Sienkiewicz, Henryk

From New World Encyclopedia
m
 
(37 intermediate revisions by 9 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
{{epname|Sienkiewicz, Henryk}} {{claimed}}
+
{{Ebapproved}}{{epname|Sienkiewicz, Henryk}} {{images OK}}{{submitted}}{{approved}}{{Paid}}{{copyedited}}{{2Copyedited}}
−
[[Image:Henryk Sienkiewicz.jpg|250px|Henryk Sienkiewicz|right|thumb|Henryk Sienkiewicz.]]
 
  
−
'''Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz''' (May 5, 1846 - November 15, 1916), a [[Nobel Prize-http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/]]winning novelist and journalist, chronicled Polish history in a series of panoramic novels that won unprecedented popularity in his native country, renewing pride in Polish history during a period of political and cultural subjugation by Germany.  Sienkiewicz's massive novels combined spectacular scenes of warfare with vividly realized portrayals of heroism, honor, and patriotism, as well as cruelty, cunning, and duplicity.
+
[[Image:Stanisław Bizański-H.Sienkiewicz.jpg|250px|Henryk Sienkiewicz|right|thumb|Henryk Sienkiewicz.]]
−
 
 
−
He is best known internationally for ''Quo Vadis,'' a historical novel of of the early Church during the reign of the Emperor Nero, which at the time became the widest selling novel in history, selling more than a million copies just in the United States by 1900. His most important work, The Trilogy, is a prodigious (more than three thousand-page), three-volume historical reconstruction of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Poland's Golden Age. Written with the explicit intention "to uplift the heart,"  The Trilogy is the most revered work of literature in Poland.
 
−
 
 
−
Sienkiewicz did extensive research and was meticulous in preserving the authenticity of historical language. In writing ''Quo Vadis'', Sienkiewicz relied on the Roman historians Tacitus and Suetonius but researched other primary sources as well. He visited Italy many times  to learn about Roman customs, religious rites, dwellings, food, clothing, arts, superstitions, entertainments, and occupations. Sienkiewicz spent ten years researching and writing ''The Teutonic Knights,'' set in medieval Poland, even reproduced archaic expressions then still common among the highlanders of Podhale. "We know perfectly well what a Roman of the first century C.E. thought and felt," Sienkiewicz wrote; "but what did a Pole of Lithuania think during the reign of Prince Witold; this is a problem arousing thousands of doubts."
 
−
 
 
−
Like the fiction of Charles Dickens,many of his novels were first serialized in newspapers, and readers followed the fortunes of protagonists who became archetypal figures, whose trials and tribulations transcended the world of fiction to become part of Poland's national consciousness.
 
−
With a worldwide reputation by the turn of the century, Sienkiewicz was awarded the [[Nobel Prize]] in literature in 1905 "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer."
 
  
 +
'''Henryk  Sienkiewicz''' (May 5, 1846 - November 15, 1916), a [[Nobel Prize]]-winning novelist and journalist, chronicled [[Poland|Polish]] history in a series of panoramic novels that won unprecedented popularity in his native country, awakening pride in Polish culture and history following a century of political and cultural subjugation by [[Russia]], [[Prussia]], and [[Austria]]. Sienkiewicz's massive novels combined spectacular scenes of warfare with intricate, multi-layered plots. His vividly realized characters exemplified [[heroism]], [[honor]], and [[patriotism]]—as well as cruelty, cunning, and duplicity.
  
 +
He is best known internationally for ''Quo Vadis,'' a historical novel of the early [[Christianity|Church]] during the reign of the Emperor [[Nero]], which by some accounts became the widest selling novel in history to that time, selling more than a million copies by 1900 in the [[United States]] alone. His most important work, ''The Trilogy,'' is a prodigious (more than three thousand-page), three-volume historical reconstruction of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Poland's "Golden Age."
 +
{{toc}}
 +
Sienkievicz was a Polish nationalist and devout Catholic, a premodern who looked back to [[Romanticism|Romantic]] realists like [[Victor Hugo]]. For Sienkieviwz, however, faith in God is the highest and most noble motivation. The climax of the entire Trilogy, the heroic resistance to the Swedish assault on the sacred monastery as Jasna Gora, merges Poland's national identity and existence with the Christian virtue of the nation's leadership. Written with the explicit intention "to uplift the heart," ''The Trilogy'' is the most revered work of literature in Poland.
  
 
== Biography ==
 
== Biography ==
−
Sienkiewicz was born in Wola Okrzejska, a village in [[Podlasie]], into an impoverished gentry family, on his father’s side deriving from the [[Tartars]] who had settled in [[Lithuania]] in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. His family used the coat of arms Oszyk.
+
Henryk Sienkiewicz was born in Wola Okrzejska, a village in Podlasie belonging to the writer's grandmother, into an impoverished gentry family on his father’s side, deriving from the [[Tartars]] who had settled in [[Lithuania]] in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. His family used the coat of arms Oszyk.
  
−
His parents were Jozef Sienkiewicz (1813 – 1896) and Stefania Sienkiewicz (family name: Cieciszowska, 1820-1873). Wola Okrzejska belonged to the writer's grandmother, Felicjana Cieciszowska. He was baptized in the neighbouring village Okrzeja, in a church funded by his great-grandmother. His family moved several times and in the end settled in [[Warsaw]] in 1861. In 1858 Henryk began secondary school in Warsaw. He did not receive very good grades, but he was good at liberal arts. Because of the hard financial times nineteen-year-old Sienkiewicz took up a job as a tutor in the Weyher family in [[Płońsk]]. During that time he probably wrote his first novel – Ofiara ("Victim"). He also worked on his publicized novel – Na marne (“In Vain”). During that time he also finished his extramural classes in secondary school and in 1866 he received the secondary school diploma. According to his parents` will, he passed the examination to the medical department at [[Warsaw University]]. After some time, he resigned and took up law studies. He ended up transferring to the Institute of Philology and History. He gained there thorough knowledge of literature and [[Old Polish Language|Old Polish]]. In 1867 he made his first attempts in literature and wrote a rhyming piece Sielanka Mlodosci which was rejected by Tygodnik Ilustrowany (Illustrated Weekly). In 1869 he debuted as a journalist. Przegląd Tygodniowy (The Weekly Review) printed his review of the play, and Tygodnik Ilustrowany printed his essay about Mikolaj Sep-Sarzynski. Sienkiewicz wrote to Gazeta Polska (The Polish Gazette) and Niwa under the pen name “Litwos.” In 1873 he started to write a column “Bez tytułu” ("Without a Title") in Gazeta Polska and in 1875 the series called “Chwila obecna” ("The Present Moment"). From 1874 he took care of literary department in Niwa.
+
He was baptized by his parents, Jozef Sienkiewicz (1813–1896) and Stefania (family name: Cieciszowska, 1820-1873), in the neighboring village Okrzeja, in a church funded by his great-grandmother. In 1858, Sienkiewicz began secondary school in [[Warsaw]], where his family settled in 1861. In 1866, he received his secondary school diploma. During that time, he probably wrote his first novel, ''Ofiara'' ''(Victim)'', and also worked on his publicized novel, ''Na marne'' ''(In Vain)''. Following his parents`wishes, he took and passed the examination to the medical department at [[Warsaw University]], but after some time he resigned and took up law studies. He eventually transferring to the Institute of Philology and History, where he immersed himself in the literature and [[Old Polish Language|Old Polish]].  
  
