Lily
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===Classification of garden forms=== | ===Classification of garden forms=== | ||
[[Image:Lilium canadense.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Asiatic hybrid flower]] | [[Image:Lilium canadense.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Asiatic hybrid flower]] | ||
− | Numerous forms are grown for the garden, and most of these are | + | Numerous forms are grown for the garden, and most of these are [[hybrid]]s. They vary according to their parent species and are classified in the following broad groups; |
* '''Species''' (Division IX). All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group. | * '''Species''' (Division IX). All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group. | ||
− | * '''Asiatic hybrids''' (Division I). These are plants with medium sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. They are derived from central and East Asian species. | + | * '''Asiatic hybrids''' (Division I). These are plants with medium-sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. They are derived from central and East Asian species. |
* '''Martagon hybrids''' (Division II). These are based on ''L. martagon'' and ''L. hansonii''. The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved). | * '''Martagon hybrids''' (Division II). These are based on ''L. martagon'' and ''L. hansonii''. The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved). | ||
* '''Candidum hybrids''' (Division III). This includes hybrids of ''L. candidum'' with several other mostly European species. | * '''Candidum hybrids''' (Division III). This includes hybrids of ''L. candidum'' with several other mostly European species. | ||
[[Image:Smithsoniangardens1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|An emasculated ''Lilium'' Stargazer]] | [[Image:Smithsoniangardens1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|An emasculated ''Lilium'' Stargazer]] | ||
− | * '''American hybrids''' (Division IV). These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from ''L. pardalinum''. Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous | + | * '''American hybrids''' (Division IV). These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from ''L. pardalinum''. Many are clump-forming perennials with [[rhizome|rhizomatous rootstock]]s. |
− | * '''Longiflorum hybrids''' (Division V). These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies. They are most important as plants for cut flowers | + | * '''Longiflorum hybrids''' (Division V). These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies. They are most important as plants for cut flowers and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids. |
− | * '''Trumpet lilies''' (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids. This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species, including ''L. regale'' and ''L. aurelianse''. The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant. | + | * '''Trumpet lilies''' (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids. This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species, including ''L. regale'' and ''L. aurelianse''. The flowers are [[trumpet]]-shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant. |
* '''Oriental hybrids''' (Division VII). These are based on hybrids of ''L. auratum'' and ''L. speciosum'', together with crossbreeds from several mainland Asiatic species. They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. An example is [[Lilium "Stargazer"]]. | * '''Oriental hybrids''' (Division VII). These are based on hybrids of ''L. auratum'' and ''L. speciosum'', together with crossbreeds from several mainland Asiatic species. They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. An example is [[Lilium "Stargazer"]]. | ||
* '''Other hybrids''' (Division VIII). Includes all other garden hybrids. | * '''Other hybrids''' (Division VIII). Includes all other garden hybrids. | ||
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===Propagation and growth=== | ===Propagation and growth=== | ||
Liliums can be propagated in several ways; | Liliums can be propagated in several ways; | ||
− | * by division of the bulbs | + | * by division of the bulbs |
− | * by growing-on [[Bulb#Bulbil|''bulbils'']] which are [[adventitious]] bulbs formed on the stem | + | * by growing-on [[Bulb#Bulbil|''bulbils'']] which are [[adventitious]] bulbs formed on the stem |
− | * by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb | + | * by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb |
− | * by seed; [[Lily Seed Germination Types|seed germination patterns]] are variable and can be complex | + | * by seed; [[Lily Seed Germination Types|seed germination patterns]] are variable and can be complex |
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
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| [[Image:Lilium bolanderi.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium bolanderi]]'' | | [[Image:Lilium bolanderi.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium bolanderi]]'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | [[Image:Lilium columbianum.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium columbianum]]'' || Columbia | + | | [[Image:Lilium columbianum.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium columbianum]]'' || Columbia lily or tiger lily |
|- | |- | ||
| [[Image:Lilium humboldtii ssp ocellatum.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium humboldtii]]'' || Humboldt's lily | | [[Image:Lilium humboldtii ssp ocellatum.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium humboldtii]]'' || Humboldt's lily |
Revision as of 13:52, 23 December 2008
- "Lilies" and "Lilium" redirect here.
