Difference between revisions of "Hyderabad State" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | + | [[Image:Hyderabad and Berar 1903.gif|thumb|right|280px|Hyderabad and Berar, [[1903]]]] | |
| − | | | + | '''Hyderābād and Berar''' under the [[Nizam]]s, was the largest princely state in the [[British Raj ]]. The Berar region of present day Vidarbha in Maharashtra was merged with the Central Provinces in 1903, to form Central Provinces and Berar. Hyderabad state was located in south-central [India|Indian subcontinent]] from 1724 until 1948, ruled by a hereditary Nizam who was [[Islam|Muslim]]. Islam was strongly represented in the principality although the majority of the population were [[Hinduism|Hindu]] During [[partition of India]] in 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad declared his intentions of not joining either newly formed [[India]] or [[Pakistan]]. India then launched Operation Polo, which resulted in the absorption of Hyderabad into the Indian Union, in 1948. The Nizam was among the richest men in the world. He was the highest ranking among the Indian princes and one of five entitled to a 21-gun salute. |
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== History == | == History == | ||
| − | + | Hyderabad was founded by the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda. In 1686 the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]] campaigned in the Deccan to overcome the Hindu [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]]s and conquer the independent Deccan states. Before the campaign, the Mughals had controlled the northwestern Deccan, including Khandesh and Berar, but Mughal control ended at the Godavari River. Aurangzeb conquered Golconda and Bijapur in 1687, extending Mughal control south of the Krishna River. | |
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| − | Hyderabad was founded by the | ||
The Mughal Empire began to weaken during the reign of Aurangzeb's grandson, [[Muhammad Shah]]. A Mughal official, [[Asif Jah]], treacherously defeated a rival Mughal governor to seize control of the empire's southern provinces, declaring himself Nizam-al-Mulk of Hyderabad in 1724. The Mughal emperor, under renewed attack from the Marathas, was unable to prevent it. | The Mughal Empire began to weaken during the reign of Aurangzeb's grandson, [[Muhammad Shah]]. A Mughal official, [[Asif Jah]], treacherously defeated a rival Mughal governor to seize control of the empire's southern provinces, declaring himself Nizam-al-Mulk of Hyderabad in 1724. The Mughal emperor, under renewed attack from the Marathas, was unable to prevent it. | ||
| − | The Nizams patronized Islamic art, culture and literature and had a railway system called ''The Nizam's Government State Railways''. [[Sharia]]-The Islamic Religious Law Code, was the guiding principle of the Nizams' official machinery. | + | The Nizams patronized Islamic [[art]], [[culture]] and [[literature]] and had a [[rail transport|railway system]] called ''The Nizam's Government State Railways''. [[Sharia]]-The Islamic Religious Law Code, was the guiding principle of the Nizams' official machinery. |
==During the British Raj== | ==During the British Raj== | ||
| − | The seniormost (21-gun) | + | The seniormost (21-gun) princely state in British India, Hyderabad was an 82,000 square mile (212,000 km²) region in the Deccan ruled by the Asif Jahi dynasty, who had the title of Nizam and was bestowed the title of His Exalted Highness by the British Empire. The Nizam had a penchant for setting up institutions in the name of the dynasty. He set up schools, colleges, madrasas (Islamic Seminaries) and a University that imparted education in Urdu. Inspired by the elite and prestigious ICS (Indian Civil Service), he started HCS (Hyderabad Civil Service). The pace with which he amassed wealth made him to be the world's richest men in the 1930s. Carrying a gift, called Nazrana in the local dialect, in accordance with one's net worth while meeting Nizam was a ''de facto'' necessity. When the last [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] caliph, [[Abdul Mejid II]] was deposed by [[Turkey]] in 1924, it was the Nizam who went to the rescue of former caliph, who had no means to support himself, by providing an annual allowance. In 1931, son of the last Nizam married Abdul Mejid II's daughter. Relations between the different [[faith|faiths]] in Hyderabad was generally cordial. By allying himself with the British, the Nizam ensured stability and peace for his state. |
==After the British Raj (1947-48)== | ==After the British Raj (1947-48)== | ||
