Elias, Norbert

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[[Category:Sociologists]]
 
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{{epname|Elias, Norbert}}
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'''Norbert Elias''' (June 22, 1897 - August 1, 1990) was a [[Germany|German]] [[sociology|sociologist]], famous for his development of [[Process Sociology]], or [[Figurational Sociology]]. His most significant book, ''Über den Prozess der Zivilisation'' ''(The Civilizing Process)'', published in 1939, described the growth of [[civilization]] in Western [[Europe]], providing a detailed study of the development of the accepted code of [[manners]] and social behaviors, and their process of expansion from the [[etiquette]] of [[nobility]], or central governing authority, to the general populace.
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{{toc}}
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For Elias, [[society]] consists of individuals who are in relationship to each other—a collection of evolving networks of interdependent human beings. To understand society, therefore, is not to understand the intentional actions of individuals acting based on personal [[motivation]]s, but rather necessitates study of the processes of interaction and relationship among these individuals in their wider, historical context. Thus, Elias advocated the study of process in society, rather than analyzing its current state.
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==Life==
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[[Image:Elias-tablica.JPG|thumb|225px|right|The plaque for Norbert Elias in Wrocław]]
  
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{{epname|Elias, Norbert}}
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'''Norbert Elias''' was born on June 22, 1897, in Breslau, [[Germany]] (today’s Wroclaw, [[Poland]]), to Hermann and Sophie Elias. His father was a [[business]]man in the [[textile]] industry and his mother, a housewife.
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After passing the [[abitur]] in 1915, he volunteered for the German army in [[World War I]] and was employed as a [[telegraphy|telegrapher]], first at the Eastern, and then at the Western front. After suffering a nervous breakdown in 1917, he was declared unfit for service and was posted to Wroclaw as a [[medicine|medical]] orderly. That year, Elias began studying [[philosophy]], [[psychology]], and medicine at the [[University of Wrocław]], in addition to spending a term each at the universities of [[University of Heidelberg|Heidelberg]] (where he attended lectures by [[Karl Jaspers]]) and [[University of Freiburg|Freiburg]] in 1919 and 1920.
  
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To finance his studies after his father's fortune had been reduced by [[hyperinflation]], he took up a job as the head of the export department in a local hardware factory in 1922. In 1924, he graduated with a doctoral dissertation in philosophy, entitled ''Idee und Individuum,'' supervised by [[Richard Hönigswald]], a representative of [[Neo-Kantianism]]. Disappointed about the absence of social aspects from Neo-Kantianism, Elias decided to turn to [[sociology]] for his further studies.
  
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'''Norbert Elias''' (June 22, 1897 — August 1, 1990) was a [[Germany|German]] [[sociology|sociologist]] of [[Jew]]ish descent, who later became a [[Great Britain|British]] citizen.  
+
During his Breslau years, Elias was deeply involved in the German [[Zionism|Zionist]] movement, and acted as one of the leading intellectuals within the German-Jewish youth movement, "Blau-Weiss" (Blue-White). During these years he became acquainted with other young Zionists, such as [[Erich Fromm]], [[Leo Strauss]], [[Leo Löwenthal]], and [[Gershom Scholem]].  
  
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His work focused on the relationship between power, behavior, [[emotion]], and knowledge over time. He significantly shaped what is called process or [[Figurational Sociology|figurational sociology]]. Due to historical circumstances, Elias had long remained a marginal author, until being rediscovered by a new generation of scholars in the 1970s, when he eventually became one of the most influential sociologists ever.
+
In 1925, Elias moved to [[Heidelberg]], and in 1930, became assistant of [[Karl Mannheim]] at the [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main|University of Frankfurt]]. However, after the [[Nazism|Nazi]]s came to power in early 1933, Mannheim's sociological institute was forced to close. His already submitted habilitation thesis, entitled ''Der höfische Mensch'' ''(The Man of the Court)'', was never formally accepted and was not published until 1969. In 1933, Elias fled to [[Paris]]. His elderly parents remained in Breslau, where his father died in 1940; his mother was deported to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] [[concentration camp]], where she was likely killed, in 1941.
  