−
He wrote the novel ''Na marne'' ( “In Vain,” 1871) and then ''Humoreski z teki Woroszyłły'', ''Stary Sługa'' ( "The Old Servant" , 1875), ''Hania'' (1876) and ''Selim Mirza'' (1877). The last three works were called a Little Trilogy. Sienkiewicz also visited his relative [[Jadwiga Łuszczewska]] (known under Deotyma nickname) and the actress [[Helena Modrzejewska]] as their dinner parties were very popular at that time.
+
Over the next few years Sienkiewicz published sporadically as an essayist and reviewer. In 1873, he began a column in ''Gazeta Polska'' ''(The Polish Gazette)'' and in 1875, authored a series called “''Chwila obecna''” ("The Present Moment"). He began the first of a series of novels in 1871, including  ''Na marne'' ( ''In Vain,'' 1871), ''Stary Sługa'' ( ''The Old Servant,'' 1875), ''Hania'' (1876) and ''Selim Mirza'' (1877). The last three works have come to be known as the "Little Trilogy."
  
−
In 1876 he went to the [[USA]] with Helena Modrzejewska. He stayed longer in [[California]]. During that period he wrote ''Listy z podróży'' ( “Letters From a Journey” ) which were published in Gazeta Polska and received wide recognition. He also wrote ''Szkice węglem'' ( “Sketches in Charcoal” ) in 1877. The trip to USA inspired him to write following works: ''Komedia z pomyłek'' ( “A Comedy of Errors,” 1878), ''Przez stepy'' (1879), ''W krainie złota'' (1880), ''Za chlebem'' ( “For Bread,” 1880), ''Latarnik'' ( “Lighthouse Keeper,” 1881) ''Wspomnienia z Maripozy'' (1882), ''Sachem'' (1883).
+
In 1876, he went to the [[United States]] with Helena Modrzejewska to report on American manners and customs for the newspaper, ''Gazeta polska''. Shocked at first by slums in New York "a hundred times dirtier" than those in [[London]]<ref>Mieczyslaw Giergielewicz, ''Henryk Sienkiewicz: A Biography'' (New York: Hippocrene, 1991), 49. </ref> Sienkiewicz gradually warmed to the assignment.
 +
       
 +
Traveling down the [[Mississippi River]], then crossing the continent by stagecoach to the [[Pacific Ocean]], Sienkiewicz wove his impressions of American character and landscapes into his later fiction. Most of all, he took note of the amalgamating influence of [[democracy]]. "America with its institutions and customs is a very instructive country," he wrote admiringly. "After all, one enormous social problem has been solved here. Forty million people from various nations, often mutually hostile in Europe, live here in accordance with the [[law]], in [[harmony]] and [[freedom]]."<ref>Ibid, p. 50.</ref>
 +
       
 +
In 1878, he returned to [[Europe]], staying in [[London]] and then in [[Paris]], for a year, where he encountered [[Naturalism (literature)|naturalism]], a new trend in literature. In the article ''“Z Paryża”'' (“From Paris”), written in 1879, he wrote that, “For a novel, naturalism was in fact a brilliant, indispensable, and perhaps the only step forward.” He later changed his mind and became more critical.
  
−
In 1878 he went back to [[Europe]]. He stayed in [[London]] and then went to [[Paris]] for a year. In [[France]] he had got a chance to familiarize himself with [[naturalism (literature)|naturalism]], a new trend in literature. In the article ''“Z Paryża”'' ( “From Paris” ), written in 1879, he expressed a positive opinion on this trend. He stated that, “ For a novel naturalism was in fact a brilliant, indispensable and perhaps the only step forward.” Two years later he changed his mind and became more critical about this trend. He expressed his opinions on naturalism and writing in general in following published works: ''O naturaliźmie w powieści'' (1881), ''O powieści historycznej'' (1889), ''Listy o Zoli'' (1893).
+
His stay in America and his reports published in Polish newspapers resulted in wide recognition and interest. The Polish novelist [[Boleslaw Prus|Bolesław Prus]] testified to the popularity of Sienkiewicz, writing, “As he was back from America, almost every lady took tall and handsome men for Sienkiewicz.(…) Finally, when I noticed that every man has got hair like Sienkiewicz and all of the young men, one by one, grow royal beard and try to have statuesque and swarthy face, I realized that I wanted to meet him personally."<ref>“Co p. Sienkiewicz wyrabia z piękniejsza połową Warszawy,”  ''Kurier Warszawski,'' 1880.</ref>
  