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When India gained independence in 1947, the British, left the choice of independence or unification up to the local rulers of the princely states. The Muslim ruler of Hyderbad, the last Nizam, wished to remain independent. First he tried to declare Hyderabad as a part of Pakistan but the British government did not allow this. Later in the same year, he announced his intention to become independent. | When India gained independence in 1947, the British, left the choice of independence or unification up to the local rulers of the princely states. The Muslim ruler of Hyderbad, the last Nizam, wished to remain independent. First he tried to declare Hyderabad as a part of Pakistan but the British government did not allow this. Later in the same year, he announced his intention to become independent. | ||
==Hyderabad Today== | ==Hyderabad Today== | ||
| − | In 1956 during the | + | In 1956 during the Reorganisation of the Indian States, the state of Hyderabad was split up between [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]]. The last Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, died in 1967. |
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| + | Administratively, Hyderabad State was made up of sixteen districts, grouped into four divisions. Aurangabad division included Aurangabad, Beed, Nanded, and Parbhani districts; Gulbargah (Gulbargah) division included Bidar District, Gulbarga, Osmanabad District, and Raichur District; Gulshanabad District or Medak division included Atraf-i-Baldah, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda (Nalgundah), and Nizamabad districts, and Warangal division included Adilabad, Karimnagar, and Warangal districts | ||
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| + | [[Image:Hyderabad state from the Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909.jpg|thumb|300px|Hyderabad state in 1909]] | ||
| − | + | Urdu (in particular, the unique Dakhani dialect),Telugu, Marathi and Kannada are the important languages spoken in Hyderabad and Andhra Pradesh today. Biryani, a spicy dish made of rice and meat, is among the remnants of the Nizami cuisine. | |
| − | + | The political party MIM (Majlis-Ittehadul-Muslimeen, with Qasim Rizvi as one of the founders, is prominent. The Owaisi family presently leads MIM. Their presence has dwindled significantly of late and is now mainly restricted to the Old City areas of Hyderabad | |
| − | [[ | + | Hyderabad has a substantial [[Shia]] population and its many [[Sufism|Sufi]] shrines continue to attract visitors and pilgrims. |
| − | The | + | ==Legacy== |
| + | The last Nizam was a philanthropist who also contributed financially to Great Britain's [[World War II|war effort]]. After his death, his heirs squabbled over the fortune, which included a priceless jewelry collection. This was eventually purchased by the Indian government at a fraction of its value. | ||
| − | + | Hyderabad continues to be an important center of Muslim culture and scholarship. The City's Muslim population is about 40 percent. Barkat Ali Khan Mukarram Jah Asaf Jah VIII born 6 October 1933 is the "titular" Nizam. His story is told in John Zubrzycki's ''The last Nizam: an Indian prince in the Australian outback.'' (2006). After spending time in a remote part of [[Australia]] he lives in Istanbul, Turkey. None of the family's fortune survived. | |
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| − | + | ===Nizams=== | |
| − | + | # Mir Qamaruddin Khan, Nizam ul Mulk, Asaf Jah I (1720-1748) | |
| + | # Mir Ahmed Ali Khan, Nizam-ud-Dowlah Nasir Jang (1748-1750) | ||
| + | # Nawab Hidayat Mohi-ud-din Sa'adu'llah Khan Bahadur, Muzaffar Jang (1750-1751) | ||
| + | # Nawab Syed Mohammed Khan, Amir ul Mulk, Salabat Jang (1751-1762) | ||
| + | # Nawab Mir Nizam Ali Khan Bahadur, Nizam ul Mulk, Asaf Jah II (1762-1803) | ||
| + | # Nawab Mir Akbar Ali Khan Sikandar Jah, Asaf Jah III (1803-1829) | ||
| + | # Nawab Mir Farkhonda Ali Khan Nasir-ud-Daulah, Asaf Jah IV (1829-1857) | ||
| + | # Nawab Mir Tahniat Ali Khan Afzal ud Daulah, Asaf Jah V (1857-1869) | ||
| + | # Fateh Jang Nawab Mir Mahboob Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI (1869-1911) | ||
| + | # Fateh Jang Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII (1911-1948)<ref>[http://www.hyderabad.co.uk/nizam.htm The Nizams.] Hyderabad on the Net. Retrieved September 22, 2008.</ref> | ||
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| + | ==Notes== | ||
| + | {{reflist}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | * Zubrzycki, John. | + | * Allen, Charles, and Sharada Dwivedi. 1986. Lives of the Indian princes. [London]: Arena. ISBN 9780099465300 |
