Difference between revisions of "Coral snake" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{Taxobox
 
{{Taxobox
 
| name = Coral Snakes
 
| name = Coral Snakes
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| subordo = [[Serpentes]]
 
| subordo = [[Serpentes]]
 
| familia = [[Elapidae]]
 
| familia = [[Elapidae]]
−
| genus = '''''Leptomicrurus'''''<br>'''''Micrurus'''''<br>'''''Micruroides'''''
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| genus = '''''Leptomicrurus'''''<br/>'''''Micrurus'''''<br/>'''''Micruroides'''''<br/>'''''Calliphis'''''<br/>'''''Sinomicrurus'''''
 
| subdivision_ranks = Species
 
| subdivision_ranks = Species
−
| subdivision = Over 65, see article.
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| subdivision = Around 80, see article.
 
}}
 
}}
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The '''coral snakes''' are a large group of [[elapid]] [[snakes]] that can be divided into two distinct groups, [[New World]] coral snakes and [[Old World]] [[Calliophis|coral snakes]]. There are three [[genus|genera]] among New World coral snakes that consist of over 65 recognized [[species]].  
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'''Coral snake,''' or '''coralsnake,''' is the common name for often colorful [[venomous snake]]s belonging to several [[genus|genera]] of the [[Elapidae]] family. Traditionally, six genera have been known collectively as coral snakes, the American coral snake genera ''Micrurus,'' ''Micruroides,'' and ''Leptomicrurus,'' and the Asian coral snake genera ''Calliphis,'' ''Sinomicrurus,'' and ''Hemibungarus'' (Castoe et al. 2007; Murphy). However, Castoe et al. (2007), based on molecular phylogenetic analyses and descriptive morphological evidence, suggest that "''Hemibungarus'' is not (phylogenetically) a coralsnake," but the other five genera do form a [[clade]].  
  
−
Coral snakes are most notable for their red, yellow/white, and black colored banding. Several [[Snake venom|nonvenomous]] species have similar coloration, however, including the [[Scarlet Kingsnake]] and the [[Milk Snake]]. In some regions, the order of the bands distinguishes between the non-venomous mimics and the venomous coral snakes, inspiring some folk rhymes — "Red and yellow, kill a fellow; red and black, friendly jack", and "Red and yellow, kill a fellow; red and black, venom lack". However, this only reliably applies to coral snakes in North America: ''[[Micrurus fulvius]]'', ''[[Micrurus tener]]'', and ''[[Micruroides euryxantus]]'', found in the southern and eastern [[United States]]. Coral snakes found in other parts of the world can have distinctly different patterns, and can even have red bands touching black bands, have only pink and blue banding, or have no banding at all.
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In particular, the name coral snake is associated as a common name with species belonging to ''Micrurus'' (American coral snakes or American coralsnakes), ''Micruroides'' (Western coral snakes or Sonoran coralsnakes), and ''Leptomicrurus'' (thread coral snakes) (ITIS 2004a,b; Myers et al. 2008).  
  
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Most species of coral snake are small in size. North American species average around 3 ft (91 cm) in length, but specimens of up to 5 ft (151.5 cm) or slightly larger have been reported. Aquatic species have flattened tails, to act as a fin, aiding in swimming.
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Despite its potent venom, coral snakes are not aggressive toward humans and bites are rare, usually accidental in nature or because of aggression on the part of humans. Their often brilliant colors add to the wonder of nature, but can also pose an attraction to children. Coral snakes do play an important ecological role in [[food chain]]s, preying upon small [[vertebrate]]s (other reptiles, lizards, amphibians, small mammals, young birds) as well as [[insect]]s, and being preyed upon by some birds of prey, some mammals, and other snakes.
 +
 
 +
==Overview and description==
 +
As part of the [[Elapidae]] family of [[snake]]s, coral snakes are characterized by hollow, permanently erect, relatively short fangs in the front of the mouth that channel venom into the prey.
 +
Elapids are a diverse group of more than 300 species placed in about 60 [[genus|genera]] (Keogh 2004).
 +
 
 +
Coral snakes comprise about one-third of the alpha diversity of the Elapidae family (Castoe et al. 2007). These snakes can be divided into two distinct groups, [[New World]] coral snakes and [[Old World]] coral snakes. The three genera of New World coral snakes (''Micrurus,'' ''Micruroides,'' and  ''Leptomicrurus'') consist of over 65 recognized [[species]] (ITIS 2004a, 2004b, 2005a). The Old World coral snake genera (''Calliphis,'' ''Sinomicrurus,'' and ''Hemibungarus'') comprise about 14 species (ITIS 2004c, 2004d, 2005b).
 +
 
 +
Slowinski et al. (2001), based on morphological and molecular ([[mtDNA]]) characters, conclude that ''Micrurus'' and ''Micruroides'' are needed along with the Asian coral snakes to make a monophyletic group. Castoe et al. (2007), using molecular phylogenetic analyses and comparison of external morphological and hemipenial characters, suggest that that only five genera of the Asian and American coral snakes form an exclusive clade, these being ''Calliophis,'' ''Sinomicrurus,'' ''Micruroides,'' ''Micrurus,'' and ''Leptomicrurus''. They suggest a new classification for the coral snakes called Calliohini, consisting of these five genera. ''Hemibungarus,'' as represented by by the "enigmatic Asian coralsnake" ''H. calligaster,'' was determined not to be a coral snake and was placed outside this clade.
 +
 
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In general, coral snakes tend to be brightly colored and have small heads, or with strongly contrasting patterns that can warm predators of their venomous nature (Castoe et al. 2007; Murphy). Old World coral snakes tend to have 13 or 15 rows of scales at mid body, while New World coral snakes have 15 or 17 rows of scales at mid body (Murphy).
 +
 
 +
Most species of coral snake are small in size. North American species average around 90 centimeters (three feet) in length, but specimens of up to 150 centimeters (five feet) or slightly larger have been reported. Aquatic species have flattened tails, to act as a fin, aiding in swimming.
 +
 
 +
Coral snakes in North America (''[[Micrurus fulvius]],'' ''[[Micrurus tener]],'' and ''[[Micruroides euryxantus]]'') are most notable for their red, yellow/white, and black colored banding. Several [[Snake venom|nonvenomous]] species have similar coloration, however, including the scarlet kingsnake, the scarlet snake, and the [[milk snake]]. In some regions, the order of the bands distinguishes between the non-venomous mimics and the venomous coral snakes, inspiring some folk rhymes: "If red touches yellow, it can kill a fellow" (coral snake) and "if red touches black, it is a friend of jack" or "red and yellow, kill a fellow; red and black, venom lack." However, this only reliably applies to coral snakes in North America, found in the southern and eastern [[United States]]. Coral snakes found in other parts of the world can have distinctly different patterns, and can even have red bands touching black bands, have only pink and blue banding, or have no banding at all.
  
 
== Behavior ==
 
== Behavior ==
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Coral snakes vary widely in their behavior, but most are very elusive, [[fossorial]] snakes which spend the vast majority of their time buried in the ground or in leaf litter of a [[rainforest]] floor, only coming to the surface during rains or during breeding season. Some species, like ''Micrurus surinamensis'' are almost entirely [[aquatic animal|aquatic]] and spend most of their lives in slow moving bodies of water that have dense vegetation.
+
Coral snakes vary widely in their behavior, but most are very elusive, [[fossorial]] snakes, which spend the vast majority of their time buried in the ground or in leaf litter of a [[rainforest]] floor, only coming to the surface during rains or during breeding season. Some species, like ''Micrurus surinamensis,'' are almost entirely [[aquatic animal|aquatic]] and spend most of their lives in slow moving bodies of water that have dense vegetation. Some are climbing.
 +
 
 +
Like all elapid snakes, coral snakes use a pair of small fangs, which are fixed in the front of their top jaw, to deliver their venom. Due to the time it takes for the venom to take effect, coral snakes have a tendency to hold on to a victim when biting, unlike [[Viperidae|viper]]s, which have retractable fangs and tend to prefer to strike and let go immediately. Coral snakes are not aggressive or prone to biting however, and account for less than one percent of the number of snake bites each year in the United States. Most coral [[snake bite]]s occur because of accidental handling of the snake while engaged in an activity like [[gardening]].
  