−
His stay in America and his letter-writing published in Polish newspapers resulted in wide recognition and aroused interest. [[Bolesław Prus]] in his article entitled “Co p. Sienkiewicz wyrabia z piękniejsza połową Warszawy,” published in Kurier Warszawski in 1880, nicely showed the popularity of the writer. “As he was back from America, almost every lady took tall and handsome men for Sienkiewicz.(...) Finally, when I noticed that every man has got hair like Sienkiewicz and all of the young men, one by one, grow royal beard and try to have statuesque and swarthy face, I realised that I wanted to meet him personally.(...) From the corner where I sit, I can see that the room is almost exclusively crowded with the fair sex. Some men, who were there to amuse ladies or to write reports, spent so much time in the company of women that they started to talk in the feminine.
+
On August 18, 1881, Sienkiewicz wed Maria Szetkiewiczwent in Vienna. They had two children, Henryk Józef and Jadwiga Maria, but the marriage did not last long because Maria died just four years later on August 18, 1885. During this time, Sienkiewicz began work on what would become he greatest literary achievements. ''Ogniem i mieczem'' ''(With Fire and Sword)'' began serialization in a Warsaw newspaper on May 2, 1883, and almost overnight the author achieved national celebrity. An epic recounting the war between the Commonwealth and a Prussian-Cossack alliance, the novel presented Polish history deeply informed by the author's, and Poland's, [[Catholic]] faith, in scenes of unexcelled heroism and fortitude. "Such was the readers' interest and enthusiasm for the work," wrote literary scholar Jerzy Krzyzanowski, "and such was its immediate literary reputation, that both the work and its author acquired almost mythological dimensions. In an phenomenon that approached the Bible, Sienkiewicz's Trilogy became a national bestseller which would stay at the top of the charts in Poland for the next 100 years."<ref>Jerzy Krzyzanowski, ed., ''The Trilogy Companion'' (New York: Hippocrene, 1991) p. 33.</ref>
  
−
In 1879 in [[Lviv]] Sienkiewicz gave a lecture entitled Z Nowego Jorku do Kalifornii. In 1880 at Bazar hotel in [[Poznan]] he read his novel Za chlebem, and later in Warsaw he read two works on naturalism in literature. In [[Szczawnica]], on his way back to Lviv in 1879, he read a work about his stay in America. That was also the place where he saw his future wife, Maria Szetkiewicz, for the first time. As he discovered that the whole Szetkiewicz family was going to [[Venice]], Sienkiewicz went there too and met Maria personally. They got married on 18th of August 1881, on Theatre Square in a church which was a property of the Community of Canonesses (the church no longer exists). They had two children, Henryk Józef and Jadwiga Maria.
+
The next two volumes of the Trilogy, ''Potop '' (''The Deluge,'' 1886) and ''Pan Wolodyjowski'' (published in English as ''Fire in the Steppe,'' 1888) only added to Sienkiewicz' reputation. Many people were sending him letters asking about the next adventures of their favorite characters.
−
The marriage did not last long because Maria died on 18th of August 1885. In 1882 he worked with Słowo (a daily newspaper with a tendency to conservatism and nobility). In the beginning, he was an editor-in-chief. He wrote a drama Na jedną kartę which was later staged in Lviv and Warsaw (1879-1881)
+
The novels were also criticized. It was pointed out, not without a reason, that some of the historical facts and events were misrepresented and distorted, to the advantage of Polish nationalists. Modern readers, moreover, are likely to find Sienkiewicz' world of unambiguous right and wrong and unapologetic nationalism aesthetically dated.
 +
 +
The Trilogy made Henryk Sienkiewicz the most widely read and best-known Polish novelist. [[Stefan Zeromski]] wrote in his Diaries: “In Sandomierskiem I witnessed myself that everybody, even those who usually do not read, were asking about ''The Deluge''.” Sienkiewicz was given 15 thousand rubles in recognition of his achievements from unknown fan who signed himself as Michal Wolodyjowski (the name of the character in the Trilogy). Sienkiewicz used this money to open the scholarship found (named after his wife) designed for artists endangered by [[tuberculosis]].
  
−
In 1880 he wrote a historical novella ''Niewola tatarska'' ( “Tartar Prison” ) and started working on a historical novel ''Ogniem i Mieczem'' ( “With Fire and Sword” ). In his letter written on 1st February 1884 to Stanisław Smolka, an editor of Cracovian newspaper Czas, he wrote, “With regard the great novel, it will probably be entitled ''Wilcze gniazdo'' ( “The Wolf’s Nest” ). It takes place in the king [[Jan Kazimierz]] times, during the [[Cossack]] revolt.” Eventually the novel Wilcze gniazdo that was mentioned in Sienkiewicz’s letter was appearing in installments in Słowo from 2nd May 1883 to 1st March 1884 under the title ''Ogniem i mieczem'' ( “With Fire and Sword” ). At the same time it was printed in the Cracovian newspaper Czas.
+
At the end of 1890, Sienkiewicz went to [[Africa]], resulting in a work of travel essays, ''Listy z Afryki'' ''(Letters from Africa)'', and the period at the turn of the 80s and the 90s was associated with intensive work on several novels.
  
−
''Ogniem i mieczem'' (the same as the next two volumes of the Trilogy) was enthusiastically received by his readership and won Henryk Sienkiewicz a great recognition. Many people were sending him letters asking about the next adventures of their favorite characters. In 1879 a street in [[Zbarazh]] (one of the setting in Ogniem i mieczem) was named after Sienkiewicz. In 1900 people of Zbarazh did not permit building works on the church ground believing that it is the place were Podbipięta (one of the fictional characters from Ogniem i mieczem) is buried. The novel was also adapted for the stage. In 1884 [[Jacek Malczewski]] exhibited so-called living images inspired by Ogniem i mieczem.
+
In 1893, Sienkiewicz started preparatory work for his next novel [[Quo Vadis (novel)|''Quo Vadis'']]. The novel began appearing in several Polish newspapers in March 1895, until the end of February 1896. The book was published soon after and became extremely popular all over Europe. It was translated into many languages, including such exotic ones as [[Arabic]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and remains the author's best-known work internationally.  
  
−
The novel was also criticized. It was pointed out, not without a reason, that some of the historical facts and events were misrepresented and distorted.
+
Sienkiewicz married for a second time to Maria Romanowska in November 1893. The [[marriage]] did not last long because Maria left, and Sienkiewicz obtained papal consent to the dissolution of marriage.
  