| + | * Cohen, Benjamin B. 2007. ''Kingship and colonialism in India's Deccan, 1850-1948.'' New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781403974471 | ||
| + | * Ray, Bharati. 1988. ''Hyderabad and British paramountcy, 1858-1883.'' Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195622317 | ||
| + | * Subbārāvu, Si. Vi. 2007. ''Hyderabad, the social context of industrialisation, 1875-1948.'' New Delhi: Orient Longman. ISBN 9788125015659 | ||
| + | * Zubrzycki, John. 2006. ''The Last Nizam: An Indian Prince in the Australian Outback''. Pan Macmillan, Australia. ISBN 9780330423212. | ||
(1911) | (1911) | ||
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*[http://www.vepachedu.org/hyderabad.html Renaming villages by the Nizam] | *[http://www.vepachedu.org/hyderabad.html Renaming villages by the Nizam] | ||
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{{Credit|239935803}} | {{Credit|239935803}} | ||
Revision as of 20:39, 22 September 2008
Hyderābād and Berar under the Nizams, was the largest princely state in the British Raj . The Berar region of present day Vidarbha in Maharashtra was merged with the Central Provinces in 1903, to form Central Provinces and Berar. Hyderabad state was located in south-central [India|Indian subcontinent]] from 1724 until 1948, ruled by a hereditary Nizam who was Muslim. Islam was strongly represented in the principality although the majority of the population were Hindu During partition of India in 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad declared his intentions of not joining either newly formed India or Pakistan. India then launched Operation Polo, which resulted in the absorption of Hyderabad into the Indian Union, in 1948. The Nizam was among the richest men in the world. He was the highest ranking among the Indian princes and one of five entitled to a 21-gun salute.
History
Hyderabad was founded by the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda. In 1686 the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb campaigned in the Deccan to overcome the Hindu Marathas and conquer the independent Deccan states. Before the campaign, the Mughals had controlled the northwestern Deccan, including Khandesh and Berar, but Mughal control ended at the Godavari River. Aurangzeb conquered Golconda and Bijapur in 1687, extending Mughal control south of the Krishna River.
The Mughal Empire began to weaken during the reign of Aurangzeb's grandson, Muhammad Shah. A Mughal official, Asif Jah, treacherously defeated a rival Mughal governor to seize control of the empire's southern provinces, declaring himself Nizam-al-Mulk of Hyderabad in 1724. The Mughal emperor, under renewed attack from the Marathas, was unable to prevent it.
The Nizams patronized Islamic art, culture and literature and had a railway system called The Nizam's Government State Railways. Sharia-The Islamic Religious Law Code, was the guiding principle of the Nizams' official machinery.
During the British Raj
The seniormost (21-gun) princely state in British India, Hyderabad was an 82,000 square mile (212,000 km²) region in the Deccan ruled by the Asif Jahi dynasty, who had the title of Nizam and was bestowed the title of His Exalted Highness by the British Empire. The Nizam had a penchant for setting up institutions in the name of the dynasty. He set up schools, colleges, madrasas (Islamic Seminaries) and a University that imparted education in Urdu. Inspired by the elite and prestigious ICS (Indian Civil Service), he started HCS (Hyderabad Civil Service). The pace with which he amassed wealth made him to be the world's richest men in the 1930s. Carrying a gift, called Nazrana in the local dialect, in accordance with one's net worth while meeting Nizam was a de facto necessity. When the last Ottoman caliph, Abdul Mejid II was deposed by Turkey in 1924, it was the Nizam who went to the rescue of former caliph, who had no means to support himself, by providing an annual allowance. In 1931, son of the last Nizam married Abdul Mejid II's daughter. Relations between the different faiths in Hyderabad was generally cordial. By allying himself with the British, the Nizam ensured stability and peace for his state.
After the British Raj (1947-48)
When India gained independence in 1947, the British, left the choice of independence or unification up to the local rulers of the princely states. The Muslim ruler of Hyderbad, the last Nizam, wished to remain independent. First he tried to declare Hyderabad as a part of Pakistan but the British government did not allow this. Later in the same year, he announced his intention to become independent.
