Canadian Screen Awards

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Canadian Screen Awards
Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television logo 2021.png
Awarded forBest television, film, and digital media productions in Canada
CountryCanada
Presented byAcademy of Canadian Cinema & Television
WebsiteAcademy of Canadian Cinema and Television

The Canadian Screen Awards (French: Les prix Écrans canadiens) are awards given for artistic and technical merit in the film industry recognizing excellence in Canadian film, English-language television, and digital media (web series) productions. Given annually by the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television, the awards recognize excellence in cinematic achievements, as assessed by the Academy's voting membership.

The awards were first presented in 2013 as the result of a merger of the Gemini Awards and Genie Awards—the Academy's previous awards presentations for television (English-language) and film productions. They are widely considered to be the most prestigious award for Canadian entertainers, artists, and filmmakers, often referred to as the equivalent of the Academy Awards and Emmy Awards in the United States, the BAFTA Awards in the United Kingdom, the César Awards in France, and the Goya Awards in Spain.

Name

The Canadian Screen Awards are currently commonly known as the CSAs.[1] They have no official nickname, such as "Oscar" for the Academy Awards, although there have been many suggestions.[2]

Canadian television and film critics and others have suggested potential nicknames, including the straightforward abbreviation "Screenies";[2] tributes to film and television legends including "Candys" in memory of actor John Candy,[3] "Pickfords" in honor of actress Mary Pickford, and "Normans" in honor of director Norman Jewison;[3] "Angels" as a descriptive reference to the trophy's "wings";[4] and "Gemininies" as a portmanteau of the awards' former names.[2]

The Academy invited suggestions from viewers via social media, with CEO Helga Stephenson suggesting that the board would consider the suggestions and potentially announce a naming choice in time for the 2014 ceremony.[3] No formal nickname was announced at the time; numerous media outlets settled on the informal "Screenies."[5]

At the 4th Canadian Screen Awards in 2016, host Norm Macdonald called in his opening monologue for the awards to be named the Candys;[6] several presenters and winners followed his lead throughout the evening, referring to the award as "The Candy" in their presentation announcements or acceptance speeches, and John Candy's former SCTV colleagues Eugene Levy and Catherine O'Hara both endorsed Macdonald's proposal in the press room.[7] Macdonald had not sought input from the Academy itself prior to his monologue, although he ran the idea past the ceremony's broadcast producer Barry Avrich.[4]

History

The awards' historic roots stem from the Canadian Film Awards, which were presented for film from 1949 to 1978, and the ACTRA Awards, which were presented for television from 1972 to 1986. The Canadian Screen Awards were first presented in 2013 as the result of a merger of the Gemini Awards and Genie Awards—the Academy's previous awards presentations for television (English-language) and film productions.[2]


ACTRA Awards

The ACTRA Awards were first presented in 1972 to celebrate excellence in Canada's television and radio industries.[8] Organized and presented by the Association of Canadian Television and Radio Artists,[8] which represented performers, writers and broadcast journalists, the Nellie statuettes were presented annually until 1986.[9] They were the primary national television award in Canada until 1986, when they were taken over by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television to create the new Gemini Awards,[10] although ACTRA continued to present Nellies in radio categories.[11]

The ACTRA Awards, or “Nellies,” were founded by ACTRA members Lorraine Thomson and Bruno Gerussi to honour and promote Canadian writers, broadcast journalists and performers. Designed by sculptor Bill McElcheran, the original statuette was nicknamed “Nellie” by ACTRA staff member Elizabeth Malone because “she is not Barbara Hamilton or Juliette!”[12]

ACTRA began presenting the John Drainie Award for distinguished lifetime contribution in broadcasting in 1968,[13] before launching a comprehensive program for television and radio awards in 1972. The 1st ACTRA Awards that year only presented the Drainie Award alongside the new Earle Grey Award for actors and Gordon Sinclair Award for broadcast journalism,[14] with its roster of categories beginning to expand the following year.[15]