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His late popularity can be partially attributed to the fact that his concept of large social figurations or networks explains the emergence and function of large societal structures without neglecting the aspect of individual [[Structure and agency|agency]]. In the 1960s and 1970s, the overemphasis of structure over agency was heavily criticized about the then-dominant school of [[structural functionalism]].
+
During his two years in Paris, Elias worked as a private scholar, supported by a scholarship from the Amsterdam ''Steunfonds Foundation.'' In 1935, he moved on to [[Great Britain]], where he worked on his magnum opus, ''The Civilizing Process.'' In 1939, he met up with his former supervisor Mannheim, at the [[London School of Economics]], where he obtained a position as Senior Research Assistant. In 1940, when an invasion of Britain by German forces appeared imminent, Elias was detained at [[internment camp]]s in [[Liverpool]] and on the [[Isle of Man]] for eight months, on account of his German citizenship (even though he was a [[Jew]]).  
  
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Elias' most important work is the two-volume ''[[The Civilizing Process]]'' ''(Über den Prozess der Zivilisation)''. Originally published in 1939, it was virtually ignored until its republication in 1969, when its first volume was also translated into English. The first volume traces the historical developments of the [[Europe]]an ''habitus'', or "second nature," the particular individual psychic structures molded by social attitudes. Elias traced how post-medieval European standards regarding violence, sexual behaviour, bodily functions, table manners and forms of speech were gradually transformed by increasing thresholds of shame and repugnance, working outward from a nucleus in court [[etiquette]]. The internalized "self-restraint" imposed by increasingly complex networks of social connections developed the "psychological" self-perceptions that [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] recognized as the "[[super-ego]]." The second volume of ''The Civilizing Process'' looks into the causes of these processes and finds them in the increasingly centralized Early Modern state and the increasingly differentiated and interconnected web of society.  
+
Upon his release in 1941, Elias moved to [[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]]. He taught evening classes for the Workers' Educational Association (the [[adult education]] organization), and later evening extension courses in [[sociology]], [[psychology]], [[economics]], and economic history, at the [[University of Leicester]]. He also held occasional lectureships at other institutions of higher learning. While in Cambridge, he trained as a [[group therapy|group therapist]] under the [[psychoanalysis|psychoanalyst]] [[Siegfried Heinrich Foulkes]], another German emigrant, with whom he co-founded the "Group Analytic Society" in 1952, and worked as a group therapist.
  
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When Elias' work found a larger audience in the 1960s, at first his analysis of the process was misunderstood as an extension of discredited "[[social Darwinism]]," the idea of upward "progress" was dismissed by reading it as consecutive history rather than a metaphor for a social process.  
+
In 1954, he moved to Leicester, where he became a lecturer at the University's Department of Sociology until his retirement in 1962. At Leicester, his students included [[Martin Albrow]] and [[Anthony Giddens]].  
  
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''The Quest for Excitement'', written by Norbert Elias with [[Eric Dunning]], and published in 1986 has proved a seminal work for the [[sociology]] of [[sport]], and of [[football (soccer)|football]] in particular. The [http://www.le.ac.uk/so/css/ Centre for the sociology of sport] at the [[University of Leicester]], England is host to a number of important sociologists who work on the Elias and Dunning tradition.
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From 1962 to 1964, Elias taught as professor emeritus of sociology at the University of [[Ghana]] in Legon, near [[Accra]]. After his return to Europe in 1965, he based himself in [[Amsterdam]] but traveled much as a visiting professor, mainly at German universities. His reputation and popularity grew immensely after the re-publication of ''The Civilizing Process,'' in 1969. From 1978 to 1984, he worked at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research at the [[University of Bielefeld]].  
  
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==Biography==
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Elias was the first ever laureate of both the [[Theodor W. Adorno Award]] (1977) and the [[European Amalfi Prize for Sociology and Social Sciences]] (1987).
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[[Image:Elias-tablica.JPG|thumb|225px|right|The plaque for Norbert Elias in Wrocław]]
 