−
[[Image:500000 zl a 1990.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[Polish Zloty]] old banknote was honor of Sienkiewicz]]
+
In 1900, Sienkiewicz' jubilee was celebrated both in Poland and abroad. On that occasion a grateful country endowed him with a property in Oblegork, and he opened a school for children there. In the same year the [[Jagiellonian University]] awarded Sienkiewicz with an honorary doctoral degree.
−
He started writing the second volume of his Trilogy – [[The Deluge (novel)|''Potop'']] ( “The Deluge” ); according to Sienkiewicz the title was supposed to indicate the [[Deluge (history)|deluge]] of masses of people trying to stop the Swedish invasion. Potop was printed in Słowo (from 23rd December 1884 to 2nd September 1886). The novel quickly became a bestseller and it established Sienkiewicz’s position in society. While Sienkiewicz was writing ''Potop'', his wife, Maria Szetkiewicz, died of tuberculosis. It was a difficult time for the writer. After Maria’s death Sienkiewicz went to [[Constantinople]] (through [[Bucharest]] and [[Varna]]) from where he was writing reports. After his return to Warsaw the third volume of the Trilogy, [[Fire in the Steppe |''Pan Wolodyjowski'']] ( “Fire in the Steppe” ) appeared. The novel was published in Słowo from May 1887 to May 1888. The Trilogy made Henryk Sienkiewicz the most widely read and known Polish novelist. [[Stefan Zeromski]] wrote in his Diaries: “In Sandomierskiem I witnessed myself that everybody, even those who usually do not read, were asking about ''The Deluge''.” Sienkiewicz was given 15 thousand roubles in recognition of his achievements from unknown fan who signed himself as Michal Wolodyjowski (the name of the character in the Trilogy).Sienkiewicz used this money to open the scholarship found (named after his wife) designed for artists endangered by tuberculosis.
 
  
−
In 1888 Sienkiewicz went to [[Spain]]. In 1890 he involved himself in organizing the [[Mickiewicz]] Year. At the end of 1890 he went to [[Africa]] what resulted in writing of ''Listy z Afryki'' ( “Letters from Africa” ). In 1891 a book edition of the novel ''Bez dogmatu'' ( “Without Dogma” ) was published. Earlier, from 1889 to 1890, the novel was printed in installments in Słowo. In 1892 Sienkiewicz signed an agreement for another novel - ''Rodzina Połanieckich'' ( “Children of the Soil” ), and the book came out in print in 1895. In the summer of 1894 in Zakopane Sienkiewicz introduced some fragments of his new novel [[The Teutonic Knights (novel)|''Krzyżacy'']] (“The Teutonic Knights,” or “The Knights of the Cross”).
+
In 1904, Sienkiewicz again married, this time to his cousin, Maria Babska. And in 1905, he won the [[Nobel Prize]] for lifetime achievement as an epic writer. In the acceptance speech, Sienkiewicz said that this honor was particularly valuable for the son of Poland. "She was pronounced dead—yet here is a proof that She lives on.” He also added, “She was pronounced defeated--and here is proof that She is victorious."<ref>Nobel acceptance speech, Stockholm, December 10, 1905.</ref>
  
−
In 1893 Sienkiewicz started preparatory work for his next novel [[Quo Vadis (novel)|''Quo Vadis'']]. The period at the turn of the 80’s and the 90’s was associated with intensive work on several novels.
+
He next novel, entitled ''Na polu chwaly'' ''(On the Field of Glory)'', was supposed to be the beginning of a trilogy. In 1910, his novel for youth entitled, ''W pustynii i w puszczy'' ''(In Desert and Wilderness)'' appeared in installments in ''Kurier Warszawski''.
  
−
Maria Romanowska, a step daughter of an odessian richman Wolodkowicz, entered into writer’s life. They got engaged in [[Odessa]]. The wedding took place on 11th November 1893, but the marriage did not last long because Maria left. Sienkiewicz obtained papal consent to the dissolution of marriage.
+
He died on November 15, 1916, in Vevey, where he was buried. In 1924, when Poland gained its independence, the writer’s ashes were placed in St. John’s Cathedral in Warsaw. He was a knight of the Legion of Honor.
  
−
In February 1895 Sienkiewicz wrote the first chapters of ''Quo Vadis'', for which he had been gathering materials since 1893. The novel started appearing in print in March 1895 in several polish newspapers: in Warsaw’s Gazeta Polska, Cracovian Czas and in Great Poland’s Dziennik Poznański. It stopped appearing at the end of February 1896. The book edition appeared very quickly. The novel gained recognition and became extremely popular all over Europe. Up to now the book is read with pleasure. It was translated into many languages, including such exotic ones like [[Arabic]] or [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. The popularity of ''Quo Vadis'' at that time was supported by the fact that the horses competing in [[Grand Prix de Paris]] were given names of the characters from the book. The novel was repeatedly adapted and put on the stage. There was also an opera made on the basis of the book. In 1913 ''Quo Vadis'' was screened. Later, the novel was filmed several times more.
+
==Work==
 +
Sienkiewicz did extensive research and was meticulous in preserving the authenticity of historical language. In writing ''Quo Vadis,'' Sienkiewicz relied on the Roman historians [[Tacitus]] and [[Suetonius]] but researched other primary sources as well. He visited [[Italy]] many times to learn about customs, religious rites, and daily life of the [[Ancient Rome|ancient Romans]]. Sienkiewicz spent ten years researching and writing ''The Teutonic Knights,'' set in medieval [[Poland]], even reproducing archaic expressions then still common among the highlanders of Podhale. "We know perfectly well what a Roman of the first century C.E. thought and felt," Sienkiewicz wrote; "but what did a Pole of Lithuania think during the reign of Prince Witold; this is a problem arousing thousands of doubts."<ref>Giergielewicz, ''Sienkiewicz,'' 147.</ref>
  
−
In 1900 Sienkiewicz celebrated an anniversary of his artistic work. On that occasion the society endowed him with a property in Oblegork. He opened a school for children there. In the same year the [[Jagiellonian University]] awarded Sienkiewicz with a doctoral honorary degree.
+
Like the fiction of [[Charles Dickens]], many of his novels were first serialized in newspapers, and readers followed the fortunes of protagonists who became archetypal figures, whose trials and tribulations transcended the world of fiction to become part of Poland's national consciousness.  
  
