Difference between revisions of "Three Confederate States of Gojoseon" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | + | The '''Three Gojoseon''' kingdoms first appear in [[Joseon Sangosa]] and has been researched by [[South Korea]]n, [[North Korea]]n, and [[China|Chinese]] scholars.<ref>김정배, 고조선 연구의 사적 고찰 (Historical Survey on Research of Kochosun), ''단군학연구'', '''7''', 2002.</ref><ref>이정복, 논점 한국사 사료집성 (The Collection of Korean History Controversy), 국학자료원, ISBN 8982064729</ref><ref>신채호, 조선민족의 전성시대 (The Prosperity Age of Joseon People), ''삼천리'', '''7'''(1), 59-67. 1935/</ref><ref>강경구, 고대의 삼조선과 낙랑 (Three Gojoseon and Nangnang Nation), 기린원. 1991/)</ref> Some leading Korea scholars omit mention of the Three Gojoseon kingdoms altogether.<ref>[[Lee Ki-baek]], ''A New History of Korea'', (Harvard University Press, 1984. ISBN 9780674615762)</ref> <ref>Yunesuko Hanguk Wiwonhoe Staff, ''Korean History: Discovery of its characteristics and developments'', (Seoul: Hollym, 2004. ISBN 9781565911772)</ref> The myth of [[Dangun]] with legend following presents [[Gojoseon]] (고조선, 2333 B.C.E. – 239 B.C.E..) as the first state of [[Korea]] established in [[Liaoning]], south [[Manchuria]] and northern [[Korean Peninsula]]. | |
| − | + | According to a historical theory rejected by many respected Korean historians, Gojoseon became a united kingdom composed of the three confederacies Majoseon (마조선), Jinjoseon (진조선) and Beojoseon(번조선), also known as Mahan, Jinhan, and Beonhan. | |
| − | + | In conventional Korean history, the posterior [[Samhan]] (the three confederacies [[Mahan confederacy|Mahan]], [[Byeonhan confederacy|Byeonhan]], and [[Jinhan confederacy|Jinhan]]) existed in central and southern Korean Peninsula, all established around the time of Gojoseon's fall. They continued until fully absorbed into the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]] around the fourth century C.E.. The posterior Samhan has been differentiated from the '''prior Samhan''' or '''Samjoseon'''. | |
| + | {{toc}} | ||
| + | The controversy over the creation of [[Gojoseon]] out of the Confederation of the States of [[Mahan]], [[Jinhan]], and [[Beonhan]] is basically a question of getting the history right. To accomplish that, archaeological sites in [[North Korea]] and [[China]] will need discovery and investigation by reputed archaeologists without political agendas or without governments controlling the digs and the interpretation of the digs. That is not the situation currently. | ||
| − | + | ===Government Structure=== | |
| − | |||
| − | == Jinjoseon (2333 | + | Based on [[Joseon Sangosa]] that is written by [[Sin Chaeho]], Gojoseon had an organizational system of three states and five ministries. Three states were composed of Jinjoseon, Majoseon and Beojoseon. Jinjoseon was ruled by a Supreme-[[Dangun]]. Beojoseon and Majoseon were ruled by two Vice-Danguns. Five Ministries or [[Ohga]] were composed of Dotga (which means a [[pig]]), Gaeda (which means a [[dog]]), Soga (which means a [[cow]]), Malga (which means a [[horse]]) and Shinga according to their areas of east, west, south, north, and center. This ministry system using the name of animals were also used by [[Buyeo (state)|Buyeo]], which was a succession of Gojoseon. In wartime, five military troops of a central army, an advanced army, a left army and a right army were organized according to military commands by the general of central army. It is said that the traditional Korean game or [[Yut]] follows the structure of these five military structures. Generally, the succession system of the Supreme Dangun and the Vice-Dangun were judged by heredity, and sometimes the ruler could be succeeded by one of the Ohga, which shows that the sovereign's power was not absolute. |
| + | |||
