Difference between revisions of "Karachi" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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|footnotes = [http://www.karachicity.gov.pk '''Karachi Government Website''']
 
|footnotes = [http://www.karachicity.gov.pk '''Karachi Government Website''']
 
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'''Karachi''' (كراچى) is the capital of the [[Provinces of Pakistan|province]] of [[Sindh]], and the largest city in [[Pakistan]]. Located on the coast of the [[Arabian Sea]], north-west of the [[Indus River Delta]], the [[megacity]] is the largest city, original capital and cultural, economical, philantropic, educational, and political hub, as well as the largest port, of the country. The [[metropolitan area]] along with its [[suburbs]] comprises the world's [[List of cities by population|second most populated city]], spread over 3,530 square kilometres. The city credits its growth to the mixed populations of economic and political [[migrants]] and [[refugees]] from different national, provincial, linguistic and religious origins who have largely come to settle here permanently. It is locally termed as the '''''City of Lights''''' (روشنیوں کا شہر) for its liveliness and the '''''City of The Quaid''''' (شہرِ قائد), for not only being both the birth and death place of Quaid-e-Azam [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] the founder of Pakistan but also his home after 1947. Residents and those born in the city are called "Karachiites."
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'''Karachi''' (كراچى) is the capital of the [[Provinces of Pakistan|province]] of [[Sindh]], and the largest city in [[Pakistan]]. Located on the coast of the [[Arabian Sea]], north-west of the [[Indus River Delta]], it is the cultural, economic, philanthropic, educational, and political hub, as well as the largest city and port, of Pakistan. Spread over 3,530 [[square kilometres|km²]], the city and [[suburbs]] comprise the world's twentieth largest metropolitan area.<ref name="WGmetro">{{cite web| url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&pt=a&va=x| title=World: metropolitan areas| author=Stefan Helders, World-Gazetteer.com| accessdate=2007-10-15}}</ref> The city did not achieve importance until the British began to develop it as a military cantonment and a port in 1843. By 1914, Karachi had become the largest grain exporting port of the [[British Empire]], and in 1924, when an aerodrome was built, Karachi became the main airport of entry into [[India]]. When the new country of [[Pakistan]] was formed in 1947, Karachi was a bustling metropolitan city with beautiful classical and colonial European styled buildings lining the city’s thoroughfares. Karachi was the capital city of Pakistan from 1947 until 1958.
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A large influx of economic and political [[migrants]] and [[refugees]] from different national, provincial, linguistic and religious origins have changed the demographics of the city and added to the diversity of the already cosmopolitan population. Karachi accounts for a large share of Pakistan’s [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] and revenue. It is locally termed as the '''''City of Lights''''' (روشنیوں کا شہر) for its liveliness, and the '''''City of The Quaid''''' (شہرِ قائد), for being the birthplace and home of Quaid-e-Azam [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] the founder of Pakistan. Residents and those born in the city are called "Karachiites."
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
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{{main|History of Karachi}}
 
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The Baloch tribes from [[Balochistan (region)|Balochistan]] and [[Makran]] established a small settlement of fishing communities, many of whom still inhabit sections of Sindh, and called it ''Kolachi.'' The modern port-city of Karachi, however, was developed by authorities of the [[British Raj]] in the 19th century. Upon the independence of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, the city was selected to become the national capital, and was settled by [[Muslim]] refugees from [[India]], which radically expanded the city's population and transformed the demographics and economy. Karachi has faced major infrastructural and socio-economic challenges, but modern industries and businesses have developed in the city, and the population expanded even after the capital was moved to [[Islamabad]] in August 1960.
 
  
 
[[Image:Khi1851.jpg|thumb|Part of the town of Karachi, with mud houses; camels and villagers in foreground. April 1851]]  
 
[[Image:Khi1851.jpg|thumb|Part of the town of Karachi, with mud houses; camels and villagers in foreground. April 1851]]  
  
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The area of Karachi has been known to the ancient Greeks by many names: [[Krokola]], the place where [[Alexander the Great]] camped to prepare a fleet for [[Babylonia]] after his campaign in the [[Indus valley]]; 'Morontobara' port (probably the modern [[Manora]] Island near the [[Port of Karachi|Karachi harbour]]), from where Alexander's admiral [[Nearchus]] sailed for back home; and [[Barbarikon]], a sea port of the [[Indo-Greek]] [[Bactrian]] kingdom. It was also known as the port of [[Debal]] to the [[Arab]]s, from where [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] led his conquering force into [[South Asia]] in 712 C.E. According to the British historian Eliot, parts of city of Karachi and the island of Manora constituted the city of Debal.
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The area of Karachi was known to the ancient Greeks by many names: [[Krokola]], the place where [[Alexander the Great]] camped to prepare a fleet for [[Babylonia]] after his campaign in the [[Indus valley]]; 'Morontobara' port (probably the modern [[Manora]] Island near the [[Port of Karachi|Karachi harbour]]), from where Alexander's admiral [[Nearchus]] sailed for back home; and [[Barbarikon]], a sea port of the [[Indo-Greek]] [[Bactrian]] kingdom. To the Arabs it was also known as the port of [[Debal]], from where [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] led his conquering force into [[South Asia]] in 712 C.E... According to the British historian Eliot, parts of city of Karachi and the island of Manora constituted the city of Debal.
  
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The present city started its life as a fishing settlement where a Sindhi fisherwoman by the name of [[Mai Kolachi]] took up residence and started a family. The village that later grew out of this settlement was known as ''Kolachi-jo-Goth'' (The Village of Kolachi in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]). By the late 1700s this village started trading across the sea with [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] and the Persian Gulf region which led to its gaining importance. A small fort was constructed for its protection, armed with cannons imported from Muscat. The fort had two main gateways: one facing the sea, known as Khara Darwaaza (Brackish Gate) and the other facing the adjoining Lyari river known as the Meetha Darwaaza (Sweet Gate). The location of these gates corresponds to the present-day city localities of Khaaradar ({{Unicode|''Khārā Dar''}}) and Meethadar ({{Unicode|''Mīṭhā Dar''}}) respectively.  
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The Baloch tribes from [[Balochistan (region)|Balochistan]] and [[Makran]], many of whom still inhabit sections of Sindh, established a small settlement of fishing communities in the area and called it ''Kolachi.'' According to legend, the present city began as a fishing settlement where a Sindhi fisherwoman by the name of [[Mai Kolachi]] took up residence and started a family. The village that later grew out of this settlement was known as ''Kolachi-jo-Goth'' (The Village of Kolachi in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]). By the late 1700s, the village had started trading across the sea with [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] and the Persian Gulf region. A small fort was constructed for its protection, armed with cannons imported from Muscat. The fort had two main gateways: one facing the sea, known as Khara Darwaaza (Brackish Gate) and the other facing the adjoining Lyari river known as the Meetha Darwaaza (Sweet Gate). The location of these gates corresponds to the present-day city localities of Khaaradar ({{Unicode|''Khārā Dar''}}) and Meethadar ({{Unicode|''Mīṭhā Dar''}}) respectively.  
  
 
[[Image:Karachi1889.jpg|thumb|An old image of Karachi from 1889]]
 
[[Image:Karachi1889.jpg|thumb|An old image of Karachi from 1889]]
  
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In 1795, the village became a domain of the [[Balochi]] [[Talpur]] rulers of Sindh. A small factory was opened by the British in September 1799, but was closed down within a year. After sending a couple of exploratory missions to the area, the [[British East India Company]] conquered the town on February 3, 1839. The village was later annexed to the [[British Indian Empire]] when the province of [[Sindh]] was conquered by [[Charles James Napier|Charles Napier]] in 1843. Kolachi was added along with the rest of Sindh to the jurisdiction of the [[Bombay Presidency]].  
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In 1795, the village became a domain of the [[Balochi]] [[Talpur]] rulers of Sindh. A small factory was opened there by the British in September 1799, but was closed down within a year. After sending a couple of exploratory missions to the area, the [[British East India Company]] took over the town on February 3, 1839. The village was later annexed to the [[British Indian Empire]] when the province of [[Sindh]] was conquered by [[Charles James Napier|Charles Napier]] in 1843. Kolachi was added, along with the rest of Sindh, to the jurisdiction of the [[Bombay Presidency]].  
  
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The British realized its importance as a military cantonment and a port for exporting the produce of the [[Indus basin]], and rapidly developed its harbour for shipping. The foundations of a city municipal government were laid down and infrastructure development was undertaken. New businesses started opening up and the population of the town started rising rapidly. Karachi quickly turned into a city, making true the famous quote by Napier who is known to have said: ''Would that I could come again to see you in your grandeur!''
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Charles Napier, governor of Karachi from 1843 – 1847, realized Karachi’s importance as a military cantonment and a port for exporting the produce of the [[Indus basin]], and rapidly developed its harbor for shipping. He established a regular supply of water to the city from the Malir River, developed housing and roads, drainage and sanitation facilities, and laid down the foundations of a city municipal government and a police system. He constructed a powerful lighthouse at Manora Point, and planned to make Karachi a free port by widening the entrance to the harbor, building docks, and connecting the island of Keamari to Karachi. In 1847, his health failing, he sailed home to England<ref>Cowasjee, Ardeshir. Karachi under the Raj 1843-1947 http://www.dawn.com/weekly/cowas/20041121.htm</ref>, saying as he was leaving, ''You will be the glory of the East! Would that I could come again, Kurrachee, to see you in your grandeur!'' <ref>Kincaid, Dennis. British Social Life in India, 1608 – 1937 p. 297</ref> Karachi was known as ''Khurachee Scinde'' (Karachi, Sindh) during the early British colonial rule.
  
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In 1857, the [[Indian rebellion of 1857|First Indian War for Independence]] broke out in the subcontinent and the 21st Native Infantry stationed in Karachi declared allegiance to revolters, joining their cause on September 10, 1857. However, the British were rapidly able to reassert their control over Karachi and defeat the uprising. Karachi was known as ''Khurachee Scinde'' (i.e. Karachi, Sindh) during the early British colonial rule.
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New businesses opened and the population of the town began rising rapidly. Karachi quickly turned into a city. In 1857, the [[Indian rebellion of 1857|First Indian War for Independence]] broke out in the subcontinent and the 21st Native Infantry stationed in Karachi declared allegiance to revolters, joining their cause on September 10, 1857. However, the British were rapidly able to reassert their control over Karachi and defeat the uprising.  
  
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In 1864, the first telegraphic message was sent from India to England when a direct telegraph connection was laid down between Karachi and London. In 1878, the city was connected to the rest of British India by railway line. Public building projects such as the [[Frere Hall]] (1865) and the [[Empress Market]] (1890) were undertaken. In 1876, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founder of Pakistan, was born in the city, which by now had become a bustling city with railway, churches, mosques, courthouses, markets, paved streets and a magnificent harbour. By 1899 Karachi had become the largest wheat exporting port in the east (Feldman 1970:57). The population of the city had also risen to about 105,000 inhabitants by the end of the 19th century and was a cosmopolitan mix of Hindus and Muslims, European traders, [[Jews and Judaism in Pakistan|Jews]], [[Parsis]], [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]]s, [[Lebanon|Lebanese]], and [[Goan]] merchants. By the turn of the century, the city faced street congestion, which led to India’s first tramway system being laid down in 1900.   
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In 1864, the first telegraphic message was sent from [[India]] to [[England]] when a direct telegraph connection was laid down between Karachi and London. In 1878, the city was connected to the rest of British India by railway line. Public building projects such as the [[Frere Hall]] (1865) and the [[Empress Market]] (1890) were undertaken. In 1876, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founder of [[Pakistan]], was born in the city, which by now had become a bustling city with railway, churches, mosques, courthouses, markets, paved streets and a magnificent harbor. By 1899, Karachi had become the largest wheat exporting port in the east (Feldman 1970:57). The population of the city had also risen to about 105,000 inhabitants by the end of the nineteenth century and was a cosmopolitan mix of [[Hinduism|Hindus]] and [[Islam|Muslims]], European traders, [[Jews and Judaism in Pakistan|Jews]], [[Parsis]], [[Iran|Iranian]]s, [[Lebanon|Lebanese]], and [[Goan]] merchants. By the turn of the century, the city faced street congestion, which led to India’s first tramway system being laid down in 1900.   
 
