Difference between revisions of "Ivy League" - New World Encyclopedia

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The '''Ivy League''' is an [[athletic conference]] comprising eight [[Private university|private]] institutions of [[university|higher education]] located in the [[Northeastern United States]]. The term became ubiquitous, especially in sports terminology, after the formation of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[Division I]] athletic conference founded in 1954, when much of the nation polarized around favorite college teams. Ivy League is now most commonly used to refer to those eight schools considered as a group.<ref>Leitch, Alexander ''A Princeton Companion'' (Princeton University Press  1978) ISBN 0691046549</ref> The term has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and a reputation for social elitism. All of the Ivy institutions place near the top in the ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' [[college and university rankings]] and rank within the top one percent of the world's academic institutions in terms of financial endowment.
+
The '''Ivy League''' is an [[athletic conference]] comprising eight [[Private university|private]] institutions of [[university|higher education]] located in the [[Northeastern United States]]. Athletic competition continues among the schools, and although no longer dominant, they remain competitive on the national level in many sports.
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 +
The term "Ivy League" is now most commonly used to refer to those eight schools as academic institutions. These universities were foundational in the development of education in the United States, seven of them predating the [[American Revolution]]. They also provided the teachers and administrators for many of the institutions of higher education founded subsequently. Thus, the education of significant early Americans can be traced predominantly to these schools.
 +
{{toc}}
 +
Today, the Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and a reputation for social elitism. All of the Ivy institutions place near the top in the ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' [[college and university rankings]] and rank within the top one percent of the world's academic institutions in terms of financial endowment. For many, the best education is synonymous with an Ivy League education. However, in the rapidly developing world of the twenty-first century, the Ivy League schools are challenged to retain such a reputation. This challenge goes to the very heart of the purpose of education, an understanding that may need to be adjusted to support the needs of human society.
 
   
 
   
 
[[Image:Ivy League map.png|thumb|right|250px|Locations of Ivy League schools]]
 
[[Image:Ivy League map.png|thumb|right|250px|Locations of Ivy League schools]]
 +
==Origin of the name==
 +
[[Image:West College Princeton.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Ivy covering West College, Princeton University]]
 +
The Ivy League's name derives from the [[ivy]] plants, symbolic of their age, that cover many of these institutions' historic buildings.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' (Oxford Press, 1971, ISBN 019861117X). </ref>
 +
{{readout||left|250px|The term "Ivy League" came from the [[ivy]] plants that cover many of these institutions' buildings}}
 +
"Planting the ivy" was a customary class day ceremony at many colleges in the late 1800s. Ivy planting ceremonies are reported for [[Yale]],<ref>''Boston Daily Globe'', June 27, 1882, p. 4: "CLASS DAY: Yale Seniors Plant the Ivy, Sing "Blage," and Entertain the Beauty of New Haven;"</ref> [[Bryn Mawr College|Bryn Mawr]],<ref>''The Gazette Times'', [http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1126&dat=19070609&id=uXpRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kWcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4741,1858451 Play a Romance and Plant Ivy, Pretty Class Day Exercises of the Women's College], June 9, 1907. Retrieved October 27, 2011.</ref> and many others. [[Princeton]]'s "Ivy Club" was founded in 1879.<ref>The Ivy Club, [http://theivyclub.net/history/ History]. Retrieved October 27, 2011.</ref>
 +
 +
The first usage of "Ivy" in reference to a group of colleges is from sportswriter Stanley Woodward (1895-1965): "A proportion of our eastern ivy colleges are meeting little fellows another Saturday before plunging into the strife and the turmoil."<ref name=shapiro>Fred R. Shapiro, ''Yale Book of Quotations'' (Yale University Press, 2006, ISBN 0300107986).</ref> However, it has been noted that Stanley Woodward actually took the term from fellow ''[[New York Tribune]]'' sportswriter Caswell Adams.<ref>William Morris, ''Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins'' (Collins, 1988, ISBN 006015862X).</ref>
 +
 +
The first known instance of the term "Ivy League" appeared in the ''[[Christian Science Monitor]]'' on February 7, 1935.<ref name=shapiro/> Several sports-writers and other journalists used the term shortly later to refer to the older colleges, those along the northeastern seaboard of the United States, chiefly the nine institutions with origins dating from the [[Colonial colleges|colonial era]], together with the [[United States Military Academy]] (West Point), the [[United States Naval Academy]], and a few others. These schools were known for their long-standing traditions in intercollegiate athletics, often being the first schools to participate in such activities. However, at this time, none of these institutions made efforts to form an athletic league.
 +
 +
"Ivy League" became, like [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant|WASP]], a way of referring to this [[elite]], and [[elitist]], [[class]].<ref>Joseph Epstein, ''Snobbery: The American Version'' (Houghton Mifflin, 2003, ISBN 0618340734).</ref>
  
 
==Members==
 
==Members==
 +
The term '''Ivy League''' is now most commonly used to refer to eight [[university|universities]] who formed the "Ivy League" athletic conference.<ref>Alexander Leitch, ''A Princeton Companion'' (Princeton University Press, 1978, ISBN 0691046549).</ref> The eight member institutions are all located in the Northeast region of the [[United States]] and are privately owned and controlled. Undergraduate enrollments among the Ivy League schools range from about 4,000 to 14,000 ([[Dartmouth College|Dartmouth]] and [[Cornell University|Cornell]] respectively), making them larger than those of a typical private [[liberal arts college]] and smaller than a typical public [[state university]]. Ivy League university [[financial endowment]]s are in the billions of dollars, ranging from Brown's over $2 billion to Harvard's over $30 billion, the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world.
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{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
!Institution
 
!Institution
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|[[Providence, Rhode Island]]
 
|[[Providence, Rhode Island]]
 
|[http://brownbears.cstv.com Bears]
 
|[http://brownbears.cstv.com Bears]
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|7,769<ref>(2007) Brown University [[http://www.brown.edu/web/facts.shtml"About Brown University: Enrollment"]] Retrieved November 13, 2007</ref>
+
|8,025<ref>Brown University, Full-time Enrollment September 2007, About Brown University, 2007.</ref>
 
|''In deo speramus''<br/>("In God we hope")
 
|''In deo speramus''<br/>("In God we hope")
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Columbia University]]
 
|[[Columbia University]]
 
|[[New York City|New York, New York]]
 
|[[New York City|New York, New York]]
−
|[[Columbia Lions|Lions]]
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|[http://www.gocolumbialions.com/ Lions]
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|19,694<ref>(2006) Columbia University [[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/enrollment_fte_school_2005.html"Columbia University Statistical Abstract"]] Retrieved November 13, 2007</ref>
+
|19,694<ref>Columbia University, [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/enrollment_fte_school_2005.html Full-time Enrollment Fall 2005,] Columbia University Statistical Abstract, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2007.</ref>
 
|''In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen''<br/>("In Thy light shall we see the light")
 
|''In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen''<br/>("In Thy light shall we see the light")
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Cornell University]]
 
|[[Cornell University]]
 
|[[Ithaca, New York]]
 