−
Sienkiewicz involved himself in social matters. In 1901 he made an appeal in a cause of children in [[Wrzesnia]]. In 1906 he called on his fellow countrymen in USA to help starving people in the Kingdom of Poland.
+
The works of Henryk Sienkiewicz have been mostly lost to English readers because of poor and outdated translations, in some cases not from the original Polish but from secondary translations. This has been rectified with a superb new translation of The Trilogy and ''Quo Vadis'' by the Polish poet and novelist [[W.S. Kuniszak]], and of ''The Teutonic Knights,'' edited and translated by Polish writer Miroslaw Lipinski, all published by Hippocrene Books.
  
−
In 1904 he got married to his cousin - Maria Babska.
+
Many of Sienkiewicz's works were translated into [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and were popular in the 1940s among [[Mandatory]] [[Palestine]]'s Jewish community, many of whom were immigrants and refugees from Poland, and also during [[Israel]]'s early decades. Often parents who had in their youth liked the books in the original introduced the translations to their children who did not know Polish. However, in later generations the books' popularity in Israel has waned.
  
−
In 1905 he won a [[Nobel Prize]] for lifetime achievement as an epic writer. In the acceptance speech Sienkiewicz said that this honour was particularly valuable for the son of Poland. She was pronounced dead - yet here is a proof that She lives on.” He also added, “She was pronounced defeated - and here is proof that She is victorious."
+
With a worldwide reputation by the turn of the century, Sienkiewicz was awarded the [[Nobel Prize]] in literature in 1905, "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer."
  
−
He wrote a novel entitled ''Na polu chwaly'' ( “On the Field of Glory” ) which was supposed to be the beginning of a trilogy. In 1910 his novel for youth entitled ''W pustynii i w puszczy'' ( “In Desert and Wilderness” ) appears in installments in Kurier Warszawski.
+
== Legacy ==
 +
Henryk Sienkiewicz came to maturity when [[Poland]] didn't exist as a sovereign nation. Dismantled in turn by [[Russia]], [[Prussia]], and [[Germany]], Poland was deprived of its language and culture as well as sovereignty. Ex-patriots like the poet [[Adam Mickiewicz]] and [[piano|pianist]] and composer [[Frederic Chopin]] worked to elevate awareness of the Polish cause. By the 1860s works of Polish literature began to proliferate in answer to foreign domination and to remind Poles of their national heritage.  
  
−
After the break of the war Sienkiewicz left to [[Switzerland]]. Together with [[Ignacy Jan Paderewski]] he established the Vevey Swiss General Committee for Help to the Victims of the War.
+
Looking back to the sixteenth-century Commonwealth, when Poland modeled its political and social ideals upon Catholic faith and was under assault by foreign invaders from east and west, Sienkiewicz produced his epic masterpiece, ''The Trilogy'', explicity "to uplift the hearts" of his countrymen. Informed by religious conviction and fiery patriotism, and composed with literary mastery, the Trilogy made a sensational impact and became the most revered work of literature in Poland, a national best seller for a hundred years. The Trilogy, as well as novels looking to other periods of Polish history and to the primitive [[Christian Church]], reminded readers of the vissisitudes of fortune, the immutable nature of human virtue, and the need for faith and fortitude in the face of tragedy. Throughout the bitter years of [[Nazi]] and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] occupation, Poles turned to Sienkiewicz. And with the rise of the Polish [[Solidarity]] movement and leadership of the Polish [[Pope John Paul II]], Poland fulfilled the cherished hope for freedom kept alive for decades in the work of its most renowned writer, Henryk Sienkiewicz.
  
−
He died in Vevey on 15th November 1916 where he was buried. In 1924, when Poland gained its independence, writer’s ashes were placed in St. John’s Cathedral in Warsaw.
+
Named after Sienkiewicz, in [[Poland]], are Sienkiewicz Street in central [[Warsaw]]; [[Sienkiewicza Street, Kraków|Sienkiewicz Street]] in [[Kraków]]; [[Sienkiewicza Street, Poznań|Sienkiewicz Street]] in [[Poznań]]; [[Sienkiewicza Street, Kielce|Sienkiewicz Street]] in [[Kielce]]; [[Henryka Sienkiewicza]] in [[Długolęka]];  ''[[Białystok-osiedle Sienkiewicza|Osiedle Sienkiewicza]],'' a district of the city of [[Białystok]], Sienkiewicz Municipal Park in [[Wrocław]] and Henryk Sienkiewicz's Park in [[Łódź]].
  
−
He was a knight of the Legion of Honour.
+
== Chief novels ==
 +
*''[[The Trilogy]]'' ''(Trylogia)'', comprising:  ''[[With Fire and Sword]]'' (''Ogniem i mieczem,'' 1884);  ''[[The Deluge (novel)|The Deluge]]'' (''Potop,'' 1886); tran. by W. S. Kuniczak (Hippocrene: New York, 1991); ''[[Fire in the Steppe]]'' (originally ''Pan Wołodyjowski,'' 1888), trans. by W. S. Kuniczak (Hippocrene: New York, 1991);
 +
* ''[[The Teutonic Knights (novel)|The Teutonic Knights]],'' also translated as ''The Knights of the Cross,'' tran. by Miroslaw Lipinski (Hippocrene: New York, 1993)
 +
* ''[[Quo Vadis (novel)|Quo Vadis]]'' (1895); tran. by W. S. Kuniczak (Hippocrene: New York, 1993)
 +
* ''[[In Desert and Wilderness]]'' (''W pustyni i w puszczy,'' 1912)
 +
* ''[[The Polaniecki Family]]'' (''Rodzina Połanieckich,'' 1894)
 +
* ''[[Without Dogma]]'' (''Bez dogmatu,'' 1891)
  
−
== Chief novels: ==
+
==Notes==
−
* ''[[The Trilogy]]'' ''(Trylogia)'', comprising:
+
<references/>
−
** ''[[With Fire and Sword]]'' (''Ogniem i mieczem,'' 1884), which took place during the 17th century [[Cossacks|Cossack]] revolt known as the [[Chmielnicki Uprising]]; made into a [[With Fire and Sword (film)|movie]] with the same title;
 
−
** ''[[The Deluge (novel)|The Deluge]]'' (''Potop'', 1886), describing the [[Sweden|Swedish]] invasion of Poland known as [[The Deluge (Polish history)|The Deluge]]; made into a [[The Deluge (film)|movie]] with the same title;
 
−
** ''[[Fire in the Steppe]]'' (''Pan Wołodyjowski'', 1888), which took place during wars with the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the late 17th century; made into a film titled ''[[Colonel Wolodyjowski (film)|Colonel Wolodyjowski]]''.
 
