Difference between revisions of "Evergreen" - New World Encyclopedia
Rick Swarts (talk | contribs) |
Rick Swarts (talk | contribs) |
||
| Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
In temperate climates, evergreens can reinforce their own survival; evergreen leaf and needle litter has a higher carbon-nitrogen ratio than deciduous leaf litter, contributing to a higher soil acidity and lower soil nitrogen content. These conditions favour the growth of more evergreens and make it more difficult for deciduous plants to persist. In addition, the shelter provided by existing evergreen plants can make it easier for other evergreen plants to survive cold and/or drought.<ref>Aerts, R. (1995). The advantages of being evergreen. ''Trends in Ecology & Evolution'' 10 (10): 402–407.</ref><ref>Matyssek, R. (1986) Carbon, water and nitrogen relations in evergreen and deciduous conifers. ''Tree Physiology'' 2: 177–187.</ref><ref>Sobrado, M. A. (1991) Cost-Benefit Relationships in Deciduous and Evergreen Leaves of Tropical Dry Forest Species. ''Functional Ecology'' 5 (5): 608–616.</ref> | In temperate climates, evergreens can reinforce their own survival; evergreen leaf and needle litter has a higher carbon-nitrogen ratio than deciduous leaf litter, contributing to a higher soil acidity and lower soil nitrogen content. These conditions favour the growth of more evergreens and make it more difficult for deciduous plants to persist. In addition, the shelter provided by existing evergreen plants can make it easier for other evergreen plants to survive cold and/or drought.<ref>Aerts, R. (1995). The advantages of being evergreen. ''Trends in Ecology & Evolution'' 10 (10): 402–407.</ref><ref>Matyssek, R. (1986) Carbon, water and nitrogen relations in evergreen and deciduous conifers. ''Tree Physiology'' 2: 177–187.</ref><ref>Sobrado, M. A. (1991) Cost-Benefit Relationships in Deciduous and Evergreen Leaves of Tropical Dry Forest Species. ''Functional Ecology'' 5 (5): 608–616.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Plants with deciduous foliage have both advantages and disadvantages compared to plants with evergreen foliage. Since deciduous plants lose their leaves to conserve water or to better survive winter weather conditions they must regrow new foliage during the next suitable growing season; this uses more resources which evergreens do not need to expend. Evergreens suffer greater water lose during the winter and they also can experience greater predation pressure, especially when small. Losing leaves in winter may reduce damage from insects; repairing leaves and keeping them functional may be more costly than just losing and regrowing them.<ref name=Labandeira1994>{{cite journal | ||
| + | | author = Labandeira, C.C. | ||
| + | | coauthors = Dilcher, D.L.; Davis, D.R.; Wagner, D.L. | ||
| + | | year = 1994 | ||
| + | | title = Ninety-seven million years of angiosperm-insect association: paleobiological insights into the meaning of coevolution | ||
| + | | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | ||
| + | | volume = 91 | ||
| + | | issue = 25 | ||
| + | | pages = 12278-12282 | ||
| + | | doi = 10.1073/pnas.91.25.12278 | ||
| + | }}</ref> | ||
==Idiomatic use== | ==Idiomatic use== | ||
Revision as of 15:32, 23 May 2008
In botany, an evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round. This contrasts with deciduous plants, which completely lose their foliage for part of the year.
Leaf persistence in evergreen plants may vary from a few months (with new leaves constantly being grown and old ones shed), to several decades (over thirty years in Great Basin Bristlecone Pine Pinus longaeva [1]).
One additional special case exists in Welwitschia, an African gymnosperm plant which produces only two leaves, which grow continuously throughout the plant's life but gradually wear away at the apex, giving about 20–40 years' persistence of leaf tissue.
There are many different types of evergreens, both trees and shrubs, including most species of: conifers (e.g. white/scots/jack pine, red cedar, blue spruce), holly, hemlock, 'ancient' gymnosperms like cycads, rainforest trees and Eucalypts.
Overview
In botany and horticulture, deciduous plants, including trees, shrubs and herbaceous perennials, are those that lose all of their leaves for part of the year. This process is called abscission. In some cases leaf loss coincides with winter - namely in temperate or polar climates. While in other areas of the world, plants lose their leaves during the dry season or during other seasonal variations in rainfall, including tropical, subtropical and arid regions of the world.