|[[Ithaca, New York]]
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|[[Cornell Big Red|Big Red]]
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|[http://www.cornellbigred.com/ Big Red]
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|20,400<ref>(2007) Cornell University [[http://www.cornell.edu/about/facts/stats.cfm"Facts About Cornell"]] Retrieved November 13, 2007</ref>
+
|20,638<ref>Cornell University, [http://www.cornell.edu/about/facts/stats.cfm Total Enrollment Fall 2006,] Facts About Cornell, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007.</ref>
 
|"I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study"
 
|"I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study"
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Dartmouth College]]
 
|[[Dartmouth College]]
 
|[[Hanover, New Hampshire]]
 
|[[Hanover, New Hampshire]]
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|[[Dartmouth Big Green|Big Green]]
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|[http://dartmouthsports.com/ Big Green]
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|5,753<ref>(2006) Dartmouth College [[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~oir/pdfs/enrollments.pdf"Dartmouth College Fact Book: Enrollment"]] Retrieved November 13, 2007</ref>
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|5,753<ref>Dartmouth College, [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~oir/pdfs/enrollments.pdf Total Enrollment Fall 2006,] Dartmouth College Fact Book: Enrollment, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2007.</ref>
 
|''Vox clamantis in deserto''<br/>("A voice crying in the wilderness")
 
|''Vox clamantis in deserto''<br/>("A voice crying in the wilderness")
 
|-
 
|-
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|[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
 
|[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
 
|[http://www.gocrimson.com Crimson]
 
|[http://www.gocrimson.com Crimson]
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|20,042<ref>(2007)  President and Fellows of Harvard College [[http://www.news.harvard.edu/glance/"Harvard at a Glance"]] Retrieved November 13, 2007</ref>
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|20,042<ref>President and Fellows of Harvard College, [http://www.news.harvard.edu/glance/ Total Enrollment Fall 2006,] Harvard at a Glance, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007.</ref>
 
|''Veritas''<br/>("Truth")
 
|''Veritas''<br/>("Truth")
 
|-
 
|-
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|[[Princeton, New Jersey]]
 
|[[Princeton, New Jersey]]
 
|[http://www.goprincetontigers.com Tigers]
 
|[http://www.goprincetontigers.com Tigers]
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|6,677<ref>(2005) Princeton University [[http://www.princeton.edu/pr/facts/profile/05/"Princeton University: Introduction"]] Retrieved November 13, 2007</ref>
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|7,242<ref>Princeton University, [http://registrar1.princeton.edu/data/data.cfm Total Enrollment Fall 2006,] Data and Information, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2007.</ref>
 
|''Dei sub numine viget''<br/>("Under God's power she flourishes")
 
|''Dei sub numine viget''<br/>("Under God's power she flourishes")
 
|-
 
|-
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|[[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
 
|[[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
 
|[http://www.pennathletics.com Quakers]
 
|[http://www.pennathletics.com Quakers]
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|19,771<ref>(2007) University of Pennsylvania [[http://www.upenn.edu/about/facts.php"Facts and Figures"]] Retrieved November 13, 2007</ref>
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|23,980<ref>University of Pennsylvania, [http://www.upenn.edu/about/facts.php Total Enrollment Fall 2007,] Facts and Figures, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007.</ref>
 
|''Leges sine moribus vanae''<br/>("Laws without morals are useless")
 
|''Leges sine moribus vanae''<br/>("Laws without morals are useless")
 
|-
 
|-
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|[[New Haven, Connecticut]]
 
|[[New Haven, Connecticut]]
 
|[http://goyalebulldogs.com Bulldogs]
 
|[http://goyalebulldogs.com Bulldogs]
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|11,483<ref>(2007) Yale University [[http://www.yale.edu/oir/factsheet.html"Facts Sheet"]] Retrieved November 13, 2007</ref>
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|11,416<ref>Yale University, [http://www.yale.edu/oir/factsheet.html Total Enrollment Fall 2006,] Factsheet, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007.</ref>
 
|[[Urim_and_Thummim|אורים ותומים]]<br/>''Lux et veritas''<br/>("Light and truth")
 
|[[Urim_and_Thummim|אורים ותומים]]<br/>''Lux et veritas''<br/>("Light and truth")
 
|}
 
|}
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==History==
 
==History==
 
===Founding of the institutions===
 
===Founding of the institutions===
 +
Seven of the Ivy League schools are older than the [[American Revolution]]; Cornell was founded just after the [[American Civil War]]. The seven provided the overwhelming majority of the higher education in the Northern and Middle Colonies; their early faculties and founding boards were largely, therefore, drawn from other Ivy League institutions; there were also some British graduates—more from the [[University of Cambridge]] than [[Oxford University|Oxford]], but also from the [[University of Edinburgh]] and elsewhere. The founders of [[Rutgers University]], in 1766, were largely Ivy; and so were many of the colleges formed after the Revolution. Cornell provided [[Stanford University]] with its [[David Starr Jordan|first president]] and most of Stanford's initial faculty members were Cornell professors. The founders of [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] came from Yale.<ref>Office Of Student Development, [http://resource.berkeley.edu/r_html/r01_04.html Student History,] University of California Berkeley. Retrieved November 13, 2007.</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
!Institution
 
!Institution
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|[[Princeton University]]
 
|[[Princeton University]]
 
|1746 as ''College of New Jersey''
 
|1746 as ''College of New Jersey''
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|[[Nonsectarian]], but founded by [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]]<ref>(2007) Orange Key Virtual Tourof Princeton University [[http://www.princeton.edu/~oktour/virtualtour/Stop05.htm"University Chapel"]] Retrieved November 13, 2007</ref>
+
|[[Nonsectarian]], but founded by [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]]<ref>Orange Key Virtual Tour of Princeton University, University Chapel, 2007.</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Columbia University]]
 
|[[Columbia University]]
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|[[Brown University]]
 
|[[Brown University]]
 
|1764 as ''College of Rhode Island''
 
|1764 as ''College of Rhode Island''
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|[[Baptist]]<ref>(2007) Net Industries [[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/PRE_PYR/PROVIDENCE.html"Providence"]] Retrieved November 13, 2007</ref>
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|[[Baptist]]<ref>Net Industries, [http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/PRE_PYR/PROVIDENCE.html Providence], 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007.</ref>
 
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|[[Dartmouth College]]
 
|[[Dartmouth College]]
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|[[Nonsectarian]]
 
|[[Nonsectarian]]
 
|}
 
|}
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:<small>'''Note''' Founding dates and religious affiliations are those stated by the institution itself. Many of them had complex histories in their early years and the stories of their origins are subject to interpretation. "Religious affiliation" refers to financial sponsorship, formal association with, and promotion by, a religious denomination. All of the schools in the Ivy League are private and not currently associated with any religion.
+
:<small>'''Note:''' Founding dates and religious affiliations are those stated by the institution itself. Many of them had complex histories in their early years and the stories of their origins are subject to interpretation. "Religious affiliation" refers to financial sponsorship, formal association with, and promotion by, a religious denomination. All of the schools in the Ivy League are private and not currently associated with any religion.
 
</small>
 
</small>
 +
Most of these seven original schools were [[Congregationalist]] or [[Presbyterian]] in [[religious denomination]]; [[Church of England]] King's College broke up in the Revolution, and was reformed as public non-sectarian [[Columbia University|Columbia College]]. In the early nineteenth century, the specific purpose of training [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] ministers was handed off to theological [[seminary|seminaries]]; but a denominational tone, compulsory chapel, and other such religious features often lasted well into the twentieth century.
  