[[Image:Karachi Frere Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Frere Hall]] - a prime example of colonial architecture built during the [[British Raj]]]]
 
[[Image:Karachi Frere Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Frere Hall]] - a prime example of colonial architecture built during the [[British Raj]]]]
  
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By 1914, Karachi had become from the Bombay Presidency and Karachi was made the capital of the new province. By the time the new country of [[Pakistan]] was formed in 1947, Karachi had become a bustling metropolitan city with beautiful classical and colonial European styled buildings lining the city’s thoroughfares.
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By 1914, Karachi had become the largest grain exporting port of the British Empire. In 1924, an aerodrome was built and Karachi became the main airport of entry into India. An airship mast was also built in Karachi in 1927, as part of the [[Imperial Airship Communications scheme]], which was later abandoned. In 1936, Sindh was separated from the Bombay Presidency and Karachi was made the capital of the new province. By the time the new country of [[Pakistan]] was formed in 1947, Karachi had become a bustling metropolitan city with beautiful classical and colonial European styled buildings lining the city’s thoroughfares.
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Karachi was chosen as the capital city of Pakistan and accommodated a huge influx of migrants and refugees to the newly formed country. The demographics of the city also changed drastically. However, it still maintained a great cultural diversity as its new inhabitants arrived from all parts of the subcontinent. In 1958, the capital of Pakistan was shifted from Karachi to [[Rawalpindi]] and then to [[Islamabad]] in 1960. This marked the start of a long period of decline in the city, owing to a lack of governmental attention and development. The 1980s and 1990s saw an influx of refugees from the Afghan war into Karachi. Political tensions between the [[Mohajir]] groups (descendants of migrants from the partition era) and other groups also erupted and the city was wracked with political and sectarian violence. Most of these tensions have now simmered down.  
 
  
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Karachi continues to be an important financial and industrial centre for the country and handles most of the overseas trade of Pakistan and the central Asian countries. It accounts for a large portion of the [[GDP]] of Pakistan and a large chunk of the country's white collar workers. Karachi's population has continued to grow and is estimated to have passed the 20 million mark, although official figures still show a population of around 14.5 million. The current economic boom in Pakistan has also resulted in a new period of resurgence in the economy of Karachi.
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Karachi was chosen as the capital city of Pakistan, and a huge influx of migrants and refugees to the newly formed country changed the demographics of the city. It maintained a great cultural diversity as new inhabitants arrived from all parts of the subcontinent. In 1958, the capital of Pakistan was shifted from Karachi to [[Rawalpindi]] and then to [[Islamabad]] in 1960. This was the start of a long period of decline in the city, owing to a lack of governmental attention and development. The 1980s and 1990s saw an influx of refugees from the Afghan war into Karachi. Political tensions between the [[Mohajir]] groups (descendants of migrants from the partition era) and other groups also erupted and for a time the city was wracked with political and sectarian violence.  
  
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==Geography and climate==
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Karachi continues to be an important financial and industrial center for the country and handles most of the overseas trade of Pakistan and the central Asian countries. It accounts for a large portion of the [[GDP]] of Pakistan and a large proportion of the country's white collar workers. Karachi's population has continued to grow and is estimated to have surpassed 20 million, although official figures still show a population of around 14.5 million. The current economic boom in Pakistan has also resulted in a resurgence in the economy of Karachi.
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==Geography and Climate==
 
{{main|Climate of Karachi}}
 
{{main|Climate of Karachi}}
  
 
[[Image:STS087-715-70.jpg|thumb|Satellite view of Karachi]]
 
[[Image:STS087-715-70.jpg|thumb|Satellite view of Karachi]]
  
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Karachi is located in the south of Sindh, on the coast of the Arabian Sea. The city covers an area of approximately 3,530 square kilometres, comprised largely of flat or rolling plains, with hills on the western and northern boundaries of the [[urban sprawl]]. Two rivers pass through the city: the [[River Malir]] which flows from the east towards the south and centre, and the [[River Lyari]], which flows from north to the south west. The [[Port of Karachi|Karachi Harbour]] is a sheltered bay to the south-west of the city, protected from storms by the Sandspit Beach, the [[Manora]] Island and the Oyster Rocks. The Arabian Sea beach lines the southern coastline of Karachi. Dense mangroves and creeks of the Indus delta can be found towards the south east side of the city. Towards the west and the north is [[Cape Monze]], an area marked with projecting sea cliffs and rocky sandstone promontories. Some excellent beaches can also be found in this area.  
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Karachi is located in the south of Sindh, on the coast of the Arabian Sea. The city covers an area of approximately 3,530 square kilometers, comprised largely of flat or rolling plains, with hills on the western and northern boundaries of the [[urban sprawl]]. Two rivers pass through the city: the [[River Malir]] which flows from the east towards the south and center, and the [[River Lyari]], which flows from north to the southwest. The [[Port of Karachi|Karachi Harbor]] is a sheltered bay to the southwest of the city, protected from storms by Sandspit Beach, [[Manora]] Island and the Oyster Rocks. The Arabian Sea beach lines the southern coastline of Karachi. Dense mangroves and creeks of the Indus delta can be found towards the south east side of the city. Towards the west and the north is [[Cape Monze]], an area marked with projecting sea cliffs and rocky sandstone promontories. Some excellent beaches can also be found in this area.  
  
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Located on the coast, Karachi tends to have a relatively mild [[climate]] with low levels of average precipitation (approximately 10 inches per annum), the bulk of which occurs during the July-August [[monsoon]] season. Winters are mild and the summers are hot, however the proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at a near-constant high and cool sea breezes relieve the heat of the summer months. Due to high temperatures during the summer (ranging from 30 to 44 degrees Celsius from April to August), the winter months (November to February) are generally considered the best times to visit Karachi. July, December and January have pleasing and cloudy weather when most of the social events, ranging from weddings to charity fundraisers, frequently take place. Tourists and expatriates visit Karachi in these months.
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Located on the coast, Karachi tends to have a relatively mild [[climate]] with low levels of average precipitation (approximately 10 inches per annum), the bulk of which occurs during the July-August [[monsoon]] season. Winters are mild and the summers are hot, however the proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at a near-constant high and cool sea breezes relieve the heat of the summer months. Due to high temperatures during the summer, ranging from 30 to 44 degrees Celsius (86 to 111 degrees Fahrenheit) from April to August, the winter months (November to February) are generally considered the best times to visit Karachi. Most of the social events, ranging from weddings to charity fundraisers, are scheduled for July, December or January, which have pleasing and cloudy weather. Tourists and expatriates generally choose these months to visit Karachi.  
  
 
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;width: 95%;widthborder:0px;text-align:centre;line-height:120%;" align="centre"
 
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;width: 95%;widthborder:0px;text-align:centre;line-height:120%;" align="centre"
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==Government==
 
==Government==
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{{main|Mayors of Karachi}}
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[[Image:Karachimap.jpg|thumb|Location of Karachi in the Province of Sindh, Pakistan]]
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The City of Karachi Municipal Act was promulgated in 1933. Initially the Municipal Corporation comprised the mayor, the deputy mayor and 57 councilors. The Karachi Municipal Corporation was changed to a Metropolitan Corporation in 1976. The administrative area of Karachi was a second-level subdivision known as '''Karachi Division''', which was subdivided into five districts: Karachi Central, Karachi East, Karachi South, Karachi West and Malir. In 2000, the government of [[Pakistan]] designed a new devolution '';' [[finance|financial]] resources and responsibilities. This plan abolished the earlier second-level division and merged the five districts of Karachi into a '''Karachi District'''. When the devolution plan was implemented in 2001, this district officially became a City District, with the City District Government of Karachi handling its government. Karachi now has a three-tier federated system, formed by:
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[[Image:Karachimap.jpg|thumb|Location of Karachi in the Province of Sindh, Pakistan]]
 
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The City of Karachi Municipal Act was promulgated in 1933. Initially the Municipal Corporation comprised the mayor, the deputy mayor and 57 councillors. The Karachi Municipal Corporation was changed to a Metropolitan Corporation in 1976. The administrative area of Karachi was a second-level subdivision known as '''Karachi Division''', which was subdivided into five districts: Karachi Central, Karachi East, Karachi South, Karachi West and Malir. In 2000, the government of [[Pakistan]] designed a new devolution '';' [[finance|financial]] resources and responsibilities. This plan abolished the earlier second-level division and merged the five districts of Karachi into a '''Karachi District'''. When the devolution plan was implemented in 2001, this district officially became a City District, with the City District Government of Karachi handling its government. Karachi now has a three-tier federated system, formed by:
 
  
 
* [[Districts of Pakistan|The City District Government]] (CDG)
 
* [[Districts of Pakistan|The City District Government]] (CDG)
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The towns are sub-divided into 178 localities governed by elected union councils (UC's), which are the core element of the [[local government]] system. Each UC is a body of thirteen directly elected members including a [[Nazim]] ([[mayor]]) and a Naib Nazim ([[deputy mayor]]). The UC Nazim heads the union administration and is responsible for facilitating the CDG to plan and execute municipal services, as well as for informing higher authorities about public concerns and complaints.
 
The towns are sub-divided into 178 localities governed by elected union councils (UC's), which are the core element of the [[local government]] system. Each UC is a body of thirteen directly elected members including a [[Nazim]] ([[mayor]]) and a Naib Nazim ([[deputy mayor]]). The UC Nazim heads the union administration and is responsible for facilitating the CDG to plan and execute municipal services, as well as for informing higher authorities about public concerns and complaints.
  
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In the local body elections of 2005, [[Mustafa Kamal|Syed Mustafa Kamal]] was elected City Nazim of Karachi to succeed [[Naimatullah Khan]] & [[Nasreen Jalil]] was elected as the City Naib Nazim. Mustafa Kamal was the provincial minister for [[information technology]] in [[Sindh]] before assuming office as the city's mayor. His predecessor, Naimatullah Khan was chosen as one of the best mayors in [[Asia]].<ref name="mayor2">{{cite web| url=http://www.worldmayor.com/voting05/comments_karachi.html| title="Comments in support of Naimatullah Khan"| first=CityMayors.com| last=World Mayor project| accessdate=2006-04-17}}</ref> Mustafa Kamal is advancing the development trail left by Naimatullah Khan, and has been actively involved in maintaining care of the city's municipal systems.<ref name="mayor3">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2006/01/20/local2.htm|title="Mustafa Kamal announces city reinforcement projects"|first=Dawn.com| last=Mustafa Kamal info| accessdate=2006-10-10}}</ref>
 
 
<table><tr><td valign=top>
 
<table><tr><td valign=top>
 
* [[Baldia Town]]
 
* [[Baldia Town]]
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| align="left"| 1998 || align="right" | 9,269,265
 
| align="left"| 1998 || align="right" | 9,269,265
 
|-
 
|-
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| align="left"| 2006<ref name="estimate2006" /> || align="right" | 13,969,284
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| align="left"| 2006 || align="right" | 13,969,284
 
|-
 
|-
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| align="left"| 2007<ref name="estimate2007" /> || align="right" | 14,500,000
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| align="left"| 2007 || align="right" | 14,500,000
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
[[Image:Karachi population.svg|thumb|left|Trend of population growth (in millions) in Karachi]]
 
[[Image:Karachi population.svg|thumb|left|Trend of population growth (in millions) in Karachi]]
  
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The population and demographic distribution in Karachi has undergone numerous changes over the past 150 years. Non-governmental and international sources report that Karachi's current population is estimated to be 20 million<ref name="pop_dispute"> Note that there is some dispute over the population of Karachi. The City Government of Karachi on its website claims "Karachi is today a city of more than 15 million inhabitants." [http://www.karachicity.gov.pk/msg-nazim.asp]. The official census showed 1998 population as 9 million. Some legitimate reasons for the discrepancy might be that the workers living in Karachi have their registered address in another part of the country as they may not have a permanent home in Karachi. Although the city would consider such a person a resident of Karachi, using Karachi's infrastructure and contributing to its economy, the [[National Database and Registration Authority]] (NADRA) would not count this person as a resident of Karachi. Another reason is that [[Muhajir Afghan|Afghan Refugees]] were not counted in the 1998 census, and all official estimates simply extrapolate the numbers from the 98 census.</ref>—a huge increase over its population in 1947 (400,000). The city's population is currently growing at about 5% per year (mainly on account of rural-urban internal [[Human migration|migration]]), including an estimated 45,000 migrant workers coming to the city every month from different parts of Pakistan.<ref name="migrants">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2006/01/16/letted.htm| title="Karachi turning into a ghetto"| first=Dawn Newspaper| last=Letters to the editor| accessdate=2006-04-20}}</ref> Karachi is the [[List of cities by population|one of the largest]] [[megacity|megacities]] in the world.
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The population and demographic distribution of Karachi has undergone numerous changes over the past 150 years. Non-governmental and international sources report that Karachi's current population is estimated to be 20 million<ref name="pop_dispute"> Note that there is some dispute over the population of Karachi. The City Government of Karachi on its website claims "Karachi is today a city of more than 15 million inhabitants." [http://www.karachicity.gov.pk/msg-nazim.asp]. The official census showed 1998 population as 9 million. Some legitimate reasons for the discrepancy might be that the workers living in Karachi have their registered address in another part of the country as they may not have a permanent home in Karachi. Although the city would consider such a person a resident of Karachi, using Karachi's infrastructure and contributing to its economy, the [[National Database and Registration Authority]] (NADRA) would not count this person as a resident of Karachi. Another reason is that [[Muhajir Afghan|Afghan Refugees]] were not counted in the 1998 census, and all official estimates simply extrapolate the numbers from the 98 census.</ref>—a huge increase over its population in 1947 (400,000). The city's population is currently growing at about 5% per year, including an estimated 45,000 migrant workers coming to the city every month from different parts of Pakistan.<ref name="migrants">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2006/01/16/letted.htm| title="Karachi turning into a ghetto"| first=Dawn Newspaper| last=Letters to the editor| accessdate=2006-04-20}}</ref> Karachi is the [[List of cities by population|one of the largest]] [[megacity|megacities]] in the world.
  