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Like all elapid snakes, coral snakes use a pair of small fangs, which are fixed in the front of their top jaw, to deliver their venom. Due to the time it takes for the venom to take effect, coral snakes have a tendency to hold on to a victim when biting, unlike [[Viperidae|viper]]s which have retractable fangs and tend to prefer to strike and let go immediately. Coral snakes are not aggressive or prone to biting however, and account for less than a single percent of the number of snake bites each year in the United States. Most coral [[snake bite]]s occur because of accidental handling of the snake while engaged in an activity like [[gardening]].
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When disturbed, coral snakes tend to thrash their tails and bodies from side to side, flatten and coil their tails, and hide their head under the body coil (Murphy).  
  
 
== Venom ==
 
== Venom ==
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Coral snakes possess the second most potent venom of any North American snake, behind some rattlesnake species. However, few bites are recorded due to their reclusive nature and the fact they generally inhabit sparsely populated areas. When confronted by humans, coral snakes will almost always attempt to flee, and bite only as a last resort. In addition, coral snakes have short fangs that cannot penetrate thick shoe leather. Any bite however, is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention. Coral snakes have a powerful neurotoxin that paralyzes the breathing muscles; mechanical or artificial respiration, along with large doses of antivenom, are often required to save a victim's life. There is usually only mild pain associated with a bite, but breathing difficulties and [[ptosis]] can occur within hours.
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Coral snakes possess the second most potent venom of any North American snake, behind some [[rattlesnake]] species. However, few bites are recorded due to their reclusive nature and the fact they generally inhabit sparsely populated areas. When confronted by humans, coral snakes will almost always attempt to flee and will bite only as a last resort. In addition, coral snakes have short fangs that cannot penetrate thick shoe leather. Any bite however, is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention. Coral snakes have a powerful [[neurotoxin]] that paralyzes the breathing muscles; mechanical or artificial respiration, along with large doses of [[antivenom]], are often required to save a victim's life. There is usually only mild pain associated with a bite, but breathing difficulties and [[ptosis]] can occur within hours.
  
 
== Taxonomy ==
 
== Taxonomy ==
−
'''Genus''' ''Leptomicrurus'':
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'''Genus''' ''Calliophis:''
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*[[Guyana]] Blackback Coral Snake, ''Leptomicrurus collaris'' - northern [[South America]].
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:*''Calliophis beddomei'' (M. A. Smith, 1943)
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:*''Leptomicrurus collaris collaris'' ([[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], [[1837]])
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:*''Calliophis bibroni''(Jan, 1859)
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:*Leptomicrurus collaris breviventris'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]] & Bernal-Carlo, [[1987]])
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:*''Calliophis bivigrata'' (F. Bole, 1827)
 +
:*''Calliophis gracillis'' (Gray, 1838)
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:*''Calliophis intestinalis''(Laurenti, 1768)
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:*''Calliophis maculiceps'' (Gunther, 1858)
 +
:*''Calliophis melanurus''(Shaw, 1802)
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:*''Calliophis nigrescens'' (Gunther, 1862)
 +
 
 +
'''Genus''' ''Sinomicrurus:''
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:*''Sinomicrurus hatori'' (Takahaski, 1930)
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:*''Sinomicrurus japonicus''(Gunther, 1868)
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:*''Sinomicrurus kelloggi'' (Pope, 1928)
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:*''Sinomicrurus macclellandi'' (Reinhardt, 1844)
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:*''Sinomicrurus sauteri'' (Steindachner, 1913)
 +
 
 +
'''Genus''' ''Hemibungarus:''  (Not a coral snake according to Castoe et al. 2007)
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:*''Hemibungarus calligaster'' (Wiegmann, 1834)
 +
 
 +
'''Genus''' ''Leptomicrurus:''
 +
*[[Guyana]] Blackback Coral Snake, ''Leptomicrurus collaris''--northern [[South America]]
 +
:*''Leptomicrurus collaris collaris'' ([[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1837)
 +
:*Leptomicrurus collaris breviventris'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]] & Bernal-Carlo, 1987)
 
*Andes/Andean Blackback Coral Snake, ''Leptomicrurus narduccii''
 
*Andes/Andean Blackback Coral Snake, ''Leptomicrurus narduccii''
−
:*''Leptomicrurus narduccii narduccii'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], [[1863]])
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:*''Leptomicrurus narduccii narduccii'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], 1863)
−
:*''Leptomicrurus narduccii melanotus'' ([[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], [[1881]])  
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:*''Leptomicrurus narduccii melanotus'' ([[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], 1881)  
  
−
'''Genus''' ''[[Micruroides]]'':
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'''Genus''' ''[[Micruroides]]:''
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*[[Arizona]] Coral Snake, ''Micruroides euryxanthus'' - lowland regions from [[Arizona]] to [[Sinaloa]].
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*[[Arizona]] Coral Snake, ''Micruroides euryxanthus''--lowland regions from Arizona to [[Sinaloa]]
−
:*''Micruroides euryxanthus australis'' (Zweifel & Norris, [[1955]])
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:*''Micruroides euryxanthus australis'' (Zweifel & Norris, 1955)
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:*''Micruroides euryxanthus euryxanthus'' ([[Robert Kennicott|Kennicott]], [[1860]])
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:*''Micruroides euryxanthus euryxanthus'' ([[Robert Kennicott|Kennicott]], 1860)
−
:*''Micruroides euryxanthus neglectus'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], [[1967]])
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:*''Micruroides euryxanthus neglectus'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], 1967)
  
−
'''Genus''' ''[[Micrurus]]'':
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'''Genus''' ''[[Micrurus]]:''
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*Allen's Coral Snake, ''Micrurus alleni'' - eastern [[Nicaragua]], [[Costa Rica]], and [[Panama]].
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*Allen's Coral Snake, ''Micrurus alleni''--eastern [[Nicaragua]], [[Costa Rica]], and [[Panama]].
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:*''Micrurus alleni alleni'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1936]])
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:*''Micrurus alleni alleni'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1936)
−
:*''Micrurus alleni richardi'' ([[Edward Harrison Taylor|Taylor]], [[1951]])
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:*''Micrurus alleni richardi'' ([[Edward Harrison Taylor|Taylor]], 1951)
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:*''Micrurus alleni yatesi'' ([[Edward Harrison Taylor|Taylor]], [[1954]])
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:*''Micrurus alleni yatesi'' ([[Edward Harrison Taylor|Taylor]], 1954)
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*''Micrurus altirostris'' ([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], [[1860]]) - [[Brazil]], [[Uruguay]], and northeastern [[Argentina]].
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*''Micrurus altirostris'' ([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1860)--[[Brazil]], [[Uruguay]], and northeastern [[Argentina]]
−
*Regal Coral Snake, ''Micrurus ancoralis'' - southeastern [[Panama]], western [[Colombia]], and western [[Ecuador]]
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*Regal Coral Snake, ''Micrurus ancoralis''--southeastern [[Panama]], western [[Colombia]], and western [[Ecuador]]
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:*''Micrurus ancoralis jani'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1936]])
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:*''Micrurus ancoralis jani'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1936)
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:*''Micrurus ancoralis ancoralis'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], [[1872]])  
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:*''Micrurus ancoralis ancoralis'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], 1872)  
  
−
*Annellated Coral Snake, ''Micrurus annellatus'' - southeastern [[Ecuador]], eastern [[Peru]], [[Bolivia]], and western [[Brazil]].
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*Annellated Coral Snake, ''Micrurus annellatus''--southeastern [[Ecuador]], eastern [[Peru]], [[Bolivia]], and western [[Brazil]].
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:*''Micrurus annellatus annellatus'' ([[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], [[1871]])
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:*''Micrurus annellatus annellatus'' ([[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], 1871)
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:*''Micrurus annellatus balzanii'' ([[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], [[1898]])
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:*''Micrurus annellatus balzanii'' ([[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1898)
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:*''Micrurus annellatus bolivianus'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], [[1967]])
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:*''Micrurus annellatus bolivianus'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], 1967)
−
*Black-headed Coral Snake, ''Micrurus averyi'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1939]])
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*Black-headed Coral Snake, ''Micrurus averyi'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1939)
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*''Micrurus bernadi'' ([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], [[1887]]) - [[Mexico]].
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*''Micrurus bernadi'' ([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1887)--[[Mexico]].
−
*[[Ecuador]]ian Coral Snake, ''Micrurus bocourti'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], [[1872]]) - western [[Ecuador]] to northern [[Colombia]],
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*[[Ecuador]]ian Coral Snake, ''Micrurus bocourti'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], 1872)--western Ecuador to northern [[Colombia]],
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*Bogert's Coral Snake, ''Micrurus bogerti'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], [[1967]]) - [[Oaxaca]].
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*Bogert's Coral Snake, ''Micrurus bogerti'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], 1967)--[[Oaxaca]].
 
