Difference between revisions of "Neoptera" - New World Encyclopedia
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| subclassis = [[Pterygota]] | | subclassis = [[Pterygota]] | ||
| infraclassis = '''Neoptera''' | | infraclassis = '''Neoptera''' | ||
| − | | infraclassis_authority = Martynov, | + | | infraclassis_authority = Martynov, 1923 |
| subdivision_ranks = [[Superorder]]s and [[order (biology)|order]]s | | subdivision_ranks = [[Superorder]]s and [[order (biology)|order]]s | ||
| subdivision = | | subdivision = | ||
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For fossil groups and possible future splits, see text. | For fossil groups and possible future splits, see text. | ||
}} | }} | ||
| + | '''Neoptera''' is a major [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] group of [[insect]]s that includes almost all the winged insects and specifically those considered to be related by the ability to fold their wings back over their abdomen. Traditionally, they are one of two major groups within the subclass Pterygota (the winged insects), the other being Paleoptera, which lack the ability to fold their wings in this manner. | ||
| − | + | Some groups within Neoptera do not have the ability to fold their wings back over their abdomen, such as various [[butterfly|butterfies]] and [[moth]]s, but this is considered to have be a feature that was lost during evolutionary history (TOL 2003). | |
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| + | ==Overview== | ||
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| + | Insects include | ||
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| + | Pterygota includes | ||
[[Integrated Taxonomic Information System|ITIS]] lumps all neopteran orders together in this [[infraclass]] without subdivision; other authorities recognize several [[superorder]]s within it. Almost universally accepted are the [[Exopterygota]] - [[hemimetabolous]] neopterans, in which the wings are already visible before the adult stage and no [[pupa]] or [[chrysalis]] stage occurs -, and the [[Endopterygota]], the [[holometabolous]] insects in which the wings develop inside the body during the [[larva]]l stage and only become external appendages during the pupa or chrysalis stage. | [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System|ITIS]] lumps all neopteran orders together in this [[infraclass]] without subdivision; other authorities recognize several [[superorder]]s within it. Almost universally accepted are the [[Exopterygota]] - [[hemimetabolous]] neopterans, in which the wings are already visible before the adult stage and no [[pupa]] or [[chrysalis]] stage occurs -, and the [[Endopterygota]], the [[holometabolous]] insects in which the wings develop inside the body during the [[larva]]l stage and only become external appendages during the pupa or chrysalis stage. | ||
| − | As of recently, there are several attempts to resolve the neopteran diversity further. While this appears to be less controversial than in the (apparently [[paraphyletic]]) "Palaeoptera" | + | |
| + | Neoptera is composed of the Endopterygota (insects with complete metamorphosis, such as beetles, flies, wasps, and butterflies), the Hemipteroid Assemblage (bugs, lice, and thrips), and the "lower Neoptera" (many living orders, such as Plecoptera or stoneflies, Orthoptera including grasshoppers, and Dictyoptera, including mantids and cockroaches). | ||
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| + | As of recently, there are several attempts to resolve the neopteran diversity further. While this appears to be less controversial than in the (apparently [[paraphyletic]]) "Palaeoptera," there are nonetheless lots of unresolved questions. For example, the [[hymenoptera]]ns, traditionally considered highly advanced due to their intricate [[social insects|social systems]], seem to be far more basal among the [[Endopterygota]], as suggested by their relatively [[plesiomorph]]ic [[anatomy]] and molecular data. The exact position of the proposed [[Dictyoptera]] is also uncertain, namely whether they are better considered [[Exopterygota]] or basal neopterans. | ||
==Detailed classification== | ==Detailed classification== | ||
Revision as of 15:48, 27 October 2007
| Neopterans | ||||||||||||
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 Honeybee (order Hymenoptera)
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Superorder Exopterygota
Superorder Endopterygota
For fossil groups and possible future splits, see text. |
Neoptera is a major taxonomic group of insects that includes almost all the winged insects and specifically those considered to be related by the ability to fold their wings back over their abdomen. Traditionally, they are one of two major groups within the subclass Pterygota (the winged insects), the other being Paleoptera, which lack the ability to fold their wings in this manner.
Some groups within Neoptera do not have the ability to fold their wings back over their abdomen, such as various butterfies and moths, but this is considered to have be a feature that was lost during evolutionary history (TOL 2003).
Overview
Insects include
Pterygota includes
ITIS lumps all neopteran orders together in this infraclass without subdivision; other authorities recognize several superorders within it. Almost universally accepted are the Exopterygota - hemimetabolous neopterans, in which the wings are already visible before the adult stage and no pupa or chrysalis stage occurs -, and the Endopterygota, the holometabolous insects in which the wings develop inside the body during the larval stage and only become external appendages during the pupa or chrysalis stage.
Neoptera is composed of the Endopterygota (insects with complete metamorphosis, such as beetles, flies, wasps, and butterflies), the Hemipteroid Assemblage (bugs, lice, and thrips), and the "lower Neoptera" (many living orders, such as Plecoptera or stoneflies, Orthoptera including grasshoppers, and Dictyoptera, including mantids and cockroaches).
As of recently, there are several attempts to resolve the neopteran diversity further. While this appears to be less controversial than in the (apparently paraphyletic) "Palaeoptera," there are nonetheless lots of unresolved questions. For example, the hymenopterans, traditionally considered highly advanced due to their intricate social systems, seem to be far more basal among the Endopterygota, as suggested by their relatively plesiomorphic anatomy and molecular data. The exact position of the proposed Dictyoptera is also uncertain, namely whether they are better considered Exopterygota or basal neopterans.
Detailed classification
Here is a list of living and fossil neopteran orders, and the proposed superorders:
Superorder Exopterygota[verification needed]
- Caloneurodea (fossil)
- Titanoptera (fossil)
- Protorthoptera (fossil)
- Plecoptera (stoneflies)
- Embioptera (webspinners)
- Zoraptera (angel insects)
- Dermaptera (earwigs)
- Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc)
Proposed superorder Dictyoptera
- Phasmatodea (stick insects - tentatively placed here)
- Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers - tentatively placed here)
- Mantophasmatodea (gladiators - tentatively placed here)
- Blattodea (cockroaches)
- Isoptera (termites)
- Mantodea (mantids)
Proposed superorder Paraneoptera
Superorder Endopterygota
- Hymenoptera (ants, bees, etc.)
- Coleoptera (beetles)
- Strepsiptera (twisted-winged parasites)
- Raphidioptera (snakeflies)
- Megaloptera (alderflies, etc.)
- Neuroptera (net-veined insects)
Proposed superorder Mecopteroidea/Antliophora
- Mecoptera (scorpionflies, etc.)
- Siphonaptera (fleas and snow fleas)
- Diptera (true flies)
- Protodiptera (fossil)
Proposed superorder Amphiesmenoptera
Incertae sedis
- Glosselytrodea (fossil)
- Miomoptera (fossil)
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