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Before [[Pakistan]]'s independence, Karachi had large communities of [[Muslims]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Muhajirs]], [[Punjabis]], [[Parsis]], [[Jews]], [[Hindus]], [[Christians]], [[Balochis]], [[Gujaratis]], and [[Sindhis]]. After independence, Muslim refugees settled in Karachi. Likewise, a large number of Hindus left the city for India. Predominantly Urdu speaking, known as [[Muhajir Urdu|Muhajirs]] formed the dominant ethnic group in Karachi. Muhajirs originated from different parts of India and brought with them their local cultures and cuisines, thus further adding to the already diverse mix of people that earlier inhabited Karachi. Currently, these older groups of people and continuing migration from different parts of Pakistan have contributed to a rich and diverse mix of people that live in Karachi. This has given the city a very metropolitan character, and has earned it the title as the '''Melting Pot of Pakistan'''.
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Before [[Pakistan]]'s independence, Karachi had large communities of [[Muslims]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Muhajirs]], [[Punjabis]], [[Parsis]], [[Jews]], [[Hindus]], [[Christians]], [[Balochis]], [[Gujaratis]], and [[Sindhis]]. After independence, Muslim refugees settled in Karachi, while a large number of Hindus left the city for India. Predominantly Urdu-speaking [[Muhajir Urdu|Muhajirs]] formed the dominant ethnic group in Karachi. Muhajirs originated from different parts of India and brought with them their local cultures and cuisines, adding to the already diverse mix of people that already inhabited Karachi. This has given the city a very metropolitan character, and has earned it the title as the '''Melting Pot of Pakistan'''.
  
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The new government of the [[Pakistan Muslim League]] allotted most of the property left over by the departing Hindus and other groups to the [[India]]n immigrants which had taken an active part in the creation of Pakistan, in order to help them settle into the new country. However, the large number of Muhajirs also formed the dominant political majority in the city, which gave them substantial political clout, to the chagrin of the earlier provincial Sindhi and Balochi inhabitants. Also, the vagaries of mass migration of populations between the two newly independent countries gave rise to ethnic tensions which have surfaced in Karachi from time to time.
+
The new government of the [[Pakistan Muslim League]] allotted most of the property left over by the departing Hindus and other groups to the [[India]]n immigrants who had taken an active part in the creation of Pakistan. However, the large number of Muhajirs also formed a dominant political majority in the city, to the chagrin of the earlier provincial Sindhi and Balochi inhabitants. The vagaries of mass migration of populations between the two newly independent countries gave rise to ethnic tensions which have surfaced in Karachi from time to time.
  
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Since 1979, due to the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] and continued upheavals in their country, a steady stream of [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] refugees have also taken up permanent residence in and around Karachi. These refugees now number more than one million and themselves consist of a number of ethnic groups: [[Pakhtun]]s, [[Tajik]]s, [[Hazara people|Hazaras]], [[Uzbeks]], and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]]. There are also hundreds of thousands of [[Arab]]s, [[Iran]]ians, [[Filipino  people|Filipino]]s, [[Rohingyas|Arakan]]i refugees (from [[Rakhine State]] in [[Myanmar]]),  [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian]], [[Albanian]], [[Polish]], [[Lebanese]], [[Armenian]],  [[Goan]],  [[Bengali people|Bengali]] and [[African]] immigrants who are also settled in Karachi. Most refugee minorities of the city live in poor neighbourhoods.
+
Since 1979, due to the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] and continued upheavals in their country, a steady stream of [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] refugees have also taken up permanent residence in and around Karachi. These refugees now number more than one million and consist of a number of ethnic groups: [[Pakhtun]]s, [[Tajik]]s, [[Hazara people|Hazaras]], [[Uzbeks]], and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]]. There are also hundreds of thousands of [[Arab]]s, [[Iran]]ians, [[Filipino  people|Filipino]]s, [[Rohingyas|Arakan]]i refugees (from [[Rakhine State]] in [[Myanmar]]),  [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian]], [[Albanian]], [[Polish]], [[Lebanese]], [[Armenian]],  [[Goan]],  [[Bengali people|Bengali]] and [[African]] immigrants settled in Karachi. Most refugee minorities of the city live in poor neighborhoods.
  
 
==Economy==
 
==Economy==
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[[Image:Karachi at night.JPEG|thumb|Karachi after hours]]
 
[[Image:Karachi at night.JPEG|thumb|Karachi after hours]]
 
[[Image:Karachi port and harbour aerial.jpg|thumb|[[Port of Karachi]] and Harbour with some of the city residential areas visible.]]  
 
[[Image:Karachi port and harbour aerial.jpg|thumb|[[Port of Karachi]] and Harbour with some of the city residential areas visible.]]  
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Karachi is the financial capital of Pakistan; it accounts for the lion's share of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] and revenue. It generates approximately 65% (as of 1999) of the total national revenue (federal and provincial taxes, customs and surcharges) [http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/database2/cover/c99-15.asp]. On the Gross regional product (GRP) front, Sindh's share almost comprising 28% of the total GDP [http://www.dawn.com/2004/12/02/ebr1.htm]. Karachi produces about 42 percent of value added in large scale manufacturing. Recently in February 2007, [[World Bank]] has termed Karachi the most business-friendly city in Pakistan.[http://www.dawn.com/2007/02/14/ebr1.htm]
+
Karachi is the financial capital of Pakistan; it accounts for a large share of its [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] and revenue. It generates approximately 65% (as of 1999) of the total national revenue (federal and provincial taxes, customs and surcharges) [http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/database2/cover/c99-15.asp]. On the Gross regional product (GRP) front, Sindh's share almost comprising 28% of the total GDP [http://www.dawn.com/2004/12/02/ebr1.htm]. Karachi produces about 42 percent of value-added in large scale manufacturing. In February 2007, [[World Bank]] termed Karachi the most business-friendly city in Pakistan.[http://www.dawn.com/2007/02/14/ebr1.htm]
  
−
The city’s economy is large and diverse, Most of Pakistan's public and private banks have their head offices in Karachi. Nearly all of them are located at [[Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar Road]] (usually shortened to I.I. Chundrigar Road (Pakistan's Wall Street). During the 1960s, Karachi was seen as an economic role model around the world, and there was much praise for the way its [[economy]] was progressing. Many countries sought to emulate Pakistan's economic planning strategy and one of them, [[South Korea]], copied the city's second "Five-Year Plan" and World Financial centre in [[Seoul]] is designed and modeled after Karachi.
+
The city’s economy is large and diverse. Most of Pakistan's public and private banks have their head offices in Karachi; nearly all of them are located at [[Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar Road]] (usually shortened to I.I. Chundrigar Road (Pakistan's Wall Street). During the 1960s, Karachi was seen as a global economic role model. Many countries sought to emulate Pakistan's economic planning strategy and one of them, [[South Korea]], copied the city's second "Five-Year Plan." The World Financial center in [[Seoul]] is designed and modeled after Karachi.
  
−
Karachi possesses a versatile industry. The economy of the city concentrates on Cement plants, corn mills and shipbuilding, in addition, automobile, steel, textiles, chemicals, refined oil, shoes, machines and food are produced in the city. The city gains 60 per cent of the tax receipts of the country and 70 per cent of the taxes of the province Sindh. The Per-head income of the city is about four to five times higher than in the state average. Karachi is also a location of a nuclear power station & many large banks.
+
Karachi has a large industrial base, with several large industrial zones such as SITE, Korangi, Northern Bypass Industrial Zone, Bin Qasim and North Karachi located on the fringes of the main city. The primary areas of manufacture are textiles, pharmaceuticals, steel, and automobiles. In addition, Karachi has a vibrant cottage industry and there is a rapidly flourishing Free Zone with an annual growth rate of nearly 6.5%. Karachi’s industries include cement plants, corn mills, shipbuilding, chemicals, refined oil, shoes, machines and food production.  
  
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Besides being the banking and finance capital of the country, Karachi also hosts the offices of almost every major foreign [[multinational corporation]] as well as corporations based in Pakistan. It is home to the largest stock exchange in Pakistan: the [[Karachi Stock Exchange]], which was considered by many economists to be one of the prime reasons for Pakistan's 8% GDP growth across 2005.  
+
[[Toyota]], [[Honda]], [[BMW]], [[Mercedes]], [[Nissan]] and [[Suzuki]] Motor Company are located in Karachi. Among others, Millat Tractors, [[Adam Motor Company]], HinoPak and Ghandhara Nissan Buses and Trucks manufacturing plants are also located in Karachi. The automobile manufacturing sector is one of the fastest growing industries in Pakistan, and a large vendor industry associated with it is also located principally in Karachi.
  
−
The [[Port of Karachi]] and nearby [[Port Qasim]] are the two main seaports of Pakistan, and [[Jinnah International Airport]] is the largest & the busiest airport in Pakistan.
+
Besides being the banking and finance capital of the country, Karachi also hosts the offices of almost every major foreign [[multinational corporation]] as well as corporations based in Pakistan. It is home to the largest stock exchange in Pakistan: the [[Karachi Stock Exchange]], which was considered by many economists to be one of the prime reasons for Pakistan's 8% GDP growth across 2005. The city garners 60 per cent of the tax receipts of the country and 70 per cent of the taxes of the province of Sindh. The per-capita income of the city is four to five times higher than the state average. Karachi is also the location of a nuclear power station.  
  
−
The recent trends involving ICTs ([[Information technology|Information & Communications Technology]]), [[electronic media]] and [[call centres]] have become a significant part of Karachi's business hierarchy. Call centres for foreign companies have been targeted as a significant area of growth, with the government making efforts to reduce taxes by as much as 80% in order to gain foreign investments in the IT sector.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. Karachi is also the software outsourcing hub of Pakistan.  
+
The [[Port of Karachi]] and nearby [[Port Qasim]] are the two main seaports of Pakistan, and [[Jinnah International Airport]] is the largest and busiest airport in Pakistan.
 +
 
 +
The recent trends involving ICTs ([[Information technology|Information and Communications Technology]]), [[electronic media]] and [[call centers]] have become a significant part of Karachi's business hierarchy. Call centers for foreign companies have been targeted as a significant area of growth, with the government making efforts to reduce taxes by as much as 80% in order to attract foreign investment in the IT sector. Karachi is also the software outsourcing hub of Pakistan.  
  
 
Many of Pakistan’s independent [[List of Pakistani television and radio channels|television and radio channels]] are headquartered in Karachi. [[Geo television|Geo]], [[Ary Digital|ARY]], [[Hum TV|Hum]], [[AAJ TV]], [[CNBC Pakistan]] and [[Dawn News]] are the most popular ones; some of the local stations include KTN, Metro One and Sindh TV.
 