*Brown's Coral Snake, ''Micrurus browni'' - [[Quintana Roo]] to [[Honduras]].
 
*Brown's Coral Snake, ''Micrurus browni'' - [[Quintana Roo]] to [[Honduras]].
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:*''Micrurus browni browni'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]] & [[Hobart M. Smith|Smith]], [[1943]])
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:*''Micrurus browni browni'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]] & [[Hobart M. Smith|Smith]], 1943)
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:*''Micrurus browni importunus'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], [[1967]])
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:*''Micrurus browni importunus'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], 1967)
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:*''Micrurus browni Taylori'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]] & [[Hobart M. Smith|Smith]], [[1943]])
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:*''Micrurus browni Taylori'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]] & [[Hobart M. Smith|Smith]], 1943)
−
*''Micrurus camilae'' (Renjifo & Lundberg, [[2003]]) - [[Colombia]].
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*''Micrurus camilae'' (Renjifo & Lundberg, 2003)--[[Colombia]]
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*Catamayo Coral Snake, ''Micrurus catamayensis'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], [[1989]]) - Catamayo Valley of [[Ecuador]].
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*Catamayo Coral Snake, ''Micrurus catamayensis'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], 1989)--Catamayo Valley of [[Ecuador]].
−
*Clark's Coral Snake, ''Micrurus clarki'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1936]]) - southeastern [[Costa Rica]] to western [[Colombia]].
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*Clark's Coral Snake, ''Micrurus clarki'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1936)--southeastern [[Costa Rica]] to western [[Colombia]]
−
*Painted Coral Snake, ''Micrurus corallinus'' ([[Blasius Merrem|Merrem]], [[1820]])
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*Painted Coral Snake, ''Micrurus corallinus'' ([[Blasius Merrem|Merrem]], 1820)
−
*[[Brazil]]ian Coral Snake, ''Micrurus decoratus'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], [[1858]])
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*[[Brazil]]ian Coral Snake, ''Micrurus decoratus'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], 1858)
−
*''Micrurus diana'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], [[1983]]
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*''Micrurus diana'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], 1983
 
*Variable Coral Snake, ''Micrurus diastema''
 
*Variable Coral Snake, ''Micrurus diastema''
−
:*''[[Micrurus diastema diastema]]'' ([[André Marie Constant Duméril|Duméril]], [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]], & [[Auguste Duméril|Duméril]], [[1854]])
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:*''[[Micrurus diastema diastema]]'' ([[André Marie Constant Duméril|Duméril]], [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]], & [[Auguste Duméril|Duméril]], 1854)
−
:*''[[Micrurus diastema aglaeope]]'' ([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], [[1859]])
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:*''[[Micrurus diastema aglaeope]]'' ([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1859)
−
:*''[[Micrurus diastema alienus]]'' ([[Franz Werner|Werner]], [[1903]])
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:*''[[Micrurus diastema alienus]]'' ([[Franz Werner|Werner]], 1903)
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:*''[[Micrurus diastema affinis]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], [[1858]])
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:*''[[Micrurus diastema affinis]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], 1858)
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:*''[[Micrurus diastema apiatus]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], [[1858]])
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:*''[[Micrurus diastema apiatus]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], 1858)
−
:*''[[Micrurus diastema macdougalli]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], [[1967]])
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:*''[[Micrurus diastema macdougalli]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], 1967)
−
:*''[[Micrurus diastema sapperi]]'' ([[Franz Werner|Werner]], [[1903]])  
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:*''[[Micrurus diastema sapperi]]'' ([[Franz Werner|Werner]], 1903)  
−
*[[Pygmy Coral Snake]] , ''[[Micrurus dissoleucus]]''
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*[[Pygmy Coral Snake]], ''[[Micrurus dissoleucus]]''
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:*''[[Micrurus dissoleucus dissoleucus]]'' ([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], [[1860]])
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:*''[[Micrurus dissoleucus dissoleucus]]'' ([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1860)
−
:*''[[Micrurus dissoleucus dunni]]'' ([[Thomas Barbour|Barbour]], [[1923]])
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:*''[[Micrurus dissoleucus dunni]]'' ([[Thomas Barbour|Barbour]], 1923)
−
:*''[[Micrurus dissoleucus melanogenys]]'' ([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], [[1860]])
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:*''[[Micrurus dissoleucus melanogenys]]'' ([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1860)
−
:*''[[Micrurus dissoleucus meridensis]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], [[1989]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus dissoleucus meridensis]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], 1989)
−
:*''[[Micrurus dissoleucus nigrirostris]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1955]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus dissoleucus nigrirostris]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1955)
 
*West [[Mexico|Mexican]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus distans]]''
 
*West [[Mexico|Mexican]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus distans]]''
−
:*''[[Micrurus distans distans]]'' ([[Robert Kennicott|Kennicott]], [[1860]])
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:*''[[Micrurus distans distans]]'' ([[Robert Kennicott|Kennicott]], 1860)
−
:*''[[Micrurus distans michoacanensis]]'' (Duges, [[1891]])
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:*''[[Micrurus distans michoacanensis]]'' (Duges, 1891)
−
:*''[[Micrurus distans oliveri]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], [[1967]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus distans oliveri]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], 1967)
−
:*''[[Micrurus distans zweifeli]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], [[1967]])
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:*''[[Micrurus distans zweifeli]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], 1967)
 
*''[[Micrurus dumerilii]]''
 
*''[[Micrurus dumerilii]]''
−
:*''[[Micrurus dumerili antioquiensis]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1936]])
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:*''[[Micrurus dumerili antioquiensis]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1936)
−
:*''[[Micrurus dumerili carinicaudus]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1936]])
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:*''[[Micrurus dumerili carinicaudus]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1936)
−
:*''[[Micrurus carinicauda]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1936]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus carinicauda]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1936)
−
:*''[[Micrurus dumerili colombianus]]'' (Griffin, [[1916]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus dumerili colombianus]]'' (Griffin, 1916)
−
:*''[[Micrurus dumerili transandinus]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1936]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus dumerili transandinus]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1936)
−
:*''[[Micrurus dumerili venezuelensis]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], [[1989]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus dumerili venezuelensis]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], 1989)
 
*Elegant Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus elegans]]''
 
*Elegant Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus elegans]]''
−
:*''[[Micrurus elegans elegans]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], [[1858]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus elegans elegans]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], 1858)
−
:*''[[Micrurus elegans veraepacis]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1933]])  
+
:*''[[Micrurus elegans veraepacis]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1933)  
 
*[[Oaxaca]]n Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus ephippifer]]''
 
*[[Oaxaca]]n Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus ephippifer]]''
−
:*''[[Micrurus ephippifer zapotecus]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], [[1989]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus ephippifer zapotecus]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], 1989)
−
:*''[[Micrurus ephippifer ephippifer]]'' ([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], [[1886]])  
+
:*''[[Micrurus ephippifer ephippifer]]'' ([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1886)  
 
*Slender Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus filiformis]]''
 