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Elias was born on June 22, 1897 in [[Wrocław|Wroclaw (Breslau)]] in [[Silesia]] to Hermann and Sophie Elias. His father was a businessman in the textile industry and his mother, as usual at the time, a housewife. After passing the [[abitur]] in 1915 he volunteered for the German army in [[World War I]] and was employed as a [[telegraphy|telegrapher]], first at the Eastern front, then at the Western front. After a suffering nervous breakdown in 1917, he was declared unfit for service and was posted to Wroclaw as a medical orderly. The same year, Elias began studying [[philosophy]], [[psychology]] and [[medicine]] at the [[University of Wrocław|University of Wroclaw]], in addition spending a term each at the universities of [[University of Heidelberg|Heidelberg]] (where he attended lectures by [[Karl Jaspers]]) and [[University of Freiburg|Freiburg]] in 1919 and 1920. He quit medicine in 1919 after passing the preliminary examination ''(Physikum)''. To finance his studies after his father's fortune had been reduced by [[Hyperinflation#The Weimar Inflation in Germany|hyperinflation]], he took up a job as the head of the export department in a local hardware factory 1922. In 1924, he graduated with a doctoral dissertation in philosophy entitled ''Idee und Individuum'' ("Idea and Individual") supervised by [[Richard Hönigswald]], a representative of [[Neo-Kantianism]]. Disappointed about the absence of the social aspect from Neo-Kantianism, which had led to a serious dispute with his supervisor about his dissertation, Elias decided to turn to [[sociology]] for his further studies.  
 
  
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During his Breslau years, until 1925, Elias was deeply involved in the German Zionist movement, and acted as one of the leading intellectuals within the German-Jewish youth movement "Blau-Weiss" (Blue-White). During these years he got acquainted with other young zionists like [[Erich Fromm]], [[Leo Strauss]], [[Leo Löwenthal]] and [[Gershom Scholem]]. In 1925, Elias moved to [[Heidelberg]], where [[Alfred Weber]] accepted him as a candidate for a [[habilitation]] (second book project) on the development of modern science, entitled ''Die Bedeutung der Florentiner Gesellschaft und Kultur für die Entstehung der Wissenschaft'' ''(The Significance of Florentine Society and Culture for the Development of Science)''. In 1930 Elias chose to cancel this project and followed [[Karl Mannheim]] to become his assistant at the [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main|University of Frankfurt]]. However, after the [[Nazism|Nazi]] take-over in early 1933, Mannheim's sociological institute was forced to close. The already submitted habilitation thesis entitled ''Der höfische Mensch'' ("The Man of the Court") was never formally accepted and not published until 1969. In 1933, Elias fled to [[Paris]]. His elderly parents remained in Breslau, where his father died in 1940; his mother was deported to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]], where she probably was killed in 1941.
+
Elias died at his home in Amsterdam on August 1, 1990.
  
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During his two years in Paris, Elias worked as a private scholar supported by a scholarship from the Amsterdam ''Steunfonds Foundation''. In 1935, he moved on to [[Great Britain]], where he worked on his magnum opus, ''[[The Civilizing Process]]'', until 1939, now supported by a scholarship from a relief organization for Jewish refugees. In 1939, he met up with his former supervisor Mannheim at the [[London School of Economics]], where he obtained a position as Senior Research Assistant. In 1940, when an invasion of Britain by German forces appeared imminent, Elias was detained at internment camps in [[Liverpool]] and on the [[Isle of Man]] for eight months, on account of his being German (even as Jew). During his internment he organized political lectures and staged a drama he had written himself, ''Die Ballade vom armen Jakob'' ''(The Ballad of Poor Jacob)'' (eventually published in 1987).
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==Work==
  
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Upon his release in 1941, he moved to [[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]]. He taught evening classes for the [[Workers' Educational Association]] (the adult education organization), and later evening extension courses in sociology, [[psychology]], [[economics]] and [[economic history]] at the [[University of Leicester]]. He also held occasional lectureships at other institutions of higher learning. While in Cambridge, he trained as a group therapist under the psychoanalyst [[Siegfried Heinrich Foulkes]], another German emigrant, with whom he co-founded the [[Group Analytic Society]] in 1952 and worked as a group therapist.
+
Elias focused his work on the relationship between [[power]], [[behavior]], [[emotion]], and [[knowledge]]. He significantly shaped what is called “Process Sociology” or "[[Figurational Sociology]]." 
  
−
In 1954, he moved to [[Leicester]], where he became a lecturer at, and contributed to the development of, the University's Department of Sociology, until his retirement in 1962. At Leicester, his students included [[Martin Albrow]] and [[Anthony Giddens]].  
+
===Figurational Sociology===
 +
Throughout his career, Norbert Elias was largely ignored, until the 1970s, when he was rediscovered by a younger generation of sociologists. His late popularity can be partially attributed to the fact that his concept of large social figurations or networks explains the emergence and function of large societal structures without neglecting the aspect of individual [[Structure and agency|agency]]. In the 1960s and 1970s, the overemphasis of structure over agency came under heavy criticism and Elias' work offered a different perspective.
  