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Lily is the common name for any of the herbaceous flowering plants comprising the genus Lilium of the Liliaceae family, characterized by large flower with six tepals, leafy stems, linear leaves, and normally growing from underground bulbs from which they overwinter. There are about 110 species in the genus, widely distributed in the Old World (Europe, Asia, Mediterranean region) and New World (North America). The name lily also is used for the flower of any of these species.
While members of the genus Lilium are the "true lilies," there are many other plants that use the common name lily, including some that are quite unrelated to the true lilies. Water lilies comprise the family Nymphaeaceae, and the calla lily is in the genus Zantedeschia family Araceae. The sego lily and mariposa lily are members of the genus Calochortus, which sometimes is placed in Liliaceae, but sometimes in a separate family Calochortaceae. The name lily also serves as a collective name for the entire Liliaceae family, which is known as the lily family. This article will be limited to the true lilies of the Lilium genus.
Lilies are important as large showy flowering garden plants. They are important culturally and in literature in much of the world.
variously colored, often trumpet shaped.
cultivated as onramentals chief economic value as ornamentals
Some species are sometimes grown or harvested for the edible bulbs.
Overview and description
Liliaceae, the "lily family," is a family of monocotyledons in the order Liliales. Plants in this family have linear leaves, mostly with parallel veins but with several having net venation (e.g., Cardiocrinum, Clintonia, Medeola, Prosartes, Scoliopus, Tricyrtis), and flower parts arranged in threes.
Lilies, comprising the Liliaceae genus Lilium, are leafy stemmed herbaceous plants. Most species are deciduous, but a few species (Lilium candidum, Lilium catesbaei) bear a basal rosette of leaves during dormancy.
Lilies form naked or tunic-less scaly underground bulbs from which they overwinter. In some North American species, the base of the bulb develops into rhizomes, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop stolons. A few species form near the soil surface. Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb.
The large flowers have six tepals. Tepals are elements of the perianth, or outer part of a flower, which includes the petals or sepals. The term tepal usually is used when all segments of the perianth are of similar shape and color, or undifferentiated. When different types of organs can be distinguished, they are referred to as petals and sepals. The flowers of lilies are often fragrant, and come in a range of colors ranging through whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds, and purples. Markings include spots, brush strokes, and picotees. The plants are summer flowering.
Seeds ripen in late summer. They exhibit varying and sometimes complex germination patterns, many adapted to cool temperate climates.
The botanic name Lilium is the Latin form and is a Linnaean name. The Latin name is derived from the Greek leirion, which is generally assumed to be the Madonna lily (LilyNet 2001).
Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These include Cardiocrinum, Notholirion, Nomocharis and some Fritillaria.
Range
The range of liles in the Old World extends across much of Europe, the north Mediterranean region, across most of Asia to Japan, south to the Nilgiri mountains in India, and south to the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States.
They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often montane, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and a single one is known to live as an epiphyte (L. arboricola). In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.
Uses
Lilies are popular as ornamental plants. Many species of lily are widely grown in the garden in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Sometimes they may also be grown as potted plants. A large number of ornamental hybrids have been developed. They can be used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as a patio plant.
Some lilies, especially Lilium longiflorum, as well as a few other hybrids, form important cut flower crops. These tend to be forced for particular markets; for instance, L. longiflorum for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.
Lilium bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables, although bulbs of some species may be very bitter. The non-bitter bulbs of L. lancifolium, L. pumilum, and especially L. brownii (Chinese: 百合 干; pinyin: bǎihé gān) are grown at large scale in China as a luxury or health food, most often sold in dry form. They are eaten especially in the summer, for their ability to reduce internal heat. They may be reconstituted and stir-fried, grated, and used to thicken soup, or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparison with the potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.
Although they are believed to be safe for humans to eat, there are reports of nephrotoxicosis (kidney failure) in cats which have eaten some species of Lilium and Hemerocallis (Langston 2002).
Lilies are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including The Dun-bar.
