Walker, Alice

From New World Encyclopedia
 
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{{Infobox Writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]] —>
 
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'''Alice Malsenior Walker''' (born February 9, 1944) is an [[United States|American]] [[author]], self-declared [[feminism|feminist]] and [[womanist]]—the latter a term she herself coined to make special distinction for the experiences of women of color. She has written at length on issues of [[race]] and [[gender]], and is most famous for the critically acclaimed novel ''[[The Color Purple]]'', for which she won the [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]].
 
'''Alice Malsenior Walker''' (born February 9, 1944) is an [[United States|American]] [[author]], self-declared [[feminism|feminist]] and [[womanist]]—the latter a term she herself coined to make special distinction for the experiences of women of color. She has written at length on issues of [[race]] and [[gender]], and is most famous for the critically acclaimed novel ''[[The Color Purple]]'', for which she won the [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]].
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{{toc}}
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The style of the text was that of a traditional [[epistolary novel]], but Walker created a unique work by combining it with the [[vernacular]] of black American English and with the struggle of a poor, uneducated black girl fighting both [[racism]] and black [[patriarchy]] in the setting of the American South.
  
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The style of the text was that of a traditional epistlatory novel, but Walker created a unique work by combining it with the veracular of black American English and with the struggle of a poor, uneducated black girl fighting both [[racism]] and black [[patriarchy]] in the setting of the American South.  
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==Early life==
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Alice Walker was born in [[Eatonton, Georgia|Eatonton]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], the eighth child of [[Sharecropping|sharecropper]]s.<ref name="observer">{{cite news| last = Campbell| first = Duncan| coauthors =| title = A long walk to freedom| work =| pages =| language =| publisher = ''The Observer''| date = February 25, 2001| url = http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,442539,00.html| accessdate = Retrieved January 20, 2009.}}</ref> In addition to African-American, her family has [[Cherokee]], [[Scotland|Scottish]], and [[Ireland|Irish]] lineage.<ref>Gerri Bates, ''Alice Walker: A Critical Companion'' (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005, ISBN 0313320241).</ref> Although she grew up in Georgia, she has stated that she often felt displaced there, and moved to [[Berkeley, California]] in the 1970s:
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<blockquote>But I felt in Georgia and on the east coast generally very squeezed. People have so many hang-ups about how other people live their lives. People always want to keep you in a little box or they need to label you and fix you in time and location. I feel a greater fluidity here. People are much more willing to accept that nothing is permanent, everything is changeable so there is freedom and I do need to live where I can be free.<ref name="observer"/></blockquote>
  
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==Early life==
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Walker was injured when her brother accidentally shot her in the eye with a [[BB gun]] when she was eight-years-old. She became blind in her right eye as a result. This event had a large impact on Walker, especially when a white doctor in town swindled her parents out of $250 they paid to repair her injury. Walker refers to this incident in her book ''Warrior Marks'', a chronicle of [[female genital mutilation]] in [[Africa]], and uses it to illustrate the sacrificial marks women bear that allow them to be "warriors" against female suppression.
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Walker was born in [[Eatonton, Georgia|Eatonton]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], the eighth child of [[Sharecropping|sharecropper]]s.<ref name="observer">{{cite news| last = Campbell| first = Duncan| coauthors =| title = A long walk to freedom| work =| pages =| language =| publisher = ''The Observer''| date = February 25, 2001| url = http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,442539,00.html| accessdate = Retrieved January 20, 2009.}}</ref> In addition to African-American, her family has [[Cherokee]], [[Scotland|Scottish]] and [[Ireland|Irish]] lineage.<ref>Gerri Bates, ''Alice Walker: A Critical Companion'' (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005, ISBN 0313320241).</ref> Although she grew up in Georgia, she has stated that she often felt displaced there, and moved to [[Berkeley, California]] in the 1970s:
 