−
From 1962 to 1964, Elias taught as professor emeritus of sociology at the [[University of Ghana]] in Legon near [[Accra]]. After his return to Europe in 1965, he based himself in [[Amsterdam]] but travelled much as a visiting professor, mainly at German universities. His reputation and popularity grew immensely after the republication of ''The Civilising Process'' in 1969. From 1978 to 1984 he worked at the [[Center for Interdisciplinary Research]] at the [[University of Bielefeld]].  
+
When Elias' work found a larger audience in the 1970s, at first his analysis of the process was misunderstood as an extension of discredited "[[social Darwinism]]," the idea of upward "progress" was dismissed by reading it as consecutive history rather than a metaphor for a social process. Elias, however, offered new paradigm for sociological thought; one that opposed both the structural-functionalist and methodological-individualist tendencies in sociology. He devised a new concept of analyzing social life, one that provided a more systematic and effective approach to analysis society.  
  
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Elias was the first ever laureate of both the [[Theodor W. Adorno Award]] (1977) and the [[European Amalfi Prize for Sociology and Social Sciences]] (1987).
+
There are several distinctive features of Elias’ sociology:
 +
* Societies are composed of individuals who engage in intentional actions, but the total outcome of their action is often unintended. The task of sociologists is to analyze the transformation of the action from “intentional” to “unintended.”
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* Human beings can only be understood in their interdependencies with other human beings. Sociologists, thus, need to study not individuals, but the “relations” between the individuals.
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* Sociologists need to study the processes in the society—“relations” rather than “states.”
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* Human societies need to be studied in historical context, consisting of long-term processes of development and change.
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* Sociologists need to detach themselves from [[emotion]]s involved in analysis of certain sociological problems—the process Elias called the "destruction of myths."
  
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Outside his sociological work he sporadically also wrote poetry and essays.
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===''The Civilizing Process''===
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Elias' most important work is the two-volume, ''The Civilizing Process'' ''(Über den Prozess der Zivilisation)''. Originally published in 1939, it was virtually ignored until its republication in 1969, when its first volume was also translated into [[English language|English]]. The work was rather ambitious, attempting to trace the development of [[manners]] and [[personality]] in Western [[Europe]] since the late [[Middle Ages]].  
  
−
Elias died at his home in Amsterdam on 1 August 1990.
+
The first volume of ''The Civilizing Process'' describes the historical developments of the [[Europe]]an ''habitus,'' or "second nature," the particular individual psychological structures molded by social attitudes. Elias traced how post-medieval European standards regarding violence, [[human sexuality|sexual behavior]], bodily functions, table [[manners]], and forms of speech were gradually transformed by increasing thresholds of [[shame]] and repugnance, working outward from a nucleus in court [[etiquette]]. The internalized "self-restraint" imposed by increasingly complex networks of social connections developed the "psychological" self-perceptions that [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] recognized as the "[[super-ego]]." The second volume of ''The Civilizing Process'' looks into the causes of these processes and finds them in the increasingly centralized Early Modern state and the increasingly differentiated and interconnected web of society.
  
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==Books==
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===Other work===
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(In chronological order, by date of original publication)
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''The Quest for Excitement,'' written by Norbert Elias with [[Eric Dunning]], and published in 1986, has proved a seminal work for the [[sociology]] of [[sport]], and of [[football (soccer)|soccer]] in particular. Elias also wrote [[poetry]], publishing several books of his poems.
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*1939: ''Über den Prozeß der Zivilisation. Soziogenetische und psychogenetische Untersuchungen. Erster Band. Wandlungen des Verhaltens in den weltlichen Oberschichten des Abendlandes'' and ''Zweiter Band. Wandlungen der Gesellschaft. Entwurf einer Theorie der Zivilisation''. Basel: Verlag Haus zum Falken. (Published in English as ''The Civilizing Process, Vol.I. The History of Manners'', Oxford: Blackwell, 1969, and ''The Civilizing Process, Vol.II. State Formation and Civilization'', Oxford: Blackwell, 1982).
 
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*1965 (with John L. Scotson): ''The Established and the Outsiders. A Sociological Enquiry into Community Problems'', London: Frank Cass & Co. (Originally published in English.)
 