−
 
 
−
* ''[[The Teutonic Knights (novel)|The Teutonic Knights]]'', also translated as ''The Knights of the Cross'', ISBN 0-7818-0433-7  (''Krzyżacy'', 1900, relating to the [[Battle of Grunwald]]); made into [[The Teutonic Knights (movie)|a movie with the same title]] in 1960 by [[Aleksander Ford]].
 
−
* ''[[Quo Vadis (novel)|Quo Vadis]]'' (1895).
 
−
* ''[[In Desert and Wilderness]]'' (''W pustyni i w puszczy'', 1912).
 
−
* ''[[The Polaniecki Family]]'' (''Rodzina Połanieckich'', 1894).
 
−
* ''[[Without Dogma]]'' (''Bez dogmatu'', 1891).
 
−
 
 
−
== Note ==
 
−
* Many commentators erroneously state that Sienkiewicz received the Nobel Prize for ''Quo vadis''. This is incorrect.  He received it "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer." Unlike the other Nobel Prizes, the Prize for Literature is not awarded for a specific achievement but rather for a total body of work. Sources: [http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1905/index.html NobelPrize.org] and [http://miasta.gazeta.pl/poznan/1,36037,2521266.html] ''"Za co Sienkiewicz dostał Nobla"'' (a Polish newspaper article).
 
−
* Named after Sienkiewicz, in [[Poland]], are Sienkiewicz Street in central [[Warsaw]]; [[Sienkiewicza Street, Kraków|Sienkiewicz Street]] in [[Kraków]]; [[Sienkiewicza Street, Poznań|Sienkiewicz Street]] in [[Poznań]]; [[Sienkiewicza Street, Kielce|Sienkiewicz Street]] in [[Kielce]]; [[Henryka Sienkiewicza]] in [[Długolęka]];  ''[[Białystok-osiedle Sienkiewicza|Osiedle Sienkiewicza]]'', a district of the city of [[Białystok]], Sienkiewicz Municipal Park in [[Wrocław]] and Henryk Sienkiewicz's Park in [[Łódź]].
 
−
* Many of Sienkiewicz's works were translated into [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and were popular in the 1940s among [[Mandatory]] [[Palestine]]'s Jewish community, many of whom were immigrants and refugees from Poland, and also during [[Israel]]'s early decades. Often parents who had in their youth liked the books in the original introduced the translations to their children who did not know Polish. However, in later generations the books' popularity in Israel has waned.
 
−
* He was a Polish noble of the [[Oszyk coat of arms]].
 
  
 +
==References==
 +
*Giergielewicz, Mieczyslaw. ''Henryk Sienkiewicz: A Biography.'' Hippocrene, 1991. ISBN 9780870521188
 +
*Krzyzanowski, Jerzy. ''The Trilogy Companion.'' Copernicus Society of America, 1991. ISBN 9780870522215
 +
*The Nobel Prize. [http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1905/index.html Literature laureates.] Retrieved January 29, 2008.
  
 +
==External links==
 +
All links retrieved December 19, 2017.
 +
* {{gutenberg author| id=Sienkiewicz+Henryk | name=Henryk Sienkiewicz}}
 +
*[http://www.polishamericancenter.org/Sienkiewicz.htm Biography at the Polish American Center]
 +
*[http://www.culture.pl/en/culture/instytucje/muzea/in_mu_sienkiewicza_oblegorek The Henryk Sienkiewicz Museum in Oblegorek]
  
−
==External links==
 
−
* {{gutenberg author| id=Sienkiewicz+Henryk | name=Henryk Sienkiewicz}} Retrieved August 16, 2007.
 
−
*[http://www.polishamericancenter.org/Sienkiewicz.htm Biography at the Polish American Center]
 
−
*[http://www.culture.pl/en/culture/instytucje/muzea/in_mu_sienkiewicza_oblegorek Homepage of the Henryk Sienkiewicz Museum in Oblegorek]
 
−
*[http://www.muzeumkielce.net/wystawy/oddzialy/oblegorek/oblegorek1.html The house of Henryk Sienkiewicz in Oblegorek]
 
−
* [http://www.jurzak.pl Genealogia Dynastyczna ''Oszyk Coat of Arms'' ''(Łabędź odmieniony)'' ]
 
  
 
{{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 1901-1925}}
 
{{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 1901-1925}}
  
−
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sienkiewicz, Henryk}}
 
  
 
[[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
 
[[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
−
[[Category:History and biography]]
+
 
 
[[Category:Biography]]
 
[[Category:Biography]]
  
−
{{credit|151147026}}
+
{{credits|Henryk_Sienkiewicz|151147026}}

Latest revision as of 08:01, 22 January 2024

Henryk Sienkiewicz.

Henryk Sienkiewicz (May 5, 1846 - November 15, 1916), a Nobel Prize-winning novelist and journalist, chronicled Polish history in a series of panoramic novels that won unprecedented popularity in his native country, awakening pride in Polish culture and history following a century of political and cultural subjugation by Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Sienkiewicz's massive novels combined spectacular scenes of warfare with intricate, multi-layered plots. His vividly realized characters exemplified heroism, honor, and patriotism—as well as cruelty, cunning, and duplicity.

He is best known internationally for Quo Vadis, a historical novel of the early Church during the reign of the Emperor Nero, which by some accounts became the widest selling novel in history to that time, selling more than a million copies by 1900 in the United States alone. His most important work, The Trilogy, is a prodigious (more than three thousand-page), three-volume historical reconstruction of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Poland's "Golden Age."

Sienkievicz was a Polish nationalist and devout Catholic, a premodern who looked back to Romantic realists like Victor Hugo. For Sienkieviwz, however, faith in God is the highest and most noble motivation. The climax of the entire Trilogy, the heroic resistance to the Swedish assault on the sacred monastery as Jasna Gora, merges Poland's national identity and existence with the Christian virtue of the nation's leadership. Written with the explicit intention "to uplift the heart," The Trilogy is the most revered work of literature in Poland.