  
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{{cquote|But I felt in Georgia and on the east coast generally very squeezed. People have so many hang-ups about how other people live their lives. People always want to keep you in a little box or they need to label you and fix you in time and location. I feel a greater fluidity here. People are much more willing to accept that nothing is permanent, everything is changeable so there is freedom and I do need to live where I can be free.|20|20|Alice Walker, interview with ''The Observer'' in 2001|<ref name="observer"/>}}
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==Activism and marriage==
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{{readout||left|250px|[[Pulitzer Prize]] winning author Alice Walker was active in the [[Civil Rights Movement]]}}
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After high school, Walker went to [[Spelman College]] in [[Atlanta]] on full scholarship in 1961 and later transferred to [[Sarah Lawrence College]] near New York City, graduating in 1965. Walker became interested in the [[Civil Rights Movement]] in part due to the influence of activist [[Howard Zinn]], who was one of her professors at Spelman College. Continuing the activism that she participated in during her college years, Walker returned to the South where she became involved with voter registration drives, campaigns for welfare rights, and children's programs in [[Mississippi]].<ref name="browse">{{cite news| last = White| first = Evelyn C.| coauthors =| title = Alice Walker: On Finding Your Bliss; Interview by Evelyn C. White| work =| pages =| language =| publisher = Ms. Magazine| date = September/October 1999| url = http://www.bookbrowse.com/author_interviews/full/index.cfm?author_number=314| accessdate = Retrieved January 20, 2009. }}</ref>
  
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Walker was injured when her brother accidentally shot her in the eye with a BB gun when she was eight-years-old. She became blind in her right eye as a result. This event had a large impact on Walker, especially when a white doctor in town swindled her parents out of $250 they paid to repair her injury. Walker refers to this incident in her book ''Warrior Marks'', a chronicle of female genital mutilation in Africa, and uses it to illustrate the sacrificial marks women bear that allow them to be "warriors" against female suppression.
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In 1965, Walker met and later married Mel Leventhal, a [[Jewish]] civil rights lawyer. They were married on March 17, 1967 in New York City. Later that year the couple relocated to [[Jackson, Mississippi]], becoming "the first interracial couple to be legally married in Mississippi."<ref name="democracy">{{cite news| last =| first =| coauthors =| title = Inner Light in a Time of Darkness: A Conversation with Author and Poet Alice Walker| work =| pages =| language =| publisher = Democracy Now!| date = November 17, 2006|</ref> This brought them a steady stream of harassment and even murderous threats from the [[Ku Klux Klan]]. The couple had a daughter, [[Rebecca Walker|Rebecca]] in 1969, but divorced eight years later, in 1977.
  
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==Activism and marriage==
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Rebecca Walker is also an author and in 2000 published a memoir titled ''Black White and Jewish'', chronicling her parents' relationship and how it negatively affected her childhood.<ref name="">{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article3866798.ece|title=The day feminist icon Alice Walker resigned as my mother|accessdate=January 20, 2009|format=|work= }}</ref><ref name="observer"/>  Walker and her daughter are estranged. Daughter Rebecca reports Walker wrote that their "relationship had been inconsequential for years, and that she was no longer interested in being my mother." <ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1021293/How-mothers-fanatical-views-tore-apart.html How my mother's fanatical views tore us apart] Retrieved January 20, 2009.</ref>
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After high school, Walker went to [[Spelman College]] in [[Atlanta]] on full scholarship in 1961 and later transferred to [[Sarah Lawrence College]] near New York City, graduating in 1965. Walker became interested in the [[U.S. civil rights movement]] in part due to the influence of activist [[Howard Zinn]], who was one of her professors at Spelman College. Continuing the activism that she participated in during her college years, Walker returned to the South where she became involved with voter registration drives, campaigns for welfare rights, and children's programs in [[Mississippi]].<ref name="browse">{{cite news| last = White| first = Evelyn C.| coauthors =| title = Alice Walker: On Finding Your Bliss; Interview by Evelyn C. White| work =| pages =| language =| publisher = Ms. Magazine| date = September/October 1999| url = http://www.bookbrowse.com/author_interviews/full/index.cfm?author_number=314| accessdate = Retrieved January 20, 2009. }}</ref>
 
  
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In 1965, Walker met and later married Mel Leventhal, a [[Jewish]] civil rights lawyer. They  were married on March 17, 1967 in New York City. Later that year the couple relocated to [[Jackson, Mississippi]].<ref name="democracy">{{cite news| last =| first =| coauthors =| title = Inner Light in a Time of Darkness: A Conversation with Author and Poet Alice Walker| work =| pages =| language =| publisher = Democracy Now!| date = November 17, 2006| url = http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=06/11/17/1454228| accessdate = January 20, 2009 }}</ref> This brought them a steady stream of harassment and even murderous threats from the [[Ku Klux Klan]]. The couple had a daughter, [[Rebecca Walker|Rebecca]] in 1969, but divorced eight years later, in 1977.
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Musician/Comedian [[Reggie Watts]] is Walker's second cousin.<ref>{{cite news| last = Teagarden| first = Rebecca| coauthors =| title = Reggie Watts| Stage presence| work =| pages =| language =| publisher = ''The Seattle Times''| date = December 19, 2004| url = http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/pacificnw/2004/1219/portraits.html| accessdate =January 20, 2009 }}</ref>
  