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*1969: ''Die höfische Gesellschaft. Untersuchungen zur Soziologie des Königtums und der höfischen Aristokratie'' (based on the 1933 habilitation). Neuwied/Berlin: Luchterhand. (Published in English as ''The Court Society'', Oxford: Blackwell, 1983).
 
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*1970: ''Was ist Soziologie?''. München: Juventa. (Published in English as ''What is Sociology?'', London: Hutchinson, 1978).
 
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*1982: ''Über die Einsamkeit der Sterbenden in unseren Tagen'', Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Published in English as ''The Loneliness of the Dying'', Oxford: Blackwell, 1985).
 
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*1982 (edited with Herminio Martins and Richard Whitley): ''Scientific Establishments and Hierarchies. Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook 1982'', Dordrecht: Reidel.
 
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*1983: ''Engagement und Distanzierung. Arbeiten zur Wissenssoziologie I'', edited by Michael Schröter, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Published in English as ''Involvement and Detachment. Contributions to the Sociology of Knowledge'', Oxford: Blackwell, 1987.)
 
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*1984: ''Über die Zeit. Arbeiten zur Wissenssoziologie II'', edited by Michael Schröter, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Published in English as ''Time. An Essay'', Oxford: Blackwell, 1991).
 
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*1985: ''Humana conditio. Betrachtungen zur Entwicklung der Menschheit am 40. Jahrestag eines Kriegsendes (8. Mai 1985)'', Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Not available in English).
 
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*1986 (with Eric Dunning): ''Quest for Excitement. Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing Process''. Oxford: Blackwell.
 
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*1987: ''Die Gesellschaft der Individuen'', edited by Michael Schröter, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Original 1939, published in English as ''The Society of Individuals'', Oxford: Blackwell, 1991).
 
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*1987: ''Los der Menschen. Gedichte, Nachdichtungen'', Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Poetry, not available in English).
 
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*1989: ''Studien über die Deutschen. Machtkämpfe und Habitusentwicklung im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert'', edited by Michael Schröter, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Published in English as ''The Germans. Power struggles and the development of habitus in the 19th and 20th centuries'', Cambridge: Polity Press 1996.)
 
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*1990: ''Über sich selbst'', Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Published in English as ''Reflections on a life'', Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994).
 
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*1991: ''Mozart. Zur Soziologie eines Genies'', edited by Michael Schröter, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Published in English as ''Mozart. Portrait of a Genius'', Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993).
 
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*1991: ''The Symbol Theory''. London: Sage. (Originally published in English.)
 
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*1996: ''Die Ballade vom armen Jakob'', Frankfurt am Main: Insel Verlag (Drama, not available in English).
 
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*1998: ''Watteaus Pilgerfahrt zur Insel der Liebe'', Weitra (Austria): Bibliothek der Provinz (Not available in English).
 
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*1998: ''The Norbert Elias Reader: A Biographical Selection'', edited by Johan Goudsblom and Stephen Mennell, Oxford: Blackwell.
 
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*1999: ''Zeugen des Jahrhunderts. Norbert Elias im Gespräch mit Hans Christian Huf'',  
 
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edited by Wolfgang Homering, Berlin: Ullstein. (Interview, not available in English).
 
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* 2000, ''The Civilizing Process: Sociogenetic and Psychogenetic Investigations''. Revised edition of 1994. Oxford, Blackwell
 
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*2002: ''Frühschriften''. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Early writings, not available in English.)
 
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*2004: ''Gedichte und Sprüche''. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Translations of poems in English and French).
 
  
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See also:
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==Legacy==
  
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[http://www.usyd.edu.au/su/social/elias/book/cover.htm ''Norbert Elias'', by Robert van Krieken, London: Routledge, 1998];
+
Due to historical circumstances, Elias had long remained a marginal author, until being rediscovered by a new generation of scholars in the 1970s. From that time, he eventually became one of the most influential [[sociology|sociologists]]. His Process or [[Figurational Sociology]] eventually grew into a school of sociology, becoming particularly strong in [[Europe]].
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''La sociologie de Norbert Elias'', by Nathalie Heinich, Paris: La Découverte, 2002 (in French).
 