By 1978, there began to be talk in the industry of a "Nellie curse", as several broadcast personalities in the past couple of years had been fired or had their shows cancelled very soon after winning an ACTRA award.[16] The same year also saw the first widespread complaints about ACTRA's nomination criteria, which limited honours in most categories to ACTRA members; even if ACTRA members had collaborated with non-ACTRA members, then only the ACTRA member could be considered for nomination.[17]

That year further saw the public revelation of an unconfirmed but longstanding industry rumour that if Lloyd Robertson had won the award for Best News Broadcaster at the 4th ACTRA Awards in 1975, elements in the audience were planning to pie him in the face just to see if they could cause the normally unflappable Robertson to lose his composure.[16]

By 1980, the CTV network decided to boycott the awards, on the grounds that the members-only rule biased the awards in favour of CBC Television productions;[18] the issue arose because the CBC produced most of its programming directly, and thus nearly all CBC programming involved ACTRA members, while CTV broadcast far more programming from independent non-ACTRA producers. The boycott, which continued for several years thereafter, sparked discussions through the early 1980s about how to improve the management and delivery of Canadian television awards.

In this era, there was also significant concern about the fact that ACTRA only presented awards in categories such as acting, writing and journalism, but had no categories for television crafts such as cinematography or editing,[19] as well as a controversy when ACTRA rejected the CBC's proposal of Dan Aykroyd as host,[20] on the grounds that he was working in the United States and not an active ACTRA member.[21]

By 1983, the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television's experimental Bijou Awards, which had been presented for the first time in 1981, were being proposed to replace the ACTRA Awards,[22] but this did not proceed at this time; ultimately, responsibility for presenting the Canadian television awards was transferred to the Academy's new Gemini Awards in 1986.[23]

Awards transferred to the Academy included the John Drainie Award, a lifetime achievement award for distinguished contributions to Canadian broadcasting, and the Earle Grey Award, which transitioned from ACTRA's award for best performance in a television film into the Academy's lifetime achievement award for acting.

Gemini Awards

The Gemini Awards were awards given by the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television between 1986–2011 to recognize the achievements of Canada's English-language television industry. The Gemini Awards are analogous to the Emmy Awards given in the United States and the BAFTA Television Awards in the United Kingdom. First held in 1986 to replace the ACTRA Award, the ceremony celebrated Canadian television productions with awards in 87 categories, along with other special awards such as lifetime achievement awards. The Academy had previously presented the one-off Bijou Awards in 1981, inclusive of some television productions.

The awards' name was an allusion to Castor and Pollux, a mythological pair of twins;[24] this was in reference to Canada's linguistic duality of English and French, with the Academy's separate awards presentation for French-language television production named the Gémeaux Awards. The statuette, designed by Toronto artist Scott Thornley, evoked twins through a design that essentially created two faces at the front and back of the statuette.[25]

In April 2012, the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television announced that the Gemini Awards and the Genie Awards would be discontinued and replaced by a new award ceremony dedicated to all forms of Canadian media, including television, film, and digital media, dubbed the "Canadian Screen Awards".[26] The first annual Canadian Screen Awards were held on 4 March 2013.[27]

Genie Awards

Genie Award icon

The Genie Awards were given out annually by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television to recognize the best of Canadian cinema from 1980–2012, succeeding the Canadian Film Awards (1949–1978). The Genie Awards were also known as the "Etrog Awards," for sculptor Sorel Etrog, who designed the statuette. The statuette, originally known as the "Etrog" statuette, that had been presented to winners since 1968 was renamed the Genie to symbolize “the magic of filmmaking and the hidden genie seeking expression in all creative people.”[28]

Genie Award candidates were selected from submissions made by the owners of Canadian films or their representatives, based on the criteria laid out in the Genie Rules and Regulations booklet which is distributed to Academy members and industry members. Peer-group juries, assembled from volunteer members of the Academy, meet to screen the submissions and select a group of nominees. Academy members then vote on these nominations.