Many of Pakistan’s independent [[List of Pakistani television and radio channels|television and radio channels]] are headquartered in Karachi. [[Geo television|Geo]], [[Ary Digital|ARY]], [[Hum TV|Hum]], [[AAJ TV]], [[CNBC Pakistan]] and [[Dawn News]] are the most popular ones; some of the local stations include KTN, Metro One and Sindh TV.
  
−
Karachi has a huge industrial base, with several large industrial zones such as SITE, Korangi, Northern Bypass Industrial Zone, Bin Qasim and North Karachi located on the fringes of the main city.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The primary areas are textiles, pharmaceuticals, steel, and automobiles. In addition, Karachi has a vibrant cottage industry and there is a rapidly flourishing Free Zone with an annual growth rate of nearly 6.5%.
 
−
 
 
Karachi has an [[Karachi Expo Centre|Expo centre]] which hosts many regional and international exhibitions.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
 
Karachi has an [[Karachi Expo Centre|Expo centre]] which hosts many regional and international exhibitions.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
−
 
−
[[Toyota]], [[Honda]], [[BMW]], [[Mercedes]], [[Nissan]] and [[Suzuki]] Motor Company are located in Karachi. Among others, Millat Tractors, [[Adam Motor Company]], HinoPak and Ghandhara Nissan Buses and Trucks manufacturing plants are also located in Karachi. The automobile manufacturing sector is one of the fastest growing industries in Pakistan, and a large vendor industry associated with it is also located principally in Karachi.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
 
  
 
===Development===
 
===Development===
 
[[Image:Crescent Bay 1.jpg|thumb|Emaar's Crescent Bay in Pakistan]]
 
[[Image:Crescent Bay 1.jpg|thumb|Emaar's Crescent Bay in Pakistan]]
 
[[Image:Port Tower Complex.jpg|thumb|Port Tower Complex]]
 
[[Image:Port Tower Complex.jpg|thumb|Port Tower Complex]]
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There are many development projects proposed, approved and under construction in Karachi city. Among projects of note, [[Emaar Properties]] is proposing to invest $43bn (£22.8bn) in Karachi to develop [[Bundal Island]], which is a 12,000 acre (49 km²) island just off the coast of Karachi. The [[Karachi Port Trust]] is envisioning another Rs. 20 billion project, the [[Port Tower Complex]], which will be {{convert|1947|ft|m|0}} high, the height indicating the Independence of Pakistan (14 August 1947), and is slated for completion within six years.<ref name="tower">{{cite web| url=http://www.kpt.gov.pk/Projects/Proj.html| title="K.P.T. Projects"| first=Karachi Port Trust| last=Official website| accessdate=2006-04-17}}</ref><ref name="dawn">{{cite web| url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/10/12/local4.htm| title="KPT to build Rs20bn tower complex"| first=Dawn Newspaper| last=Article, 12 October 2004| accessdate=2006-04-20}}</ref> It is expected to comprise a hotel, a shopping centre, and an exhibition centre. The main feature of the venture is supposed to be a [[revolving restaurant]], which will also contain a viewing gallery offering a panoramic view of the coastline and the city.  The tower is planned to be located at the Clifton shoreline.  
+
There are many development projects proposed, approved and under construction in Karachi city. Among projects of note, [[Emaar Properties]] is proposing to invest $43bn (£22.8bn) in Karachi to develop [[Bundal Island]], which is a 12,000 acre (49 km²) island just off the coast of Karachi. The [[Karachi Port Trust]] is envisioning another Rs. 20 billion project, the [[Port Tower Complex]], which will be {{convert|1947|ft|m|0}} high, the height indicating the Independence of Pakistan (14 August 1947), and is slated for completion within six years.<ref name="tower">{{cite web| url=http://www.kpt.gov.pk/Projects/Proj.html| title="K.P.T. Projects"| first=Karachi Port Trust| last=Official website| accessdate=2006-04-17}}</ref><ref name="dawn">{{cite web| url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/10/12/local4.htm| title="KPT to build Rs20bn tower complex"| first=Dawn Newspaper| last=Article, 12 October 2004| accessdate=2006-04-20}}</ref> It is expected to comprise a hotel, a shopping center, and an exhibition center. The main feature of the venture is supposed to be a [[revolving restaurant]], which will also contain a viewing gallery offering a panoramic view of the coastline and the city.  The tower is planned to be located at the Clifton shoreline.  
  
 
Some other mega projects that are proposed or under construction include: [[MCB Tower]] (completed), [[Port tower complex]] (proposed), [[Crescent Bay, Karachi]] (under construction), Karachi Waterfront (approved),  [[Karachi Creek Marina]] (under construction), [[Dolmen Towers]] (under construction), I.T Tower (approved), [[Bundal Island]] (under construction), [[Buddo Island]] (approved), Square One Towers (under construction), Sign Tower (approved), Karachi Mass Transit System,  [[Enshaa Towers]] (approved), Karachi FPCCI Tower (proposed) and, IT Tower (approved), Dolmen Mall (Hyderi) (under construction), [[Central business district|City Centre]] (proposed), Malir Expressway (proposed),Northern Bypass Industrial Area (under construction).
 
Some other mega projects that are proposed or under construction include: [[MCB Tower]] (completed), [[Port tower complex]] (proposed), [[Crescent Bay, Karachi]] (under construction), Karachi Waterfront (approved),  [[Karachi Creek Marina]] (under construction), [[Dolmen Towers]] (under construction), I.T Tower (approved), [[Bundal Island]] (under construction), [[Buddo Island]] (approved), Square One Towers (under construction), Sign Tower (approved), Karachi Mass Transit System,  [[Enshaa Towers]] (approved), Karachi FPCCI Tower (proposed) and, IT Tower (approved), Dolmen Mall (Hyderi) (under construction), [[Central business district|City Centre]] (proposed), Malir Expressway (proposed),Northern Bypass Industrial Area (under construction).
  
 
==Culture==
 
==Culture==
−
:''See also [[Cinema in Karachi]]''
+
[[Image:Mohatta Palace Karachi 2.jpg|thumb|Mohatta Palace]]
−
[[Image:Mohatta Palace Karachi 2.jpg|thumb|Mohatta Palace]]
+
Karachi is home to some of Pakistan's important cultural institutions. The [[National Academy of Performing Arts]], <ref name="napa">{{cite web| url=http://www.napa.org.pk| title="Welcome to National Academy of Performing Arts"| first=National Academy of Performing Arts| last=Official website| accessdate=2006-04-17}}</ref> located in the newly renovated [[Hindu Gymkhana]] offers a two year diploma course in performing arts that include classical music and contemporary theatre. The [[All Pakistan Musical Conference]], linked to the 45-year old similar institution in [[Lahore]], has been holding its Annual Music Festival since its inception in 2004.  
−
Karachi is home to some of Pakistan's important cultural institutions. The [[National Academy of Performing Arts]], <ref name="napa">{{cite web| url=http://www.napa.org.pk| title="Welcome to National Academy of Performing Arts"| first=National Academy of Performing Arts| last=Official website| accessdate=2006-04-17}}</ref> located in the newly renovated [[Hindu Gymkhana]] offers a two year diploma course in performing arts that include classical music and contemporary theatre. The [[All Pakistan Musical Conference]], linked to the 45-year old similar institution in [[Lahore]], has been holding its Annual Music Festival since its inception in 2004. The Festival is now a well-established feature of the city life of Karachi that is awaited anxiously and attended by more than 3000 citizens of Karachi as well as people from other cities.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
 
−
 
 
−
The [[National Arts Council]] ''(Koocha-e-Saqafat)'' also has musical performances and [[Mushaira]] (poetry recitations).  Karachi has a few museums including the [[Mohatta Palace Museum]] that regularly has exhibitions as well as the [[National Museum of Pakistan]].  The [[Kara Film Festival]] organized annually showcases independent Pakistani and international films and documentaries.
 
  
−
The everyday lifestyle of Karachi differs substantially from that of other Pakistani towns.  The [[culture]] of Karachi is characterized by the blending of [[Middle East]]ern, [[South Asia]]n and [[Western world|Western]] influences, as well as the status of the city as a major international business centre.  As a whole, there is considerable diversity in culture, and this diversity has produced unique cultural amalgam of its own type. Karachi also hosts the largest [[middle class]] stratum of the country.
+
The [[National Arts Council]] ''(Koocha-e-Saqafat)'' also has musical performances and [[Mushaira]] (poetry recitations).  Karachi has several museums, including the [[Mohatta Palace Museum]] and the [[National Museum of Pakistan]].  The [[Kara Film Festival]] organized annually showcases independent Pakistani and international films and documentaries.
  
 +
The everyday lifestyle of Karachi differs substantially from that of other Pakistani towns.  The [[culture]] of Karachi is characterized by the blending of [[Middle East]]ern, [[South Asia]]n and [[Western world|Western]] influences, as well as the status of the city as a major international business center.  The considerable diversity in culture has produced a unique cultural amalgam.  Karachi is also home of the largest [[middle class]] stratum of Pakistan.
 
== Education ==
 
== Education ==
−
 
+
The [[Narayan Jagannath High School]] at Karachi, opened in October 1855, was the first government school established in Sindh. Karachi has an number of internationally-recognized educational institutes and several public and private universities. Karachi is also host to the [[Institute of Business Administration (IBA)]], founded in 1955, the oldest business school outside North America. Pakistan's Prime Minister, [[Shaukat Aziz|Mr. Shaukat Aziz]], received an MBA from this institute.  
−
{{main|List of educational institutions in Karachi|List of universities in Karachi}}
 
−
The [[Narayan Jagannath High School]] at Karachi was the first government school established in Sindh. It was opened in October 1855. Karachi has well known educational institutes of international standards. Most universities of Karachi are considered to be amongst the premier educational institutions of Pakistan.
 
−
 
 
−
Karachi is also host to the [[Institute of Business Administration (IBA)]], one of the most sought after business school of Pakistan. IBA, founded in 1955, is the oldest business school outside North America. Pakistan's Prime Minister, [[Shaukat Aziz|Mr. Shaukat Aziz]], is an MBA from this institute.
 
  
 
== Sports ==
 
== Sports ==
−
[[Cricket]] is the most popular sport of the city, and is usually played in many small grounds around the city.  [[Gully cricket]], is played in the narrow by-lanes of the city.  Night time cricket which can be seen at weekends when people play brightly lit night matches on less traversed city streets. The major venue for cricket matches is the [[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]] but matches are also hosted at the UBL Sports Complex, The A.O. Cricket Stadium,the KCCA Cricket Ground, the Karachi Gymkhana Field and the DHA Cricket Stadium.
+
[[Cricket]] is the most popular sport of Karachi, and is played in many small grounds around the city.  [[Gully cricket]] is played in the narrow by-lanes of the city.  Brightly lit night-time cricket matches are played on less traversed city streets. The major venue for cricket matches is the [[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]] but matches are also hosted at the UBL Sports Complex, The A.O. Cricket Stadium,the KCCA Cricket Ground, the Karachi Gymkhana Field and the DHA Cricket Stadium.
  
 
[[Image:56635.jpg|thumb|left|[[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]] at night, Karachi, December 13, 2005.]]
 
[[Image:56635.jpg|thumb|left|[[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]] at night, Karachi, December 13, 2005.]]
  
−
The other popular sports are [[hockey]], [[boxing]], [[football (soccer)|football]], [[golf]], [[table tennis]], [[snooker]], [[Squash (sport)|squash]], and [[horse racing]]. Other sports like [[Badminton]], [[volleyball]] and [[basketball]] are also famous in school and colleges.
+
Other popular sports are [[hockey]], [[boxing]], [[football (soccer)|football]], [[golf]], [[table tennis]], [[snooker]], [[Squash (sport)|squash]], and [[horse racing]]. Other sports like [[Badminton]], [[volleyball]] and [[basketball]] are also famous in school and colleges.
  
 
[[Image:Karachi Golf Club.jpg|thumb|right|Karachi Karsaz Golf Club]]
 
[[Image:Karachi Golf Club.jpg|thumb|right|Karachi Karsaz Golf Club]]
  
−
The city also has facilities for hockey (the Hockey Stadium of Pakistan, UBL Hockey Ground), boxing (KPT Sports Complex), squash ([[Jehangir Khan]] Squash Complex) and football (People's Football Stadium and the Polo Grounds). In 2005, the city hosted the [[South Asian Football Federation Cup|SAFF Cup Football Tournament]] at the People's Football Stadium. Marinas and Boating Clubs also add to the diverse sporting activities in Karachi.
+
The city has facilities for hockey (the Hockey Stadium of Pakistan, UBL Hockey Ground), boxing (KPT Sports Complex), squash ([[Jehangir Khan]] Squash Complex) and football (People's Football Stadium and the Polo Grounds). In 2005, the city hosted the South Asian Football Federation Cup at the People's Football Stadium. Marinas and Boating Clubs also add to the diverse sporting activities in Karachi.
  
