Curie, Pierre
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{{Infobox_Scientist | {{Infobox_Scientist | ||
| name = Pierre Curie | | name = Pierre Curie | ||
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| image_width = 300px | | image_width = 300px | ||
| caption = Pierre Curie (1859-1906) | | caption = Pierre Curie (1859-1906) | ||
| − | | birth_date = | + | | birth_date = May 15 1859 |
| birth_place = [[Paris]], [[France]] | | birth_place = [[Paris]], [[France]] | ||
| death_date = {{death date and age|1906|4|19|1859|5|5}} | | death_date = {{death date and age|1906|4|19|1859|5|5}} | ||
| Line 10: | Line 11: | ||
| residence = [[France]] | | residence = [[France]] | ||
| nationality = French | | nationality = French | ||
| − | | field = [[Physicist]] | + | | field = [[Physics|Physicist]] |
| work_institutions = [[Sorbonne]] | | work_institutions = [[Sorbonne]] | ||
| alma_mater = Sorbonne | | alma_mater = Sorbonne | ||
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| doctoral_students = [[Paul Langevin]]<br />[[André-Louis Debierne]]<br />[[Marguerite Perey|Marguerite Catherine Perey]]<!--[[Pierre Ernest Weiss]]—> | | doctoral_students = [[Paul Langevin]]<br />[[André-Louis Debierne]]<br />[[Marguerite Perey|Marguerite Catherine Perey]]<!--[[Pierre Ernest Weiss]]—> | ||
| known_for = [[Radioactivity]] | | known_for = [[Radioactivity]] | ||
| − | | prizes = [[Image:Nobel Prize.png|20px]] [[Nobel Prize for Physics]] (1903) | + | | prizes = [[Image:Nobel Prize.png|20px]] [[Nobel Prize]] for [[Physics]] (1903) |
| footnotes = Married to [[Marie Curie]] (m. 1895), their children include [[Irène Joliot-Curie]] and [[Ève Curie]].}} | | footnotes = Married to [[Marie Curie]] (m. 1895), their children include [[Irène Joliot-Curie]] and [[Ève Curie]].}} | ||
| − | '''Pierre Curie''' ( | + | '''Pierre Curie''' (May 15, 1859 – died April 19, 1906) was a [[France|French]] [[Physics|physicist]], a pioneer in [[crystallography]], [[magnetism]], [[piezoelectricity]] and [[radioactivity]]. |
He shared the 1903 [[Nobel Prize]] in physics with his wife, [[Marie Curie|Maria Skłodowska-Curie]] (Marie Curie), and [[Henri Becquerel]]," in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel." | He shared the 1903 [[Nobel Prize]] in physics with his wife, [[Marie Curie|Maria Skłodowska-Curie]] (Marie Curie), and [[Henri Becquerel]]," in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel." | ||
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Born in [[Paris]], [[France]], Pierre was educated by his father, and in his early teens showed a strong aptitude for mathematics and geometry. By the age of 18 he had completed the equivalent of a higher degree, but did not proceed immediately to a doctorate due to lack of money. Instead he worked as a laboratory instructor. | Born in [[Paris]], [[France]], Pierre was educated by his father, and in his early teens showed a strong aptitude for mathematics and geometry. By the age of 18 he had completed the equivalent of a higher degree, but did not proceed immediately to a doctorate due to lack of money. Instead he worked as a laboratory instructor. | ||
| − | In 1880, Pierre and his older brother Jacques demonstrated that an electric potential was generated when | + | In 1880, Pierre and his older brother Jacques demonstrated that an [[electric potential]] was generated when [[crystal]]s were compressed, i.e. [[piezoelectricity]]. Shortly afterwards, in 1881, they demonstrated the reverse effect: that crystals could be made to deform when subject to an electric field. Almost all digital electronic circuits now rely on this phenomenon in the form of [[crystal oscillators]]. |
| − | Prior to his famous doctoral studies on magnetism he designed and perfected an extremely sensitive [[torsion balance]] for measuring magnetic coefficients. Variations on this equipment were commonly used by future workers in that area. Pierre Curie studied [[ferromagnetism]], [[paramagnetism]], and [[diamagnetism]] for his doctoral thesis, and discovered the effect of [[temperature]] on paramagnetism which is now known as [[Curie's law]]. The material constant in Curie's law is known as the Curie constant. He also discovered that ferromagnetic substances exhibited a [[critical temperature]] transition, above which the substances lost their ferromagnetic | + | Prior to his famous doctoral studies on magnetism he designed and perfected an extremely sensitive [[torsion balance]] for measuring magnetic coefficients. Variations on this equipment were commonly used by future workers in that area. Pierre Curie studied [[ferromagnetism]], [[paramagnetism]], and [[diamagnetism]] for his doctoral thesis, and discovered the effect of [[temperature]] on paramagnetism which is now known as [[Curie's law]]. The material constant in Curie's law is known as the Curie constant. He also discovered that ferromagnetic substances exhibited a [[critical temperature]] transition, above which the substances lost their ferromagnetic behavior. This is now known as the [[Curie point]]. |
Pierre formulated what is now known as the ''Curie Dissymmetry Principle'': a physical [[effect]] cannot have a dissymmetry absent from its efficient [[cause]]. For example, a random mixture of sand in zero gravity has no [[dissymmetry]] (it is [[isotropic]]). Introduce a [[gravitational field]], then there is a dissymmetry because of the direction of the field. Then the sand grains can ‘self-sort’ with the density increasing with depth. But this new arrangement, with the directional arrangement of sand grains, actually reflects the dissymmetry of the gravitational field that causes the separation. | Pierre formulated what is now known as the ''Curie Dissymmetry Principle'': a physical [[effect]] cannot have a dissymmetry absent from its efficient [[cause]]. For example, a random mixture of sand in zero gravity has no [[dissymmetry]] (it is [[isotropic]]). Introduce a [[gravitational field]], then there is a dissymmetry because of the direction of the field. Then the sand grains can ‘self-sort’ with the density increasing with depth. But this new arrangement, with the directional arrangement of sand grains, actually reflects the dissymmetry of the gravitational field that causes the separation. | ||