| + | ===Territory of Three Confederacies=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | The Three Confederacies covered territory in the Korean Peninsula, Manchuria, and Liaoning: Majoseon, on the [[Korean peninsula]], Jinjoseon in [[Manchuria]], and Beojoseon in the vicinity of [[Liaoning]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Gojoseon's location has been determined by the discovery of bronze wares from the [[Bronze Age]] and artifacts indicating the Iron Age. The territory of three Gojoseons has been identified by a unique style bronze sword. i.e., mandolin-shaped dagger (비파형동검, 琵琶形銅劍). The mandolin-shape dagger has been found in [[Liaoning]], [[Manchuria]], [[Korean Peninsula]] and even [[Hebei]], indicating that the three Gojoseon territories covered at least the area shown on the inserted map. The shape of the mandolin-shape dagger of Gojoseon differs radically from those found in China and the composition of Gojoseon's bronze contains much more tin than those found in China. That lends evidence that the Bronze Age in Gojoseon differed from Chinese Bronze Age dramatically. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== Jinjoseon (2333 B.C.E. - 239 B.C.E.) ==== | ||
''Main Article: [[Jinjoseon]]'' | ''Main Article: [[Jinjoseon]]'' | ||
| − | + | Scholars believe that people of the Three Confederate States of Gojoseon borrowed Chinese characters for Ma, Jin and Beon. "Jin," or sometimes "Shin," means "whole" or "general," indicating that Jinjosen stood as the central confederacy of Gojoseon. The [[vice Dangun]]s governed[[Asadal]] (아사달), the legendary capital city of Jinjoseon governed by [[Dangun]], and the other two Joseons. Joseon Sangosa says that Asadal corresponds to the current [[Harbin]]. Historical texts represent Jinjoseon as ''Jin.'' In 425 B.C.E., the name of Ancient Joseon changed to Great Buyeo, and the capital city moved to Jangdang. At that time, Jinjoseon lacked the power to conquer Beojoseon and Majoseon, leading to Gojoseon's gradual disintegration. At 239 B.C.E., [[Haemosu of Buyeo|Hae Mosu Dangun]] conquered Jinjoseon, and the state name changed to [[Bukbuyeo|Buyeo]]. | |
| − | [[Asadal]] (아사달) | ||
| − | == | + | ==== Beojoseon (2333 B.C.E. - 108 B.C.E.)==== |
| − | ''Main Article: [[ | + | ''Main Article: [[Beojoseon]]'' |
| − | "Beon" | + | "Beon," also known as "Byun," means "a plain or a field." Because Bejoseon neighbored Chinese states, Chinese history usually referred to Beojoseon as ''Gojoseon'' or simply ''Joseon.'' [[Gija Joseon]] and [[Wiman Joseon]] constitute usurptions of Beojoseon. The Danguns allowed Gija and Wiman to rule over Beojoseon because they came from the [[dong-i]] (동이) race. Chinese usually referred to the ancestral Korean race, "Dong-i," meaning an eastern barbarian. Dangun had assigned Chidoonam (치두남, 蚩頭男) as a vice Dangun of Beojoseon with its capital city [[Xianjixian]] (험독현, 險瀆縣), also called Wanggeomsung (왕검성, 王儉城). Chidoonam descended from [[Emperor Chi-Woo the Great of Baedalguk]] (치우, 蚩尤), of Baedal royalty. Xianjixian is currently located at Changli (昌黎) County of [[Hebei]] Province, China <ref>Shihchi jijie (史記集解), [http://staff.whsh.tc.edu.tw/~huanyin/anfa_shi_chi_115.htm Records of Joseon] Retrieved May 21, 2008.</ref>. According to Joseon Sangosa, the "Gi" family became the kings of Beojoseon in 323 B.C.E., the authority of the Vice-Dangun becoming powerful. Wiman usurped the Gi family, leading to the collapse of Beojoseon, and the establishment of Wiman Joseonin 193 B.C.E.. The last Vice-Dangun, [[Ae of Gojoseon|Gijun]], fled with his nobles and a large number of people into the [[Korean peninsula]]. He conquered Majoseon, and established [[Mahan]]. |
| − | == Majoseon (2333 | + | ==== Majoseon (2333 B.C.E. - ?) ==== |
''Main Article: [[Majoseon]]'' | ''Main Article: [[Majoseon]]'' | ||