  
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==External links==
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==Publications==
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*[http://www.norberteliasfoundation.nl The Norbert Elias Foundation website]
 
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*[http://hyperelias.jku.at The HyperElias website] (A complete list of all works by Norbert Elias, in all languages, published and unpublished, as well as many full text items and abstracts)
 
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*[http://www.usyd.edu.au/su/social/elias/elias.html Site on Norbert Elias and Process Sociology] at the [[University of Sydney]] (partially out of date)
 
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*[http://www.vpro.nl/programma/beschaving/afleveringen/22058443/items/22149355/ Online interview] from the Dutch television organization [[VPRO]].
 
  
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*[1939] 2000. Elias, Norbert. ''The Civilizing Process''. Original title ''Über den Prozeß der Zivilisation''. Blackwell Publishing Limited. ISBN 0631221611
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*[1939] 2001. Elias, Norbert. ''The Society of Individuals''. Original title ''Die Gesellschaft der Individuen''. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0826413722
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*[1969] 2006. Elias, Norbert. ''The Court Society''. Original title ''Die höfische Gesellschaft''. University College Dublin Press. ISBN 1904558402
 +
*[1970] 1984. Elias, Norbert. ''What is Sociology?'' Original title ''Was ist Soziologie?''
 +
Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231045514
 +
*[1982] 2001. Elias, Norbert. ''The Loneliness of the Dying''. Original title ''Über die Einsamkeit der Sterbenden in unseren Tagen''. Diane Publishers Co. ISBN 075678512X
 +
*[1983] 2007. Elias, Norbert. ''Involvement and Detachment. Contributions to the Sociology of Knowledge''. Original title ''Engagement und Distanzierung. Arbeiten zur Wissenssoziologie I''. University College Dublin Press. ISBN 1904558429
 +
*[1984] 2007. Elias, Norbert. ''An Essay on Time''. Original title ''Über die Zeit''. Arbeiten zur Wissenssoziologie II. University College Dublin Press. ISBN 1904558410
 +
*[1986] 1994. Elias, Norbert and Dunning, Eric. ''Quest for Excitement. Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing Process''. Blackwell Pub. ISBN 0631192190
 +
*[1990] 1995. Elias, Norbert. ''Reflections on a Life''. Original title ''Über sich selbst''. Polity Press. ISBN 0745613837
 +
*1991. Elias, Norbert. ''The Symbol Theory''. London: Sage Pub. ISBN 0803984197
 +
*1996. Elias, Norbert. ''Die Ballade vom armen Jakob''. Frankfurt am Main: Insel Verlag. ISBN 3458191658
 +
*1998. Elias, Norbert. ''The Germans''. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231105630
  
 +
==References==
  
 +
*Heinich, Nathalie. 2002. ''La sociologie de Norbert Elias''. Paris: La Découverte. ISBN 2707138304 
 +
*Kilminster, Richard. 2007. ''Norbert Elias Post-Philosophical Sociology''. Routledge. ISBN 0415437067
 +
*Loyal, Steven and Stephen Quilley. 2004. ''The Sociology of Norbert Elias''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521827868
  
 +
==External links==
 +
All links retrieved November 15, 2022.
 +
*[http://hyperelias.jku.at The HyperElias website]. A complete list of all works by Norbert Elias, in all languages, published and unpublished, as well as many full text items and abstracts.
  
 
{{Credits|Norbert_Elias|127894169|}}
 
{{Credits|Norbert_Elias|127894169|}}

Latest revision as of 02:41, 16 November 2022

Norbert Elias (June 22, 1897 - August 1, 1990) was a German sociologist, famous for his development of Process Sociology, or Figurational Sociology. His most significant book, Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (The Civilizing Process), published in 1939, described the growth of civilization in Western Europe, providing a detailed study of the development of the accepted code of manners and social behaviors, and their process of expansion from the etiquette of nobility, or central governing authority, to the general populace.

For Elias, society consists of individuals who are in relationship to each other—a collection of evolving networks of interdependent human beings. To understand society, therefore, is not to understand the intentional actions of individuals acting based on personal motivations, but rather necessitates study of the processes of interaction and relationship among these individuals in their wider, historical context. Thus, Elias advocated the study of process in society, rather than analyzing its current state.

Life

The plaque for Norbert Elias in Wrocław

Norbert Elias was born on June 22, 1897, in Breslau, Germany (today’s Wroclaw, Poland), to Hermann and Sophie Elias. His father was a businessman in the textile industry and his mother, a housewife.