In 2012, the Academy announced that the Genies would merge with its sister presentation for English-language television, the Gemini Awards, to form a new award presentation known as the Canadian Screen Awards.[27]

The Genie Awards were originally aired by CBC from 1979 to 2003, before moving to CHUM Limited's networks (Citytv, Bravo! and Star!). After CTVglobemedia purchased CHUM Limited, the Genie Awards moved to Canwest Global's E and IFC for 2008. The last two Genie Awards (2011–2012) were broadcast by the CBC.

Canadian Screen Awards

The Academy took over the CFAs in 1978 to create the new Genie Awards, and took over the ACTRAs in 1986 to create the Gemini Awards. The Academy additionally created the Bijou Awards in 1981 as a new home for CFA specialty categories, such as television films, that had not been retained by the Genie Awards, but presented them only once before discontinuing that program.

In April 2012, the Academy announced that it would merge the Geminis and the Genies into a new awards show that would better recognize Canadian accomplishments in film, television, and digital media.[26] On 4 September 2012, the Academy announced that the new ceremony would be known as the Canadian Screen Awards, reflecting the multi-platform nature of the presentation's expanded scope and how Canadians consume media content.[29] The inaugural ceremony, hosted by comedian Martin Short and broadcast by CBC Television, took place on 3 March 2013.[27][30]

Due to the number of awards presented, many of the less prominent awards are presented at a series of untelevised galas during Canadian Screen Week, the week leading up to the televised ceremonies. On the night of the main gala, the ceremony also starts approximately two hours earlier than the telecast, with additional awards being presented whose winners are recognized in short montages during the main ceremony, and only the most important film and television categories are presented during the live broadcast.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Canadian Screen Awards did not hold an in-person presentation between 2020 and 2022. All ceremonies were held as virtual events beginning with the 8th Canadian Screen Awards, with the non-televised galas replaced by streaming presentations during Canadian Screen Week, with no television broadcast.[31][32][33] The 10th Canadian Screen Awards were originally scheduled to be held at the TIFF Bell Lightbox in Toronto, but due to Omicron variant and restrictions being reimplemented in the province of Ontario,[34] the presentation was once again held as a virtual event. A television presentation returned, with winners in top categories announced during an hour-long, pre-recorded special on CBC Television hosted by the cast of TallBoyz.[35][34]

While in-person presentations were reinstated for 2023, the broadcast on CBC Television remained a pre-recorded special featuring highlights from the non-televised galas, linked by host Samantha Bee, rather than a live event.[36]

In August 2022, the Academy announced that it would discontinue its past practice of presenting gendered awards for film and television actors and actresses; beginning with the 11th Canadian Screen Awards in 2023, gender-neutral awards for Best Performance will be presented, with eight nominees per category instead of five.[37] In 2023, the Academy announced further changes for the 12th Canadian Screen Awards, instituting a new genre separation for best leading and supporting performances in drama and comedy films, and introducing a new category for best performance in a live action short film. No change was introduced in television acting categories, which already feature a genre separation for drama and comedy.

Today the Canadian Screen Awards are widely considered to be the most prestigious award for Canadian entertainers, artists, and filmmakers, often referred to as the equivalent of the Academy Awards and Emmy Awards in the United States, the BAFTA Awards in the United Kingdom, the AACTA Awards in Australia, the IFTA Awards in Ireland, the César Awards in France, and the Goya Awards in Spain.[38][39][40][41]

Rules

To be eligible for nominations, a title must be either a Canadian production or co-production; international film or television projects shot in Canada without direct Canadian production involvement are not eligible. Canadians cannot receive nominations for working on foreign productions that were not otherwise eligible for CSA consideration, but foreign nationals may be nominated for work on eligible Canadian films.

A feature film must have received at least one full week of commercial theatrical screenings in at least two of the Calgary, Edmonton, Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, Quebec City, Saskatoon, St. John's, Toronto, Vancouver, Victoria and/or Winnipeg markets between 1 January of the qualifying year and the date of the awards ceremony in the presentation year. A film may be submitted and even nominated before it has fully met these criteria, so long as it can provide satisfactory proof that the criteria will be fulfilled by the date of the ceremony.