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==Writing career and success==
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==Writing Career==
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Walker's first book of poetry was written while she was still a senior at Sarah Lawrence, however she took a brief sabbatical from writing when she was in Mississippi working in the civil rights movement. Walker resumed her writing career when she joined ''[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]]'' magazine as an editor before moving to northern [[California]] in the late 1970s. An article she published in 1975 was largely responsible for the renewal of interest in the work of [[Zora Neale Hurston]], who was an important source of inspiration for Walker's writing and subject matter. In 1973, Walker and fellow Hurston scholar Charlotte D. Hunt discovered Hurston's unmarked grave in [[Ft. Pierce, Florida]]. Both women paid for a modest headstone for the gravesite.<ref>[http://www.mondowendell.com/walker.htm Extract from "Anything We Love Can Be Saved: A Writer's Activism" by Alice Walker published by ''The Women's Press Ltd'', 1997] Retrieved January 20, 2009.</ref>
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Alice Walker's first book of [[poetry]] was written while she was still a senior at Sarah Lawrence, however she took a brief sabbatical from writing when she was in [[Mississippi]] working in the [[Civil Rights Movement]], after which she accepted a position at [[Wellesley College]] where she taught a landmark course on African-American women’s literature in the spring of 1972.<ref>"[http://www.wellesley.edu/PublicAffairs/WellesleyWeek/wweekapril9-16.pdf Speaker Reflects on Alice Walker, Time at Wellesley]" ''Wellesley Week'' (April 9, 2007). Retrieved April 26, 2011.</ref> Walker resumed her writing career when she joined ''[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]]'' magazine as an editor before moving to northern [[California]] in the late 1970s. An article she published in 1975 was largely responsible for the renewal of interest in the work of [[Zora Neale Hurston]], who was an important source of inspiration for Walker's writing and subject matter. In 1973, Walker and fellow Hurston scholar Charlotte D. Hunt discovered Hurston's unmarked grave in [[Ft. Pierce, Florida]]. Both women paid for a modest headstone for the gravesite.<ref> Extract from "Anything We Love Can Be Saved: A Writer's Activism" by Alice Walker published by ''The Women's Press Ltd'', 1997.</ref>
  
 
In addition to her collected short stories and poetry, Walker's first novel, ''The Third Life of Grange Copeland'', was published in 1970. In 1976, Walker's second novel, ''Meridian'', was published. The novel dealt with activist workers in the South during the civil rights movement, and closely paralleled some of Walker's own experiences.
 
In addition to her collected short stories and poetry, Walker's first novel, ''The Third Life of Grange Copeland'', was published in 1970. In 1976, Walker's second novel, ''Meridian'', was published. The novel dealt with activist workers in the South during the civil rights movement, and closely paralleled some of Walker's own experiences.
  
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===The Color Purple===
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===''The Color Purple''===
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In 1982, Walker would publish what has become her best-known work, the novel ''[[The Color Purple]]'', an acclaimed [[1982 in literature|1982]] [[epistolary novel]] that received the 1983 [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]] and the [[National Book Award]]. Taking place mostly in rural [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], the story focuses on the struggles of a young, black woman during the 1930s in the [[Southern United States]]. It addresses the numerous issues in the black female life, as the protagonist, Celie, fights her way through both racist white culture and [[patriarchy|patriarchal]] black culture. The story is told through a series of diary entries and letters. Celie, is a poor, uneducated young woman who, at 14, is abused and impregnated twice by a man she believes to be her father. Through the course of events, Celie comes to know the truth about her situation, including the father of her children, and gaining power through her knowledge, is able to gain greater freedom and independence, and successfully reunite with her sister. The novel was a resounding commercial success. The book became a bestseller and was subsequently adapted into a critically acclaimed [[The Color Purple (film)|1985 movie]] as well as a 2005 [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] [[The Color Purple (musical)|musical play]]. Because of the novel's sometimes explicit content, particularly in terms of violence, it has been the frequent target of censors and appears on the [[American Library Association]] list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990-2000 at number 18.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/oif/bannedbooksweek/bbwlinks/100mostfrequently.cfm|title=The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–2000|publisher=[[American Library Association]]|accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref>
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In 1982, Walker would publish what has become her best-known work, the novel ''[[The Color Purple]]'', an acclaimed [[1982 in literature|1982]] [[epistolary novel]] that received the 1983 [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]] and the [[National Book Award]]. Taking place mostly in rural [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], the story focuses on the struggles of a young, black woman during the 1930s in the [[Southern United States]]. It addresses the numerous issues in the black female life as the protagonist, Celie, fights her way through both [[racism|racist]] white culture and [[patriarchy|patriarchal]] black culture.  
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The story is told through a series of diary entries and letters. Celie, is a poor, uneducated young woman who, at 14, is abused and impregnated twice by a man she believes to be her father. Through the course of events, Celie comes to know the truth about her situation, including the father of her children, and gaining power through her knowledge, is able to gain greater freedom and independence and successfully reunite with her sister.  
 +
 