Biography

Henryk Sienkiewicz was born in Wola Okrzejska, a village in Podlasie belonging to the writer's grandmother, into an impoverished gentry family on his father’s side, deriving from the Tartars who had settled in Lithuania in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. His family used the coat of arms Oszyk.

He was baptized by his parents, Jozef Sienkiewicz (1813–1896) and Stefania (family name: Cieciszowska, 1820-1873), in the neighboring village Okrzeja, in a church funded by his great-grandmother. In 1858, Sienkiewicz began secondary school in Warsaw, where his family settled in 1861. In 1866, he received his secondary school diploma. During that time, he probably wrote his first novel, Ofiara (Victim), and also worked on his publicized novel, Na marne (In Vain). Following his parents`wishes, he took and passed the examination to the medical department at Warsaw University, but after some time he resigned and took up law studies. He eventually transferring to the Institute of Philology and History, where he immersed himself in the literature and Old Polish.

Over the next few years Sienkiewicz published sporadically as an essayist and reviewer. In 1873, he began a column in Gazeta Polska (The Polish Gazette) and in 1875, authored a series called “Chwila obecna” ("The Present Moment"). He began the first of a series of novels in 1871, including Na marne ( In Vain, 1871), Stary Sługa ( The Old Servant, 1875), Hania (1876) and Selim Mirza (1877). The last three works have come to be known as the "Little Trilogy."

In 1876, he went to the United States with Helena Modrzejewska to report on American manners and customs for the newspaper, Gazeta polska. Shocked at first by slums in New York "a hundred times dirtier" than those in London[1] Sienkiewicz gradually warmed to the assignment.

Traveling down the Mississippi River, then crossing the continent by stagecoach to the Pacific Ocean, Sienkiewicz wove his impressions of American character and landscapes into his later fiction. Most of all, he took note of the amalgamating influence of democracy. "America with its institutions and customs is a very instructive country," he wrote admiringly. "After all, one enormous social problem has been solved here. Forty million people from various nations, often mutually hostile in Europe, live here in accordance with the law, in harmony and freedom."[2]

In 1878, he returned to Europe, staying in London and then in Paris, for a year, where he encountered naturalism, a new trend in literature. In the article “Z Paryża” (“From Paris”), written in 1879, he wrote that, “For a novel, naturalism was in fact a brilliant, indispensable, and perhaps the only step forward.” He later changed his mind and became more critical.

His stay in America and his reports published in Polish newspapers resulted in wide recognition and interest. The Polish novelist Bolesław Prus testified to the popularity of Sienkiewicz, writing, “As he was back from America, almost every lady took tall and handsome men for Sienkiewicz.(…) Finally, when I noticed that every man has got hair like Sienkiewicz and all of the young men, one by one, grow royal beard and try to have statuesque and swarthy face, I realized that I wanted to meet him personally."[3]

On August 18, 1881, Sienkiewicz wed Maria Szetkiewiczwent in Vienna. They had two children, Henryk Józef and Jadwiga Maria, but the marriage did not last long because Maria died just four years later on August 18, 1885. During this time, Sienkiewicz began work on what would become he greatest literary achievements. Ogniem i mieczem (With Fire and Sword) began serialization in a Warsaw newspaper on May 2, 1883, and almost overnight the author achieved national celebrity. An epic recounting the war between the Commonwealth and a Prussian-Cossack alliance, the novel presented Polish history deeply informed by the author's, and Poland's, Catholic faith, in scenes of unexcelled heroism and fortitude. "Such was the readers' interest and enthusiasm for the work," wrote literary scholar Jerzy Krzyzanowski, "and such was its immediate literary reputation, that both the work and its author acquired almost mythological dimensions. In an phenomenon that approached the Bible, Sienkiewicz's Trilogy became a national bestseller which would stay at the top of the charts in Poland for the next 100 years."[4]

The next two volumes of the Trilogy, Potop (The Deluge, 1886) and Pan Wolodyjowski (published in English as Fire in the Steppe, 1888) only added to Sienkiewicz' reputation. Many people were sending him letters asking about the next adventures of their favorite characters. The novels were also criticized. It was pointed out, not without a reason, that some of the historical facts and events were misrepresented and distorted, to the advantage of Polish nationalists. Modern readers, moreover, are likely to find Sienkiewicz' world of unambiguous right and wrong and unapologetic nationalism aesthetically dated.

The Trilogy made Henryk Sienkiewicz the most widely read and best-known Polish novelist. Stefan Zeromski wrote in his Diaries: “In Sandomierskiem I witnessed myself that everybody, even those who usually do not read, were asking about The Deluge.” Sienkiewicz was given 15 thousand rubles in recognition of his achievements from unknown fan who signed himself as Michal Wolodyjowski (the name of the character in the Trilogy). Sienkiewicz used this money to open the scholarship found (named after his wife) designed for artists endangered by tuberculosis.

At the end of 1890, Sienkiewicz went to Africa, resulting in a work of travel essays, Listy z Afryki (Letters from Africa), and the period at the turn of the 80s and the 90s was associated with intensive work on several novels.

In 1893, Sienkiewicz started preparatory work for his next novel Quo Vadis. The novel began appearing in several Polish newspapers in March 1895, until the end of February 1896. The book was published soon after and became extremely popular all over Europe. It was translated into many languages, including such exotic ones as Arabic and Japanese and remains the author's best-known work internationally.

Sienkiewicz married for a second time to Maria Romanowska in November 1893. The marriage did not last long because Maria left, and Sienkiewicz obtained papal consent to the dissolution of marriage.

In 1900, Sienkiewicz' jubilee was celebrated both in Poland and abroad. On that occasion a grateful country endowed him with a property in Oblegork, and he opened a school for children there. In the same year the Jagiellonian University awarded Sienkiewicz with an honorary doctoral degree.

In 1904, Sienkiewicz again married, this time to his cousin, Maria Babska. And in 1905, he won the Nobel Prize for lifetime achievement as an epic writer. In the acceptance speech, Sienkiewicz said that this honor was particularly valuable for the son of Poland. "She was pronounced dead—yet here is a proof that She lives on.” He also added, “She was pronounced defeated—and here is proof that She is victorious."[5]

He next novel, entitled Na polu chwaly (On the Field of Glory), was supposed to be the beginning of a trilogy. In 1910, his novel for youth entitled, W pustynii i w puszczy (In Desert and Wilderness) appeared in installments in Kurier Warszawski.