| − | " | + | Majoseon ("ma" meaning south) existed to the south of Jinjoseon. Dangun assigned [[Woongbaekda]] (웅백다, 熊伯多) as Vice Dangun of Majoseon with its capital city [[Pyongyang]] (평양). [[Ae of Gojoseon|Gijun]] conquered Majoseon at an unknown date when Woongbaekda fled from [[Wiman]], the name Majoseon changing to [[Mahan]], one of the confederacies of posteria [[Samhan]]. Mahan appears to have fallen to [[Baekje]]. |
| − | == Disintegration of Three Gojoseon == | + | === Disintegration of Three Gojoseon Confederations === |
| − | According to Joseon Sangosa, the disintegration of three Gojoseon started at | + | |
| + | According to Joseon Sangosa, the disintegration of three Gojoseon started at 400 B.C.E., when Yan had attacked Gojoseon, and Gihu became the king of Beojoseon. When Gihu became the king of Beojoseon, Gihu ruled free of the jurisdiction of Jinjoseon and Beojoseon, ruled by the Gi family, remained independent of Jinjoseon. The power of Jinjoseon over Beojoseon and Majoseon greatly weakened, leading to the disintegration of Gojoseon. | ||
== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
| Line 34: | Line 43: | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
| + | * Barnes, Gina Lee. 2001. ''State formation in Korea: historical and archaeological perspectives''. Durham East Asia series. Richmond: Curzon. ISBN 9780700713233 | ||
| + | * Byington, Mark Edward. 2003. ''A history of the Puyo state, its people, and its legacy''. Thesis (Ph. D., Dept. of East Asian Languages and Civilizations)—Harvard University, 2003. OCLC: 61889567 | ||
| + | * Kim, Chŏng-hak. ''Richard J. Pearson, and Kazue Pearson''. 1978. The Prehistory of Korea. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. ISBN 9780824805524 | ||
| + | * Kim, Wonyong. 1986. ''Art and archaeology of ancient Korea''. Seoul, Korea: Taekwang Pub. Co. OCLC: 17545509 | ||
| + | * Koryŏ Taehakkyo Kaegyo 100-chunyŏn Kinyŏm Pangmulgwan Tʻŭkpyŏlchŏn. 2005. ''Hanʼguk kodae ŭi global pride, Koguryŏ = Global pride in Korean ancient history, Koguryo''. Sŏul-si: Tʻongchʻŏn Munhwasa. ISBN 9788991331563 | ||
| + | * Nelson, Sarah M. 1993. ''The archaeology of Korea. Cambridge world archaeology''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521404433 | ||
| + | * Noh, Tae-Don. 2004. ''A Study of Koguryo Relations Recorded in the Silla Annals of the Samguk Sagi''. Korean Studies. 28(1):105-128.OCLC: 90949365 | ||
| + | * Pai, Hyung Il. 2000. ''Constructing "Korean" origins: a critical review of archaeology, historiography, and racial myth in Korean state-formation theories''. Harvard East Asian monographs, 187. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 9780674002449 | ||
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{{Credits|147077689}} | {{Credits|147077689}} | ||
Latest revision as of 21:05, 31 October 2022
The Three Gojoseon kingdoms first appear in Joseon Sangosa and has been researched by South Korean, North Korean, and Chinese scholars.[1][2][3][4] Some leading Korea scholars omit mention of the Three Gojoseon kingdoms altogether.[5] [6] The myth of Dangun with legend following presents Gojoseon (고조선, 2333 B.C.E. – 239 B.C.E.) as the first state of Korea established in Liaoning, south Manchuria and northern Korean Peninsula. According to a historical theory rejected by many respected Korean historians, Gojoseon became a united kingdom composed of the three confederacies Majoseon (마조선), Jinjoseon (진조선) and Beojoseon(번조선), also known as Mahan, Jinhan, and Beonhan.
In conventional Korean history, the posterior Samhan (the three confederacies Mahan, Byeonhan, and Jinhan) existed in central and southern Korean Peninsula, all established around the time of Gojoseon's fall. They continued until fully absorbed into the Three Kingdoms of Korea around the fourth century C.E.. The posterior Samhan has been differentiated from the prior Samhan or Samjoseon.