 
Karachi has a number of sporting clubs such as the Karachi Gymkhana, the Sindh Club, the Karachi Club, the Muslim Gymkhana, the Creek Club and the DHA Club that provide sporting facilities to their members, including tennis, badminton and squash courts, swimming pools, jogging tracks, gymnasiums, billiards and much more. There are two world class [[golf]] clubs, at DHA and Karsaz.
 
Karachi has a number of sporting clubs such as the Karachi Gymkhana, the Sindh Club, the Karachi Club, the Muslim Gymkhana, the Creek Club and the DHA Club that provide sporting facilities to their members, including tennis, badminton and squash courts, swimming pools, jogging tracks, gymnasiums, billiards and much more. There are two world class [[golf]] clubs, at DHA and Karsaz.
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** Shahrah-e-Faisal
 
** Shahrah-e-Faisal
 
** Tariq Road (Shopping street)  
 
** Tariq Road (Shopping street)  
−
 
−
* '''Food'''
 
−
** [[Burns Road]]<ref name="cuisine">{{cite web| url=http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/oct2005-daily/20-10-2005/metro/k1.htm| title="Hyderabad Colony maintains reputation for culinary delights| first=Daily Jang| last=Karachi News: Online Edition| accessdate=2006-04-18}}</ref>
 
−
** [[Food Street]]
 
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[[Clifton Beach, Karachi|Clifton Beach]] recently suffered a recent oil spill disaster, the beach has been cleaned and has floodlights installed for night time visitors. The government has embarked on the beautification of Karachi's coastline by building a '''Beach park''' in Clifton that will eventually be connected to the Jehangir Kothari parade and Bagh Ibn- Qasim.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
 
  
 
==Shopping==
 
==Shopping==
 
[[Image:Karachi - Pakistan-market.jpg|thumb|Sunday textile market on the sidewalks of Karachi]]
 
[[Image:Karachi - Pakistan-market.jpg|thumb|Sunday textile market on the sidewalks of Karachi]]
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Karachi is dotted with many shopping areas, large and small, attracting large crowds of shoppers in the evenings. Saddar, Gulf Shopping Mall, Bahadurabad, Tariq Road, Zamzama, Zaib-un-nissa Street (Elphinestone Street) Hyderi and Waterpump (Anarkali Bazar) are the most famous shopping areas in the city. One can find all sorts of clothing, garments, and fabrics in Karachi's [[bazaar]]s, as well as a number of other items. The Saddar area in downtown Karachi is also home to countless large and small markets dealing from everyday household items to clothing and fabrics to electronics. Empress Market in Saddar is a large Victorian-era market, home to wholesalers of spices and other items. Saddar is also home to the Rainbow Centre, one of the largest hubs of pirated [[CD]]s in the world. Some other notable shopping areas include Paposh Market and Hydari.
+
Karachi is dotted with many shopping areas, large and small, attracting large crowds of shoppers in the evenings. Saddar, Gulf Shopping Mall, Bahadurabad, Tariq Road, Zamzama, Zaib-un-nissa Street (Elphinestone Street) Hyderi and Waterpump (Anarkali Bazar) are the most famous shopping areas in the city. One can find all sorts of clothing, garments, and fabrics in Karachi's [[bazaar]]s, as well as a number of other items. The Saddar area in downtown Karachi is also home to countless large and small markets dealing with everything from everyday household items to clothing and fabrics to electronics. Empress Market in Saddar is a large Victorian-era market, home to wholesalers of spices and other items. Saddar is also home to the Rainbow Center, one of the largest hubs of pirated [[CD]]s in the world. Some other notable shopping areas include Paposh Market and Hydari.
−
 
 
−
Some of the major shopping malls in Karachi are:
 
−
 
 
−
*Millenium Mall (Located in Gulshan-e-Iqbal)
 
−
*Park Towers (Located in Clifton)
 
−
*Dmart (Sea View)
 
−
*Dolmen Mall (Located on Tariq Road)
 
−
*Jumeirah Mall (Located on Tariq Road)
 
−
*Naheed Super Market (Located near Tariq Road)
 
−
*The Forum
 
−
 
 
−
Some of the main bazaars in Karachi that deserve a visit:
 
−
 
 
−
*Tariq Road Bazaar
 
−
* Liaqat Abad Bazar
 
−
* Sadar Bazar
 
−
*Zamzama Boulevard (Located in the Clifton/DHA area, worthwhile visitng for various local/western designer clothes and various places to eat and hang out including Costa Coffee, Copper Kettle, Dejavu, Roasters, Arizona Grill,Okra etc.)
 
−
*Gulf Area Market(many traditional vendors and more upscale boutiques and designer shoes)
 
−
*Zainab Market(If you are looking for branded clothing for half the real price!)
 
−
*Hyderi Bazaar (North Nazimabad)
 
−
*Anarkali Bazar (Water Pump)
 
  
 
==Transportation==
 
==Transportation==
 
[[Image:Karachi Jinnah Airport.jpg|thumb|Jinnah Terminal of the [[Quaid-e-Azam International Airport]], Karachi]]  
 
[[Image:Karachi Jinnah Airport.jpg|thumb|Jinnah Terminal of the [[Quaid-e-Azam International Airport]], Karachi]]  
 
[[Image:Smithsonianpaktruck.jpg|thumb|Many trucks and buses of Karachi use this style of artwork]]
 
[[Image:Smithsonianpaktruck.jpg|thumb|Many trucks and buses of Karachi use this style of artwork]]
−
The [[Jinnah International Airport]] is located in Karachi. It is the largest and busiest airport of the country. It handles 10 million passengers a year. The airport also receives the largest number of foreign airlines, a total of 27 airlines fly to Jinnah International predominantly from the Middle East and South East Asia. All of Pakistan's airlines use Karachi as their Primary hub including [[Pakistan International Airlines]], [[Aero Asia International]], [[Airblue]] and [[Shaheen Air]].
+
The [[Jinnah International Airport]], located in Karachi, is the largest and busiest airport in the country and handles ten million passengers a year. The airport also receives the largest number of foreign airlines; a total of twenty-seven airlines fly to Jinnah International, predominantly from the Middle East and South East Asia. All of Pakistan's airlines use Karachi as their Primary hub including [[Pakistan International Airlines]], [[Aero Asia International]], [[Airblue]] and [[Shaheen Air]].  
−
 
 
−
The city's old airport terminals are now used for [[Hajj]] flights, cargo facilities, and ceremonial visits from heads of state. U.S. Coalition forces used the old terminals for their logistic supply operations as well. The city also has two other airstrips used primarily by the armed forces.
 
  
 
Karachi has the largest shipping ports in Pakistan at the [[Port of Karachi]] and [[Port Qasim]]. These seaports have modern facilities and not only handle trade for Pakistan, but also serve as ports for Afghanistan and the land-locked Central Asian countries. Plans have been announced for new passenger facilities at Karachi Port.
 
Karachi has the largest shipping ports in Pakistan at the [[Port of Karachi]] and [[Port Qasim]]. These seaports have modern facilities and not only handle trade for Pakistan, but also serve as ports for Afghanistan and the land-locked Central Asian countries. Plans have been announced for new passenger facilities at Karachi Port.
  
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Karachi is linked by rail to the rest of the country by the [[Pakistan Railways]]. The Karachi City Station and Karachi Cantonment Station are the city's two major railway stations. The railway system handles a large amount of freight to and from the Karachi port apart from providing passenger services to people travelling up country. Plans are underway to extend the intra-city railway system to play a part in the city's mass transit through [[Karachi Circular Railway]] system. Currently, primarily motorists and minibuses handle commuter traffic, but there are plans to construct a light-rail based mass transit system in the city to decongest the roads and provide quick service to commuters.
+
Karachi is linked by rail to the rest of the country by the [[Pakistan Railways]]. The Karachi City Station and Karachi Cantonment Station are the city's two major railway stations. The railway system handles a large amount of freight to and from the Karachi port, and provides passenger services to people traveling up country. Plans are underway to extend the intra-city railway system to play a part in the city's mass transit with a [[Karachi Circular Railway]] system. Currently, commuter traffic consists primarily of motorists and minibuses, but there are plans to construct a light-rail based mass transit system in the city to decongest the roads and provide quick service to commuters.
  
 
==Real Estate==
 
==Real Estate==
−
Karachi is located in semi-arid coastal desert area with very limited agriculture land along the two small seasonal rivers, [[Lyari River]] and [[Malir River]] that pass through the city. Before independence, the area around Karachi had sparse [[Balochi]] nomadic and fishing population and most of the land was state owned. At the time of independence, Karachi was chosen as the first capital of Pakistan and the land area came under tight state control. According to the data prepared by the Master Plan and Environmental Control Unit of the [[Karachi Development Authority]] (KDA) in 1988, nearly 400,000 acres (1600 km²) of the 425,529 acres (1722 km²) that make up Karachi's metropolitan area is in some form of public ownership. [[Government of Sindh]] owns 137,687 acres (557 km²), KDA 124,676 acres (504.5 km²), [[Karachi Port Trust]] (KPT) {{convert|25259|acre|sqkm|0}}, [[Karachi Metropolitan Corporation]] (KMC) {{convert|24189|acre|sqkm|0}}, [[Army Cantonment Board]] {{convert|18596|acre|sqkm|0}}, [[Pakistan Steel Mills]] {{convert|19461|acre|sqkm|0}}, [[Defence Housing Society]] {{convert|16567|acre|sqkm|0}}, [[Port Qasim]] {{convert|12961|acre|sqkm|0}}, [[Government of Pakistan]] {{convert|4051|acre|sqkm|0}} and [[Pakistan Railways]] {{convert|3119|acre|sqkm|0}}. In late 1990s the undeveloped land belonging to KDA was transferred to the [[Malir Development Authority]] (MDA) and [[Lyari Development Authority]] (LDA).<ref name="land">{{cite web| url=http://web.archive.org/web/20040725034412/www.urckarachi.org/land.htm| title="Land as an Issue"| first=Karachi| last=Urban Resource Centre| accessdate=2006-04-18}}</ref>
+
Karachi is located in semi-arid coastal desert with very limited agricultural land along the two small seasonal rivers, [[Lyari River]] and [[Malir River]] that pass through the city. Before independence, the area around Karachi had a sparse [[Balochi]] nomadic and fishing population and most of the land was state owned. At the time of independence, Karachi was chosen as the first capital of Pakistan and land came under tight state control. According to the data prepared by the Master Plan and Environmental Control Unit of the [[Karachi Development Authority]] (KDA) in 1988, nearly 400,000 acres (1600 km²) of the 425,529 acres (1722 km²) that make up Karachi's metropolitan area are in some form of public ownership. The [[Government of Sindh]] owns 137,687 acres (557 km²), KDA 124,676 acres (504.5 km²), [[Karachi Port Trust]] (KPT) {{convert|25259|acre|sqkm|0}}, [[Karachi Metropolitan Corporation]] (KMC) {{convert|24189|acre|sqkm|0}}, [[Army Cantonment Board]] {{convert|18596|acre|sqkm|0}}, [[Pakistan Steel Mills]] {{convert|19461|acre|sqkm|0}}, [[Defence Housing Society]] {{convert|16567|acre|sqkm|0}}, [[Port Qasim]] {{convert|12961|acre|sqkm|0}}, [[Government of Pakistan]] {{convert|4051|acre|sqkm|0}} and [[Pakistan Railways]] {{convert|3119|acre|sqkm|0}}. In the late 1990s, the undeveloped land belonging to KDA was transferred to the [[Malir Development Authority]] (MDA) and [[Lyari Development Authority]] (LDA).<ref name="land">{{cite web| url=http://web.archive.org/web/20040725034412/www.urckarachi.org/land.htm| title="Land as an Issue"| first=Karachi| last=Urban Resource Centre| accessdate=2006-04-18}}</ref>
 
The [[Defence Housing Authority, Karachi|Defence Housing Authority]] has purchased 12,000 acres (49 km²) of land from the [[Sindh]] government along the [[Super Highway]] and will build Phase II of [[Defence Housing Society Karachi|Defence Housing Society]].<ref name="dha">{{cite web| url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\04\28\story_28-4-2006_pg12_1| title="12,000 acre (49 km²) DHA II to be city’s new kid on the block"| first=Daily Times| last=Site Edition| accessdate=2006-05-06}}</ref>
 
The [[Defence Housing Authority, Karachi|Defence Housing Authority]] has purchased 12,000 acres (49 km²) of land from the [[Sindh]] government along the [[Super Highway]] and will build Phase II of [[Defence Housing Society Karachi|Defence Housing Society]].<ref name="dha">{{cite web| url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\04\28\story_28-4-2006_pg12_1| title="12,000 acre (49 km²) DHA II to be city’s new kid on the block"| first=Daily Times| last=Site Edition| accessdate=2006-05-06}}</ref>
  
 
==Challenges==
 
==Challenges==
 
[[Image:Kimari flyovers.jpeg|thumb|Roads in Karachi]]
 
[[Image:Kimari flyovers.jpeg|thumb|Roads in Karachi]]
−
As one of the most rapidly growing cities in the world, Karachi faces challenges that are central to many developing metropolises including overcrowding, traffic, pollution, poverty and street crimes.  
+
As one of the most rapidly growing cities in the world, Karachi faces challenges similar to those of many developing metropolises, including overcrowding, traffic, pollution, poverty and street crime.  
  