Classification of garden forms
Numerous forms are grown for the garden, and most of these are hybrids. They vary according to their parent species and are classified in the following broad groups;
- Species (Division IX). All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group.
- Asiatic hybrids (Division I). These are plants with medium-sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. They are derived from central and East Asian species.
- Martagon hybrids (Division II). These are based on L. martagon and L. hansonii. The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).
- Candidum hybrids (Division III). This includes hybrids of L. candidum with several other mostly European species.
- American hybrids (Division IV). These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from L. pardalinum. Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.
- Longiflorum hybrids (Division V). These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies. They are most important as plants for cut flowers and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids.
- Trumpet lilies (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids. This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species, including L. regale and L. aurelianse. The flowers are trumpet-shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.
- Oriental hybrids (Division VII). These are based on hybrids of L. auratum and L. speciosum, together with crossbreeds from several mainland Asiatic species. They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. An example is Lilium "Stargazer".
- Other hybrids (Division VIII). Includes all other garden hybrids.
Propagation and growth
Liliums can be propagated in several ways;
- by division of the bulbs
- by growing-on bulbils which are adventitious bulbs formed on the stem
- by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb
- by seed; seed germination patterns are variable and can be complex
Taxonomy
Section Martagon
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Lilium distichum | |
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Lilium hansonii | |
![]() |
Lilium martagon | Martagon or Turk's cap lily |
Lilium medeoloides | ||
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Lilium tsingtauense | |
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Lilium debile |
Section Pseudolirium
Section Liriotypus
Section Archelirion
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Lilium auratum | Golden rayed lily of Japan, or Goldband lily |
Lilium platyphyllum | ||
Lilium brownii | ||
Lilium japonicum | ||
Lilium nobilissimum | ||
Lilium rubellum | ||
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Lilium speciosum | Japanese lily |
Section Sinomartagon
Section Leucolirion
Section Daurolirion
Lilium pensylvanicum | |
Lilium maculatum |
Section not specified
Lilium eupetes |
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
LilyNet. [1] Revised 5-Nov-01
[2].
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 Jan 1;220(1):49-52, 36.
Related Articles, Links Acute renal failure caused by lily ingestion in six cats. Langston CE. PMID: 12680447
- Taxonomical division in sections follows: Harold Comber, 1949. "A new classification of the genus Lilium." Lily Yearbook, Royal Hortic. Soc., London. 15:86-105.
- Taxonomy basically from: Govaerts, R. (2006). World Checklist of Liliaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/ accessed 15 September 2006; 20:36 GMT
- Taxonomy of Section Pseudolirium from: Flora of North America, Vol. 26, Online
- Taxonomy of Section Liriotypus in consideration of: I. Resetnik, Z. Liber, Z. Satovic, P. Cigic, T. Nikolic: Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Lilium carniolicum group (Liliaceae) based on nuclear ITS sequences, in: Plant Systematics and Evolution, 265: 45–58 (2007)
- Taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections): Flora of China, Vol. 24, Online
- Taxonomy of Section Archelirion in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Arakawa Katsuro, Nagamine Tsukasa: Phylogenetic Analysis of Section Sinomartagon in Genus Lilium Using Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region in Nuclear Ribosomal DNA, in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.51, No.1, pp. 39-46
- Taxonomy of Section Archelirion in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Nagamine Tsukasa: Phylogenetic Relationships among Lilium auratum Lindley, L. auratum var. platyphyllum Baker and L. rubellum Baker Based on Three Spacer Regions in Chloroplast DNA, in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.52, No.3, pp. 207-213
See also
Lily Seed Germination types
Notes
- ↑ [LilyNet http://members.shaw.ca/lilynet/netlil/id35.htm Classification]. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
- ↑ Acute renal failure caused by lily ingestion in si...[J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002] - PubMed Result. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
External links
- Flora Europaea: Lilium
- Flora of China: Lilium
- Flora of Nepal: Lilium species list
- Flora of North America: Lilium
- Online Lily Register, over 9400 entries Lilium
- de Florum: Lilium species
- North American Lily Society
- Royal Horticultural Society Lily Group
- 1 2 3 Time-lapse videos
- RHS Lily Group Seed Exchange
Gallery
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