The controversy over the creation of Gojoseon out of the Confederation of the States of Mahan, Jinhan, and Beonhan is basically a question of getting the history right. To accomplish that, archaeological sites in North Korea and China will need discovery and investigation by reputed archaeologists without political agendas or without governments controlling the digs and the interpretation of the digs. That is not the situation currently.
Government Structure
Based on Joseon Sangosa that is written by Sin Chaeho, Gojoseon had an organizational system of three states and five ministries. Three states were composed of Jinjoseon, Majoseon and Beojoseon. Jinjoseon was ruled by a Supreme-Dangun. Beojoseon and Majoseon were ruled by two Vice-Danguns. Five Ministries or Ohga were composed of Dotga (which means a pig), Gaeda (which means a dog), Soga (which means a cow), Malga (which means a horse) and Shinga according to their areas of east, west, south, north, and center. This ministry system using the name of animals were also used by Buyeo, which was a succession of Gojoseon. In wartime, five military troops of a central army, an advanced army, a left army and a right army were organized according to military commands by the general of central army. It is said that the traditional Korean game or Yut follows the structure of these five military structures. Generally, the succession system of the Supreme Dangun and the Vice-Dangun were judged by heredity, and sometimes the ruler could be succeeded by one of the Ohga, which shows that the sovereign's power was not absolute.
Territory of Three Confederacies
The Three Confederacies covered territory in the Korean Peninsula, Manchuria, and Liaoning: Majoseon, on the Korean peninsula, Jinjoseon in Manchuria, and Beojoseon in the vicinity of Liaoning.
Gojoseon's location has been determined by the discovery of bronze wares from the Bronze Age and artifacts indicating the Iron Age. The territory of three Gojoseons has been identified by a unique style bronze sword. i.e., mandolin-shaped dagger (비파형동검, 琵琶形銅劍). The mandolin-shape dagger has been found in Liaoning, Manchuria, Korean Peninsula and even Hebei, indicating that the three Gojoseon territories covered at least the area shown on the inserted map. The shape of the mandolin-shape dagger of Gojoseon differs radically from those found in China and the composition of Gojoseon's bronze contains much more tin than those found in China. That lends evidence that the Bronze Age in Gojoseon differed from Chinese Bronze Age dramatically.
Jinjoseon (2333 B.C.E. - 239 B.C.E.)
Main Article: Jinjoseon
Scholars believe that people of the Three Confederate States of Gojoseon borrowed Chinese characters for Ma, Jin and Beon. "Jin," or sometimes "Shin," means "whole" or "general," indicating that Jinjosen stood as the central confederacy of Gojoseon. The vice Danguns governedAsadal (아사달), the legendary capital city of Jinjoseon governed by Dangun, and the other two Joseons. Joseon Sangosa says that Asadal corresponds to the current Harbin. Historical texts represent Jinjoseon as Jin. In 425 B.C.E., the name of Ancient Joseon changed to Great Buyeo, and the capital city moved to Jangdang. At that time, Jinjoseon lacked the power to conquer Beojoseon and Majoseon, leading to Gojoseon's gradual disintegration. At 239 B.C.E., Hae Mosu Dangun conquered Jinjoseon, and the state name changed to Buyeo.
Beojoseon (2333 B.C.E. - 108 B.C.E.)
Main Article: Beojoseon
"Beon," also known as "Byun," means "a plain or a field." Because Bejoseon neighbored Chinese states, Chinese history usually referred to Beojoseon as Gojoseon or simply Joseon. Gija Joseon and Wiman Joseon constitute usurptions of Beojoseon. The Danguns allowed Gija and Wiman to rule over Beojoseon because they came from the dong-i (동이) race. Chinese usually referred to the ancestral Korean race, "Dong-i," meaning an eastern barbarian. Dangun had assigned Chidoonam (치두남, 蚩頭男) as a vice Dangun of Beojoseon with its capital city Xianjixian (험독현, 險瀆縣), also called Wanggeomsung (왕검성, 王儉城). Chidoonam descended from Emperor Chi-Woo the Great of Baedalguk (치우, 蚩尤), of Baedal royalty. Xianjixian is currently located at Changli (昌黎) County of Hebei Province, China [7]. According to Joseon Sangosa, the "Gi" family became the kings of Beojoseon in 323 B.C.E., the authority of the Vice-Dangun becoming powerful. Wiman usurped the Gi family, leading to the collapse of Beojoseon, and the establishment of Wiman Joseonin 193 B.C.E.. The last Vice-Dangun, Gijun, fled with his nobles and a large number of people into the Korean peninsula. He conquered Majoseon, and established Mahan.