*Slender Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus filiformis]]''
−
:*''[[Micrurus filiformis filiformis]]'' ([[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], [[1859]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus filiformis filiformis]]'' ([[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], 1859)
−
:*''[[Micrurus filiformis subtilis]]'' ([[J. A. Roze|Roze]], [[1967]]
+
:*''[[Micrurus filiformis subtilis]]'' ([[J. A. Roze|Roze]], 1967
−
*Southern Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus frontalis]]'' - [[Brazil]] to northeastern [[Argentina]].
+
*Southern Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus frontalis]]''--[[Brazil]] to northeastern [[Argentina]].
−
:*''[[Micrurus frontalis frontalis]]'' ([[André Marie Constant Duméril|Duméril]], [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]], & [[Auguste Duméril|Duméril]], [[1854]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus frontalis frontalis]]'' ([[André Marie Constant Duméril|Duméril]], [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]], & [[Auguste Duméril|Duméril]], 1854)
−
:*''[[Micrurus frontalis brasiliensis]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], [[1967]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus frontalis brasiliensis]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], 1967)
−
:*''[[Micrurus frontalis mesopotamicus]]'' (Barrio & Miranda [[1967]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus frontalis mesopotamicus]]'' (Barrio & Miranda 1967)
−
*[[Bolivia]]n Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus frontifasciatus]]'' ([[Franz Werner|Werner]], [[1927]])  
+
*[[Bolivia]]n Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus frontifasciatus]]'' ([[Franz Werner|Werner]], 1927)  
−
*Eastern Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus fulvius]]'' ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1766]]) - coastal plains of [[North Carolina]] to [[Louisiana]]
+
*Eastern Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus fulvius]]'' ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766)--coastal plains of [[North Carolina]] to [[Louisiana]]
 
*Hemprich's Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus hemprichii]]''
 
*Hemprich's Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus hemprichii]]''
−
:*''[[Micrurus hemprichii hemprichii]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], [[1858]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus hemprichii hemprichii]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], 1858)
−
:*''[[Micrurus hemprichii ortoni]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1953]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus hemprichii ortoni]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1953)
−
:*''[[Micrurus hemprichii rondonianus]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]] & [[Da Silva (disambiguation)|Da Silva]]{{dn}}, [[1990]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus hemprichii rondonianus]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]] & [[Da Silva (disambiguation)|Da Silva]]{{dn}}, 1990)
−
*Mayan Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus hippocrepis]]'' ([[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], [[1862]])
+
*Mayan Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus hippocrepis]]'' ([[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], 1862)
−
*Caatinga Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus ibiboboca]]'' ([[Blasius Merrem|Merrem]], [[1820]])
+
*Caatinga Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus ibiboboca]]'' ([[Blasius Merrem|Merrem]], 1820)
−
*[[Venezuela]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus isozonus]]'' ([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], [[1860]])
+
*[[Venezuela]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus isozonus]]'' ([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1860)
 
*Langsdorff's Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus langsdorffi]]''
 
*Langsdorff's Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus langsdorffi]]''
−
:*''[[Micrurus langsdorffi langsdorffi]]'' ([[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], [[1824]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus langsdorffi langsdorffi]]'' ([[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1824)
−
:*''[[Micrurus langsdorffi ornatissimus]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], [[1858]])  
+
:*''[[Micrurus langsdorffi ornatissimus]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], 1858)  
 
*Balsan Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus laticollaris]]''
 
*Balsan Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus laticollaris]]''
−
:*''[[Micrurus laticollaris laticollaris]]'' ([[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], [[1870]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus laticollaris laticollaris]]'' ([[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], 1870)
−
:*''[[Micrurus laticollaris maculirostris]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], [[1967]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus laticollaris maculirostris]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], 1967)
−
*Broad-ringed Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus latifasciatus]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1933]])
+
*Broad-ringed Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus latifasciatus]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1933)
−
*[[South American]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus lemniscatus]]'' - most of low lying areas of [[South America]].
+
*[[South American]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus lemniscatus]]''--most of low lying areas of [[South America]].
−
:*''[[Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus]]'' ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus]]'' ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)
−
:*''[[Micrurus lemniscatus carvalhoi]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], [[1967]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus lemniscatus carvalhoi]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], 1967)
−
:*''[[Micrurus lemniscatus diutius]]'' ([[W.L. Burger|Burger]], [[1955]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus lemniscatus diutius]]'' ([[W.L. Burger|Burger]], 1955)
−
:*''[[Micrurus lemniscatus frontifasciatus]]'' ([[Franz Werner|Werner]], [[1927]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus lemniscatus frontifasciatus]]'' ([[Franz Werner|Werner]], 1927)
−
:*''[[Micrurus lemniscatus helleri]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]] & [[F.J.W. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1925]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus lemniscatus helleri]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]] & [[F.J.W. Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1925)
 
*Tuxtlan Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus limbatus]]''
 
*Tuxtlan Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus limbatus]]''
−
:*''[[Micrurus limbatus limbatus]]'' ([[D.F. Fraser|Fraser]], [[1964]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus limbatus limbatus]]'' ([[D.F. Fraser|Fraser]], 1964)
−
:*''[[Micrurus limbatus spilosomus]]'' ([[Perez-Higaredo]] & [[Hobart M. Smith|Smith]], [[1990]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus limbatus spilosomus]]'' ([[Perez-Higaredo]] & [[Hobart M. Smith|Smith]], 1990)
−
*Speckled Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus margaritiferus]]'' ([[J. A. Roze|Roze]], [[1967]])
+
*Speckled Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus margaritiferus]]'' ([[J. A. Roze|Roze]], 1967)
−
*''[[Micrurus medemi]]'' ([[J. A. Roze|Roze]], [[1967]])
+
*''[[Micrurus medemi]]'' ([[J. A. Roze|Roze]], 1967)
−
*Mertens' Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus mertensi]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1936]])
+
*Mertens' Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus mertensi]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1936)
 
*Redtail Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus mipartitus]]''
 
*Redtail Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus mipartitus]]''
−
:*''[[Micrurus mipartitus mipartitus]]'' ([[André Marie Constant Duméril|Duméril]], [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]], & [[Auguste Duméril|Duméril]], [[1854]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus mipartitus mipartitus]]'' ([[André Marie Constant Duméril|Duméril]], [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]], & [[Auguste Duméril|Duméril]], 1854)
−
:*''[[Micrurus mipartitus anomalus]]'' ([[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], [[1896]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus mipartitus anomalus]]'' ([[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1896)
−
:*''[[Micrurus mipartitus decussatus]]'' ([[André Marie Constant Duméril|Duméril]], [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]], & [[Auguste Duméril|Duméril]], [[1854]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus mipartitus decussatus]]'' ([[André Marie Constant Duméril|Duméril]], [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]], & [[Auguste Duméril|Duméril]], 1854)
−
:*''[[Micrurus mipartitus semipartitus]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], [[1858]])  
+
:*''[[Micrurus mipartitus semipartitus]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], 1858)  
 
*Many-banded Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus multifasciatus]]''
 