 +
The novel was a resounding commercial success. The book became a bestseller and was subsequently adapted into a critically acclaimed [[The Color Purple (film)|1985 movie]] as well as a 2005 [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] [[The Color Purple (musical)|musical play]]. Because of the novel's sometimes explicit content, particularly in terms of violence, it has been the frequent target of censors and appears on the [[American Library Association]] list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990-2000 at number 18.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/oif/bannedbooksweek/bbwlinks/100mostfrequently.cfm|title=The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–2000|publisher=[[American Library Association]]|accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref>
  
 
===Other works===
 
===Other works===
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Walker has written several other novels, including ''[[The Temple of My Familiar]]'' and ''[[Possessing the Secret of Joy]]'' (which featured several characters and descendants of characters from ''The Color Purple'') and has published a number of collections of short stories, poetry, among other published works.
 
Walker has written several other novels, including ''[[The Temple of My Familiar]]'' and ''[[Possessing the Secret of Joy]]'' (which featured several characters and descendants of characters from ''The Color Purple'') and has published a number of collections of short stories, poetry, among other published works.
  
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Additionally, Walker has published several short stories, including the 1973 "[[Everyday Use]]: for your grandmama." This story contains Walker's traditional subjects of feminism and racism against blacks. <ref>Alice Walker, "Everyday Use." Perrine's Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense. Comp. Thomas R. Arp. New York: Harcourt Brace College, 1994. 90-97.</ref>
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Additionally, Walker has published several short stories, including the 1973 "[[Everyday Use]]: for your grandmama." This story contains Walker's traditional subjects of [[feminism]] and [[racism]] against blacks.<ref>Alice Walker, "Everyday Use" in ''Perrine's Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense'' by Laurence Perrine and Thomas R. Arp, 90-97 (New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin, 1993, ISBN 978-0155510708)</ref>
  
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==Personal life==
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==Legacy==
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She has one child, [[Rebecca Walker]], from her marriage to Mel Leventhal, a Jewish [[Civil Rights]] activist and lawyer. Rebecca is also an author and in 2000 published a memoir titled ''Black White and Jewish'', chronicling her parents' relationship and how it negatively affected her childhood.<ref name="">{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article3866798.ece|title=The day feminist icon Alice Walker resigned as my mother|accessdate=January 20, 2009|format=|work= }}</ref><ref name="observer"/>  Walker and her daughter are currently estranged. Daughter Rebecca reports Walker wrote that their "relationship had been inconsequential for years, and that she was no longer interested in being my mother." <ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1021293/How-mothers-fanatical-views-tore-apart.html How my mother's fanatical views tore us apart] Retrieved January 20, 2009.</ref>  Walker is a [[vegan]].<ref>[http://www.ivu.org/people/writers/walker.html Famous Vegetarians - Alice Walker] Retrieved January 20, 2009.</ref>
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Alice Walker's works typically focus on the struggles of blacks, particularly women, and their struggle against a [[racism|racist]], [[sexism|sexist]], and violent society. Her writings also focus on the role of women of color in culture and history. Walker is a respected figure in the liberal political community for her support of unconventional and unpopular views as a matter of principle.
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Musician/Comedian [[Reggie Watts]] is Walker's second cousin.<ref>{{cite news| last = Teagarden| first = Rebecca| coauthors =| title = Reggie Watts| Stage presence| work =| pages =| language =| publisher = ''The Seattle Times''| date = December 19, 2004| url = http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/pacificnw/2004/1219/portraits.html| accessdate =January 20, 2009 }}</ref>
 