Film festival screenings are not directly relevant to the inclusion criteria for feature films; as long as it meets the commercial screening criteria, a film may in fact have had its initial film festival premiere up to 1.5 years earlier than 1 January of the qualifying year. Although due to the more periodic nature of Canadian film distribution it may be possible for a film to meet the qualifying criteria in more than one separate year, a film may not be resubmitted to the awards committee more than once. The eligibility criteria for feature films have faced criticism from some independent film producers, however, as they effectively exclude films which pursue distribution strategies more strongly based on streaming media platforms such as Netflix or Crave from consideration in film categories — unlike the Academy Awards, where the eligibility rules permit films from streaming services.[42] Despite this conflict, films which premiered theatrically, but did not surpass the theatrical screening criteria and thus were never submitted in film categories before being released on a television or streaming platform, are eligible to receive nominations in the television categories.

Under certain circumstances, it may also be possible for a film to be nominated in both film and television categories. For example, the 2020 documentary film One of Ours was a nominee for Best Feature Length Documentary at the 10th Canadian Screen Awards in 2022 due to its theatrical run; however, as the Academy does not present awards for best direction or best writing in theatrical documentary films, but does present awards for best direction and writing in television documentaries, its television broadcast later in the year earned Yasmine Mathurin nominations in the television categories at the same ceremony.[43] However, a film cannot be considered in both film and television categories that directly duplicate each other; for instance, a film cannot be considered for both Best Picture and Best TV Movie.

Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on theatrical film distribution in 2020, special rules for the 9th Canadian Screen Awards permitted films that were commercially screened on an Academy-approved list of video on demand platforms after having been planned for conventional theatrical distribution, as well as films that were screened online as part of any Canadian film festival that proceeded virtually in 2020;[44] as well, the number of commercial theatrical screenings required for eligibility was temporarily reduced to just four screenings in one of the regular markets. Other new changes at the 9th ceremony included the renaming of the Overall Sound category to Sound Mixing, and the introduction of a new category for Best Casting in films.

Feature documentaries are eligible if they have received three commercial theatrical screenings anywhere in Canada within the same time period as narrative features, or if they have screened at two qualifying film festivals within the calendar year. Animated short films are eligible if they have received one commercial theatrical screening anywhere in Canada, or have been screened at two qualifying festivals, within the calendar year; live action short films are eligible if they have received one commercial theatrical screening anywhere in Canada, or have been screened at three qualifying festivals, within the calendar year. Documentary and short films are also automatically deemed eligible for nomination if they have won an award at an eligible Canadian or international film festival within the qualifying period, even if they have not fully met the Canadian screening criteria.

For television categories, the qualifying period corresponds more closely to the traditional television season than the calendar year, beginning 1 September of the second year before the ceremony and ending, depending on the category, either 31 August or 15 November of the year before the ceremony. An ongoing television series whose season straddles the cutoff date for its category is still eligible if it has aired at least one-third of its episodes within the eligibility period.

Awards categories

The Canadian Screen Awards (French: Les prix Écrans canadiens) are awards given for artistic and technical merit in the film industry recognizing excellence in Canadian film, English-language television, and digital media (web series) productions.[45] Given annually by the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television, the awards recognize excellence in cinematic achievements, as assessed by the Academy's voting membership.

The Canadian Screen Awards has roughly 130 categories in total. There are 24 film categories, 100 television categories, and 10 digital media categories. As with the Genie Awards, all Canadian films, regardless of language, are eligible to receive awards in the film categories. However, as with the Gemini Awards, only English-language productions are eligible for television categories: the Academy continues to hold the Prix Gémeaux, a separate ceremony honoring French-language television productions.[26]

There are also a number of special awards which are not necessarily given each year. For example, the Academy Achievement Award is an award presented by the Canadian Gemini Awards to an individual for their "exceptional, outstanding or ongoing contribution or service to the Canadian television industry."[46] The Golden Screen Award, formerly known as the Golden Reel Award, is presented to the producer(s) of the Canadian film with the biggest box office gross of the year.[47] The Canadian Motion Picture Distributors Association introduced this award in 1976 as part of the Canadian Film Awards until 1979; it became part of the Genie Awards ceremonies in 1980, and is currently part of the Canadian Screen Awards. It was renamed from Golden Reel to Golden Screen as of the 3rd Canadian Screen Awards in 2015.