−
Due to high increase in car sales, Karachi faces a very severe problem of excessive traffic. {{Fact|date=June 2007}}It is estimated that about 4 million vehicles travel on the road in the evening and morning session, resulting in a high number of traffic accidents.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}  The number of cars is more than the existing road infrastructure was designed for.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} This makes driving a considerable danger and causes loss of time due to traffic congestion. A number of projects are underway in Karachi to battle these problems, including construction of flyovers and underpasses at various choke points.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} A number of flyovers and underpasses have been opened for traffic since the last year or so, which has released the traffic jam to an extent but a number of projects are still under construction.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
+
Due to a high increase in the use of automobiles, Karachi faces severe traffic congestion. It is estimated that about 4 million vehicles travel on the road during the evening and morning rush hours, far more than the existing road infrastructure was designed to carry. Time lost due to traffic congestion has a significant effect on productivity. A number of flyovers and underpasses have been opened for traffic since the last year or so, which has released the traffic jam to an extent but a number of projects are still under construction.
  
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The traffic and pollution is a major challenge for Karachi as it is for almost all the major cities in the world. The level of air pollution in Karachi is estimated to be 20 times higher than [[World Health Organization]] standards.<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/pakenv.html#AIR_POLLUTION "Pakistan: Environmental Issues"]</ref>
+
The level of air pollution in Karachi is estimated to be twenty times higher than [[World Health Organization]] standards.<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/pakenv.html#AIR_POLLUTION "Pakistan: Environmental Issues"]</ref> A number of new parks have been developed and trees are being planted in the city to improve the environment and reduce the pollution.
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A number of new parks have been developed and new trees are being planted in the city to improve the environment and reduce the pollution.
 
  
−
The 2000s economic boom of Karachi which brought higher living standards and new job opportunities, has also somewhat fired back at the city in certain ways, setting the standards at a new high in some fields and thus complicating job opportunities for some of the less skilled lower-income workers, who thrive on [[cottage industries]] - not all of which operate under legal or permissible practices.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Another very notable change brought by the economic boom was the rapid monetary surge in [[landowner|landowning]], making it very difficult for people who didn't already own land plots to purchase them in the city.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
+
The economic boom of Karachi which brought higher living standards and new job opportunities during the 2000s, has had some adverse effects on employment, setting higher standards in some fields and excluding less skilled lower-income workers and [[cottage industries]]. Another change brought by the economic boom was the rapid investment in land ownership, which raised real estate prices and made it difficult for ordinary people to buy land in the city.  
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==City Partnership==
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==Sister Cities==
 
Karachi is a [[sister city]] with:
 
Karachi is a [[sister city]] with:
 
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==See also==
 
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{{Wikisource1911Enc|Karachi}}
 
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{{sisterlinks|Karachi}}
 
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*[[Daniel Pearl]]
 
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*[[List of Union Councils of Karachi]]
 
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*[[List of mayors of Karachi]]
 
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*[[List of people from Karachi]]
 
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*[[List of famous streets of Karachi]]
 
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*[[List of universities in Karachi]]
 
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*[[List of colleges in Karachi]]
 
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*[[List of schools in Karachi]]
 
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*[[List of technical training & I.T. institutes in Karachi]]
 
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*[[List of libraries in Karachi]]
 
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*[[List of hospitals in Karachi]]
 
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*[[List of parks in Karachi]]
 
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*[[List of sports venues in Karachi]]
 
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*[[List of Postal Codes of Karachi]]
 
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*[[List of Police Stations in Karachi]]
 
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*[[List of tallest buildings in Karachi]]
 
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*[[List of superstore chains in Karachi]]
 
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
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==References==
 
==References==
 
{{1911}}
 
{{1911}}
 +
* Amin, Mohamed, Duncan Willetts, and Brian Tetley. 1986. ''Karachi.'' Karachi, Pakistan: Pak American Commercial Ltd.
 +
* Khuhro, Hamida, and Anwer Mooraj. 1997. ''Karachi, megacity of our times.'' Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN:0195778065 9780195778069
 +
*Kincaid, Dennis. 1973. ''British social life in India, 1608-1937.'' London: Routledge & K. Paul. ISBN:0710072848 9780710072849
 +
* Rustomji, Behram Sohrab H. J., and Sohrab K. H. Katrak. 2008. ''Karachi during the British era two histories of a modern city.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN:9780195474503 0195474503
 +
* United Nations. 1988. ''Karachi.'' Population policy paper, no. 13. New York: United Nations.
 +
* Ziring, Lawrence. 1997. ''Pakistan in the twentieth century a political history''. Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN:0195778162 9780195778168
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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* [http://www.kpt.gov.pk Karachi Port Trust]
 
* [http://www.kpt.gov.pk Karachi Port Trust]
 
* [http://www.historickarachi.com Historic Karachi - Resource on Karachi's heritage]
 
* [http://www.historickarachi.com Historic Karachi - Resource on Karachi's heritage]
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{{Territorial Capitals in Pakistan}}
 
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[[Category:Divisions of Pakistan]]
 
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{{credits|Karachi|154640009}}
 
{{credits|Karachi|154640009}}

Revision as of 16:56, 10 November 2007


Karachi
كراچى
Mausoleum123.jpg
 General Information
 Country Pakistan
 Province Sindh
 Coordinates 24°51′36″N 67°00′36″E / 24.86, 67.01
 Calling code 021
 Time zone PST (UTC+5)
 No. of Towns 18
 Population approx. 20,000,000+ (2007)
 Government
 Nazim (Mayor) Mustafa Kamal (Azad MQM)
 Naib Nazim (Deputy Mayor) Nasreen Jalil
 No. of Union Councils 178
 City Flag
File:Pk-sindh.PNG
  
Karachi Government Website

Karachi (كراچى) is the capital of the province of Sindh, and the largest city in Pakistan. Located on the coast of the Arabian Sea, north-west of the Indus River Delta, it is the cultural, economic, philanthropic, educational, and political hub, as well as the largest city and port, of Pakistan. Spread over 3,530 km², the city and suburbs comprise the world's twentieth largest metropolitan area.[1] The city did not achieve importance until the British began to develop it as a military cantonment and a port in 1843. By 1914, Karachi had become the largest grain exporting port of the British Empire, and in 1924, when an aerodrome was built, Karachi became the main airport of entry into India. When the new country of Pakistan was formed in 1947, Karachi was a bustling metropolitan city with beautiful classical and colonial European styled buildings lining the city’s thoroughfares. Karachi was the capital city of Pakistan from 1947 until 1958.

A large influx of economic and political migrants and refugees from different national, provincial, linguistic and religious origins have changed the demographics of the city and added to the diversity of the already cosmopolitan population. Karachi accounts for a large share of Pakistan’s GDP and revenue. It is locally termed as the City of Lights (روشنیوں کا شہر) for its liveliness, and the City of The Quaid (شہرِ قائد), for being the birthplace and home of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah the founder of Pakistan. Residents and those born in the city are called "Karachiites."

History

Part of the town of Karachi, with mud houses; camels and villagers in foreground. April 1851

The area of Karachi was known to the ancient Greeks by many names: Krokola, the place where Alexander the Great camped to prepare a fleet for Babylonia after his campaign in the Indus valley; 'Morontobara' port (probably the modern Manora Island near the Karachi harbour), from where Alexander's admiral Nearchus sailed for back home; and Barbarikon, a sea port of the Indo-Greek Bactrian kingdom. To the Arabs it was also known as the port of Debal, from where Muhammad bin Qasim led his conquering force into South Asia in 712 C.E.. According to the British historian Eliot, parts of city of Karachi and the island of Manora constituted the city of Debal.

The Baloch tribes from Balochistan and Makran, many of whom still inhabit sections of Sindh, established a small settlement of fishing communities in the area and called it Kolachi. According to legend, the present city began as a fishing settlement where a Sindhi fisherwoman by the name of Mai Kolachi took up residence and started a family. The village that later grew out of this settlement was known as Kolachi-jo-Goth (The Village of Kolachi in Sindhi). By the late 1700s, the village had started trading across the sea with Muscat and the Persian Gulf region. A small fort was constructed for its protection, armed with cannons imported from Muscat. The fort had two main gateways: one facing the sea, known as Khara Darwaaza (Brackish Gate) and the other facing the adjoining Lyari river known as the Meetha Darwaaza (Sweet Gate). The location of these gates corresponds to the present-day city localities of Khaaradar (Khārā Dar) and Meethadar (Mīṭhā Dar) respectively.

An old image of Karachi from 1889

In 1795, the village became a domain of the Balochi Talpur rulers of Sindh. A small factory was opened there by the British in September 1799, but was closed down within a year. After sending a couple of exploratory missions to the area, the British East India Company took over the town on February 3, 1839. The village was later annexed to the British Indian Empire when the province of Sindh was conquered by Charles Napier in 1843. Kolachi was added, along with the rest of Sindh, to the jurisdiction of the Bombay Presidency.

Charles Napier, governor of Karachi from 1843 – 1847, realized Karachi’s importance as a military cantonment and a port for exporting the produce of the Indus basin, and rapidly developed its harbor for shipping. He established a regular supply of water to the city from the Malir River, developed housing and roads, drainage and sanitation facilities, and laid down the foundations of a city municipal government and a police system. He constructed a powerful lighthouse at Manora Point, and planned to make Karachi a free port by widening the entrance to the harbor, building docks, and connecting the island of Keamari to Karachi. In 1847, his health failing, he sailed home to England[2], saying as he was leaving, You will be the glory of the East! Would that I could come again, Kurrachee, to see you in your grandeur! [3] Karachi was known as Khurachee Scinde (Karachi, Sindh) during the early British colonial rule.

New businesses opened and the population of the town began rising rapidly. Karachi quickly turned into a city. In 1857, the First Indian War for Independence broke out in the subcontinent and the 21st Native Infantry stationed in Karachi declared allegiance to revolters, joining their cause on September 10, 1857. However, the British were rapidly able to reassert their control over Karachi and defeat the uprising.

In 1864, the first telegraphic message was sent from India to England when a direct telegraph connection was laid down between Karachi and London. In 1878, the city was connected to the rest of British India by railway line. Public building projects such as the Frere Hall (1865) and the Empress Market (1890) were undertaken. In 1876, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, was born in the city, which by now had become a bustling city with railway, churches, mosques, courthouses, markets, paved streets and a magnificent harbor. By 1899, Karachi had become the largest wheat exporting port in the east (Feldman 1970:57). The population of the city had also risen to about 105,000 inhabitants by the end of the nineteenth century and was a cosmopolitan mix of Hindus and Muslims, European traders, Jews, Parsis, Iranians, Lebanese, and Goan merchants. By the turn of the century, the city faced street congestion, which led to India’s first tramway system being laid down in 1900.