−
 
+
After the [[Second World War]], the present Ivy League institutions slowly widened their selection of students. They had always had distinguished faculties; some of the first Americans with [[doctorate]]s had taught for them; but they now decided that they could not both be world-class research institutions and be competitive in the highest ranks of American college sport; in addition, the schools experienced the scandals common among other big-time football programs, although more quietly.<ref>James Axtell, ''The Making of Princeton University'' (Princeton University Press, 2006, ISBN 0691126860).</ref>
−
Seven of the Ivy League schools are older than the [[American Revolution]]; Cornell was founded just after the [[American Civil War]]. These seven provided the overwhelming majority of the higher education in the Northern and Middle Colonies; their early faculties and founding boards were largely, therefore, drawn from other Ivy League institutions; there were also some British graduates - more from the [[University of Cambridge]] than [[Oxford University|Oxford]], but also from the [[University of Edinburgh]] and elsewhere. The founders of [[Rutgers]], in 1766, were largely Ivy; and so for many of the colleges formed after the Revolution.  Cornell provided [[Stanford University]] with its [[David Starr Jordan|first president]] and most of Stanford's initial faculty members were Cornell professors. The founders of [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] came from Yale.<ref>(2007) Office Of Student Development, University of California Berkley [[http://resource.berkeley.edu/r_html/r01_04.html"Student History"]] Retrieved November 13, 2007</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
Most of these seven schools were more or less [[Congregationalist]] or [[Presbyterian]] in [[religious denomination]]; [[Church of England]] ''King's College'' broke up in the Revolution, and was reformed as public non-sectarian [[Columbia College of Columbia University|Columbia College]]. In the early nineteenth century, the specific purpose of training Calvinist ministers was handed off to theological seminaries; but a denominational tone, and such relics as compulsory chapel, often lasted well into the twentieth century.
 
−
 
 
−
After the Second World War, the present Ivy League institutions slowly widened their selection of students. They had always had distinguished faculties; some of the first Americans with [[doctorate]]s had taught for them; but they now decided that they could not both be world-class research institutions and be competitive in the highest ranks of American college sport; in addition, the schools experienced the scandals of any other big-time football programs, although more quietly.<ref>Axtell, James ''The Making of Princeton University'' (Princeton University Press 2006) ISBN 0691126860</ref>
 
  
 
===History of the athletic league===
 
===History of the athletic league===
−
The Ivies have been competing in sports as long as intercollegiate sports have existed in the United States. Boat clubs from Harvard and Yale met in the first sporting event held between students of two U.S. colleges on [[Lake Winnipesaukee]], [[New Hampshire]], in 1852. As an informal [[American football|football]] league, the Ivy League dates from 1900 when [[Yale University|Yale]] took the conference championship with a 5-0 record. For many years Army (the [[United States Military Academy]]) and Navy (the [[United States Naval Academy]]) were considered members, but dropped out shortly before formal organization.
+
The Ivies have been competing in sports as long as intercollegiate sports have existed in the United States. Boat clubs from Harvard and Yale met in the first sporting event held between students of two U.S. colleges on [[Lake Winnipesaukee]], [[New Hampshire]], in 1852. As an informal [[American football|football]] league, the Ivy League dates from 1900 when [[Yale University|Yale]] took the conference championship with a 5-0 record. For many years, Army (the [[United States Military Academy]]) and Navy (the [[United States Naval Academy]]) were considered members, but dropped out shortly before formal organization.
−
 
 
−
Before the actual establishment of the Ivy League, an informal agreement on certain matters relating to sports was enjoyed among the schools.<ref>{{cite news | author = The Associated Press | title = Colleges Searching for Check On Trend to Goal Post Riots | publisher = The New York Times | page = 33 | date = 1935-12-6}}</ref> Yet, despite such collaboration, the universities did not seem to consider the formation of the league as imminent. But on December 3, 1936, the idea of "the formation of an Ivy League" gained enough traction among the undergraduate bodies of the universities that the ''[[Columbia Daily Spectator]]'', ''[[The Cornell Daily Sun]]'', ''[[The Dartmouth]]'', ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'', ''[[The Daily Pennsylvanian]]'', ''[[The Daily Princetonian]]'' and the ''[[Yale Daily News]]'' would simultaneously run an editorial entitled "Now Is the Time," encouraging the seven universities to form the league in an effort to preserve the ideals of athletics.<ref>{{cite news | title = Immediate Formation of Ivy League Advocated at Seven Eastern Colleges | publisher = The New York Times | page = 33 | date = 1936-12-3}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
The proposal did not succeed—on January 11, 1937, the athletic authorities at the schools rejected the "possibility of a heptagonal league in football such as these institutions maintain in basketball, baseball and track." However, they noted that the league "has such promising possibilities that it may not be dismissed and must be the subject of further consideration."<ref>{{cite news | title = Plea for an Ivy Football League Rejected by College Authorities | publisher = The New York Times | page = 26 | date = 1937-1-12}}</ref> In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first '''Ivy Group Agreement''', which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the [[American football|football]] teams. The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton Presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions.<ref>{{cite news | author = BERNARD M. GWERTZMAN | title = Ivy League: Formalizing the Fact | publisher = The Harvard Crimson | date = 1956-13-10}} [http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=128992]</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
In 1954, the date generally accepted as the birth of the Ivy League, the presidents extended the Ivy Group Agreement to all intercollegiate sports. Competition began with the 1956 season.  The [[College of William and Mary]], founded in 1693, and [[Rutgers University]], founded as ''Queen's College'' in 1766, both public universities, are the only institutions among the  nine [[colonial colleges]] not included.
 
  
−
===Origin of the name===
+
Before the actual establishment of the Ivy League, an informal agreement on certain matters relating to sports was enjoyed among the schools.<ref>The Associated Press, Colleges Searching for Check On Trend to Goal Post Riots, ''The New York Times'' 33, December 6, 1935.</ref> Yet, despite such collaboration, the universities did not seem to consider the formation of the league as imminent. On December 3, 1936, the idea of "the formation of an Ivy League" gained enough traction among the undergraduate bodies of the universities that the ''[[Columbia Daily Spectator]],'' ''[[The Cornell Daily Sun]],'' ''[[The Dartmouth]],'' ''[[The Harvard Crimson]],'' ''[[The Daily Pennsylvanian]],'' ''[[The Daily Princetonian]],'' and the ''[[Yale Daily News]]'' simultaneously ran an editorial entitled "Now Is the Time," encouraging the seven universities to form the league in an effort to preserve the ideals of athletics.<ref>''New York Times,'' Immediate Formation of Ivy League Advocated at Seven Eastern Colleges, 33, December 3, 1936.</ref>  
−
The Ivy League's name derives from the [[Boston ivy|ivy]] plants, symbolic of their age, that cover many of these institutions' historic buildings.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' (Oxford Press, 1971 ISBN 019861117X). </ref> The first usage of "Ivy" in reference to a group of colleges is from  sportswriter Stanley Woodward (1895-1965):"A proportion of our eastern ivy colleges are meeting little fellows another Saturday before plunging into the strife and the turmoil."<ref> Shapiro, Fred R. (Ed).''Yale Book of Quotations'' (Yale University Press 2006) ISBN 0300107986</ref> However, it has been noted that Stanley Woodward actually took the term from fellow ''[[New York Tribune]]'' sportswriter Caswell Adams.<ref> Morris, William. ''Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins '' (Collins 1988) ISBN 006015862X</ref>  
 