  
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==Legacy==
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In 2007, Walker gave her papers, 122 boxes of manuscripts and archive material, to [[Emory University|Emory University's]] Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library.<ref>Elaine Justice, "[http://www.emory.edu/news/Releases/alice_walker_archive_1197997696.html Alice Walker Places Her Archive at Emory]" [http://emory.edu Emory University News], Dec. 18, 2007. Retrieved April 9, 2011.</ref> In addition to drafts of novels such as ''[[The Color Purple]]'', unpublished poems and manuscripts, and correspondence with editors, the collection includes extensive correspondence with family members, friends and colleagues, an early treatment of the film script for ''[[The Color Purple (film)|The Color Purple]]'', syllabi from courses she taught, and fan mail. The collection also contains a scrapbook of poetry compiled when Walker was 15, entitled "Poems of a Childhood Poetess".
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Her works typically focus on the struggles of blacks, particularly women, and their struggle against a [[racism|racist]], [[sexism|sexist]], and violent society. Her writings also focus on the role of women of color in culture and history. Walker is a respected figure in the liberal political community for her support of unconventional and unpopular views as a matter of principle.
 
  
 
===Awards and other recognition===
 
===Awards and other recognition===
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In 1983, ''[[The Color Purple]]'' won the [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]], making Walker the first black woman to win (as well as the [[National Book Award]]). The novel was turned into a major motion picture directed by [[Steven Spielberg]] and starring [[Whoopi Goldberg]]. It received 11 [[Academy Awards]] nominations, but received no Oscars.
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In 1983, ''[[The Color Purple]]'' won the [[National Book Award]] and the [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]], making Walker the first black woman to win this prestigious award. The novel was turned into a major motion picture directed by [[Steven Spielberg]] and starring [[Whoopi Goldberg]]. It received 11 [[Academy Awards]] nominations, but received no Oscars. A musical adaptation of the novel (based on the film) opened in 2005 at The Broadway Theatre in New York City. The musical received eleven [[Tony Award]] nominations, with [[LaChanze]] winning the award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical in 2006.
  
 
Walker also won the 1986 [[O. Henry Award]] for her [[short story]] "Kindred Spirits," published in ''[[Esquire magazine]]'' in August of 1985.
 
Walker also won the 1986 [[O. Henry Award]] for her [[short story]] "Kindred Spirits," published in ''[[Esquire magazine]]'' in August of 1985.
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* The Front Page Award for Best Magazine Criticism from the Newswoman's Club of New York
 
* The Front Page Award for Best Magazine Criticism from the Newswoman's Club of New York
  
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On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Alice Walker into the [[California Hall of Fame]] located at [[The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts]].
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On December 6, 2006, California Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] and First Lady [[Maria Shriver]] inducted Alice Walker into the [[California Hall of Fame]] located at [[The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts]].
  
 
==Selected works==
 
==Selected works==
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* ''The Way Forward Is with a Broken Heart'' (2000)
 
* ''The Way Forward Is with a Broken Heart'' (2000)
 
* ''Now Is The Time to Open Your Heart'' (2005)
 
* ''Now Is The Time to Open Your Heart'' (2005)
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* ''Devil's My Enemy'' {2008}
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* ''Devil's My Enemy'' (2008)
  
 
===Poetry collections===
 
===Poetry collections===
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=== Works about Alice Walker ===
 
=== Works about Alice Walker ===
 
* ''Alice Walker: A Life'', Evelyn C. White, Norton, 2004
 
* ''Alice Walker: A Life'', Evelyn C. White, Norton, 2004
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She opened her own bookstore with all her books in it in 2005.
 
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== Notes ==
 
== Notes ==
 
{{Reflist}}
 
{{Reflist}}
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==References==
 
==References==
 
*Bates, Gerri. ''Alice Walker: A Critical Companion''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005. ISBN 0313320241  
 
*Bates, Gerri. ''Alice Walker: A Critical Companion''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005. ISBN 0313320241  
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*Walker, Alice. "Everyday Use." ''Perrine's Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense''. Comp. Thomas R. Arp. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace College, 1994. 90-97. ISBN 978-0155038226
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*Perrine, Laurence, and Thomas R. Arp. ''Perrine's Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense''. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin, 1993. ISBN 978-0155510708
 
*Walker, Alice, and Pratibha Parmar. ''Warrior Marks: Female Genital Mutilation and the Sexual Blinding of Women''. Harcourt, 1993. ISBN 0788155814   
 
*Walker, Alice, and Pratibha Parmar. ''Warrior Marks: Female Genital Mutilation and the Sexual Blinding of Women''. Harcourt, 1993. ISBN 0788155814   
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*White, Evelyn C. ''Alice Walker: A Life''. New York: Norton, 2004. ISBN 978-0393058918
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*White, Evelyn C. ''Alice Walker: A Life''. New York, NY: Norton, 2004. ISBN 978-0393058918
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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All links retrieved February 19, 2011.
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All links retrieved July 20, 2023.
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* [http://alicewalkersgarden.com/ Alice Walker's official website]
 
