Court Jew
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Court Jew is a term for Jewish leaders who rose to positions of influence in Christian European noble houses. The first examples of what would be later called court Jews emerged during the Renaissance when local rulers used services of wealthy Jews for short-term loans. Noble patrons of court Jews employed them as financiers, advisers, suppliers, diplomats and trade delegates. Court Jews could use their family and community connections to provision their sponsors with needed provisions, including food, clothing, spices, arms, ammunition, and precious metals.
Some court Jews were also prominent people in the local Jewish community or even famous rabbis. Righteous court Jews were noted philanthropists who could use their influence to help and protect their brethren, being the only Jews who could interact with the local high society and present petitions of the Jews to the ruler.
In return for their services, court Jews gained social privileges—sometimes even titles—and could live outside the Jewish ghettos. Moreover, because these were under noble protection, they were exempted from rabbinical jurisdiction and thus did not have to adhere closely to Jewish law. This proved a mixed blessing, as some court Jews developed reputations, both among the Christian populace and their fellow Jews, as unethical and greedy. Because they also lent money at interest to middle-class Christians and were often used by Christian rulers as tax collectors, the the court Jew became a negative stereotype that fed into later later Christian antisemitism.
Moreover, due to the precarious social position of Jews, some nobles could simply ignore their debts to he court Jews and often blamed them for the nation's economic woes. Many debts were also canceled during pogroms, when the Jewish creditor could disappear. If the sponsoring noble died, his Jewish financier could even face exile or execution. The last court Jews lived in the mid-nineteenth century in Germany.
Early court Jews
Although the Jews were expelled from England in 1290 by a decree of King Edward I, the fictional character of "Isaac the Jew" in Sir Walter Scott's "Ivanhoe" hearkens back to a time when court Jews played a role in the English court. Jews also served at court in Muslim Spain, but these are not counted among the court Jews of Europe. Some of the earliest known court Jews served in the Spanish and Portuguese courts. One such was Isaac Abrabanel (1437-1508), a noted biblical commentator who also served King Afonso V of Portugal as treasurer and strove to save his fellow Jews from the persecution in Spain. Abraham Zacuto (1450–1510), though not a financier, served in the Portuguese court as royal astronomer. Josel of Rosheim (1480-1554) was the great advocate of German and Polish Jews during the reigns of the Holy Roman emperors Maximilian I and Charles V.
Position and influence
Despite the expulsion of the Jews from some European nations, court Jews played increasingly important parts at the courts of the Austrian emperors and the German princes in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and at the beginning of the nineteenth. Although some were men of learning and serious religious character, they were mostly wealthy businessmen, distinguished above their co-religionists by their commercial instincts and their adaptability. Court rulers treated them, on the one hand, as their favorites, and, on the other, as their whipping-boys. Court Jews frequently suffered through the denunciation of their envious rivals and fellow Jews, and were often the objects of hatred of the Gentile common people and courtiers.
The court Jews enjoyed special privileges as the agents of the rulers, and in times of war as the purveyors and treasurers of the state. They were under the jurisdiction of the court marshal, and were not compelled to wear the Jews' badge. They were permitted to stay wherever the emperor held his court, and to live anywhere in the German empire, even in places where no other Jews were allowed. Wherever they settled they could buy houses, slaughter meat according to the Jewish ritual, and maintain a rabbi if they wished. They could sell their goods wholesale and retail, and could not be taxed or assessed higher than the Christians, as was the case with other Jews.
However, like all businessmen, court Jews functioned at the mercy of the prevailing economy and changes in economic conditions, over which they had little or no control. Nevertheless, they were often assigned blame for a ruler's financial woes. Particularly odious were their functions outside of the court as lenders to the Christian middle, working, and agricultural classes. Their sovereigns also sometimes assigned them the role of local tax collection. These roles built up a long-standing enmity Jews and Christians.
Christians were often encouraged, both by their rulers and the Church, to blame court Jews for the economic hardships that would periodically befell them. The high taxes demanded by the ruler to pay off his war debts were often blamed on the court Jews who had helped financed the war, even though they had no choice in the matter. When the ruler’s economic decisions resulted in a decline in national income or a rise in interest rates, the court Jews often received the brunt of the blame.
From nineteenth century onward, the Christian culture of Europe would draw upon the historical stereotype of the court Jew and apply it to Jews in general. Resentment against “International Jewish Money-Capitalism,” along with religious anti-Judaism and the infamous "blood libel" which blamed Jews for the deaths Christian children, fueled popular support anti-Jewish policies. The most lasting and negative impact of this alleged indirect economic rule by Jews was the ingrained popular belief in a “hidden” hand of Jewish influence in domestic economic events caused by an even more “hidden” hand of international Jewish economic power.
At the Austrian court
The Austrian emperors kept a considerable number of court Jews. Among those of Emperor Ferdinand II (1578–1637), Solomon and Ber Mayer furnished the cloth for four squadrons of cavalry for the wedding of the emperor and Eleonora of Mantua. Other Austrian court Jews included Joseph Pincherle of Görz, Moses and Joseph Marburger (Morpurgo) of Gradisca, Ventura Pariente of Trieste, the physician Elijah Chalfon of Vienna, Samuel zum Drachen and Samuel zum Straussen of Frankfort-on-the-Main, and Mordecai Meisel of Prague. A specially favored court Jew was Jacob Bassevi, the first Jew to be ennobled, with the title "von Treuenberg."
Important as court Jews were also Samuel Oppenheimer, who went from Heidelberg to Vienna, and Samson Wertheimer from Worms. Oppenheimer, who was appointed chief court factor, and Wertheimer, who was at first associated with him, devoted their time and talents to the service of Austria and the House of Habsburg. During the Rhenish, French, Turkish, and Spanish wars they loaned millions of florins for provisions, munitions, and other military needs. Wertheimer, who held the of title of chief court factor to the electors of Mayence, the Palatinate, and Treves, received from the emperor a chain of honor with his miniature.