  
−
The first known instance of the term ''Ivy League'' being used appeared in the ''[[Christian Science Monitor]]'' on February 7, 1935 <ref> Shapiro, Fred R. (Ed).''Yale Book of Quotations'' (Yale University Press 2006) ISBN 0300107986</ref><ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' (Oxford Press, 1971 ISBN 019861117X)</ref> Several sports-writers and other journalists used the term shortly later to refer to the older colleges, those along the northeastern seaboard of the United States, chiefly the nine institutions with origins dating from the [[Colonial colleges|colonial era]], together with the [[United States Military Academy]] (West Point), the [[United States Naval Academy]], and a few others. These schools were known for their long-standing traditions in intercollegiate athletics, often being the first schools to participate in such activities. However, at this time, none of these institutions would make efforts to form an athletic league.
+
The proposal did not succeed—on January 11, 1937, the athletic authorities at the schools rejected the "possibility of a heptagonal league in football such as these institutions maintain in basketball, baseball, and track." However, they noted that the league "has such promising possibilities that it may not be dismissed and must be the subject of further consideration."<ref>''New York Times,'' Plea for an Ivy Football League Rejected by College Authorities, 26, January 12, 1937.</ref> In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first '''Ivy Group Agreement,''' which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the [[American football|football]] teams. The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton Presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions.<ref>Bernard M. Gwertzman, [http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=128992 Ivy League: Formalizing the Fact,] ''The Harvard Crimson'', 1956. Retrieved November 24, 2007. </ref>
−
 
−
[[Image:West College Princeton.jpg|thumb|300px|Ivy covering West College, Princeton University]]
 
  
−
"Ivy League" therefore also became, like [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant|WASP]], a way of referring to this [[elite]], and [[elitist]], [[class]].<ref> Epstein, Joseph. ''Snobbery: The American Version'' (Houghton Mifflin 2003) ISBN 0-618-34073-4</ref> Phrases such as "Ivy League snobbery"<ref>{{cite book | title=The Ideal of the University | first = Robert Paul |last = Wolff | publisher = Transaction Publishers | year=1992 | id = ISBN 1-56000-603-X}} </ref> are ubiquitous in nonfiction and fiction writing of the twentieth century.
+
In 1954, the date generally accepted as the birth of the Ivy League, the presidents extended the Ivy Group Agreement to all intercollegiate sports. Competition began with the 1956 season. The [[College of William and Mary]], founded in 1693, and [[Rutgers University]], founded as Queen's College in 1766, both public universities, are the only institutions among the nine [[colonial colleges]] not included.
  
 
==Cooperation==
 
==Cooperation==
 +
The governing body of the Ivy League is the [[Council of Ivy Group Presidents]]. During their meetings, the presidents often discuss common procedures and initiatives. Beyond the historic athletic conference, there are several cooperation programs among the schools.
  
−
The governing body of the Ivy League is the [[Council of Ivy Group Presidents]]. During their meetings, the presidents often discuss common procedures and initiatives. Beyond the historic athletic conference, there are several cooperation programs among the schools.
+
Seven of the eight schools (Harvard excluded) participate in the Borrow Direct [[interlibrary loan]] program, making a total of 88 million items available to participants.<ref>Columbia University Libraries, [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/requestit/borrow_direct.html Request It: Borrow Direct.] Retrieved November 13, 2007.</ref> There is also the student-led [[Ivy Council]] that meets in the fall and spring of each year, with representatives from every Ivy League school. At these multi-day conferences, student representatives from each school meet to discuss issues facing their respective institutions.<ref>Ivy Council, [http://www.ivycouncil.org/ Ivy Council Homepage], 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007.</ref>
−
Seven of the eight schools (Harvard excluded) participate in the Borrow Direct [[interlibrary loan]] program, making a total of 88 million items available to participants with a waiting period of four working days.<ref>Columbia University Libraries [[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/requestit/borrow_direct.html"Request It: Borrow Direct"]] Retrieved November 13, 2007</ref> This ILL program is not affiliated with the formal Ivy arrangement. There is also the student-led [[Ivy Council]] that meets in the fall and spring of each year, with representatives from every Ivy League school. At these multi-day conferences, student representatives from each school meet to discuss issues facing their respective institutions, with a variety of topics ranging from financial aid to gender-neutral housing.<ref> (2007) Ivy Council [[http://www.ivycouncil.org/"Ivy Council Homepage"]] Retrieved November 13, 2007</ref>
 
  
 
==Competition and athletics==
 
==Competition and athletics==
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On average, each Ivy school has more than 35 varsity teams. All eight are in the top 20 for number of sports offered for both men and women among Division I schools.  
 
On average, each Ivy school has more than 35 varsity teams. All eight are in the top 20 for number of sports offered for both men and women among Division I schools.  
  
−
Harvard and Yale are celebrated [[Harvard-Yale football games (The Game)|football]] and [[Harvard-Yale Regatta|crew]] rivals.
+
Princeton and [[Penn Quakers men's basketball|Penn]] are longstanding men's basketball rivals<ref>Austin Starkweather, [http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/archives/2002/02/12/sports/4317.shtml The game: The tables are turned—Penn hoops travel to Jadwin tonight for premier rivalry of Ivy League basketball], 2002. Retrieved November 13, 2007.</ref> and "Puck Fenn" and "Puck Frinceton" t-shirts are worn at games.<ref>Ramesh Nagarajan, [http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/archives/2002/02/12/sports/4318.shtml The rivalry? Not with Penn's paltry performance this season.] Retrieved November 13, 2007.</ref> In only six instances in 51 years (from the 1955-56 season through the 2006-07 season) has neither Penn nor Princeton won at least a share of the Ivy League title in basketball, with each champion or co-champion 25 times. Penn has won 21 outright, Princeton 18 outright. Princeton has been a co-champion seven times, sharing four of those titles with Penn (these four seasons represent the only times Penn has been co-champion).
  