* [http://alicewalkersgarden.com/ Alice Walker's official website]
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* [http://www.sabanciuniv.edu/do/eng/?PodCast/PodCasts.php The Sabanci University School of Languages Podcasts: The World in Alice Walker's Eye]
 
 
* [http://www.kentuckyfriedcruelty.com/pdfs/alicewalker.pdf Poem: A Mother's Day Plea]
 
* [http://www.kentuckyfriedcruelty.com/pdfs/alicewalker.pdf Poem: A Mother's Day Plea]
 
* [http://members.tripod.com/chrisdanielle/index.html Living By Grace]
 
* [http://members.tripod.com/chrisdanielle/index.html Living By Grace]
 
* [http://authors.aalbc.com/alice.htm Alice Walker on AALBC.com]
 
* [http://authors.aalbc.com/alice.htm Alice Walker on AALBC.com]
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* [http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-998 New Georgia Encyclopedia]
 
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* [http://www.ascentmagazine.com/articles.aspx?articleID=242&page=read&subpage=past&issueID=34 Interview with Alice Walker by ascent magazine]
 
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*[http://www.shambhalasun.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3091&Itemid=0 Shambhala Sun Magazine Interview]
 
 
*[http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/alice-walker Profile at the Poetry Foundation]
 
*[http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/alice-walker Profile at the Poetry Foundation]
  
 
[[category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
 
[[category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
 
[[category:Writers and poets]]
 
[[category:Writers and poets]]
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[[Category:Living people]]
 
{{credits|Alice_Walker|260257539|The_Color_Purple|261793443}}
 
{{credits|Alice_Walker|260257539|The_Color_Purple|261793443}}

Latest revision as of 18:21, 21 July 2023

Alice Walker
Alice Walker.jpg
Alice Walker
Born February 9 1944 (1944-02-09) (age 80)
Eatonton, Georgia, United States
Occupation novelist, short story writer, poet
Genres African American literature
Notable work(s) The Color Purple
Influences Howard Zinn, Zora Neale Hurston
Influenced Gayl Jones

Alice Malsenior Walker (born February 9, 1944) is an American author, self-declared feminist and womanist—the latter a term she herself coined to make special distinction for the experiences of women of color. She has written at length on issues of race and gender, and is most famous for the critically acclaimed novel The Color Purple, for which she won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.

The style of the text was that of a traditional epistolary novel, but Walker created a unique work by combining it with the vernacular of black American English and with the struggle of a poor, uneducated black girl fighting both racism and black patriarchy in the setting of the American South.

Early life

Alice Walker was born in Eatonton, Georgia, the eighth child of sharecroppers.[1] In addition to African-American, her family has Cherokee, Scottish, and Irish lineage.[2] Although she grew up in Georgia, she has stated that she often felt displaced there, and moved to Berkeley, California in the 1970s:

But I felt in Georgia and on the east coast generally very squeezed. People have so many hang-ups about how other people live their lives. People always want to keep you in a little box or they need to label you and fix you in time and location. I feel a greater fluidity here. People are much more willing to accept that nothing is permanent, everything is changeable so there is freedom and I do need to live where I can be free.[1]

Walker was injured when her brother accidentally shot her in the eye with a BB gun when she was eight-years-old. She became blind in her right eye as a result. This event had a large impact on Walker, especially when a white doctor in town swindled her parents out of $250 they paid to repair her injury. Walker refers to this incident in her book Warrior Marks, a chronicle of female genital mutilation in Africa, and uses it to illustrate the sacrificial marks women bear that allow them to be "warriors" against female suppression.

Activism and marriage

Did you know?
Pulitzer Prize winning author Alice Walker was active in the Civil Rights Movement

After high school, Walker went to Spelman College in Atlanta on full scholarship in 1961 and later transferred to Sarah Lawrence College near New York City, graduating in 1965. Walker became interested in the Civil Rights Movement in part due to the influence of activist Howard Zinn, who was one of her professors at Spelman College. Continuing the activism that she participated in during her college years, Walker returned to the South where she became involved with voter registration drives, campaigns for welfare rights, and children's programs in Mississippi.[3]

In 1965, Walker met and later married Mel Leventhal, a Jewish civil rights lawyer. They were married on March 17, 1967 in New York City. Later that year the couple relocated to Jackson, Mississippi, becoming "the first interracial couple to be legally married in Mississippi."[4] This brought them a steady stream of harassment and even murderous threats from the Ku Klux Klan. The couple had a daughter, Rebecca in 1969, but divorced eight years later, in 1977.