After passing the abitur in 1915, he volunteered for the German army in World War I and was employed as a telegrapher, first at the Eastern, and then at the Western front. After suffering a nervous breakdown in 1917, he was declared unfit for service and was posted to Wroclaw as a medical orderly. That year, Elias began studying philosophy, psychology, and medicine at the University of Wrocław, in addition to spending a term each at the universities of Heidelberg (where he attended lectures by Karl Jaspers) and Freiburg in 1919 and 1920.

To finance his studies after his father's fortune had been reduced by hyperinflation, he took up a job as the head of the export department in a local hardware factory in 1922. In 1924, he graduated with a doctoral dissertation in philosophy, entitled Idee und Individuum, supervised by Richard Hönigswald, a representative of Neo-Kantianism. Disappointed about the absence of social aspects from Neo-Kantianism, Elias decided to turn to sociology for his further studies.

During his Breslau years, Elias was deeply involved in the German Zionist movement, and acted as one of the leading intellectuals within the German-Jewish youth movement, "Blau-Weiss" (Blue-White). During these years he became acquainted with other young Zionists, such as Erich Fromm, Leo Strauss, Leo Löwenthal, and Gershom Scholem.

In 1925, Elias moved to Heidelberg, and in 1930, became assistant of Karl Mannheim at the University of Frankfurt. However, after the Nazis came to power in early 1933, Mannheim's sociological institute was forced to close. His already submitted habilitation thesis, entitled Der höfische Mensch (The Man of the Court), was never formally accepted and was not published until 1969. In 1933, Elias fled to Paris. His elderly parents remained in Breslau, where his father died in 1940; his mother was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp, where she was likely killed, in 1941.

During his two years in Paris, Elias worked as a private scholar, supported by a scholarship from the Amsterdam Steunfonds Foundation. In 1935, he moved on to Great Britain, where he worked on his magnum opus, The Civilizing Process. In 1939, he met up with his former supervisor Mannheim, at the London School of Economics, where he obtained a position as Senior Research Assistant. In 1940, when an invasion of Britain by German forces appeared imminent, Elias was detained at internment camps in Liverpool and on the Isle of Man for eight months, on account of his German citizenship (even though he was a Jew).

Upon his release in 1941, Elias moved to Cambridge. He taught evening classes for the Workers' Educational Association (the adult education organization), and later evening extension courses in sociology, psychology, economics, and economic history, at the University of Leicester. He also held occasional lectureships at other institutions of higher learning. While in Cambridge, he trained as a group therapist under the psychoanalyst Siegfried Heinrich Foulkes, another German emigrant, with whom he co-founded the "Group Analytic Society" in 1952, and worked as a group therapist.

In 1954, he moved to Leicester, where he became a lecturer at the University's Department of Sociology until his retirement in 1962. At Leicester, his students included Martin Albrow and Anthony Giddens.

From 1962 to 1964, Elias taught as professor emeritus of sociology at the University of Ghana in Legon, near Accra. After his return to Europe in 1965, he based himself in Amsterdam but traveled much as a visiting professor, mainly at German universities. His reputation and popularity grew immensely after the re-publication of The Civilizing Process, in 1969. From 1978 to 1984, he worked at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research at the University of Bielefeld.

Elias was the first ever laureate of both the Theodor W. Adorno Award (1977) and the European Amalfi Prize for Sociology and Social Sciences (1987).

Elias died at his home in Amsterdam on August 1, 1990.

Work

Elias focused his work on the relationship between power, behavior, emotion, and knowledge. He significantly shaped what is called “Process Sociology” or "Figurational Sociology."

Figurational Sociology

Throughout his career, Norbert Elias was largely ignored, until the 1970s, when he was rediscovered by a younger generation of sociologists. His late popularity can be partially attributed to the fact that his concept of large social figurations or networks explains the emergence and function of large societal structures without neglecting the aspect of individual agency. In the 1960s and 1970s, the overemphasis of structure over agency came under heavy criticism and Elias' work offered a different perspective.

When Elias' work found a larger audience in the 1970s, at first his analysis of the process was misunderstood as an extension of discredited "social Darwinism," the idea of upward "progress" was dismissed by reading it as consecutive history rather than a metaphor for a social process. Elias, however, offered new paradigm for sociological thought; one that opposed both the structural-functionalist and methodological-individualist tendencies in sociology. He devised a new concept of analyzing social life, one that provided a more systematic and effective approach to analysis society.

