator | Garden fork | Hedge trimmer | Hoe | Hori hori | Lawnmower | Lawn aerator | Leaf blower | Leaf sweeper | Loppers | Mattock | McLeod | Mini-tractor | Pitchfork | Plow | Pruning shears | Pulaski | Rake (tool) | Secateurs | Spade | Sprinkler | String trimmer | Trimmer
Hand tools - Brace | Chisel | Hammer | Screwdriver | Handsaw | Pliers | Torque wrench | Clamp | Level | Sponge
Power tools - Band saw | Belt sander | Chainsaw | Circular saw | Concrete saw | Crusher | Diamond blade | Disc sander | Drill | Impact wrench | Grinder | Heat gun | Jointer | Jigsaw | Lathe | Radial arm saw | Random orbital sander | Rotary tool | Sander | Table saw | Thickness planer | Wood router
See also - Antique tools | Diamond tools

gd:Acfhainn chr:ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ

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