Majoseon (2333 B.C.E. - ?)
Main Article: Majoseon
Majoseon ("ma" meaning south) existed to the south of Jinjoseon. Dangun assigned Woongbaekda (웅백다, 熊伯多) as Vice Dangun of Majoseon with its capital city Pyongyang (평양). Gijun conquered Majoseon at an unknown date when Woongbaekda fled from Wiman, the name Majoseon changing to Mahan, one of the confederacies of posteria Samhan. Mahan appears to have fallen to Baekje.
Disintegration of Three Gojoseon Confederations
According to Joseon Sangosa, the disintegration of three Gojoseon started at 400 B.C.E., when Yan had attacked Gojoseon, and Gihu became the king of Beojoseon. When Gihu became the king of Beojoseon, Gihu ruled free of the jurisdiction of Jinjoseon and Beojoseon, ruled by the Gi family, remained independent of Jinjoseon. The power of Jinjoseon over Beojoseon and Majoseon greatly weakened, leading to the disintegration of Gojoseon.
Notes
- ↑ 김정배, 고조선 연구의 사적 고찰 (Historical Survey on Research of Kochosun), 단군학연구, 7, 2002.
- ↑ 이정복, 논점 한국사 사료집성 (The Collection of Korean History Controversy), 국학자료원, ISBN 8982064729
- ↑ 신채호, 조선민족의 전성시대 (The Prosperity Age of Joseon People), 삼천리, 7(1), 59-67. 1935/
- ↑ 강경구, 고대의 삼조선과 낙랑 (Three Gojoseon and Nangnang Nation), 기린원. 1991/)
- ↑ Lee Ki-baek, A New History of Korea, (Harvard University Press, 1984. ISBN 9780674615762)
- ↑ Yunesuko Hanguk Wiwonhoe Staff, Korean History: Discovery of its characteristics and developments, (Seoul: Hollym, 2004. ISBN 9781565911772)
- ↑ Shihchi jijie (史記集解), Records of Joseon Retrieved May 21, 2008.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Barnes, Gina Lee. 2001. State formation in Korea: historical and archaeological perspectives. Durham East Asia series. Richmond: Curzon. ISBN 9780700713233
- Byington, Mark Edward. 2003. A history of the Puyo state, its people, and its legacy. Thesis (Ph. D., Dept. of East Asian Languages and Civilizations)—Harvard University, 2003. OCLC: 61889567
- Kim, Chŏng-hak. Richard J. Pearson, and Kazue Pearson. 1978. The Prehistory of Korea. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. ISBN 9780824805524
- Kim, Wonyong. 1986. Art and archaeology of ancient Korea. Seoul, Korea: Taekwang Pub. Co. OCLC: 17545509
- Koryŏ Taehakkyo Kaegyo 100-chunyŏn Kinyŏm Pangmulgwan Tʻŭkpyŏlchŏn. 2005. Hanʼguk kodae ŭi global pride, Koguryŏ = Global pride in Korean ancient history, Koguryo. Sŏul-si: Tʻongchʻŏn Munhwasa. ISBN 9788991331563
- Nelson, Sarah M. 1993. The archaeology of Korea. Cambridge world archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521404433
- Noh, Tae-Don. 2004. A Study of Koguryo Relations Recorded in the Silla Annals of the Samguk Sagi. Korean Studies. 28(1):105-128.OCLC: 90949365
- Pai, Hyung Il. 2000. Constructing "Korean" origins: a critical review of archaeology, historiography, and racial myth in Korean state-formation theories. Harvard East Asian monographs, 187. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 9780674002449
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