There are several distinctive features of Elias’ sociology:

  • Societies are composed of individuals who engage in intentional actions, but the total outcome of their action is often unintended. The task of sociologists is to analyze the transformation of the action from “intentional” to “unintended.”
  • Human beings can only be understood in their interdependencies with other human beings. Sociologists, thus, need to study not individuals, but the “relations” between the individuals.
  • Sociologists need to study the processes in the society—“relations” rather than “states.”
  • Human societies need to be studied in historical context, consisting of long-term processes of development and change.
  • Sociologists need to detach themselves from emotions involved in analysis of certain sociological problems—the process Elias called the "destruction of myths."

The Civilizing Process

Elias' most important work is the two-volume, The Civilizing Process (Über den Prozess der Zivilisation). Originally published in 1939, it was virtually ignored until its republication in 1969, when its first volume was also translated into English. The work was rather ambitious, attempting to trace the development of manners and personality in Western Europe since the late Middle Ages.

The first volume of The Civilizing Process describes the historical developments of the European habitus, or "second nature," the particular individual psychological structures molded by social attitudes. Elias traced how post-medieval European standards regarding violence, sexual behavior, bodily functions, table manners, and forms of speech were gradually transformed by increasing thresholds of shame and repugnance, working outward from a nucleus in court etiquette. The internalized "self-restraint" imposed by increasingly complex networks of social connections developed the "psychological" self-perceptions that Freud recognized as the "super-ego." The second volume of The Civilizing Process looks into the causes of these processes and finds them in the increasingly centralized Early Modern state and the increasingly differentiated and interconnected web of society.

Other work

The Quest for Excitement, written by Norbert Elias with Eric Dunning, and published in 1986, has proved a seminal work for the sociology of sport, and of soccer in particular. Elias also wrote poetry, publishing several books of his poems.

Legacy

Due to historical circumstances, Elias had long remained a marginal author, until being rediscovered by a new generation of scholars in the 1970s. From that time, he eventually became one of the most influential sociologists. His Process or Figurational Sociology eventually grew into a school of sociology, becoming particularly strong in Europe.

Publications

  • [1939] 2000. Elias, Norbert. The Civilizing Process. Original title Über den Prozeß der Zivilisation. Blackwell Publishing Limited. ISBN 0631221611
  • [1939] 2001. Elias, Norbert. The Society of Individuals. Original title Die Gesellschaft der Individuen. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0826413722
  • [1969] 2006. Elias, Norbert. The Court Society. Original title Die höfische Gesellschaft. University College Dublin Press. ISBN 1904558402
  • [1970] 1984. Elias, Norbert. What is Sociology? Original title Was ist Soziologie?

Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231045514

  • [1982] 2001. Elias, Norbert. The Loneliness of the Dying. Original title Über die Einsamkeit der Sterbenden in unseren Tagen. Diane Publishers Co. ISBN 075678512X
  • [1983] 2007. Elias, Norbert. Involvement and Detachment. Contributions to the Sociology of Knowledge. Original title Engagement und Distanzierung. Arbeiten zur Wissenssoziologie I. University College Dublin Press. ISBN 1904558429
  • [1984] 2007. Elias, Norbert. An Essay on Time. Original title Über die Zeit. Arbeiten zur Wissenssoziologie II. University College Dublin Press. ISBN 1904558410
  • [1986] 1994. Elias, Norbert and Dunning, Eric. Quest for Excitement. Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing Process. Blackwell Pub. ISBN 0631192190
  • [1990] 1995. Elias, Norbert. Reflections on a Life. Original title Über sich selbst. Polity Press. ISBN 0745613837
  • 1991. Elias, Norbert. The Symbol Theory. London: Sage Pub. ISBN 0803984197
  • 1996. Elias, Norbert. Die Ballade vom armen Jakob. Frankfurt am Main: Insel Verlag. ISBN 3458191658
  • 1998. Elias, Norbert. The Germans. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231105630

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Heinich, Nathalie. 2002. La sociologie de Norbert Elias. Paris: La Découverte. ISBN 2707138304
  • Kilminster, Richard. 2007. Norbert Elias Post-Philosophical Sociology. Routledge. ISBN 0415437067
  • Loyal, Steven and Stephen Quilley. 2004. The Sociology of Norbert Elias. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521827868

External links

All links retrieved November 15, 2022.

  • The HyperElias website. A complete list of all works by Norbert Elias, in all languages, published and unpublished, as well as many full text items and abstracts.

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