Hyderabad Today
In 1956 during the Reorganisation of the Indian States, the state of Hyderabad was split up between Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka. The last Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, died in 1967.
Administratively, Hyderabad State was made up of sixteen districts, grouped into four divisions. Aurangabad division included Aurangabad, Beed, Nanded, and Parbhani districts; Gulbargah (Gulbargah) division included Bidar District, Gulbarga, Osmanabad District, and Raichur District; Gulshanabad District or Medak division included Atraf-i-Baldah, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda (Nalgundah), and Nizamabad districts, and Warangal division included Adilabad, Karimnagar, and Warangal districts
Urdu (in particular, the unique Dakhani dialect),Telugu, Marathi and Kannada are the important languages spoken in Hyderabad and Andhra Pradesh today. Biryani, a spicy dish made of rice and meat, is among the remnants of the Nizami cuisine.
The political party MIM (Majlis-Ittehadul-Muslimeen, with Qasim Rizvi as one of the founders, is prominent. The Owaisi family presently leads MIM. Their presence has dwindled significantly of late and is now mainly restricted to the Old City areas of Hyderabad
Hyderabad has a substantial Shia population and its many Sufi shrines continue to attract visitors and pilgrims.
Legacy
The last Nizam was a philanthropist who also contributed financially to Great Britain's war effort. After his death, his heirs squabbled over the fortune, which included a priceless jewelry collection. This was eventually purchased by the Indian government at a fraction of its value.
Hyderabad continues to be an important center of Muslim culture and scholarship. The City's Muslim population is about 40 percent. Barkat Ali Khan Mukarram Jah Asaf Jah VIII born 6 October 1933 is the "titular" Nizam. His story is told in John Zubrzycki's The last Nizam: an Indian prince in the Australian outback. (2006). After spending time in a remote part of Australia he lives in Istanbul, Turkey. None of the family's fortune survived.
Nizams
- Mir Qamaruddin Khan, Nizam ul Mulk, Asaf Jah I (1720-1748)
- Mir Ahmed Ali Khan, Nizam-ud-Dowlah Nasir Jang (1748-1750)
- Nawab Hidayat Mohi-ud-din Sa'adu'llah Khan Bahadur, Muzaffar Jang (1750-1751)
- Nawab Syed Mohammed Khan, Amir ul Mulk, Salabat Jang (1751-1762)
- Nawab Mir Nizam Ali Khan Bahadur, Nizam ul Mulk, Asaf Jah II (1762-1803)
- Nawab Mir Akbar Ali Khan Sikandar Jah, Asaf Jah III (1803-1829)
- Nawab Mir Farkhonda Ali Khan Nasir-ud-Daulah, Asaf Jah IV (1829-1857)
- Nawab Mir Tahniat Ali Khan Afzal ud Daulah, Asaf Jah V (1857-1869)
- Fateh Jang Nawab Mir Mahboob Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI (1869-1911)
- Fateh Jang Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII (1911-1948)[1]
Notes
- ↑ The Nizams. Hyderabad on the Net. Retrieved September 22, 2008.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Allen, Charles, and Sharada Dwivedi. 1986. Lives of the Indian princes. [London]: Arena. ISBN 9780099465300
- Cohen, Benjamin B. 2007. Kingship and colonialism in India's Deccan, 1850-1948. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781403974471
- Ray, Bharati. 1988. Hyderabad and British paramountcy, 1858-1883. Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195622317
- Subbārāvu, Si. Vi. 2007. Hyderabad, the social context of industrialisation, 1875-1948. New Delhi: Orient Longman. ISBN 9788125015659
- Zubrzycki, John. 2006. The Last Nizam: An Indian Prince in the Australian Outback. Pan Macmillan, Australia. ISBN 9780330423212.
(1911)
External links
- Hyderabad: A Qur'anic Paradise in Architectural Metaphors
- From the Sundarlal Report - Muslim Genocide in 1948
- Of a massacre untold
- Manolya's legal fight
- About Razakars and Islamic ambitions
- Hyderabad
- Guide to Contemporary Hyderabad
- Genealogy of the Nizams of Hyderabad
- Article on some aspects of life in erstwhile Hyderabad state
- Renaming villages by the Nizam
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