*Many-banded Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus multifasciatus]]''
−
:*''[[Micrurus multifasciatus multifasciatus]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], [[1858]])  
+
:*''[[Micrurus multifasciatus multifasciatus]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], 1858)  
−
:*''[[Micrurus multifasciatus hertwigi]]'' ([[Franz Werner|Werner]], [[1897]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus multifasciatus hertwigi]]'' ([[Franz Werner|Werner]], 1897)
−
*Cauca Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus multiscutatus]]'' ([[H. Rendahl|Rendahl]] & [[G. Vestergren|Vestergren]], [[1940]])
+
*Cauca Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus multiscutatus]]'' ([[H. Rendahl|Rendahl]] & [[G. Vestergren|Vestergren]], 1940)
−
*[[Cloud Forest]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus nebularis]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], [[1989]])
+
*[[Cloud Forest]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus nebularis]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], 1989)
−
*[[Central American]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus]]'' - [[Yucatan]] and [[Chiapas]] to [[Colombia]] as well as western [[Caribbean]] islands
+
*[[Central American]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus]]''--[[Yucatan]] and [[Chiapas]] to [[Colombia]] as well as western [[Caribbean]] islands
−
:*''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus babaspul]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], [[1967]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus babaspul]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], 1967)
−
:*''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus coibensis]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1936]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus coibensis]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1936)
−
:*''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus divaricatus]]'' ([[Edward Hallowell (herpetologist)|Hallowell]], [[1855]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus divaricatus]]'' ([[Edward Hallowell (herpetologist)|Hallowell]], 1855)
−
:*''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus mosquitensis]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1933]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus mosquitensis]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1933)
−
:*''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus nigrocinctus]]'' ([[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], [[1854]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus nigrocinctus]]'' ([[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1854)
−
:*''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus ovandoensis]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]] & [[Hobart M. Smith|Smith]], [[1943]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus ovandoensis]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]] & [[Hobart M. Smith|Smith]], 1943)
−
:*''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus wagneri]]'' ([[Robert Mertens|Mertens]], [[1941]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus wagneri]]'' ([[Robert Mertens|Mertens]], 1941)
−
:*''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus yatesi]]'' (Dunn, [[1942]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus yatesi]]'' (Dunn, 1942)
−
:*''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus zunilensis]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1932]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus zunilensis]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1932)
−
*''[[Micrurus pacaraimae]]'' ([[C. Morata de Carvalho|Morata de Carvalho]], [[2002]])
+
*''[[Micrurus pacaraimae]]'' ([[C. Morata de Carvalho|Morata de Carvalho]], 2002)
−
*''[[Micrurus pachecogili]]'' ([[J.A. Campbell|Campbell]], [[2000]])
+
*''[[Micrurus pachecogili]]'' ([[J.A. Campbell|Campbell]], 2000)
−
*''[[Micrurus paraensis]]'' (Da Cunha & Nascimento, [[1973]])
+
*''[[Micrurus paraensis]]'' (Da Cunha & Nascimento, 1973)
−
*[[Peru]]vian Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus peruvianus]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1936]])
+
*[[Peru]]vian Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus peruvianus]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1936)
−
*Peters' Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus petersi]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], [[1967]])
+
*Peters' Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus petersi]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], 1967)
−
*[[Nayarit]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus proximans]]'' ([[Hobart M. Smith|Smith]] & [[P.S. Chrapliwy|Chrapliwy]], [[1958]])
+
*[[Nayarit]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus proximans]]'' ([[Hobart M. Smith|Smith]] & [[P.S. Chrapliwy|Chrapliwy]], 1958)
 
*Carib Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus psyches]]''
 
*Carib Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus psyches]]''
−
:*''[[Micrurus psyches circinalis]]'' ([[André Marie Constant Duméril|Duméril]], [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]] & [[Auguste Duméril|Duméril]], [[1854]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus psyches circinalis]]'' ([[André Marie Constant Duméril|Duméril]], [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]] & [[Auguste Duméril|Duméril]], 1854)
−
:*''[[Micrurus psyches donosoi]]'' ([[A.R. Hoge|Hoge]], Cordeiro, & Romano, [[1976]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus psyches donosoi]]'' ([[A.R. Hoge|Hoge]], Cordeiro, & Romano, 1976)
−
:*''[[Micrurus psyches psyches]]'' ([[François Marie Daudin|Daudin]], [[1803]])  
+
:*''[[Micrurus psyches psyches]]'' ([[François Marie Daudin|Daudin]], 1803)  
−
*Putumayo Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus putumayensis]]'' ([[V. Lancini|Lancini]], [[1962]])
+
*Putumayo Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus putumayensis]]'' ([[V. Lancini|Lancini]], 1962)
−
*''[[Micrurus pyrrhocryptus]]'' ([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], [[1862]])
+
*''[[Micrurus pyrrhocryptus]]'' ([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1862)
−
*''[[Micrurus remotus]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], [[1987]])
+
*''[[Micrurus remotus]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], 1987)
−
*''[[Micrurus renjifoi]]'' ([[William W. Lamar|Lamar]], [[2003]])
+
*''[[Micrurus renjifoi]]'' ([[William W. Lamar|Lamar]], 2003)
−
*[[Roatan]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus ruatanus]]'' ([[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], [[1895]])
+
*[[Roatan]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus ruatanus]]'' ([[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], 1895)
−
*Santander Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus sangilensis]]'' ([[Nicéforo-Maria]], [[1942]])
+
*Santander Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus sangilensis]]'' ([[Nicéforo-Maria]], 1942)
−
*''[[Micrurus scutiventris]]'' ([[A.R. Hoge|Hoge]], & [[S. Romano-Hoge|Romano-Hoge]], [[1966]])
+
*''[[Micrurus scutiventris]]'' ([[A.R. Hoge|Hoge]], & [[S. Romano-Hoge|Romano-Hoge]], 1966)
 
*''[[Micrurus silviae]]'' Di-Bernardo et al., 2007
 
*''[[Micrurus silviae]]'' Di-Bernardo et al., 2007
 
*[[Amazon basin|Amazon]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus spixii]]''
 
*[[Amazon basin|Amazon]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus spixii]]''
−
:*''[[Micrurus spixii spixii]]'' ([[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], [[1824]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus spixii spixii]]'' ([[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1824)
−
:*''[[Micrurus spixiii martiusi]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1953]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus spixiii martiusi]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1953)
−
:*''[[Micrurus spixii obscurus]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], [[1872]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus spixii obscurus]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], 1872)
−
:*''[[Micrurus spixii princeps]]'' ([[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], [[1905]])  
+
:*''[[Micrurus spixii princeps]]'' ([[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1905)  
−
*''[[Micrurus spurelli]]'' ([[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], [[1914]])
+
*''[[Micrurus spurelli]]'' ([[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1914)
 
*Steindachner's Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus steindachneri]]''
 
*Steindachner's Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus steindachneri]]''
−
:*''[[Micrurus steindachneri steindachneri]]'' ([[Franz Werner|Werner]], [[1901]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus steindachneri steindachneri]]'' ([[Franz Werner|Werner]], 1901)
−
:*''[[Micrurus steindachneri orcesi]]'' ([[J. A. Roze|Roze]], [[1967]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus steindachneri orcesi]]'' ([[J. A. Roze|Roze]], 1967)
−
*[[Panama|Panamenian]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus stewarti]]'' ([[Thomas Barbour|Barbour]] & [[A.D. Amaral|Amaral]], [[1928]])
+
*[[Panama|Panamenian]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus stewarti]]'' ([[Thomas Barbour|Barbour]] & [[A.D. Amaral|Amaral]], 1928)
−
*Stuart's Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus stuarti]]'' ([[J. A. Roze|Roze]], [[1967]])
+
*Stuart's Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus stuarti]]'' ([[J. A. Roze|Roze]], 1967)
 
*Aquatic Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus surinamensis]]''
 
*Aquatic Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus surinamensis]]''
−
:*''[[Micrurus surinamensis surinamensis]]'' ([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], [[1817]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus surinamensis surinamensis]]'' ([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1817)
−
:*''[[Micrurus surinamensis nattereri]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1952]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus surinamensis nattereri]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1952)
−
*''[[Micrurus tamaulipensis]]'' ([[Pablo A. Lavin-Murcio|Lavin-Murcio]] & [[James R. Dixon|Dixon]], [[2004]]) - [[Sierra Madre Oriental]] in [[Tamaulipas]].
+
*''[[Micrurus tamaulipensis]]'' ([[Pablo A. Lavin-Murcio|Lavin-Murcio]] & [[James R. Dixon|Dixon]], 2004)--[[Sierra de Tamaulipas]] in state of [[Tamaulipas]], Mexico
 
[[Image:Micrurus_tener.jpg|240px|thumb|Texas Coral Snake, ''Micrurus tener'']]
 
[[Image:Micrurus_tener.jpg|240px|thumb|Texas Coral Snake, ''Micrurus tener'']]
−
*[[Texas]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus tener]]'' - [[Texas]] and [[Louisiana]] south to [[Morelos]] and [[Guanajuato]].
+
*[[Texas]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus tener]]''--Texas and [[Louisiana]] south to [[Morelos]] and [[Guanajuato]]
−
:*''[[Micrurus tener fitzingeri]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], [[1858]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus tener fitzingeri]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], 1858)
−
:*''[[Micrurus tener maculatus]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], [[1967]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus tener maculatus]]'' ([[J.A. Roze|Roze]], 1967)
−
:*''[[Micrurus tener microgalbineus]]'' ([[B.C. Brown|Brown]], & [[Hobart M. Smith|Smith]], [[1942]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus tener microgalbineus]]'' ([[B.C. Brown|Brown]], & [[Hobart M. Smith|Smith]], 1942)
−
:*''[[Micrurus tener tener]]'' ([[Spencer Fullerton Baird|Baird]], & [[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], [[1853]])  
+
:*''[[Micrurus tener tener]]'' ([[Spencer Fullerton Baird|Baird]], & [[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1853)  
−
*''[[Micrurus tricolor]]'' ([[A.R. Hoge|Hoge]], [[1956]])
+
*''[[Micrurus tricolor]]'' ([[A.R. Hoge|Hoge]], 1956)
−
*[[Desert]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus tschudii]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], [[1858]])  
+
*[[Desert]] Coral Snake, ''[[Micrurus tschudii]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], 1858)  
−
:*''[[Micrurus tschudii olssoni]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]] & [[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]], [[1925]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus tschudii olssoni]]'' ([[Karl P. Schmidt|Schmidt]] & Schmidt, 1925)
−
:*''[[Micrurus tschudii tschudii]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], [[1858]])
+
:*''[[Micrurus tschudii tschudii]]'' ([[G. Jan|Jan]], 1858)
−
 