Samson Wertheimer was succeeded as court factor by his son Wolf. Contemporaneous with him was Leffmann Behrends (also called Liepmann Cohen) of Hanover, court factor and agent of Elector Ernest Augustus and of Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick. He also had relationships with several other rulers and high dignitaries. Behrends' two sons received the same titles as he, chief court factors and agents. Issachar Behrend Lehman was a court factor of Saxony, and his son, Lehman Behrend, was called to Dresden as court factor by King Augustus the Strong. Moses Bonaventura of Prague was also court Jew of Saxony.
The Models were a family of court Jews of the margraves of Ansbach about the middle of the seventeenth century. Especially influential was Marx Model, who had the largest business in the whole principality and extensively supplied the court and the army. He fell into disgrace through the intrigues of another court Jew, Elkan Fränkel, a member of a wealthy family that had been driven from Vienna.
Later court Jews
The Great Elector, Frederick William, also kept a court Jew at Berlin, Israel Aaron (d. 1670), used his influence to prevent the influx of foreign Jews into the Prussian capital. Other court Jews of the elector were Gumpertz, Berend Wulff, and Solomon Fränkel.
A particularly influential court Jew of this period was Jost Liebmann. Through his marriage with the widow of the above-mentioned Israel Aaron, he succeeded to the latter's position after his death and was highly esteemed by the elector. He had continual quarrels with the court Jew of the crown prince, Markus Magnus. After Liebmann's death his influential position fell to his widow, known as Liebmannin, who was so well received by the future Frederick I of Prussia that she could go unannounced into his cabinet.
There were also court Jews at all the petty German courts. Zacharias Seligmann (1694) worked in the service of the prince of Hesse-Homburg, and others served in the courts of the dukes of Mecklenburg. Others mentioned toward the end of the seventeenth century are Bendix and Ruben Goldschmidt of Homburg, Moses Israel Fürst, Michael Hinrichsen of Glückstadt, and his son, Reuben Hinrichsen. In the mid eighteenth century, the Jewish agent Wolf lived at the court of Frederick III of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
The last actual court Jews were Israel Jacobson, court agent of Brunswick, and Wolf Breidenbach, factor to the Elector of Hesse, both of whom occupy honorable positions in the history of the Jews. Jacobsen (1768-1828) was a noted philanthropist who was influential in the establishment of Reform Judaism, while Breidenbach (d. 1829) was a champion of Jewish emancipation.
Famous court Jews
- Don Isaac Abravanel (1437 - 1508), financier for Portuguese and Spanish courts [1]
- Abraham Zacuto (c.1450 - c.1510)
- Aron Beer of Frankfurt
- Moises Isaac of Bamberg
- Josel of Rosheim; de (1476 - 1554) [2]
- Mordecai Meisel(Miška Marek Meisel) (1528 - 1601) [3]
- Jacob Bassevi von Treuenberg (a noble) (1580 - 1634)[4]
- Chajim Fürst, (1592 - 1653), court agent in Hamburg, elder of the Jewish community in Hamburg, richest Jew in Hamburg.
- Moses Israel Fürst, (1617-1692), court agent in Hamburg and Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- Leffmann Behrends(Liepmann Cohen) of Hanover (c.1630 - 1714) [5]
- Samuel Oppenheimer (1635 - 1703), military supplier for the Holy Roman Emperor. [6]
- Samson Wertheimer (1658 - 1724), Austrian financier, chief rabbi of Hungary and Moravia, and rabbi of Eisenstadt. [7]
- Issachar Berend Lehmann; de (1661 - 1730)
- Joseph Suss Oppenheimer (1698 - 1738), financier for Karl Alexander von Württemberg
- Loew Sinzheim(Löb Sinzheim) (?-1744?), court purveyor of Mainz (?[8] [9])
- Raphael Kaulla & "Madame Kaulla"
- Joachim Edler von Popper (1720 - 1795), court agent and lessee of the tobacco monopoly from the Habsburgs. 2nd Austrian Jew to be ennobled (1790). [1]
- Israel Edler von Hönigsberg, (1724-1789), court agent and lessee of the tobacco monopoly from the Habsburgs. "Bankaldirektor" for Joseph II. 1st Austrian Jew to be ennobled (1789). [10]
- Israel Jacobson(1768 - 1828), philanthropist and reformer, court agent of Brunswick. [11]
- Wolf Breidenbach (1751 - 1829), factor to the Elector of Hesse, father of Moritz Wilhelm August Breidenbach.
In fiction, Isaac the Jew in Sir Walter Scott's "Ivanhoe" serves this puropse to Prince John and other nobles.
Bibliography
- S. Haenle, Gesch. der Juden im Ehemaligen Fürstenthum Ansbach, Ansbach, 1867;
- Jahrbuch für Gesch. der Jud. 1. 239 et seq.;
- D. Kaufmann, Samson Wertheimer, der Oberhoffactor und Landesrabbiner, Vienna, 1888;
- M. Wiener, Liepmann Cohen und Seine Söhne, in Monatsschrift. xiii 161 et seq.;
- L. Donath, Gesch. der Juden in Mecklenburg, Leipsic, 1874.
See also
- Useful Jew
- Badchen
- Judenhut
- More Judaico
- Schutzjude
- Yellow badge
Notes
- ↑ Samuel Krauss: Joachim Edler von Popper. Ein Zeit- und Lebensbild aus der Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen. Wien (Vienna) 1926.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- COURT JEWS - JewishEncyclopedia By Gotthard Deutsch & Meyer Kayserling
- This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain.
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