Frere Hall - a prime example of colonial architecture built during the British Raj

By 1914, Karachi had become the largest grain exporting port of the British Empire. In 1924, an aerodrome was built and Karachi became the main airport of entry into India. An airship mast was also built in Karachi in 1927, as part of the Imperial Airship Communications scheme, which was later abandoned. In 1936, Sindh was separated from the Bombay Presidency and Karachi was made the capital of the new province. By the time the new country of Pakistan was formed in 1947, Karachi had become a bustling metropolitan city with beautiful classical and colonial European styled buildings lining the city’s thoroughfares.

Karachi was chosen as the capital city of Pakistan, and a huge influx of migrants and refugees to the newly formed country changed the demographics of the city. It maintained a great cultural diversity as new inhabitants arrived from all parts of the subcontinent. In 1958, the capital of Pakistan was shifted from Karachi to Rawalpindi and then to Islamabad in 1960. This was the start of a long period of decline in the city, owing to a lack of governmental attention and development. The 1980s and 1990s saw an influx of refugees from the Afghan war into Karachi. Political tensions between the Mohajir groups (descendants of migrants from the partition era) and other groups also erupted and for a time the city was wracked with political and sectarian violence.

Karachi continues to be an important financial and industrial center for the country and handles most of the overseas trade of Pakistan and the central Asian countries. It accounts for a large portion of the GDP of Pakistan and a large proportion of the country's white collar workers. Karachi's population has continued to grow and is estimated to have surpassed 20 million, although official figures still show a population of around 14.5 million. The current economic boom in Pakistan has also resulted in a resurgence in the economy of Karachi.

Geography and Climate

Satellite view of Karachi

Karachi is located in the south of Sindh, on the coast of the Arabian Sea. The city covers an area of approximately 3,530 square kilometers, comprised largely of flat or rolling plains, with hills on the western and northern boundaries of the urban sprawl. Two rivers pass through the city: the River Malir which flows from the east towards the south and center, and the River Lyari, which flows from north to the southwest. The Karachi Harbor is a sheltered bay to the southwest of the city, protected from storms by Sandspit Beach, Manora Island and the Oyster Rocks. The Arabian Sea beach lines the southern coastline of Karachi. Dense mangroves and creeks of the Indus delta can be found towards the south east side of the city. Towards the west and the north is Cape Monze, an area marked with projecting sea cliffs and rocky sandstone promontories. Some excellent beaches can also be found in this area.

Located on the coast, Karachi tends to have a relatively mild climate with low levels of average precipitation (approximately 10 inches per annum), the bulk of which occurs during the July-August monsoon season. Winters are mild and the summers are hot, however the proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at a near-constant high and cool sea breezes relieve the heat of the summer months. Due to high temperatures during the summer, ranging from 30 to 44 degrees Celsius (86 to 111 degrees Fahrenheit) from April to August, the winter months (November to February) are generally considered the best times to visit Karachi. Most of the social events, ranging from weddings to charity fundraisers, are scheduled for July, December or January, which have pleasing and cloudy weather. Tourists and expatriates generally choose these months to visit Karachi.

Karachi temperatures Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Avg. high (in °C) 25 26 29 35 35-40 35-40 33 31 31 38-42 31 27
Avg. low (in °C) 13 14 19 23 26 28 27 26 25 30 18 14

Government

Location of Karachi in the Province of Sindh, Pakistan

The City of Karachi Municipal Act was promulgated in 1933. Initially the Municipal Corporation comprised the mayor, the deputy mayor and 57 councilors. The Karachi Municipal Corporation was changed to a Metropolitan Corporation in 1976. The administrative area of Karachi was a second-level subdivision known as Karachi Division, which was subdivided into five districts: Karachi Central, Karachi East, Karachi South, Karachi West and Malir. In 2000, the government of Pakistan designed a new devolution ;' financial resources and responsibilities. This plan abolished the earlier second-level division and merged the five districts of Karachi into a Karachi District. When the devolution plan was implemented in 2001, this district officially became a City District, with the City District Government of Karachi handling its government. Karachi now has a three-tier federated system, formed by:

  • The City District Government (CDG)
  • Town Municipal Administrations
  • Union Council Administrations

The City-District of Karachi is divided into eighteen towns governed by elected municipal administrations responsible for infrastructure and spatial planning, development facilitation, and municipal services (water, sanitation, solid waste, repairing roads, parks, street lights, and traffic engineering), with some functions being retained by the CDG.

The towns are sub-divided into 178 localities governed by elected union councils (UC's), which are the core element of the local government system. Each UC is a body of thirteen directly elected members including a Nazim (mayor) and a Naib Nazim (deputy mayor). The UC Nazim heads the union administration and is responsible for facilitating the CDG to plan and execute municipal services, as well as for informing higher authorities about public concerns and complaints.

  • Baldia Town
  • Bin Qasim Town
  • Gadap Town
  • Gulberg Town
  • Gulshan Town
  • Jamshed Town
  • Kemari Town
  • Korangi Town
  • Landhi Town
  • Liaquatabad Town
  • Lyari Town
  • Malir Town
  • New Karachi Town
  • Orangi Town
  • Saddar Town
  • Shah Faisal Town
  • SITE Town
  • North Nazimabad Town
  • Note: Defence Housing Society Karachi is located in Karachi but is not a town of Karachi nor part of any town of Karachi. It is administered by the Defence Housing Authority, Karachi of Pakistan Army.

Demographics

Year Urban Population
1856 56,875
1872 56,753
1881 73,560
1891 105,199
1901 136,297
1911 186,771
1921 244,162
1931 300,799
1941 435,887
1951 1,068,459
1961 1,912,598
1972 3,426,310
1981 5,208,132
1998 9,269,265
2006 13,969,284
2007 14,500,000
Trend of population growth (in millions) in Karachi

The population and demographic distribution of Karachi has undergone numerous changes over the past 150 years. Non-governmental and international sources report that Karachi's current population is estimated to be 20 million[4]—a huge increase over its population in 1947 (400,000). The city's population is currently growing at about 5% per year, including an estimated 45,000 migrant workers coming to the city every month from different parts of Pakistan.[5] Karachi is the one of the largest megacities in the world.

Before Pakistan's independence, Karachi had large communities of Muslims, Pashtuns, Muhajirs, Punjabis, Parsis, Jews, Hindus, Christians, Balochis, Gujaratis, and Sindhis. After independence, Muslim refugees settled in Karachi, while a large number of Hindus left the city for India. Predominantly Urdu-speaking Muhajirs formed the dominant ethnic group in Karachi. Muhajirs originated from different parts of India and brought with them their local cultures and cuisines, adding to the already diverse mix of people that already inhabited Karachi. This has given the city a very metropolitan character, and has earned it the title as the Melting Pot of Pakistan.

The new government of the Pakistan Muslim League allotted most of the property left over by the departing Hindus and other groups to the Indian immigrants who had taken an active part in the creation of Pakistan. However, the large number of Muhajirs also formed a dominant political majority in the city, to the chagrin of the earlier provincial Sindhi and Balochi inhabitants. The vagaries of mass migration of populations between the two newly independent countries gave rise to ethnic tensions which have surfaced in Karachi from time to time.

Since 1979, due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and continued upheavals in their country, a steady stream of Afghan refugees have also taken up permanent residence in and around Karachi. These refugees now number more than one million and consist of a number of ethnic groups: Pakhtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, and Turkmen. There are also hundreds of thousands of Arabs, Iranians, Filipinos, Arakani refugees (from Rakhine State in Myanmar), Bosnian, Albanian, Polish, Lebanese, Armenian, Goan, Bengali and African immigrants settled in Karachi. Most refugee minorities of the city live in poor neighborhoods.

Economy

Clifton
A part of Karachi's financial district
Karachi after hours
Port of Karachi and Harbour with some of the city residential areas visible.

Karachi is the financial capital of Pakistan; it accounts for a large share of its GDP and revenue. It generates approximately 65% (as of 1999) of the total national revenue (federal and provincial taxes, customs and surcharges) [2]. On the Gross regional product (GRP) front, Sindh's share almost comprising 28% of the total GDP [3]. Karachi produces about 42 percent of value-added in large scale manufacturing. In February 2007, World Bank termed Karachi the most business-friendly city in Pakistan.[4]

The city’s economy is large and diverse. Most of Pakistan's public and private banks have their head offices in Karachi; nearly all of them are located at Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar Road (usually shortened to I.I. Chundrigar Road (Pakistan's Wall Street). During the 1960s, Karachi was seen as a global economic role model. Many countries sought to emulate Pakistan's economic planning strategy and one of them, South Korea, copied the city's second "Five-Year Plan." The World Financial center in Seoul is designed and modeled after Karachi.

Karachi has a large industrial base, with several large industrial zones such as SITE, Korangi, Northern Bypass Industrial Zone, Bin Qasim and North Karachi located on the fringes of the main city. The primary areas of manufacture are textiles, pharmaceuticals, steel, and automobiles. In addition, Karachi has a vibrant cottage industry and there is a rapidly flourishing Free Zone with an annual growth rate of nearly 6.5%. Karachi’s industries include cement plants, corn mills, shipbuilding, chemicals, refined oil, shoes, machines and food production.

Toyota, Honda, BMW, Mercedes, Nissan and Suzuki Motor Company are located in Karachi. Among others, Millat Tractors, Adam Motor Company, HinoPak and Ghandhara Nissan Buses and Trucks manufacturing plants are also located in Karachi. The automobile manufacturing sector is one of the fastest growing industries in Pakistan, and a large vendor industry associated with it is also located principally in Karachi.

Besides being the banking and finance capital of the country, Karachi also hosts the offices of almost every major foreign multinational corporation as well as corporations based in Pakistan. It is home to the largest stock exchange in Pakistan: the Karachi Stock Exchange, which was considered by many economists to be one of the prime reasons for Pakistan's 8% GDP growth across 2005. The city garners 60 per cent of the tax receipts of the country and 70 per cent of the taxes of the province of Sindh. The per-capita income of the city is four to five times higher than the state average. Karachi is also the location of a nuclear power station.

The Port of Karachi and nearby Port Qasim are the two main seaports of Pakistan, and Jinnah International Airport is the largest and busiest airport in Pakistan.

The recent trends involving ICTs (Information and Communications Technology), electronic media and call centers have become a significant part of Karachi's business hierarchy. Call centers for foreign companies have been targeted as a significant area of growth, with the government making efforts to reduce taxes by as much as 80% in order to attract foreign investment in the IT sector. Karachi is also the software outsourcing hub of Pakistan.

Many of Pakistan’s independent television and radio channels are headquartered in Karachi. Geo, ARY, Hum, AAJ TV, CNBC Pakistan and Dawn News are the most popular ones; some of the local stations include KTN, Metro One and Sindh TV.

Karachi has an Expo centre which hosts many regional and international exhibitions.[citation needed]

Development

Emaar's Crescent Bay in Pakistan
File:Port Tower Complex.jpg
Port Tower Complex

There are many development projects proposed, approved and under construction in Karachi city. Among projects of note, Emaar Properties is proposing to invest $43bn (£22.8bn) in Karachi to develop Bundal Island, which is a 12,000 acre (49 km²) island just off the coast of Karachi. The Karachi Port Trust is envisioning another Rs. 20 billion project, the Port Tower Complex, which will be 1,947 feet (593 m) high, the height indicating the Independence of Pakistan (14 August 1947), and is slated for completion within six years.[6][7] It is expected to comprise a hotel, a shopping center, and an exhibition center. The main feature of the venture is supposed to be a revolving restaurant, which will also contain a viewing gallery offering a panoramic view of the coastline and the city. The tower is planned to be located at the Clifton shoreline.

Some other mega projects that are proposed or under construction include: MCB Tower (completed), Port tower complex (proposed), Crescent Bay, Karachi (under construction), Karachi Waterfront (approved), Karachi Creek Marina (under construction), Dolmen Towers (under construction), I.T Tower (approved), Bundal Island (under construction), Buddo Island (approved), Square One Towers (under construction), Sign Tower (approved), Karachi Mass Transit System, Enshaa Towers (approved), Karachi FPCCI Tower (proposed) and, IT Tower (approved), Dolmen Mall (Hyderi) (under construction), City Centre (proposed), Malir Expressway (proposed),Northern Bypass Industrial Area (under construction).

Culture

Mohatta Palace

Karachi is home to some of Pakistan's important cultural institutions. The National Academy of Performing Arts, [8] located in the newly renovated Hindu Gymkhana offers a two year diploma course in performing arts that include classical music and contemporary theatre. The All Pakistan Musical Conference, linked to the 45-year old similar institution in Lahore, has been holding its Annual Music Festival since its inception in 2004.