 
−
== Mimicry ==
 
−
New World coral snakes are known to mimic [[False coral snakes]], snake species whose venom is less toxic. This is a rare example of [[Mertensian mimicry]]. Species of false coral snake include:
 
−
*[[Erythrolamprus aesculapii]]
 
−
*[[Erythrolamprus bizona]]
 
−
*[[Erythrolamprus ocellatus]] (AKA Tobago False Coral)
 
−
*[[Oxyrhopus petola]]
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
* Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 2004a. [http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174353 Micrurus Wagler, 1824] ''Taxonomic Serial No.: 174353''. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
+
* Castoe, T.A., E.N. Smith, R.M. Brown, and C.L. Parkinson. 2007. [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/zoj/2007/00000151/00000004/art00005 Higher-level phylogeny of Asian and American coralsnakes, their placement within the Elapidae (Squamata), and the systematic affinities of the enigmatic Asian coralsnake ''Hemibungarus calligaster.''] ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'' 151(4): 809-831.
−
 
+
* Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 2004a. [http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174353 ''Micrurus'' Wagler, 1824.] ''Taxonomic Serial No.: 174353''. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
−
* Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 2004b. [http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174351 Micruroides Schmidt, 1928] ''Taxonomic Serial No.: 174351''. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
+
* Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 2004b. [http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174351 ''Micruroides'' Schmidt, 1928.] ''Taxonomic Serial No.: 174351''. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
−
 
+
* Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 2004c. [http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=700209 ''Calliophis'' Gray, 1834.] ''Taxonomic Serial No.: 700209''. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
−
* Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 2005. [http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=700295 Leptomicrurus Schmidt, 1937] ''Taxonomic Serial No.: 700295''. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
+
* Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 2004d. [http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=700223 ''Hemibungarus'' Peters, 1862.] ''Taxonomic Serial No.: 700223''. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
−
 
+
* Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 2005a. [http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=700295 ''Leptomicrurus'' Schmidt, 1937.] ''Taxonomic Serial No.: 700295''. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
−
Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2008. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2008 at http://animaldiversity.org. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Leptomicrurus.html Genus Leptomicrurus].  
+
* Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 2005b. [http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=700254 ''Sinomicrurus''  Slowinski et al., 2001.] ''Taxonomic Serial No.: 700254''. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
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(thread coral snakes)
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* Keogh, J.S. 2004. Elapidae. In B. Grzimek, D. G. Kleiman, V. Geist, and M. C. McDade (eds.), ''Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia''. Detroit: Thomson-Gale. ISBN 0787657883.
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* Lavin-Murciol, P. A., and J. R. Dixon. 2004. [http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:QyFf-egk3AMJ:www.fororeptiles.org/cgi-bin/forum/Blah.pl%3Fv-download/f-2004_lavinmurcio__dixon_new_species_of_coral_snake_9160.pdf/+Lavin-Murcio,+Pablo+A.+and+James+R.+Dixon.+2004.+A+new+species+of+coral+snake&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us&client=firefox-a A new species of coral snake (Serpentes, Elapidae) from the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Mexico]. ''Phyllomeduso'' 3(1 ): 3-7. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
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http://www.tigr.org/reptiles/species.php?genus=Micrurus&species=collaris Micrurus collaris SCHLEGEL, 1837
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* Murphy, J.C. n.d. Squamata, Serpentes: Elapidae, genus ''Micrurus'', etc.- coral snakes. ''JCM NAtural History Photography''.
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The Reptile Database
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* Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G.S. Hammond, and T.A. Dewey. 2008. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Leptomicrurus.html Genus ''Leptomicrurus.''] ''Animal Diversity Web'' (online). Retrieved July 31, 2008.
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2007
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* Slowinski, J. B., J. Boundy, and R. Lawson. 2001. The phylogenetic relationships of Asian coral snakes (Elapidae: Calliophis and Maticora) based on morphological and molecular characters. ''Herpetologica'' 57: 233-245.
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JCVI.  
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* Uetz, P. 2007. [http://www.tigr.org/reptiles/species.php?genus=Micrurus&species=collaris ''Micrurus collaris'' Schlegel, 1837.] ''The Reptile Database''. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
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Uetz, P.
 
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http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/zoj/2007/00000151/00000004/art00005
 
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Higher-level phylogeny of Asian and American coralsnakes, their placement within the Elapidae (Squamata), and the systematic affinities of the enigmatic Asian coralsnake Hemibungarus calligaster ( )
 
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Authors: CASTOE, TODD A.; SMITH, ERIC N.1; BROWN, RAFE M.2; PARKINSON, CHRISTOPHER L.3
 
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Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 151, Number 4, December 2007 , pp. 809-831(23)
 
  
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John C. Murphy. http://www.jcmnaturalhistory.com/jcmMICRURUS.html Squamata, Serpentes: Elapidae, Genus Micrurus, Etc.- Coral Snakes JCM NAtural History Photography
 
  
 
[[Category:Life sciences]]
 
[[Category:Life sciences]]

Latest revision as of 19:02, 14 January 2023

Coral Snakes
Coral snake.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Sauropsida
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Elapidae
Genus: Leptomicrurus
Micrurus
Micruroides
Calliphis
Sinomicrurus
Species

Around 80, see article.

Coral snake, or coralsnake, is the common name for often colorful venomous snakes belonging to several genera of the Elapidae family. Traditionally, six genera have been known collectively as coral snakes, the American coral snake genera Micrurus, Micruroides, and Leptomicrurus, and the Asian coral snake genera Calliphis, Sinomicrurus, and Hemibungarus (Castoe et al. 2007; Murphy). However, Castoe et al. (2007), based on molecular phylogenetic analyses and descriptive morphological evidence, suggest that "Hemibungarus is not (phylogenetically) a coralsnake," but the other five genera do form a clade.

In particular, the name coral snake is associated as a common name with species belonging to Micrurus (American coral snakes or American coralsnakes), Micruroides (Western coral snakes or Sonoran coralsnakes), and Leptomicrurus (thread coral snakes) (ITIS 2004a,b; Myers et al. 2008).

Despite its potent venom, coral snakes are not aggressive toward humans and bites are rare, usually accidental in nature or because of aggression on the part of humans. Their often brilliant colors add to the wonder of nature, but can also pose an attraction to children. Coral snakes do play an important ecological role in food chains, preying upon small vertebrates (other reptiles, lizards, amphibians, small mammals, young birds) as well as insects, and being preyed upon by some birds of prey, some mammals, and other snakes.

Overview and description

As part of the Elapidae family of snakes, coral snakes are characterized by hollow, permanently erect, relatively short fangs in the front of the mouth that channel venom into the prey. Elapids are a diverse group of more than 300 species placed in about 60 genera (Keogh 2004).

Coral snakes comprise about one-third of the alpha diversity of the Elapidae family (Castoe et al. 2007). These snakes can be divided into two distinct groups, New World coral snakes and Old World coral snakes. The three genera of New World coral snakes (Micrurus, Micruroides, and Leptomicrurus) consist of over 65 recognized species (ITIS 2004a, 2004b, 2005a). The Old World coral snake genera (Calliphis, Sinomicrurus, and Hemibungarus) comprise about 14 species (ITIS 2004c, 2004d, 2005b).