The converse of deciduous is evergreen, where green foliage is persistent year round. Plants that are intermediate may be called semi-deciduous, and lose old foliage as new growth begins, others are semi-evergreen[2] and lose their leaves before the next growing season but retain some during winter or during dry periods.[3] Some trees, including a few Oak species have desiccated leaves that remain on the tree through winter; these dry persistent leaves are called marcescent leaves and are dropped in the spring as new growth begins.
Reasons for being evergreen or deciduous
Deciduous trees shed their leaves usually as an adaptation to a cold season or a dry season. Most tropical rainforest plants are evergreens, replacing their leaves gradually throughout the year as the leaves age and fall, whereas species growing in seasonally arid climates may be either evergreen or deciduous. Most warm temperate climate plants are also evergreen. In cool temperate climates, fewer plants are evergreen, with a predominance of conifers, as few evergreen broadleaf plants can tolerate severe cold below about -30 °C.
In areas where there is a reason for being deciduous (e.g. a cold season or dry season), being evergreen is usually an adaptation to low nutrient levels. Deciduous trees lose nutrients whenever they lose their leaves, and they must replenish these nutrients from the soil to build new leaves. When few nutrients are available, evergreen plants have an advantage. In warmer areas, species such as some pines and cypresses grow on poor soils and disturbed ground. In Rhododendron, a genus with many broadleaf evergreens, several species grow in mature forests but are usually found on highly acidic soil where the nutrients are less available to plants. In taiga or boreal forests, it is too cold for the organic matter in the soil to decay rapidly, so the nutrients in the soil are less easily available to plants, thus favouring evergreens.
In temperate climates, evergreens can reinforce their own survival; evergreen leaf and needle litter has a higher carbon-nitrogen ratio than deciduous leaf litter, contributing to a higher soil acidity and lower soil nitrogen content. These conditions favour the growth of more evergreens and make it more difficult for deciduous plants to persist. In addition, the shelter provided by existing evergreen plants can make it easier for other evergreen plants to survive cold and/or drought.[4][5][6]
Plants with deciduous foliage have both advantages and disadvantages compared to plants with evergreen foliage. Since deciduous plants lose their leaves to conserve water or to better survive winter weather conditions they must regrow new foliage during the next suitable growing season; this uses more resources which evergreens do not need to expend. Evergreens suffer greater water lose during the winter and they also can experience greater predation pressure, especially when small. Losing leaves in winter may reduce damage from insects; repairing leaves and keeping them functional may be more costly than just losing and regrowing them.[7]
Idiomatic use
Owing to the botanical meaning, the idiomatic term "evergreen" refers to something that perpetually renews itself, or otherwise remains steady and constant (doesn't suddenly halt or "die off", as leaves on a deciduous tree.) An evergreen market, for example, is one where there is a constant, renewed demand for an item or items, as opposed to a market which is expected to eventually saturate.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ Ewers, F. W. & Schmid, R. (1981). Longevity of needle fascicles of Pinus longaeva (Bristlecone Pine) and other North American pines. Oecologia 51: 107–115.
- ↑ http://www.ibiblio.org/openkey/intkey/web/glossary.pdf page 22.
- ↑ Weber, William. 2001. African rain forest ecology and conservation an interdisciplinary perspective. New Haven: Yale University Press. page 15.
- ↑ Aerts, R. (1995). The advantages of being evergreen. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10 (10): 402–407.
- ↑ Matyssek, R. (1986) Carbon, water and nitrogen relations in evergreen and deciduous conifers. Tree Physiology 2: 177–187.
- ↑ Sobrado, M. A. (1991) Cost-Benefit Relationships in Deciduous and Evergreen Leaves of Tropical Dry Forest Species. Functional Ecology 5 (5): 608–616.
- ↑ Labandeira, C.C. and Dilcher, D.L.; Davis, D.R.; Wagner, D.L. (1994). Ninety-seven million years of angiosperm-insect association: paleobiological insights into the meaning of coevolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91 (25): 12278-12282.
- Seiberling, S. M. 2005. Glossary of botanical terms used in the OpenKey Project. The Illinois - North Carolina Collaborative Environment for Botanical Resources, a project of the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved May 23, 2008.
See also
- Deciduous
- Semi-deciduous
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