−
Princeton and [[Penn Quakers men's basketball|Penn]] are longstanding men's basketball rivals<ref>(2002) Starkweather, Austin. DailyPrincetonian.com [[http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/archives/2002/02/12/sports/4317.shtml"The game: the tables are turned – Penn hoops travel to Jadwin tonight for premier rivalry of Ivy League basketball"]] Retrieved November 13, 2007</ref> and "Puck Fenn" and "Puck Frinceton" t-shirts are worn at games.<ref>(2002) Nagarajan, Ramesh. DailyPrincetonian.com [[http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/archives/2002/02/12/sports/4318.shtml"The rivalry? Not with Penn's paltry performance this season
+
Rivalries exist between other Ivy league teams in other sports, including [[Cornell-Harvard hockey rivalry|Cornell and Harvard in hockey]] (either team has won or shared the men's title each of the last five years,<ref>Ivyleaguesports.com, [http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/sports/ivy-champs.asp?intSID=8 Men's Ice Hockey], 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007.</ref>) and Harvard and Penn in football (Penn and Harvard have each had two unbeaten seasons since 2001.<ref>Ivyleaguesports.com, [http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/sports/ivy-champs.asp?intSID=3 Football], 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007.</ref>) Harvard and Yale are celebrated [[Harvard-Yale football games (The Game)|football]] and [[Harvard-Yale Regatta|crew]] rivals.  
−
"]] Retrieved November 13, 2007</ref> In only six instances in the last 51 years (from the 1955-56 season through the 2006-07 season) has neither Penn nor Princeton won at least a share of the Ivy League title in basketball with each champion or co-champion 25 times.  Penn has won 21 outright, Princeton 18 outright. Princeton has been a co-champion 7 times, sharing 4 of those titles with Penn (these 4 seasons represent the only times Penn has been co-champion).
 
  
−
Rivalries exist between other Ivy league teams in other sports, including [[Cornell-Harvard hockey rivalry|Cornell and Harvard in hockey]] (either team has won or shared the men's title each of the last five years<ref>(2007) Ivyleaguesports.com [[http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/sports/ivy-champs.asp?intSID=8"Men's Ice Hockey"]] Retrieved November 13, 2007</ref>), and Harvard and Penn in football (Penn and Harvard have each had two unbeaten seasons since 2001.<ref>(2007) Ivyleaguesports.com [[http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/sports/ivy-champs.asp?intSID=3"Football"]] Retrieved November 13, 2007</ref>).
+
Although no longer as successful nationally as they once were in many of the more popular college sports, the Ivy League is still competitive in others. One such example is [[college rowing (United States)|rowing]]. All of the Ivies have historically been among the top crews in the nation, and most continue to be so today. (Other historical top crews include [[University of California, Berkeley|California]], [[University of Washington|Washington]], [[University of Wisconsin-Madison|Wisconsin]], and [[Naval Academy|Navy]]). On the men's side, Harvard won the [[Intercollegiate Rowing Association]] Championships in 2003, 2004, 2005, and on the women's side, Harvard and Brown won the 2003 and 2004 [[NCAA Rowing Championships]], respectively. The Ivy League schools are also very competitive in both men's and women's hockey. In addition, no team other than Harvard or Princeton has won the men's swimming conference title since 1972, although Yale, Columbia, and Cornell have shared the title with Harvard and Princeton during this time.
−
 
 
−
Although no longer as successful nationally as they once were in many of the more popular college sports, the Ivy League is still competitive in others. One such example is [[college rowing (United States)|rowing]]. All of the Ivies have historically been among the top crews in the nation, and most continue to be so today. (Other historical top crews include [[University of California, Berkeley|Cal]], [[University of Washington|Washington]], [[University of Wisconsin-Madison|Wisconsin]] and [[Naval Academy|Navy]]). Most recently, on the men's side, Harvard won the [[Intercollegiate Rowing Association]] Championships in 2003, 2004, 2005, and on the women's side, Harvard and Brown won the 2003 and 2004 [[NCAA Rowing Championships]], respectively. The Ivy League schools are also very competitive in both men's and women's hockey. In addition, no team other than Harvard or Princeton has won the men's swimming conference title since 1972, with Harvard winning the 34 year series 19-15 as of 2006.
 
−
 
 
−
===Conference facilities===
 
−
{| class="wikitable"
 
−
|-
 
−
! rowspan='2' | School<ref>(2007) Ivyleaguesports.com [[http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/WhatIsIvy/facilities.asp"Ivy League Facilities"]] Retrieved November 13, 2007</ref>
 
−
! colspan='2' | Football stadium
 
−
! colspan='2' | Basketball arena
 
−
! colspan='2' | Ice hockey rink
 
−
! colspan='2' | Soccer stadium
 
−
|-
 
−
! Name
 
−
! Capacity
 
−
! Name
 
−
! Capacity
 
−
! Name
 
−
! Capacity
 
−
! Name
 
−
! Capacity
 
−
|-
 
−
|'''[[Brown University|Brown]]'''
 
−
|[[Brown Stadium]]
 
−
|20,000
 
−
|[[Pizzitola Sports Center]]
 
−
|2,800
 
−
|[[Meehan Auditorium]]
 
−
|3,100
 
−
|[[Stevenson Field]]
 
−
|3,500
 
−
|-
 
−
|'''[[Columbia University|Columbia]]'''
 
−
|[[Lawrence A. Wien Stadium|Wien Stadium]]
 
−
|17,000
 
−
|[[Levien Gymnasium]]
 
−
|3,408
 
−
| colspan='2' | N/A
 
−
|[[Columbia Soccer Stadium]]
 
−
|3,500
 
−
|-
 
−
|'''[[Cornell University|Cornell]]'''
 
−
|[[Schoellkopf Field]]
 
−
|25,597
 
−
|[[Newman Arena]]
 
−
|4,473
 
−
|[[Lynah Rink]]
 
−
|3,836
 
−
|[[Charles F. Berman Field]]
 
−
|1,000
 
−
|-
 
−
|'''[[Dartmouth College|Dartmouth]]'''
 
−
|[[Memorial Field (Dartmouth)|Memorial Field]]
 
−
|13,000
 
−
|[[Leede Arena]]
 
−
|2,100
 
−
|[[Thompson Arena]]
 
−
|5,000
 
−
|[[Burnham Soccer Facility]]
 
−
|1,600
 
−
|-
 
−
|'''[[Harvard University|Harvard]]'''
 
−
|[[Harvard Stadium]]
 
−
|30,898
 
−
|[[Lavietes Pavilion]]
 
−
|2,195
 
−
|[[Bright Hockey Center]]
 
−
|2,850
 
−
|[[Ohiri Field]]
 
−
|1,500
 
−
|-
 
−
|'''[[University of Pennsylvania|Penn]]'''
 
−
|[[Franklin Field]]
 
−
|52,593
 
−
|The [[Palestra]]
 
−
|8,722
 
−
|The [[Class of 1923 Arena]]
 
−
|2,900
 
−
|Rhodes Field
 
−
|~700
 
−
|-
 
−
|'''[[Princeton University|Princeton]]'''
 
−
|[[Princeton Stadium]]
 
−
|27,800
 
−
|[[Jadwin Gymnasium]]
 
−
|6,854
 
−
|[[Hobey Baker Memorial Rink]]
 
−
|2,094
 
−
|[[Lourie-Love Field]]
 
−
|2,000
 
−
|-
 
−
|'''[[Yale University|Yale]]'''
 
−
|[[Yale Bowl]]
 
−
|64,269
 
−
|[[Payne Whitney Gym]]
 
−
|3,100
 
−
|[[Ingalls Rink]]
 
−
|3,486
 
−
|[[Reese Stadium]]
 
−
|3,000
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
Dartmouth also owns and operates the [[Dartmouth Skiway]], the home racing grounds for the 2007 NCAA skiing champions.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
==Championships==
 