Slowinski et al. (2001), based on morphological and molecular (mtDNA) characters, conclude that Micrurus and Micruroides are needed along with the Asian coral snakes to make a monophyletic group. Castoe et al. (2007), using molecular phylogenetic analyses and comparison of external morphological and hemipenial characters, suggest that that only five genera of the Asian and American coral snakes form an exclusive clade, these being Calliophis, Sinomicrurus, Micruroides, Micrurus, and Leptomicrurus. They suggest a new classification for the coral snakes called Calliohini, consisting of these five genera. Hemibungarus, as represented by by the "enigmatic Asian coralsnake" H. calligaster, was determined not to be a coral snake and was placed outside this clade.

In general, coral snakes tend to be brightly colored and have small heads, or with strongly contrasting patterns that can warm predators of their venomous nature (Castoe et al. 2007; Murphy). Old World coral snakes tend to have 13 or 15 rows of scales at mid body, while New World coral snakes have 15 or 17 rows of scales at mid body (Murphy).

Most species of coral snake are small in size. North American species average around 90 centimeters (three feet) in length, but specimens of up to 150 centimeters (five feet) or slightly larger have been reported. Aquatic species have flattened tails, to act as a fin, aiding in swimming.

Coral snakes in North America (Micrurus fulvius, Micrurus tener, and Micruroides euryxantus) are most notable for their red, yellow/white, and black colored banding. Several nonvenomous species have similar coloration, however, including the scarlet kingsnake, the scarlet snake, and the milk snake. In some regions, the order of the bands distinguishes between the non-venomous mimics and the venomous coral snakes, inspiring some folk rhymes: "If red touches yellow, it can kill a fellow" (coral snake) and "if red touches black, it is a friend of jack" or "red and yellow, kill a fellow; red and black, venom lack." However, this only reliably applies to coral snakes in North America, found in the southern and eastern United States. Coral snakes found in other parts of the world can have distinctly different patterns, and can even have red bands touching black bands, have only pink and blue banding, or have no banding at all.

Behavior

Coral snakes vary widely in their behavior, but most are very elusive, fossorial snakes, which spend the vast majority of their time buried in the ground or in leaf litter of a rainforest floor, only coming to the surface during rains or during breeding season. Some species, like Micrurus surinamensis, are almost entirely aquatic and spend most of their lives in slow moving bodies of water that have dense vegetation. Some are climbing.

Like all elapid snakes, coral snakes use a pair of small fangs, which are fixed in the front of their top jaw, to deliver their venom. Due to the time it takes for the venom to take effect, coral snakes have a tendency to hold on to a victim when biting, unlike vipers, which have retractable fangs and tend to prefer to strike and let go immediately. Coral snakes are not aggressive or prone to biting however, and account for less than one percent of the number of snake bites each year in the United States. Most coral snake bites occur because of accidental handling of the snake while engaged in an activity like gardening.

When disturbed, coral snakes tend to thrash their tails and bodies from side to side, flatten and coil their tails, and hide their head under the body coil (Murphy).

Venom

Coral snakes possess the second most potent venom of any North American snake, behind some rattlesnake species. However, few bites are recorded due to their reclusive nature and the fact they generally inhabit sparsely populated areas. When confronted by humans, coral snakes will almost always attempt to flee and will bite only as a last resort. In addition, coral snakes have short fangs that cannot penetrate thick shoe leather. Any bite however, is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention. Coral snakes have a powerful neurotoxin that paralyzes the breathing muscles; mechanical or artificial respiration, along with large doses of antivenom, are often required to save a victim's life. There is usually only mild pain associated with a bite, but breathing difficulties and ptosis can occur within hours.

Taxonomy

Genus Calliophis:

  • Calliophis beddomei (M. A. Smith, 1943)
  • Calliophis bibroni(Jan, 1859)
  • Calliophis bivigrata (F. Bole, 1827)
  • Calliophis gracillis (Gray, 1838)
  • Calliophis intestinalis(Laurenti, 1768)
  • Calliophis maculiceps (Gunther, 1858)
  • Calliophis melanurus(Shaw, 1802)
  • Calliophis nigrescens (Gunther, 1862)

Genus Sinomicrurus:

  • Sinomicrurus hatori (Takahaski, 1930)
  • Sinomicrurus japonicus(Gunther, 1868)
  • Sinomicrurus kelloggi (Pope, 1928)
  • Sinomicrurus macclellandi (Reinhardt, 1844)
  • Sinomicrurus sauteri (Steindachner, 1913)

Genus Hemibungarus: (Not a coral snake according to Castoe et al. 2007)

  • Hemibungarus calligaster (Wiegmann, 1834)

Genus Leptomicrurus:

  • Leptomicrurus collaris collaris (Schlegel, 1837)
  • Leptomicrurus collaris breviventris (Roze & Bernal-Carlo, 1987)
  • Andes/Andean Blackback Coral Snake, Leptomicrurus narduccii
  • Leptomicrurus narduccii narduccii (Jan, 1863)
  • Leptomicrurus narduccii melanotus (Peters, 1881)

Genus Micruroides:

  • Arizona Coral Snake, Micruroides euryxanthus—lowland regions from Arizona to Sinaloa
  • Micruroides euryxanthus australis (Zweifel & Norris, 1955)
  • Micruroides euryxanthus euryxanthus (Kennicott, 1860)
  • Micruroides euryxanthus neglectus (Roze, 1967)

Genus Micrurus:

  • Micrurus alleni alleni (Schmidt, 1936)
  • Micrurus alleni richardi (Taylor, 1951)
  • Micrurus alleni yatesi (Taylor, 1954)
  • Micrurus ancoralis jani (Schmidt, 1936)
  • Micrurus ancoralis ancoralis (Jan, 1872)
  • Micrurus annellatus annellatus (Peters, 1871)
  • Micrurus annellatus balzanii (Boulenger, 1898)
  • Micrurus annellatus bolivianus (Roze, 1967)
  • Black-headed Coral Snake, Micrurus averyi (Schmidt, 1939)
  • Micrurus bernadi (Cope, 1887)—Mexico.
  • Ecuadorian Coral Snake, Micrurus bocourti (Jan, 1872)—western Ecuador to northern Colombia,
  • Bogert's Coral Snake, Micrurus bogerti (Roze, 1967)—Oaxaca.
  • Brown's Coral Snake, Micrurus browni - Quintana Roo to Honduras.
  • Micrurus browni browni (Schmidt & Smith, 1943)
  • Micrurus browni importunus (Roze, 1967)
  • Micrurus browni Taylori (Schmidt & Smith, 1943)
  • Micrurus camilae (Renjifo & Lundberg, 2003)—Colombia
  • Catamayo Coral Snake, Micrurus catamayensis (Roze, 1989)—Catamayo Valley of Ecuador.
  • Clark's Coral Snake, Micrurus clarki (Schmidt, 1936)—southeastern Costa Rica to western Colombia
  • Painted Coral Snake, Micrurus corallinus (Merrem, 1820)
  • Brazilian Coral Snake, Micrurus decoratus (Jan, 1858)
  • Micrurus diana (Roze, 1983
  • Variable Coral Snake, Micrurus diastema
  • Micrurus diastema diastema (Duméril, Bibron, & Duméril, 1854)
  • Micrurus diastema aglaeope (Cope, 1859)
  • Micrurus diastema alienus (Werner, 1903)
  • Micrurus diastema affinis (Jan, 1858)
  • Micrurus diastema apiatus (Jan, 1858)
  • Micrurus diastema macdougalli (Roze, 1967)
  • Micrurus diastema sapperi (Werner, 1903)
  • Pygmy Coral Snake, Micrurus dissoleucus
  • Micrurus dissoleucus dissoleucus (Cope, 1860)
  • Micrurus dissoleucus dunni (Barbour, 1923)
  • Micrurus dissoleucus melanogenys (Cope, 1860)
  • Micrurus dissoleucus meridensis (Roze, 1989)
  • Micrurus dissoleucus nigrirostris (Schmidt, 1955)
  • West Mexican Coral Snake, Micrurus distans
  • Micrurus distans distans (Kennicott, 1860)
  • Micrurus distans michoacanensis (Duges, 1891)
  • Micrurus distans oliveri (Roze, 1967)
  • Micrurus distans zweifeli (Roze, 1967)
  • Micrurus dumerilii
  • Micrurus dumerili antioquiensis (Schmidt, 1936)
  • Micrurus dumerili carinicaudus (Schmidt, 1936)
  • Micrurus carinicauda (Schmidt, 1936)
  • Micrurus dumerili colombianus (Griffin, 1916)
  • Micrurus dumerili transandinus (Schmidt, 1936)
  • Micrurus dumerili venezuelensis (Roze, 1989)
  • Elegant Coral Snake, Micrurus elegans
  • Micrurus elegans elegans (Jan, 1858)
  • Micrurus elegans veraepacis (Schmidt, 1933)
  • Oaxacan Coral Snake, Micrurus ephippifer
  • Micrurus ephippifer zapotecus (Roze, 1989)
  • Micrurus ephippifer ephippifer (Cope, 1886)
  • Slender Coral Snake, Micrurus filiformis
  • Micrurus filiformis filiformis (Günther, 1859)
  • Micrurus filiformis subtilis (Roze, 1967
  • Southern Coral Snake, Micrurus frontalis—Brazil to northeastern Argentina.
  • Micrurus frontalis frontalis (Duméril, Bibron, & Duméril, 1854)
  • Micrurus frontalis brasiliensis (Roze, 1967)
  • Micrurus frontalis mesopotamicus (Barrio & Miranda 1967)
  • Bolivian Coral Snake, Micrurus frontifasciatus (Werner, 1927)
  • Eastern Coral Snake, Micrurus fulvius (Linnaeus, 1766)—coastal plains of North Carolina to Louisiana
  • Hemprich's Coral Snake, Micrurus hemprichii
  • Micrurus hemprichii hemprichii (Jan, 1858)
  • Micrurus hemprichii ortoni (Schmidt, 1953)
  • Micrurus hemprichii rondonianus (Roze & Da Silva, 1990)
  • Mayan Coral Snake, Micrurus hippocrepis (Peters, 1862)
  • Caatinga Coral Snake, Micrurus ibiboboca (Merrem, 1820)
  • Venezuela Coral Snake, Micrurus isozonus (Cope, 1860)
  • Langsdorff's Coral Snake, Micrurus langsdorffi
  • Micrurus langsdorffi langsdorffi (Wagler, 1824)
  • Micrurus langsdorffi ornatissimus (Jan, 1858)
  • Balsan Coral Snake, Micrurus laticollaris
  • Micrurus laticollaris laticollaris (Peters, 1870)
  • Micrurus laticollaris maculirostris (Roze, 1967)
  • Broad-ringed Coral Snake, Micrurus latifasciatus (Schmidt, 1933)
  • South American Coral Snake, Micrurus lemniscatus—most of low lying areas of South America.
  • Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Micrurus lemniscatus carvalhoi (Roze, 1967)
  • Micrurus lemniscatus diutius (Burger, 1955)
  • Micrurus lemniscatus frontifasciatus (Werner, 1927)
  • Micrurus lemniscatus helleri (Schmidt & Schmidt, 1925)
  • Tuxtlan Coral Snake, Micrurus limbatus
  • Micrurus limbatus limbatus (Fraser, 1964)
  • Micrurus limbatus spilosomus (Perez-Higaredo & Smith, 1990)
  • Speckled Coral Snake, Micrurus margaritiferus (Roze, 1967)
  • Micrurus medemi (Roze, 1967)
  • Mertens' Coral Snake, Micrurus mertensi (Schmidt, 1936)
  • Redtail Coral Snake, Micrurus mipartitus
  • Micrurus mipartitus mipartitus (Duméril, Bibron, & Duméril, 1854)
  • Micrurus mipartitus anomalus (Boulenger, 1896)
  • Micrurus mipartitus decussatus (Duméril, Bibron, & Duméril, 1854)
  • Micrurus mipartitus semipartitus (Jan, 1858)
  • Many-banded Coral Snake, Micrurus multifasciatus
  • Micrurus multifasciatus multifasciatus (Jan, 1858)
  • Micrurus multifasciatus hertwigi (Werner, 1897)
  • Cauca Coral Snake, Micrurus multiscutatus (Rendahl & Vestergren, 1940)
  • Cloud Forest Coral Snake, Micrurus nebularis (Roze, 1989)
  • Central American Coral Snake, Micrurus nigrocinctus—Yucatan and Chiapas to Colombia as well as western Caribbean islands
  • Micrurus nigrocinctus babaspul (Roze, 1967)
  • Micrurus nigrocinctus coibensis (Schmidt, 1936)
  • Micrurus nigrocinctus divaricatus (Hallowell, 1855)
  • Micrurus nigrocinctus mosquitensis (Schmidt, 1933)
  • Micrurus nigrocinctus nigrocinctus (Girard, 1854)
  • Micrurus nigrocinctus ovandoensis (Schmidt & Smith, 1943)
  • Micrurus nigrocinctus wagneri (Mertens, 1941)
  • Micrurus nigrocinctus yatesi (Dunn, 1942)
  • Micrurus nigrocinctus zunilensis (Schmidt, 1932)
  • Micrurus pacaraimae (Morata de Carvalho, 2002)
  • Micrurus pachecogili (Campbell, 2000)
  • Micrurus paraensis (Da Cunha & Nascimento, 1973)
  • Peruvian Coral Snake, Micrurus peruvianus (Schmidt, 1936)
  • Peters' Coral Snake, Micrurus petersi (Roze, 1967)
  • Nayarit Coral Snake, Micrurus proximans (Smith & Chrapliwy, 1958)
  • Carib Coral Snake, Micrurus psyches
  • Micrurus psyches circinalis (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854)
  • Micrurus psyches donosoi (Hoge, Cordeiro, & Romano, 1976)
  • Micrurus psyches psyches (Daudin, 1803)
  • Putumayo Coral Snake, Micrurus putumayensis (Lancini, 1962)
  • Micrurus pyrrhocryptus (Cope, 1862)
  • Micrurus remotus (Roze, 1987)
  • Micrurus renjifoi (Lamar, 2003)
  • Roatan Coral Snake, Micrurus ruatanus (Günther, 1895)
  • Santander Coral Snake, Micrurus sangilensis (Nicéforo-Maria, 1942)
  • Micrurus scutiventris (Hoge, & Romano-Hoge, 1966)
  • Micrurus silviae Di-Bernardo et al., 2007
  • Amazon Coral Snake, Micrurus spixii
  • Micrurus spixii spixii (Wagler, 1824)
  • Micrurus spixiii martiusi (Schmidt, 1953)
  • Micrurus spixii obscurus (Jan, 1872)
  • Micrurus spixii princeps (Boulenger, 1905)
  • Micrurus spurelli (Boulenger, 1914)
  • Steindachner's Coral Snake, Micrurus steindachneri
  • Micrurus steindachneri steindachneri (Werner, 1901)
  • Micrurus steindachneri orcesi (Roze, 1967)
  • Panamenian Coral Snake, Micrurus stewarti (Barbour & Amaral, 1928)
  • Stuart's Coral Snake, Micrurus stuarti (Roze, 1967)
  • Aquatic Coral Snake, Micrurus surinamensis
  • Micrurus surinamensis surinamensis (Cuvier, 1817)
  • Micrurus surinamensis nattereri (Schmidt, 1952)
  • Micrurus tamaulipensis (Lavin-Murcio & Dixon, 2004)—Sierra de Tamaulipas in state of Tamaulipas, Mexico
Texas Coral Snake, Micrurus tener
  • Texas Coral Snake, Micrurus tener—Texas and Louisiana south to Morelos and Guanajuato
  • Micrurus tener fitzingeri (Jan, 1858)
  • Micrurus tener maculatus (Roze, 1967)
  • Micrurus tener microgalbineus (Brown, & Smith, 1942)
  • Micrurus tener tener (Baird, & Girard, 1853)
  • Micrurus tricolor (Hoge, 1956)
  • Desert Coral Snake, Micrurus tschudii (Jan, 1858)
  • Micrurus tschudii olssoni (Schmidt & Schmidt, 1925)
  • Micrurus tschudii tschudii (Jan, 1858)

References
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