Revival of the ACTRA Awards

The ACTRA Awards were then revived in 2003 as a local film industry award, separately presented by each of ACTRA's regional chapters to honour performances in local film and television production.[8]

Beginning in 2002, ACTRA took management of the John Drainie Award back from the Academy, presenting it thereafter at the Banff Television Festival.[48]

On the 60th anniversary of the national union in 2003, now renamed the Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists and representing only performers, the ACTRA Awards were resurrected in several of its branches across Canada as a local film and television award, presented by the organization's local chapters in Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador and the Maritimes to honour achievements in film and television within their own regions.[49] Depending on the level of production activity in their respective regions, some chapters of ACTRA present their awards annually, while others present their awards every two years.

However, the revived ACTRA Awards program also includes a national Award of Excellence, presented to an actor to honour their lifetime achievements;[50] the national award of excellence is most commonly presented to an actor who is working in Hollywood, and would thus not be eligible for a regional chapter's local award of excellence. However, the national award of excellence is not necessarily always presented annually.

A new, classically inspired bronze trophy of a lightly draped woman extending her arm was designed by sculptor Adrienne Alison and introduced in 2003 replacing the "Nellie" statuette.[12] Some awards are handed out for performances, while others are given for union activism and contributions to the industry.[51]

Notes

  1. ↑ Jackson Weaver, "The National, The Accountant of Auschwitz lead first night of Canadian Screen Awards" CBC News (May 25, 2020). Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 W. Andrew Powell, "Goodbye Genies and Geminis, hello Canadian Screen Awards". The Gate (March 2, 2013). Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Peter Howell, "Canadian Screen Awards nickname the ‘Candys’ gains traction" Toronto Star (March 4, 2013). Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Peter Howell, [https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2016/03/14/chair-of-canadian-filmtv-academy-is-sweet-on-calling-awards-the-candys.html "Chair of Canadian film/TV academy is sweet on calling awards ‘the Candys’" Toronto Star (March 14, 2016). Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  5. ↑ Norman Wilner, "The Screenies Are Upon Us!" Now (January 13, 2015). Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  6. ↑ Linda Barnard, Room takes Best Film at Canadian Screen Awards The Star (March 13, 2016). Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  7. ↑ Cassandra Szklarski, "'The Candy' gains traction as nickname for the Canadian Screen Awards" CTV News (March 14, 2016). Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "ACTRA". The Canadian Encyclopedia, February 6, 2006.
  9. ↑ "Canada's new TV award makes debut". Toronto Star, April 22, 1986.
  10. ↑ "Last Nellie: Charlie Grant's War; Chaykin and Willoughby top actors in final ACTRAs". Montreal Gazette, April 3, 1986.
  11. ↑ "CBC sweeps radio awards: CKO's Peter Varley sole winner in private sector". Toronto Star, December 3, 1986.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Andrew McIntosh and James V. Defelice, ACTRA Awards The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
  13. ↑ "Broadcasters Honor W.O. Mitchell". Calgary Herald, October 5, 1968.
  14. ↑ Michael Walsh, "Let's hear it for Canada...". The Province, April 21, 1972.
  15. ↑ "Murray, Pinsent win ACTRA awards". Red Deer Advocate, May 1, 1973.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Don Hammersmith, "Lights, Camera, ACTRA". The Globe and Mail, March 18, 1978.
  17. ↑ Morris Wolfe, "Politics of exclusion seen cheapening ACTRA Awards". The Globe and Mail, March 15, 1978.
  18. ↑ "CTV dropping role in ACTRA Awards". The Globe and Mail, December 31, 1980.
  19. ↑ "Tonight's ACTRA Awards may be last". Owen Sound Sun-Times, April 16, 1983.