The National Arts Council (Koocha-e-Saqafat) also has musical performances and Mushaira (poetry recitations). Karachi has several museums, including the Mohatta Palace Museum and the National Museum of Pakistan. The Kara Film Festival organized annually showcases independent Pakistani and international films and documentaries.

The everyday lifestyle of Karachi differs substantially from that of other Pakistani towns. The culture of Karachi is characterized by the blending of Middle Eastern, South Asian and Western influences, as well as the status of the city as a major international business center. The considerable diversity in culture has produced a unique cultural amalgam. Karachi is also home of the largest middle class stratum of Pakistan.

Education

The Narayan Jagannath High School at Karachi, opened in October 1855, was the first government school established in Sindh. Karachi has an number of internationally-recognized educational institutes and several public and private universities. Karachi is also host to the Institute of Business Administration (IBA), founded in 1955, the oldest business school outside North America. Pakistan's Prime Minister, Mr. Shaukat Aziz, received an MBA from this institute.

Sports

Cricket is the most popular sport of Karachi, and is played in many small grounds around the city. Gully cricket is played in the narrow by-lanes of the city. Brightly lit night-time cricket matches are played on less traversed city streets. The major venue for cricket matches is the National Stadium but matches are also hosted at the UBL Sports Complex, The A.O. Cricket Stadium,the KCCA Cricket Ground, the Karachi Gymkhana Field and the DHA Cricket Stadium.

National Stadium at night, Karachi, December 13, 2005.

Other popular sports are hockey, boxing, football, golf, table tennis, snooker, squash, and horse racing. Other sports like Badminton, volleyball and basketball are also famous in school and colleges.

Karachi Karsaz Golf Club

The city has facilities for hockey (the Hockey Stadium of Pakistan, UBL Hockey Ground), boxing (KPT Sports Complex), squash (Jehangir Khan Squash Complex) and football (People's Football Stadium and the Polo Grounds). In 2005, the city hosted the South Asian Football Federation Cup at the People's Football Stadium. Marinas and Boating Clubs also add to the diverse sporting activities in Karachi.

Karachi has a number of sporting clubs such as the Karachi Gymkhana, the Sindh Club, the Karachi Club, the Muslim Gymkhana, the Creek Club and the DHA Club that provide sporting facilities to their members, including tennis, badminton and squash courts, swimming pools, jogging tracks, gymnasiums, billiards and much more. There are two world class golf clubs, at DHA and Karsaz.

Sites of interest

DHA Marina Club, Karachi
Tooba Mosque
Empress Market, Saddar, Karachi
A Karachi flyover
Aga Khan University Hospital
Downtown
Fountain near Karachi beach
  • Major attractions
    • Mazar-e-Quaid - tomb of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan
    • Mohatta Palace and museum
    • Lady Lloyd pier at Bin Qasim park
    • Karachi Port Authority's Water Jet fountain
    • Agha Khan University hospital - for its modernist Islamic architecture
    • Masjid e Tooba - largest single-domed mosque in the world[citation needed]
  • Beaches and Waterfront
    • Clifton Beach
    • Beach Park
    • Jehangir Kothari Parade
    • Hawke's Bay Beach - breeding ground for endangered turtles
    • Paradise Point - rock promontory in the sea with a natural arch
    • Sandspit Beach
    • French Beach
  • Museums
    • Pakistan Air Force Museum
    • Karachi Expo Centre
    • PIA Planetarium
    • Karachi Stock Exchange Building
    • National Museum of Pakistan
    • Koocha-e-Saqafat (National Arts Council)
    • Pakistan Maritime Museum
    • WWF Wetland center at Sandspit
  • Colonial Buildings
    • Merewether Tower
    • Frere Hall
    • Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Karachi
    • Sindh High Court
    • National Academy of Performing Arts
    • Empress Market
  • Islands
    • Clifton Oyster Rocks
    • Bhit Shah Island
    • Buddo Island
    • Bundal Island
    • Churma Island
    • Manora Island
  • Clubs
    • Karachi Boat Club
    • Creek Club
    • Marina Club
    • Arabian sea country club
    • DHA Golf club
    • Sindh club
    • Karachi club
  • Amusement Parks
    • Aladdin Amusement Park
    • Sindbad Amusement Park
    • Safari Park
    • Hill park
  • Famous Avenues
    • Zamzama Avenue (famous for its designer outlets & clubs)
    • Beach Avenue
    • Karsaz Road (Karachi's pride)
    • II Chundrigar Road (Karachi's Wall Street)
    • Shahrah-e-Faisal
    • Tariq Road (Shopping street)

Shopping

Sunday textile market on the sidewalks of Karachi

Karachi is dotted with many shopping areas, large and small, attracting large crowds of shoppers in the evenings. Saddar, Gulf Shopping Mall, Bahadurabad, Tariq Road, Zamzama, Zaib-un-nissa Street (Elphinestone Street) Hyderi and Waterpump (Anarkali Bazar) are the most famous shopping areas in the city. One can find all sorts of clothing, garments, and fabrics in Karachi's bazaars, as well as a number of other items. The Saddar area in downtown Karachi is also home to countless large and small markets dealing with everything from everyday household items to clothing and fabrics to electronics. Empress Market in Saddar is a large Victorian-era market, home to wholesalers of spices and other items. Saddar is also home to the Rainbow Center, one of the largest hubs of pirated CDs in the world. Some other notable shopping areas include Paposh Market and Hydari.

Transportation

Jinnah Terminal of the Quaid-e-Azam International Airport, Karachi
Many trucks and buses of Karachi use this style of artwork

The Jinnah International Airport, located in Karachi, is the largest and busiest airport in the country and handles ten million passengers a year. The airport also receives the largest number of foreign airlines; a total of twenty-seven airlines fly to Jinnah International, predominantly from the Middle East and South East Asia. All of Pakistan's airlines use Karachi as their Primary hub including Pakistan International Airlines, Aero Asia International, Airblue and Shaheen Air.

Karachi has the largest shipping ports in Pakistan at the Port of Karachi and Port Qasim. These seaports have modern facilities and not only handle trade for Pakistan, but also serve as ports for Afghanistan and the land-locked Central Asian countries. Plans have been announced for new passenger facilities at Karachi Port.

Karachi is linked by rail to the rest of the country by the Pakistan Railways. The Karachi City Station and Karachi Cantonment Station are the city's two major railway stations. The railway system handles a large amount of freight to and from the Karachi port, and provides passenger services to people traveling up country. Plans are underway to extend the intra-city railway system to play a part in the city's mass transit with a Karachi Circular Railway system. Currently, commuter traffic consists primarily of motorists and minibuses, but there are plans to construct a light-rail based mass transit system in the city to decongest the roads and provide quick service to commuters.

Real Estate

Karachi is located in semi-arid coastal desert with very limited agricultural land along the two small seasonal rivers, Lyari River and Malir River that pass through the city. Before independence, the area around Karachi had a sparse Balochi nomadic and fishing population and most of the land was state owned. At the time of independence, Karachi was chosen as the first capital of Pakistan and land came under tight state control. According to the data prepared by the Master Plan and Environmental Control Unit of the Karachi Development Authority (KDA) in 1988, nearly 400,000 acres (1600 km²) of the 425,529 acres (1722 km²) that make up Karachi's metropolitan area are in some form of public ownership. The Government of Sindh owns 137,687 acres (557 km²), KDA 124,676 acres (504.5 km²), Karachi Port Trust (KPT) 25,259 acres (102 km²), Karachi Metropolitan Corporation (KMC) 24,189 acres (98 km²), Army Cantonment Board 18,596 acres (75 km²), Pakistan Steel Mills 19,461 acres (79 km²), Defence Housing Society 16,567 acres (67 km²), Port Qasim 12,961 acres (52 km²), Government of Pakistan 4,051 acres (16 km²) and Pakistan Railways 3,119 acres (13 km²). In the late 1990s, the undeveloped land belonging to KDA was transferred to the Malir Development Authority (MDA) and Lyari Development Authority (LDA).[9] The Defence Housing Authority has purchased 12,000 acres (49 km²) of land from the Sindh government along the Super Highway and will build Phase II of Defence Housing Society.[10]

Challenges

Roads in Karachi

As one of the most rapidly growing cities in the world, Karachi faces challenges similar to those of many developing metropolises, including overcrowding, traffic, pollution, poverty and street crime.

Due to a high increase in the use of automobiles, Karachi faces severe traffic congestion. It is estimated that about 4 million vehicles travel on the road during the evening and morning rush hours, far more than the existing road infrastructure was designed to carry. Time lost due to traffic congestion has a significant effect on productivity. A number of flyovers and underpasses have been opened for traffic since the last year or so, which has released the traffic jam to an extent but a number of projects are still under construction.

The level of air pollution in Karachi is estimated to be twenty times higher than World Health Organization standards.[11] A number of new parks have been developed and trees are being planted in the city to improve the environment and reduce the pollution.

The economic boom of Karachi which brought higher living standards and new job opportunities during the 2000s, has had some adverse effects on employment, setting higher standards in some fields and excluding less skilled lower-income workers and cottage industries. Another change brought by the economic boom was the rapid investment in land ownership, which raised real estate prices and made it difficult for ordinary people to buy land in the city.

Sister Cities

Karachi is a sister city with:

Flag of United Arab Emirates Dubai, UAE
Flag of Turkey İzmir, Turkey
Flag of United States Houston, USA
Flag of Saudi Arabia Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Flag of Iran Tehran, Iran
Flag of Mauritius Port Louis, Mauritius
Flag of People's Republic of China Shanghai, China
Flag of Uzbekistan Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Flag of Italy Milan, Italy
Flag of United States Chicago, USA
{{flagicon|India)) Kolkata, India


Notes

  1. ↑ Stefan Helders, World-Gazetteer.com. World: metropolitan areas. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
  2. ↑ Cowasjee, Ardeshir. Karachi under the Raj 1843-1947 http://www.dawn.com/weekly/cowas/20041121.htm
  3. ↑ Kincaid, Dennis. British Social Life in India, 1608 – 1937 p. 297
  4. ↑ Note that there is some dispute over the population of Karachi. The City Government of Karachi on its website claims "Karachi is today a city of more than 15 million inhabitants." [1]. The official census showed 1998 population as 9 million. Some legitimate reasons for the discrepancy might be that the workers living in Karachi have their registered address in another part of the country as they may not have a permanent home in Karachi. Although the city would consider such a person a resident of Karachi, using Karachi's infrastructure and contributing to its economy, the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) would not count this person as a resident of Karachi. Another reason is that Afghan Refugees were not counted in the 1998 census, and all official estimates simply extrapolate the numbers from the 98 census.
  5. ↑ Letters to the editor, Dawn Newspaper. "Karachi turning into a ghetto". Retrieved 2006-04-20.
  6. ↑ Official website, Karachi Port Trust. "K.P.T. Projects". Retrieved 2006-04-17.
  7. ↑ Article, 12 October 2004, Dawn Newspaper. "KPT to build Rs20bn tower complex". Retrieved 2006-04-20.
  8. ↑ Official website, National Academy of Performing Arts. "Welcome to National Academy of Performing Arts". Retrieved 2006-04-17.
  9. ↑ Urban Resource Centre, Karachi. "Land as an Issue". Retrieved 2006-04-18.
  10. ↑ Site Edition, Daily Times. "12,000 acre (49 km²) DHA II to be city’s new kid on the block". Retrieved 2006-05-06.
  11. ↑ "Pakistan: Environmental Issues"

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

  • Amin, Mohamed, Duncan Willetts, and Brian Tetley. 1986. Karachi. Karachi, Pakistan: Pak American Commercial Ltd.
  • Khuhro, Hamida, and Anwer Mooraj. 1997. Karachi, megacity of our times. Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN:0195778065 9780195778069
  • Kincaid, Dennis. 1973. British social life in India, 1608-1937. London: Routledge & K. Paul. ISBN:0710072848 9780710072849
  • Rustomji, Behram Sohrab H. J., and Sohrab K. H. Katrak. 2008. Karachi during the British era two histories of a modern city. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN:9780195474503 0195474503
  • United Nations. 1988. Karachi. Population policy paper, no. 13. New York: United Nations.
  • Ziring, Lawrence. 1997. Pakistan in the twentieth century a political history. Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN:0195778162 9780195778168

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