Rebecca Walker is also an author and in 2000 published a memoir titled Black White and Jewish, chronicling her parents' relationship and how it negatively affected her childhood.[5][1] Walker and her daughter are estranged. Daughter Rebecca reports Walker wrote that their "relationship had been inconsequential for years, and that she was no longer interested in being my mother." [6]

Musician/Comedian Reggie Watts is Walker's second cousin.[7]

Writing Career

Alice Walker's first book of poetry was written while she was still a senior at Sarah Lawrence, however she took a brief sabbatical from writing when she was in Mississippi working in the Civil Rights Movement, after which she accepted a position at Wellesley College where she taught a landmark course on African-American women’s literature in the spring of 1972.[8] Walker resumed her writing career when she joined Ms. magazine as an editor before moving to northern California in the late 1970s. An article she published in 1975 was largely responsible for the renewal of interest in the work of Zora Neale Hurston, who was an important source of inspiration for Walker's writing and subject matter. In 1973, Walker and fellow Hurston scholar Charlotte D. Hunt discovered Hurston's unmarked grave in Ft. Pierce, Florida. Both women paid for a modest headstone for the gravesite.[9]

In addition to her collected short stories and poetry, Walker's first novel, The Third Life of Grange Copeland, was published in 1970. In 1976, Walker's second novel, Meridian, was published. The novel dealt with activist workers in the South during the civil rights movement, and closely paralleled some of Walker's own experiences.

The Color Purple

In 1982, Walker would publish what has become her best-known work, the novel The Color Purple, an acclaimed 1982 epistolary novel that received the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and the National Book Award. Taking place mostly in rural Georgia, the story focuses on the struggles of a young, black woman during the 1930s in the Southern United States. It addresses the numerous issues in the black female life as the protagonist, Celie, fights her way through both racist white culture and patriarchal black culture.

The story is told through a series of diary entries and letters. Celie, is a poor, uneducated young woman who, at 14, is abused and impregnated twice by a man she believes to be her father. Through the course of events, Celie comes to know the truth about her situation, including the father of her children, and gaining power through her knowledge, is able to gain greater freedom and independence and successfully reunite with her sister.

The novel was a resounding commercial success. The book became a bestseller and was subsequently adapted into a critically acclaimed 1985 movie as well as a 2005 Broadway musical play. Because of the novel's sometimes explicit content, particularly in terms of violence, it has been the frequent target of censors and appears on the American Library Association list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990-2000 at number 18.[10]

Other works

Walker has written several other novels, including The Temple of My Familiar and Possessing the Secret of Joy (which featured several characters and descendants of characters from The Color Purple) and has published a number of collections of short stories, poetry, among other published works.

Additionally, Walker has published several short stories, including the 1973 "Everyday Use: for your grandmama." This story contains Walker's traditional subjects of feminism and racism against blacks.[11]

Legacy

Alice Walker's works typically focus on the struggles of blacks, particularly women, and their struggle against a racist, sexist, and violent society. Her writings also focus on the role of women of color in culture and history. Walker is a respected figure in the liberal political community for her support of unconventional and unpopular views as a matter of principle.

In 2007, Walker gave her papers, 122 boxes of manuscripts and archive material, to Emory University's Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library.[12] In addition to drafts of novels such as The Color Purple, unpublished poems and manuscripts, and correspondence with editors, the collection includes extensive correspondence with family members, friends and colleagues, an early treatment of the film script for The Color Purple, syllabi from courses she taught, and fan mail. The collection also contains a scrapbook of poetry compiled when Walker was 15, entitled "Poems of a Childhood Poetess".

Awards and other recognition

In 1983, The Color Purple won the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, making Walker the first black woman to win this prestigious award. The novel was turned into a major motion picture directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Whoopi Goldberg. It received 11 Academy Awards nominations, but received no Oscars. A musical adaptation of the novel (based on the film) opened in 2005 at The Broadway Theatre in New York City. The musical received eleven Tony Award nominations, with LaChanze winning the award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical in 2006.

Walker also won the 1986 O. Henry Award for her short story "Kindred Spirits," published in Esquire magazine in August of 1985.