−
===Football===
 
−
{|
 
−
|-
 
−
| width=50% |
 
−
*1956 Yale 
 
−
*1957 Princeton 
 
−
*1958 Dartmouth 
 
−
*1959 Pennsylvania
 
−
*1960 Yale 
 
−
*1961 Columbia and Harvard 
 
−
*1962 Dartmouth 
 
−
*1963 Dartmouth and Princeton
 
−
*1964 Princeton 
 
−
*1965 Dartmouth 
 
−
*1966 Dartmouth, Harvard and Princeton
 
−
*1967 Yale 
 
−
*1968 Harvard and Yale
 
−
*1969 Dartmouth, Princeton and Yale 
 
−
*1970 Dartmouth 
 
−
*1971 Cornell and Dartmouth 
 
−
*1972 Dartmouth
 
−
*1973  Dartmouth 
 
−
*1974  Harvard and Yale 
 
−
*1975  Harvard 
 
−
*1976  Brown and Yale 
 
−
*1977  Yale
 
−
*1978  Dartmouth 
 
−
*1979  Yale 
 
−
*1980  Yale 
 
−
*1981  Dartmouth and Yale 
 
−
|
 
−
*1982  Dartmouth, Harvard and Pennsylvania
 
−
*1983  Harvard and Pennsylvania
 
−
*1984  Pennsylvania
 
−
*1985  Pennsylvania
 
−
*1986  Pennsylvania
 
−
*1987  Harvard 
 
−
*1988  Cornell and Pennsylvania
 
−
*1989  Princeton and Yale 
 
−
*1990  Cornell and Dartmouth 
 
−
*1991  Dartmouth 
 
−
*1992  Dartmouth and  Princeton 
 
−
*1993  Pennsylvania
 
−
*1994  Pennsylvania
 
−
*1995  Princeton
 
−
*1996  Dartmouth 
 
−
*1997  Harvard 
 
−
*1998  Pennsylvania
 
−
*1999  Brown and Yale
 
−
*2000  Pennsylvania
 
−
*2001  Harvard
 
−
*2002  Pennsylvania
 
−
*2003  Pennsylvania
 
−
*2004  Harvard
 
−
*2005  Brown
 
−
*2006  Princeton and Yale
 
−
|}
 
  
 +
==Notes==
 +
<references/>
  
 +
==References==
 +
*Axtell, James. ''The Making of Princeton University''. Princeton University Press, 2006. ISBN 0691126860.
 +
*Barreca, Gina. ''Babes in Boyland: A Personal History of Co-Education in the Ivy League''. UPNE, 2005. ISBN 1584652993.
 +
*Bernstein, Mark F. ''Football: The Ivy League Origins of an American Obsession''. U Penn Press, 2001. ISBN 0812236270.
 +
*Epstein, Joseph. ''Snobbery: The American Version''. Houghton Mifflin, 2003. ISBN 0618340734.
 +
*Goldstein, Richard. ''Ivy League Autumns: An Illustrated History of College Football's Grand Old Rivalries''. St. Martin's Press, 1996. ISBN 0312146299.
 +
*Leitch, Alexander. ''A Princeton Companion''. Princeton University Press, 1978. ISBN 0691046549.
 +
*Rudolph, Frederick. ''American College and University: A History''. University of Georgia Press, 1990. ISBN 0820312843.
 +
*Shapiro, Fred R. ''Yale Book of Quotations''. Yale University Press, 2006. ISBN 0300107986.
 +
*Wolff, Robert Paul. ''The Ideal of the University''. Transaction Publishers, 1992. ISBN 156000603X.
  
 
==Gallery==
 
==Gallery==
 
<Gallery>
 
<Gallery>
 
Image:Brown University - University Hall.jpg|Brown University
 
Image:Brown University - University Hall.jpg|Brown University
−
Image:UMass Dartmouth campus.JPG|Dartmouth University
+
Image:Dartmouth-hall.jpg|Dartmouth College
 
Image:Harvard college - annenberg hall.jpg|Harvard University
 
Image:Harvard college - annenberg hall.jpg|Harvard University
 
Image:Yale Environmental Science Center.JPG|Yale University
 
Image:Yale Environmental Science Center.JPG|Yale University
Line 354: Line 205:
 
Image:Princeton University Halls4.jpg|Princeton University
 
Image:Princeton University Halls4.jpg|Princeton University
 
</Gallery>
 
</Gallery>
−
 
−
==FootNotes==
 
−
<References/>
 
−
 
−
==References==
 
−
 
−
*Barreca, Gina. ''Babes in Boyland: A Personal History of Co-Education in the Ivy League'' (UPNE 2005) ISBN 1584652993
 
−
*Bernstein, Mark F.  ''Football: The Ivy League Origins of an American Obsession'' (U Penn Press 2001) ISBN 0812236270
 
−
*Goldstein, Richard.  ''Ivy League Autumns: An Illustrated History of College Football's Grand Old Rivalries '' (St. Martin's Press 1996) ISBN 0312146299
 
−
*Rudolph, Frederick.  ''American College and University: A History''  (University of Georgia Press 1990) ISBN 0820312843
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
'''Conference'''
+
All links retrieved March 10, 2018.
−
* [http://www.ivyleaguesports.com IvyLeagueSports.com: Official Home of the Ivy League]
+
* [http://www.ivyleaguesports.com Official Home of the Ivy League Sports]
−
** [http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/sports/venues.asp?intSID=3 Ivy League American Football venues]
 
−
** [http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/sports/venues.asp?intSID=6 Ivy League Basketball venues]
 
−
** [http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/sports/venues.asp?intSID=8 Ivy League Ice Hockey venues]
 
−
** [http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/sports/venues.asp?intSID=4 Ivy League Soccer venues]
 
−
* [http://www.ncaasports.com/ National Collegiate Athletics Association]
 
−
'''Members'''
 
 
* [http://www.brown.edu Brown University]
 
* [http://www.brown.edu Brown University]
 
* [http://www.columbia.edu Columbia University]
 
* [http://www.columbia.edu Columbia University]
Line 384: Line 219:
  
 
{{Ivy League}}
 
{{Ivy League}}
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
  
 
{{Credits|Ivy_League|167740400|}}
 
{{Credits|Ivy_League|167740400|}}

Latest revision as of 01:07, 8 February 2023


Ivy League
Data
Classification NCAA Division I-AA
Established 1954
Members 8
Sports fielded 33
Region Northeast
States 7 - Connecticut, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, New Jersey,
New York, Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island
Headquarters Princeton, New Jersey
Other names Ancient Eight, Ivies
Executive
Director		 Jeffrey H. Orleans


The Ivy League is an athletic conference comprising eight private institutions of higher education located in the Northeastern United States. Athletic competition continues among the schools, and although no longer dominant, they remain competitive on the national level in many sports.

The term "Ivy League" is now most commonly used to refer to those eight schools as academic institutions. These universities were foundational in the development of education in the United States, seven of them predating the American Revolution. They also provided the teachers and administrators for many of the institutions of higher education founded subsequently. Thus, the education of significant early Americans can be traced predominantly to these schools.