==Work== | ==Work== | ||
| − | Pierre worked with his wife Marie Curie in isolating [[polonium]] and [[radium]]. They were the first to use the term "[[radioactivity]]," and were pioneers in its study. Their work, including Marie's celebrated doctoral work, made use of a sensitive piezoelectric [[electrometer]] constructed by Pierre and his brother Jacques. | + | [[Image:Marie Curie (Nobel-physics).png|thumb|200px|left|Marie Curie]] |
| + | [[Image:Pierrecurie.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Pierre Curie]] | ||
| + | Pierre worked with his wife [[Marie Curie]] in isolating [[polonium]] and [[radium]]. They were the first to use the term "[[radioactivity]]," and were pioneers in its study. Their work, including Marie's celebrated doctoral work, made use of a sensitive piezoelectric [[electrometer]] constructed by Pierre and his brother Jacques. | ||
Pierre and one of his students made the first discovery of [[nuclear energy]], by identifying the continuous emission of [[heat]] from [[radium]] particles. He also investigated the radiation emissions of radioactive substances, and through the use of magnetic fields was able to show that some of the emissions were positively charged, some were negative and some were neutral. These correspond to [[alpha particle|alpha]], [[beta particle|beta]] and [[gamma radiation]]. | Pierre and one of his students made the first discovery of [[nuclear energy]], by identifying the continuous emission of [[heat]] from [[radium]] particles. He also investigated the radiation emissions of radioactive substances, and through the use of magnetic fields was able to show that some of the emissions were positively charged, some were negative and some were neutral. These correspond to [[alpha particle|alpha]], [[beta particle|beta]] and [[gamma radiation]]. | ||
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The [[curie]] is a unit of radioactivity (3.7 x 10<sup>10</sup> decays per second or 37 [[becquerel|gigabecquerels]]) originally named in honour of Pierre Curie by the Radiology Congress in 1910, after Pierre's death. | The [[curie]] is a unit of radioactivity (3.7 x 10<sup>10</sup> decays per second or 37 [[becquerel|gigabecquerels]]) originally named in honour of Pierre Curie by the Radiology Congress in 1910, after Pierre's death. | ||
| − | Pierre died as a result of a carriage accident in a snow storm while crossing the ''Rue Dauphine'' in [[Paris]] on | + | Pierre died as a result of a carriage accident in a snow storm while crossing the ''Rue Dauphine'' in [[Paris]] on April 19, 1906. His head having been crushed under the carriage wheel, he avoided probable death by the radiation exposure that later killed his wife. Both Pierre and Marie were enshrined in the [[crypt]] of the [[Panthéon, Paris|Panthéon in Paris]] in April 1995. |
| + | ==Legacy== | ||
Pierre and Marie Curie's daughter [[Irène Joliot-Curie]] and their son-in-law [[Frédéric Joliot-Curie]] were also physicists involved in the study of radioactivity, and were also awarded the Nobel prize for their work. Their other daughter [[Eve Curie|Eve]] wrote her mother's biography. His grand-daughter [[Hélène Langevin-Joliot]] is a [[professor]] of nuclear physics at the [[University of Paris]] and his grandson, [[Pierre Joliot]], who was named after him, is a noted biochemist. | Pierre and Marie Curie's daughter [[Irène Joliot-Curie]] and their son-in-law [[Frédéric Joliot-Curie]] were also physicists involved in the study of radioactivity, and were also awarded the Nobel prize for their work. Their other daughter [[Eve Curie|Eve]] wrote her mother's biography. His grand-daughter [[Hélène Langevin-Joliot]] is a [[professor]] of nuclear physics at the [[University of Paris]] and his grandson, [[Pierre Joliot]], who was named after him, is a noted biochemist. | ||
| − | + | ===Prizes=== | |
| − | ==Prizes== | ||
* [[Nobel Prize for Physics]] (1903) | * [[Nobel Prize for Physics]] (1903) | ||
* [[Davy Medal]] (1903) | * [[Davy Medal]] (1903) | ||
* [[Matteucci Medal]] (1904) | * [[Matteucci Medal]] (1904) | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Notes== | ||
| + | <references/> | ||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | |||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
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{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1901-1925}} | {{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1901-1925}} | ||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Curie, Pierre}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Curie, Pierre}} | ||
| − | [[Category:Physical | + | [[Category:Physical sciences]] |
[[Category:History and biography]] | [[Category:History and biography]] | ||
[[Category:Biography]] | [[Category:Biography]] | ||
| − | |||
{{Credit|173535893}} | {{Credit|173535893}} | ||
Revision as of 04:33, 25 November 2007
|
Pierre Curie | |
|---|---|
 Pierre Curie (1859-1906) | |
| Born | |
| Died | April 19 1906 (aged 46) Paris, France |
| Residence | France |
| Nationality | French |
| Field | Physicist |
| Institutions | Sorbonne |
| Alma mater | Sorbonne |
| Notable students | Paul Langevin André-Louis Debierne Marguerite Catherine Perey |
| Known for | Radioactivity |
| Notable prizes |  Nobel Prize for Physics (1903)
|
| Married to Marie Curie (m. 1895), their children include Irène Joliot-Curie and Ève Curie. | |
Pierre Curie (May 15, 1859 – died April 19, 1906) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity.
He shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in physics with his wife, Maria Skłodowska-Curie (Marie Curie), and Henri Becquerel," in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel."
Early life and work
Born in Paris, France, Pierre was educated by his father, and in his early teens showed a strong aptitude for mathematics and geometry. By the age of 18 he had completed the equivalent of a higher degree, but did not proceed immediately to a doctorate due to lack of money. Instead he worked as a laboratory instructor.
In 1880, Pierre and his older brother Jacques demonstrated that an electric potential was generated when crystals were compressed, i.e. piezoelectricity. Shortly afterwards, in 1881, they demonstrated the reverse effect: that crystals could be made to deform when subject to an electric field. Almost all digital electronic circuits now rely on this phenomenon in the form of crystal oscillators.
Prior to his famous doctoral studies on magnetism he designed and perfected an extremely sensitive torsion balance for measuring magnetic coefficients. Variations on this equipment were commonly used by future workers in that area. Pierre Curie studied ferromagnetism, paramagnetism, and diamagnetism for his doctoral thesis, and discovered the effect of temperature on paramagnetism which is now known as Curie's law. The material constant in Curie's law is known as the Curie constant. He also discovered that ferromagnetic substances exhibited a critical temperature transition, above which the substances lost their ferromagnetic behavior. This is now known as the Curie point.
Pierre formulated what is now known as the Curie Dissymmetry Principle: a physical effect cannot have a dissymmetry absent from its efficient cause. For example, a random mixture of sand in zero gravity has no dissymmetry (it is isotropic). Introduce a gravitational field, then there is a dissymmetry because of the direction of the field. Then the sand grains can ‘self-sort’ with the density increasing with depth. But this new arrangement, with the directional arrangement of sand grains, actually reflects the dissymmetry of the gravitational field that causes the separation.
Work
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Pierre worked with his wife Marie Curie in isolating polonium and radium. They were the first to use the term "radioactivity," and were pioneers in its study. Their work, including Marie's celebrated doctoral work, made use of a sensitive piezoelectric electrometer constructed by Pierre and his brother Jacques.
Pierre and one of his students made the first discovery of nuclear energy, by identifying the continuous emission of heat from radium particles. He also investigated the radiation emissions of radioactive substances, and through the use of magnetic fields was able to show that some of the emissions were positively charged, some were negative and some were neutral. These correspond to alpha, beta and gamma radiation.
The curie is a unit of radioactivity (3.7 x 1010 decays per second or 37 gigabecquerels) originally named in honour of Pierre Curie by the Radiology Congress in 1910, after Pierre's death.
Pierre died as a result of a carriage accident in a snow storm while crossing the Rue Dauphine in Paris on April 19, 1906. His head having been crushed under the carriage wheel, he avoided probable death by the radiation exposure that later killed his wife. Both Pierre and Marie were enshrined in the crypt of the Panthéon in Paris in April 1995.
Legacy
Pierre and Marie Curie's daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and their son-in-law Frédéric Joliot-Curie were also physicists involved in the study of radioactivity, and were also awarded the Nobel prize for their work. Their other daughter Eve wrote her mother's biography. His grand-daughter Hélène Langevin-Joliot is a professor of nuclear physics at the University of Paris and his grandson, Pierre Joliot, who was named after him, is a noted biochemist.
Prizes
- Nobel Prize for Physics (1903)
- Davy Medal (1903)
- Matteucci Medal (1904)
Notes
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
External links
- Pierre Curie's Nobel prize
- Official Nobel biography
- Biography American Institute of Physics
- Annotated bibliography for Pierre Curie from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
- Curie's publication in French Academy of Sciences papers
- Prof. Curie killed in a Paris street: article of The New York Times about Curie death
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