  20. ↑ Sid Adilman, "Aykroyd willing to host show". Toronto Star, April 12, 1982.
  21. ↑ Sid Adilman, "'Thanks a lot, ACTRA,' angry Aykroyd says". Toronto Star, April 15, 1982.
  22. ↑ Lorne Parton, "TV trade looking at alternatives to the ACTRA awards". The Province, April 21, 1983.
  23. ↑ Matthew Fraser, "New awards for TV films announced". The Globe and Mail, May 31, 1985.
  24. ↑ "Nellie award is reborn under the sign of Gemini". The Globe and Mail, April 22, 1986.
  25. ↑ Sid Adilman, "Canada's new TV award makes debut". Toronto Star, April 22, 1986.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Canada's Genie, Gemini Awards to merge. CBC News. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "screen-merger" defined multiple times with different content
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Canadian Screen Awards to replace Genies, Geminis. CBC News. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "cbc-csa" defined multiple times with different content
  28. ↑ Andrew McIntosh, and Paul Townend, Genie Awards The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
  29. ↑ Canadian Academy unveils Canadian Screen Awards. ScreenDaily.
  30. ↑ "Martin Short makes Canadian Screen Awards a night to remember", Toronto Star, 4 March 2013.
  31. ↑ Canadian Screen Awards Canceled Amid Coronavirus Pandemic (in en).
  32. ↑ Canadian Screen Award winners to reveal 2020 winners in virtual presentations (in en) (2020-05-05).
  33. ↑ Jonathan Szekeres, "Canadian Screen Awards go virtual — again". CKWX, March 27, 2021.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Ahearn, Victoria (February 7, 2022). Canadian Screen Awards pivot to virtual and pre-recorded events amid Omicron wave.
  35. ↑ Barry Hertz, "2022 Canadian Screen Awards go virtual again, but with CBC back onboard". The Globe and Mail, February 7, 2022.
  36. ↑ "Actors questioning Canadian Screen Awards move to pre-taped format". CBC News, February 21, 2023.
  37. ↑ Joseph Pugh, "Canadian Screen Awards switching to gender-neutral performance categories". CBC News, August 25, 2022.
  38. ↑ Canadian Screen Awards highlights: little suspense, but lots of fun.
  39. ↑ Controversy and The Canadian Screen Awards.
  40. ↑ Canadian Crossing: American and British stars clean up at the Genies, Canada's 'Oscars'.
  41. ↑ William Shatner, Shatner Rules: Your Guide to Understanding the Shatnerverse and the World at Large (Dutton Adult, 2011, ISBN 978-0525952510).
  42. ↑ Eric Vollmers, "Calgary producer calls on Academy of Film and Television to loosen eligibility rules for Canadian Screen Awards". Calgary Herald, January 13, 2020.
  43. ↑ Brent Furdyk, "2022 Canadian Screen Award Nominees Announced, ‘Sort Of’ & ‘Scarborough’ Lead The Pack". ET Canada, February 15, 2022.
  44. ↑ "Canadian Screen Awards: Eligible Festivals and Online Platforms". Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television.
  45. ↑ L'Académie canadienne du cinéma et de la télévision (4 September 2012). L'Académie lance les nouveaux prix Écrans canadiens. Press release.
  46. ↑ Academy Achievement Award Gemini Awards. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
  47. ↑ Paul Townend, Golden Screen Awards The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
  48. ↑ "Suzuki recognized with award". Barrie Examiner, June 11, 2002.
  49. ↑ ACTRA: Paul Gross to receive ACTRA Toronto's Award of Excellence.
  50. ↑ "ACTRA awards make cameo this week". Calgary Herald, February 25, 2003.
  51. ↑ ACTRA National – ACTRA Awards.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Carruthers, Lee, and Charles Tepperman (eds.). Canadian Cinema in the New Millennium. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2023. ISBN 978-0228013983
  • Marchessault, Janine and Will Straw (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Cinema. Oxford University Press, 2019. ISBN 978-0190229108
  • Pike, David L. Canadian Cinema Since the 1980s: At the Heart of the World. University of Toronto Press, 2012. ISBN 978-1442612402
  • Shatner, William. Shatner Rules: Your Guide to Understanding the Shatnerverse and the World at Large. Dutton Adult, 2011. ISBN 978-0525952510

External links

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