He died on November 15, 1916, in Vevey, where he was buried. In 1924, when Poland gained its independence, the writer’s ashes were placed in St. John’s Cathedral in Warsaw. He was a knight of the Legion of Honor.

Work

Sienkiewicz did extensive research and was meticulous in preserving the authenticity of historical language. In writing Quo Vadis, Sienkiewicz relied on the Roman historians Tacitus and Suetonius but researched other primary sources as well. He visited Italy many times to learn about customs, religious rites, and daily life of the ancient Romans. Sienkiewicz spent ten years researching and writing The Teutonic Knights, set in medieval Poland, even reproducing archaic expressions then still common among the highlanders of Podhale. "We know perfectly well what a Roman of the first century C.E. thought and felt," Sienkiewicz wrote; "but what did a Pole of Lithuania think during the reign of Prince Witold; this is a problem arousing thousands of doubts."[6]

Like the fiction of Charles Dickens, many of his novels were first serialized in newspapers, and readers followed the fortunes of protagonists who became archetypal figures, whose trials and tribulations transcended the world of fiction to become part of Poland's national consciousness.

The works of Henryk Sienkiewicz have been mostly lost to English readers because of poor and outdated translations, in some cases not from the original Polish but from secondary translations. This has been rectified with a superb new translation of The Trilogy and Quo Vadis by the Polish poet and novelist W.S. Kuniszak, and of The Teutonic Knights, edited and translated by Polish writer Miroslaw Lipinski, all published by Hippocrene Books.

Many of Sienkiewicz's works were translated into Hebrew and were popular in the 1940s among Mandatory Palestine's Jewish community, many of whom were immigrants and refugees from Poland, and also during Israel's early decades. Often parents who had in their youth liked the books in the original introduced the translations to their children who did not know Polish. However, in later generations the books' popularity in Israel has waned.

With a worldwide reputation by the turn of the century, Sienkiewicz was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature in 1905, "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer."

Legacy

Henryk Sienkiewicz came to maturity when Poland didn't exist as a sovereign nation. Dismantled in turn by Russia, Prussia, and Germany, Poland was deprived of its language and culture as well as sovereignty. Ex-patriots like the poet Adam Mickiewicz and pianist and composer Frederic Chopin worked to elevate awareness of the Polish cause. By the 1860s works of Polish literature began to proliferate in answer to foreign domination and to remind Poles of their national heritage.

Looking back to the sixteenth-century Commonwealth, when Poland modeled its political and social ideals upon Catholic faith and was under assault by foreign invaders from east and west, Sienkiewicz produced his epic masterpiece, The Trilogy, explicity "to uplift the hearts" of his countrymen. Informed by religious conviction and fiery patriotism, and composed with literary mastery, the Trilogy made a sensational impact and became the most revered work of literature in Poland, a national best seller for a hundred years. The Trilogy, as well as novels looking to other periods of Polish history and to the primitive Christian Church, reminded readers of the vissisitudes of fortune, the immutable nature of human virtue, and the need for faith and fortitude in the face of tragedy. Throughout the bitter years of Nazi and Soviet occupation, Poles turned to Sienkiewicz. And with the rise of the Polish Solidarity movement and leadership of the Polish Pope John Paul II, Poland fulfilled the cherished hope for freedom kept alive for decades in the work of its most renowned writer, Henryk Sienkiewicz.

Named after Sienkiewicz, in Poland, are Sienkiewicz Street in central Warsaw; Sienkiewicz Street in Kraków; Sienkiewicz Street in Poznań; Sienkiewicz Street in Kielce; Henryka Sienkiewicza in Długolęka; Osiedle Sienkiewicza, a district of the city of Białystok, Sienkiewicz Municipal Park in Wrocław and Henryk Sienkiewicz's Park in Łódź.

Chief novels

  • The Trilogy (Trylogia), comprising: With Fire and Sword (Ogniem i mieczem, 1884); The Deluge (Potop, 1886); tran. by W. S. Kuniczak (Hippocrene: New York, 1991); Fire in the Steppe (originally Pan Wołodyjowski, 1888), trans. by W. S. Kuniczak (Hippocrene: New York, 1991);
  • The Teutonic Knights, also translated as The Knights of the Cross, tran. by Miroslaw Lipinski (Hippocrene: New York, 1993)
  • Quo Vadis (1895); tran. by W. S. Kuniczak (Hippocrene: New York, 1993)
  • In Desert and Wilderness (W pustyni i w puszczy, 1912)
  • The Polaniecki Family (Rodzina Połanieckich, 1894)
  • Without Dogma (Bez dogmatu, 1891)

Notes

  1. ↑ Mieczyslaw Giergielewicz, Henryk Sienkiewicz: A Biography (New York: Hippocrene, 1991), 49.
  2. ↑ Ibid, p. 50.
  3. ↑ “Co p. Sienkiewicz wyrabia z piękniejsza połową Warszawy,” Kurier Warszawski, 1880.
  4. ↑ Jerzy Krzyzanowski, ed., The Trilogy Companion (New York: Hippocrene, 1991) p. 33.
  5. ↑ Nobel acceptance speech, Stockholm, December 10, 1905.
  6. ↑ Giergielewicz, Sienkiewicz, 147.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

External links

All links retrieved December 19, 2017.


Nobel Prize in Literature: Laureates (1901-1925)

1901: Sully Prudhomme | 1902: Theodor Mommsen | 1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson | 1904: Frédéric Mistral, José Echegaray | 1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz | 1906: Giosuè Carducci | 1907: Rudyard Kipling | 1908: Rudolf Christoph Eucken | 1909: Selma Lagerlöf | 1910: Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse | 1911: Maurice Maeterlinck | 1912: Gerhart Hauptmann | 1913: Rabindranath Tagore | 1915: Romain Rolland | 1916: Verner von Heidenstam | 1917: Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan | 1919: Carl Spitteler | 1920: Knut Hamsun | 1921: Anatole France | 1922: Jacinto Benavente | 1923: William Butler Yeats | 1924: Władysław Reymont | 1925: George Bernard Shaw

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

Retrieved from https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Henryk_Sienkiewicz&oldid=1134124

Content is available under Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Copyright Logo
Powered by MediaWiki