Today, the Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and a reputation for social elitism. All of the Ivy institutions place near the top in the U.S. News & World Report college and university rankings and rank within the top one percent of the world's academic institutions in terms of financial endowment. For many, the best education is synonymous with an Ivy League education. However, in the rapidly developing world of the twenty-first century, the Ivy League schools are challenged to retain such a reputation. This challenge goes to the very heart of the purpose of education, an understanding that may need to be adjusted to support the needs of human society.

Locations of Ivy League schools

Origin of the name

Ivy covering West College, Princeton University

The Ivy League's name derives from the ivy plants, symbolic of their age, that cover many of these institutions' historic buildings.[1]

Did you know?
The term "Ivy League" came from the ivy plants that cover many of these institutions' buildings

"Planting the ivy" was a customary class day ceremony at many colleges in the late 1800s. Ivy planting ceremonies are reported for Yale,[2] Bryn Mawr,[3] and many others. Princeton's "Ivy Club" was founded in 1879.[4]

The first usage of "Ivy" in reference to a group of colleges is from sportswriter Stanley Woodward (1895-1965): "A proportion of our eastern ivy colleges are meeting little fellows another Saturday before plunging into the strife and the turmoil."[5] However, it has been noted that Stanley Woodward actually took the term from fellow New York Tribune sportswriter Caswell Adams.[6]

The first known instance of the term "Ivy League" appeared in the Christian Science Monitor on February 7, 1935.[5] Several sports-writers and other journalists used the term shortly later to refer to the older colleges, those along the northeastern seaboard of the United States, chiefly the nine institutions with origins dating from the colonial era, together with the United States Military Academy (West Point), the United States Naval Academy, and a few others. These schools were known for their long-standing traditions in intercollegiate athletics, often being the first schools to participate in such activities. However, at this time, none of these institutions made efforts to form an athletic league.

"Ivy League" became, like WASP, a way of referring to this elite, and elitist, class.[7]

Members

The term Ivy League is now most commonly used to refer to eight universities who formed the "Ivy League" athletic conference.[8] The eight member institutions are all located in the Northeast region of the United States and are privately owned and controlled. Undergraduate enrollments among the Ivy League schools range from about 4,000 to 14,000 (Dartmouth and Cornell respectively), making them larger than those of a typical private liberal arts college and smaller than a typical public state university. Ivy League university financial endowments are in the billions of dollars, ranging from Brown's over $2 billion to Harvard's over $30 billion, the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world.

Institution Location Athletic Nickname Full-time enrollment Motto
Brown University Providence, Rhode Island Bears 8,025[9] In deo speramus
("In God we hope")
Columbia University New York, New York Lions 19,694[10] In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen
("In Thy light shall we see the light")
Cornell University Ithaca, New York Big Red 20,638[11] "I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study"
Dartmouth College Hanover, New Hampshire Big Green 5,753[12] Vox clamantis in deserto
("A voice crying in the wilderness")
Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts Crimson 20,042[13] Veritas
("Truth")
Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey Tigers 7,242[14] Dei sub numine viget
("Under God's power she flourishes")
University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Quakers 23,980[15] Leges sine moribus vanae
("Laws without morals are useless")
Yale University New Haven, Connecticut Bulldogs 11,416[16] אורים ותומים
Lux et veritas
("Light and truth")

History

Founding of the institutions

Seven of the Ivy League schools are older than the American Revolution; Cornell was founded just after the American Civil War. The seven provided the overwhelming majority of the higher education in the Northern and Middle Colonies; their early faculties and founding boards were largely, therefore, drawn from other Ivy League institutions; there were also some British graduates—more from the University of Cambridge than Oxford, but also from the University of Edinburgh and elsewhere. The founders of Rutgers University, in 1766, were largely Ivy; and so were many of the colleges formed after the Revolution. Cornell provided Stanford University with its first president and most of Stanford's initial faculty members were Cornell professors. The founders of UC Berkeley came from Yale.[17]

Institution Founded Founding religious affiliation
Harvard University 1636, named Harvard College in 1638 Congregationalist; sided with the Unitarians in their 1825 split from Congregationalists
Yale University 1701 as Collegiate School Congregationalist
University of Pennsylvania 1740 Nonsectarian
Princeton University 1746 as College of New Jersey Nonsectarian, but founded by Presbyterians[18]
Columbia University 1754 as King's College Church of England
Brown University 1764 as College of Rhode Island Baptist[19]
Dartmouth College 1769 Congregationalist
Cornell University 1865 Nonsectarian
Note: Founding dates and religious affiliations are those stated by the institution itself. Many of them had complex histories in their early years and the stories of their origins are subject to interpretation. "Religious affiliation" refers to financial sponsorship, formal association with, and promotion by, a religious denomination. All of the schools in the Ivy League are private and not currently associated with any religion.

Most of these seven original schools were Congregationalist or Presbyterian in religious denomination; Church of England King's College broke up in the Revolution, and was reformed as public non-sectarian Columbia College. In the early nineteenth century, the specific purpose of training Calvinist ministers was handed off to theological seminaries; but a denominational tone, compulsory chapel, and other such religious features often lasted well into the twentieth century.

After the Second World War, the present Ivy League institutions slowly widened their selection of students. They had always had distinguished faculties; some of the first Americans with doctorates had taught for them; but they now decided that they could not both be world-class research institutions and be competitive in the highest ranks of American college sport; in addition, the schools experienced the scandals common among other big-time football programs, although more quietly.[20]

History of the athletic league

The Ivies have been competing in sports as long as intercollegiate sports have existed in the United States. Boat clubs from Harvard and Yale met in the first sporting event held between students of two U.S. colleges on Lake Winnipesaukee, New Hampshire, in 1852. As an informal football league, the Ivy League dates from 1900 when Yale took the conference championship with a 5-0 record. For many years, Army (the United States Military Academy) and Navy (the United States Naval Academy) were considered members, but dropped out shortly before formal organization.

Before the actual establishment of the Ivy League, an informal agreement on certain matters relating to sports was enjoyed among the schools.[21] Yet, despite such collaboration, the universities did not seem to consider the formation of the league as imminent. On December 3, 1936, the idea of "the formation of an Ivy League" gained enough traction among the undergraduate bodies of the universities that the Columbia Daily Spectator, The Cornell Daily Sun, The Dartmouth, The Harvard Crimson, The Daily Pennsylvanian, The Daily Princetonian, and the Yale Daily News simultaneously ran an editorial entitled "Now Is the Time," encouraging the seven universities to form the league in an effort to preserve the ideals of athletics.[22]

The proposal did not succeed—on January 11, 1937, the athletic authorities at the schools rejected the "possibility of a heptagonal league in football such as these institutions maintain in basketball, baseball, and track." However, they noted that the league "has such promising possibilities that it may not be dismissed and must be the subject of further consideration."[23] In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first Ivy Group Agreement, which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the football teams. The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton Presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions.[24]

In 1954, the date generally accepted as the birth of the Ivy League, the presidents extended the Ivy Group Agreement to all intercollegiate sports. Competition began with the 1956 season. The College of William and Mary, founded in 1693, and Rutgers University, founded as Queen's College in 1766, both public universities, are the only institutions among the nine colonial colleges not included.

Cooperation

The governing body of the Ivy League is the Council of Ivy Group Presidents. During their meetings, the presidents often discuss common procedures and initiatives. Beyond the historic athletic conference, there are several cooperation programs among the schools.