In 1997 she was honored by the American Humanist Association as "Humanist of the Year"

She has also received a number of other awards for her body of work, including:

  • The Lillian Smith Award from the National Endowment for the Arts
  • The Rosenthal Award from the National Institute of Arts & Letters
  • The Radcliffe Institute Fellowship, the Merrill Fellowship, and a Guggenheim Fellowship
  • The Front Page Award for Best Magazine Criticism from the Newswoman's Club of New York

On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Alice Walker into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.

Selected works

Novels and short story collections

  • The Third Life of Grange Copeland (1970)
  • Everyday Use (1973)
  • In Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Women (1973)
  • Roselily (1973)
  • Meridian (1976)
  • The Color Purple (1982)
  • You Can't Keep a Good Woman Down: Stories (1982)
  • Beauty: When the Other Dancer Is the Self (1983)
  • Am I Blue? (1986)
  • To Hell With Dying (1988)
  • The Temple of My Familiar (1989)
  • Finding the Green Stone (1991)
  • Possessing the Secret of Joy (1992)
  • The Complete Stories (1994)
  • By The Light of My Father's Smile (1998)
  • The Way Forward Is with a Broken Heart (2000)
  • Now Is The Time to Open Your Heart (2005)
  • Devil's My Enemy (2008)

Poetry collections

  • Once (1968)
  • Revolutionary Petunias and Other Poems (1973)
  • Good Night, Willie Lee, I'll See You in the Morning (1979)
  • Horses Make a Landscape Look More Beautiful (1985)
  • Her Blue Body Everything We Know: Earthling Poems (1991)
  • Absolute Trust in the Goodness of the Earth (2003)
  • A Poem Traveled Down My Arm: Poems And Drawings (2003)
  • Collected Poems (2005)
  • Poem at Thirty-Nine
  • Expect nothing

Non-fiction

  • In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (1983)
  • Living by the Word (1988)
  • Warrior Marks (1993)
  • The Same River Twice: Honoring the Difficult (1996)
  • Anything We Love Can Be Saved: A Writer's Activism (1997)
  • Go Girl!: The Black Woman's Book of Travel and Adventure (1997)
  • Pema Chodron and Alice Walker in Conversation (1999)
  • Sent By Earth: A Message from the Grandmother Spirit After the Bombing of the World Trade Center and Pentagon (2001)
  • Women
  • We Are the Ones We Have Been Waiting For (2006)
  • Mississippi Winter IV

Works about Alice Walker

  • Alice Walker: A Life, Evelyn C. White, Norton, 2004

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Campbell, Duncan, "A long walk to freedom", 'The Observer', February 25, 2001. Retrieved Retrieved January 20, 2009..
  2. ↑ Gerri Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005, ISBN 0313320241).
  3. ↑ White, Evelyn C., "Alice Walker: On Finding Your Bliss; Interview by Evelyn C. White", Ms. Magazine, September/October 1999. Retrieved Retrieved January 20, 2009..
  4. ↑ {{cite news| last =| first =| coauthors =| title = Inner Light in a Time of Darkness: A Conversation with Author and Poet Alice Walker| work =| pages =| language =| publisher = Democracy Now!| date = November 17, 2006|
  5. ↑ The day feminist icon Alice Walker resigned as my mother. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
  6. ↑ How my mother's fanatical views tore us apart Retrieved January 20, 2009.
  7. ↑ Teagarden, Rebecca, "Reggie Watts", 'The Seattle Times', December 19, 2004. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
  8. ↑ "Speaker Reflects on Alice Walker, Time at Wellesley" Wellesley Week (April 9, 2007). Retrieved April 26, 2011.
  9. ↑ Extract from "Anything We Love Can Be Saved: A Writer's Activism" by Alice Walker published by The Women's Press Ltd, 1997.
  10. ↑ The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–2000. American Library Association. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
  11. ↑ Alice Walker, "Everyday Use" in Perrine's Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense by Laurence Perrine and Thomas R. Arp, 90-97 (New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin, 1993, ISBN 978-0155510708)
  12. ↑ Elaine Justice, "Alice Walker Places Her Archive at Emory" Emory University News, Dec. 18, 2007. Retrieved April 9, 2011.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Bates, Gerri. Alice Walker: A Critical Companion. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005. ISBN 0313320241
  • Perrine, Laurence, and Thomas R. Arp. Perrine's Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin, 1993. ISBN 978-0155510708
  • Walker, Alice, and Pratibha Parmar. Warrior Marks: Female Genital Mutilation and the Sexual Blinding of Women. Harcourt, 1993. ISBN 0788155814
  • White, Evelyn C. Alice Walker: A Life. New York, NY: Norton, 2004. ISBN 978-0393058918

External links

All links retrieved July 20, 2023.

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