Seven of the eight schools (Harvard excluded) participate in the Borrow Direct interlibrary loan program, making a total of 88 million items available to participants.[25] There is also the student-led Ivy Council that meets in the fall and spring of each year, with representatives from every Ivy League school. At these multi-day conferences, student representatives from each school meet to discuss issues facing their respective institutions.[26]

Competition and athletics

Ivy champions are recognized in 33 men's and women's sports. In some sports, Ivy teams actually compete as members of another league, the Ivy championship being decided by isolating the members' records in play against each other. (For example, the six league members who participate in ice hockey do so as members of ECAC Hockey; but an Ivy champion is extrapolated each year.) Unlike all other Division I basketball conferences, the Ivy League has no tournament for the league title; the school with the best conference record represents the conference in the Division I NCAA Basketball Tournament (with a playoff in the case of a tie).

On average, each Ivy school has more than 35 varsity teams. All eight are in the top 20 for number of sports offered for both men and women among Division I schools.

Princeton and Penn are longstanding men's basketball rivals[27] and "Puck Fenn" and "Puck Frinceton" t-shirts are worn at games.[28] In only six instances in 51 years (from the 1955-56 season through the 2006-07 season) has neither Penn nor Princeton won at least a share of the Ivy League title in basketball, with each champion or co-champion 25 times. Penn has won 21 outright, Princeton 18 outright. Princeton has been a co-champion seven times, sharing four of those titles with Penn (these four seasons represent the only times Penn has been co-champion).

Rivalries exist between other Ivy league teams in other sports, including Cornell and Harvard in hockey (either team has won or shared the men's title each of the last five years,[29]) and Harvard and Penn in football (Penn and Harvard have each had two unbeaten seasons since 2001.[30]) Harvard and Yale are celebrated football and crew rivals.

Although no longer as successful nationally as they once were in many of the more popular college sports, the Ivy League is still competitive in others. One such example is rowing. All of the Ivies have historically been among the top crews in the nation, and most continue to be so today. (Other historical top crews include California, Washington, Wisconsin, and Navy). On the men's side, Harvard won the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championships in 2003, 2004, 2005, and on the women's side, Harvard and Brown won the 2003 and 2004 NCAA Rowing Championships, respectively. The Ivy League schools are also very competitive in both men's and women's hockey. In addition, no team other than Harvard or Princeton has won the men's swimming conference title since 1972, although Yale, Columbia, and Cornell have shared the title with Harvard and Princeton during this time.

Notes

  1. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford Press, 1971, ISBN 019861117X).
  2. ↑ Boston Daily Globe, June 27, 1882, p. 4: "CLASS DAY: Yale Seniors Plant the Ivy, Sing "Blage," and Entertain the Beauty of New Haven;"
  3. ↑ The Gazette Times, Play a Romance and Plant Ivy, Pretty Class Day Exercises of the Women's College, June 9, 1907. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
  4. ↑ The Ivy Club, History. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Fred R. Shapiro, Yale Book of Quotations (Yale University Press, 2006, ISBN 0300107986).
  6. ↑ William Morris, Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins (Collins, 1988, ISBN 006015862X).
  7. ↑ Joseph Epstein, Snobbery: The American Version (Houghton Mifflin, 2003, ISBN 0618340734).
  8. ↑ Alexander Leitch, A Princeton Companion (Princeton University Press, 1978, ISBN 0691046549).
  9. ↑ Brown University, Full-time Enrollment September 2007, About Brown University, 2007.
  10. ↑ Columbia University, Full-time Enrollment Fall 2005, Columbia University Statistical Abstract, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  11. ↑ Cornell University, Total Enrollment Fall 2006, Facts About Cornell, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  12. ↑ Dartmouth College, Total Enrollment Fall 2006, Dartmouth College Fact Book: Enrollment, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  13. ↑ President and Fellows of Harvard College, Total Enrollment Fall 2006, Harvard at a Glance, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  14. ↑ Princeton University, Total Enrollment Fall 2006, Data and Information, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  15. ↑ University of Pennsylvania, Total Enrollment Fall 2007, Facts and Figures, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  16. ↑ Yale University, Total Enrollment Fall 2006, Factsheet, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  17. ↑ Office Of Student Development, Student History, University of California Berkeley. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  18. ↑ Orange Key Virtual Tour of Princeton University, University Chapel, 2007.
  19. ↑ Net Industries, Providence, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  20. ↑ James Axtell, The Making of Princeton University (Princeton University Press, 2006, ISBN 0691126860).
  21. ↑ The Associated Press, Colleges Searching for Check On Trend to Goal Post Riots, The New York Times 33, December 6, 1935.
  22. ↑ New York Times, Immediate Formation of Ivy League Advocated at Seven Eastern Colleges, 33, December 3, 1936.
  23. ↑ New York Times, Plea for an Ivy Football League Rejected by College Authorities, 26, January 12, 1937.
  24. ↑ Bernard M. Gwertzman, Ivy League: Formalizing the Fact, The Harvard Crimson, 1956. Retrieved November 24, 2007.
  25. ↑ Columbia University Libraries, Request It: Borrow Direct. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  26. ↑ Ivy Council, Ivy Council Homepage, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  27. ↑ Austin Starkweather, The game: The tables are turned—Penn hoops travel to Jadwin tonight for premier rivalry of Ivy League basketball, 2002. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  28. ↑ Ramesh Nagarajan, The rivalry? Not with Penn's paltry performance this season. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  29. ↑ Ivyleaguesports.com, Men's Ice Hockey, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  30. ↑ Ivyleaguesports.com, Football, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Axtell, James. The Making of Princeton University. Princeton University Press, 2006. ISBN 0691126860.
  • Barreca, Gina. Babes in Boyland: A Personal History of Co-Education in the Ivy League. UPNE, 2005. ISBN 1584652993.
  • Bernstein, Mark F. Football: The Ivy League Origins of an American Obsession. U Penn Press, 2001. ISBN 0812236270.
  • Epstein, Joseph. Snobbery: The American Version. Houghton Mifflin, 2003. ISBN 0618340734.
  • Goldstein, Richard. Ivy League Autumns: An Illustrated History of College Football's Grand Old Rivalries. St. Martin's Press, 1996. ISBN 0312146299.
  • Leitch, Alexander. A Princeton Companion. Princeton University Press, 1978. ISBN 0691046549.
  • Rudolph, Frederick. American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990. ISBN 0820312843.
  • Shapiro, Fred R. Yale Book of Quotations. Yale University Press, 2006. ISBN 0300107986.
  • Wolff, Robert Paul. The Ideal of the University. Transaction Publishers, 1992. ISBN 156000603X.

Gallery

  • Brown University

  • Dartmouth College

  • Harvard University

  • Yale University

  • University of Pennsylvania

  • Cornell University

  • Columbia University

  • Princeton University

External links

All links retrieved March 10, 2018.


The Ivy League
Brown (Bears) • Columbia (Lions) • Cornell (Big Red) • Dartmouth (Big Green) • Harvard (Crimson) • Penn (Quakers) • Princeton (Tigers) • Yale (Bulldogs)

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